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• How Does Differential Execution Work?

  - by Brian

  I've seen a few mentions of this on SO, but staring at Wikipedia and at an MFC dynamic dialog demo did nothing to enlighten me. Can someone please explain this? Learning a fundamentally different concept sounds nice. Edit: I think I'm getting a better feel for it. I guess I just didn't look at the source code carefully enough the first time. I have mixed feelings about DE at this point. On the one hand, it can make certain tasks considerably easier. On the other hand, getting it up and running (i.e. setting it up in your language of choice) is not easy (I'm sure it would be if I understood it better)...though I guess the toolbox for it need only be made once, then expanded as necessary. I think in order to really understand it, I'll probably need to try implimenting it in another language.

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• What is the benefits and drawbacks of using header files?

  - by vodkhang

  I had some experience on programming languages like Java, C#, Scala as well as some lower level programming language like C, C++, Objective - C. My observation is that low level languages separate out header files and implementation files while other higher level programming language never separate it out. They use some identifiers like public, private, protected to do the jobs of header files. I saw one benefit of using header file (in some book like Code Complete), they talk about that using header files, people can never look at our implementation file and it helps with encapsulation. A drawback is that it creates too many files for me. Sometimes, it looks like verbose. It is just my thought and I don't know if there are any other benefits and drawbacks that people ever see and work with header file This question may not relate directly to programming but I think that if I can understand better about programming to interface, design software.

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• pass by reference but reference to data and not to variable

  - by dorelal

  This is psesudo code. In what programming language this is possible ? def lab(input) input = ['90'] end x = ['80'] lab(x) puts x #=> value of x has changed from ['80'] to ['90] I have written this in ruby but in ruby I get the final x value of 80 because ruby is pass-by-reference. However what is passed is the reference to the data held by x and not pointer to x itself same is true in JavaScript. So I am wondering if there is any programming language where the following is true.

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• Programming Exercises for Learning Purposes?

  - by cam

  Are there any programming exercises that apply to any language? Before I got my first job, I thought I knew C# pretty well, then I was thrown right into the deep end, and now I know I have a good command over the language. I would like to apply the same method to other languages, but unfortunately, I'm sort of stuck with C# at work. Ideally, something similar (but broader in scope) to Project Euler is ideal. Project Euler helped me learn a ton of C++/F#, some math, algorithms, handling bignums, etc. I'm looking for something like this.

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• Recommended programming language for linux server management and web ui integration

  - by Brendan Martens

  I am interested in making an in house web ui to ease some of the management tasks I face with administrating many servers; think Canonical's Landscape. This means doing things like, applying package updates simultaneously across servers, perhaps installing a custom .deb (I use ubuntu/debian.) Reviewing server logs, executing custom scripts, viewing status information for all my servers. I hope to be able to reuse existing command line tools instead of rewriting the exact same operations in a different language myself. I really want to develop something that allows me to continue managing on the ssh level but offers the power of a web interface for easily applying the same infrastructure wide changes. They should not be mutually exclusive. What are some recommended programming languages to use for doing this kind of development and tying it into a web ui? Why do you recommend the language(s) you do? I am not an experienced programmer, but view this as an opportunity to scratch some of my own itches as well as become a better programmer. I do not care specifically if one language is harder than another, but am more interested in picking the best tools for the job from the beginning. Feel free to recommend any existing projects that already integrate management of many systems into a single cohesive web ui, except Landscape (not free,) Ebox (ebox control center not free) and webmin (I don't like it, feels clunky and does not integrate well with the "debian way" of maintaining a server, imo. Also, only manages one system.) Thanks for any ideas! Update: I am not looking to reinvent the wheel of systems management, I just want to "glue" many preexisting and excellent tools together where possible and appropriate; this is why I wonder about what languages can interact well with pre-existing command line tools, while making them manageable with a web ui.

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• Force Steam (and other programs that do not specify proxy settings) to use a proxy

  - by joshhunt

  My school requires a proxy for all internet access. If you want to use the internet, it is impossible to not use a proxy. This makes it a problem for many programs that don't seem to let you enter proxy settings. How can I use Steam when I am behind a proxy? Is it possible to somehow enter the details into a configuration file, or force it to get the settings from Internet Explorer? If not, does software exist for creating a 'virtual' network adapter which will pass all traffic (or all protocol x traffic) through the proxy? Although I am facing this specific problem on Windows 7, solutions for all operating systems are welcome.

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• Laptop screen brightness stuck

  - by Bart van Heukelom

  I can no longer adjust the brightness of my laptop screen, it's stuck at the lowest. In Linux, the brightness adjustment keys (Fn + F4/F5) still work, since a brightness popup shows and the meter bar changes, but it does this in a strange way. Starting at 100%, each successive press of the "lower brightness" button moves the bar to: 67% 50% 0% 26% 12% Or another random pattern like that. The problem is not Linux however, since I can't change the brightness from Windows (7) either. Where do I even begin to look? Since the problem does not seem be OS-specific, I've searched in the BIOS, but it has no option like that. How did this happen? I think it's been this way since when I lowered the brightness to 0%, then pressed the "lower brightness" key again. Not sure about that though.

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• Shut down windows service based on load

  - by JP

  Hello, I was wondering if there are any free / open source solutions that will start and stop a windows service based on load? I have some pubsub subscriber services that do background work which is not critical. Ideally i would like tot be able to automate things so that these services could start if memory/cpu/disk i/o was under a certain threshold and stop gracefully if that threshold was met. Do you know of any solutions? Thanks JP

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• With modern PC systems, what less-than-optimal designs have we inherited?

  - by Rob Kam

  What have been less than optimal design choices, that are now (almost) immutable features of the modern PC system, and what constraints led to these choices? There have been a great many of these. For example the qwerty keyboard is widespread although the Dvorak keyboard might be a better choice. I guess this is something to do with the teletypes that were used as early computer keyboards, which had originally been modified from typewriters.

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• Best practices for re-IP'ing / migrating servers and applications

  - by warren

  Some of this question would be highly application-specific, but what approaches do you take when looking to migrate applications from one server/platform to another and servers form one network segment to another? For applications that can't be re-IP'd (many exist in this category), the general answer is to nuke and pave (or extend a clusterable application, then remove the segment that needs to be "moved"). For "normal" applications (httpd, mail, directory services, etc), what are the checks ou perform before, during, and after a move to ensure the health of the migrated app/server? An example with Apache: backup httpd conf directory change httpd conf files to use new IP address of server change (or add) IP of server restart Apache verify web server still serves pages reboot server verify environment comes back up healthy

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• Do entries in local 'hosts' files override both forward and reverse name lookups?

  - by Murali Suriar

  If I have the following entries in a hosts file: 192.168.100.1 bugs 192.168.100.2 daffy.example.com 192.168.100.3 elmer.example.com. Will IP-name resolution attempts by local utilies (I assume using 'gethostbyaddr' or the Windows equivalent) honour these entries? Is this behaviour configurable? How does it vary between operating systems? Does it matter whether the 'hosts' file entries are fully qualified or not? EDIT: In response to Russell, my test Linux system is running RHEL 4. My /etc/nsswitch.conf contains the following 'hosts' line: hosts: files dns nis If I ping any of my hosts by name (e.g. bugs, daffy), the forward resolution works correctly. If I traceroute any of them by IP address, the reverse lookup functions as expected. However, if I ping them by IP, ping doesn't appear to resolve their host names. My understanding was that Linux ping would always attempt to resolve IPs to names unless instructed otherwise. Why would traceroute be able to handle reverse lookups in hosts files, but ping not?

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• How to stop windows from adding additional keyboards to languages

  - by MMavipc

  I have the English language setup with the normal en-us layout, and only this layout. I have the Spanish language setup with united states - international layout. When I switch to English it gives me the option to select the regular keyboard or the international version. Only the regular version is listed under EN in my language settings. How do I get it to remove the international keyboard from English? Sometimes it switches to international while I'm on English mode and screws up my typing, which is a pain in the ass.

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• Helper Casting Functions -- Is it a code smell?

  - by Earlz

  I recently began to start using functions to make casting easier on my fingers for one instance I had something like this ((Dictionary<string,string>)value).Add(foo); and converted it to a tiny little helper function so I can do this ToDictionary(value).Add(foo); Is this a code smell? Also, what about simpler examples? For example in my scripting engine I've considered making things like this ((StringVariable)arg).Value="foo"; be ToStringVar(arg).Value="foo"; I really just dislike how inorder to cast a value and instantly get a property from it you must enclose it in double parentheses. I have a feeling the last one is much worse than the first one though (also I've marked this language agnostic even though my example is C#)

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• How to start recognizing design patterns as you are programming?

  - by Jon Erickson

  I have general academic knowledge of the various design patterns that are discussed in GoF and Head First Design Patterns, but I have a difficult time applying them to the code that I am writing. A goal for me this year is to be able to recognize design patterns that are emerging from the code that I write. Obviously this comes with experience (I have about 2 years in the field), but my question is how can I jumpstart my ability to recognize design patterns as I am coding, maybe a suggestion as to what patterns are easiest to start applying in client-server applications (in my case mainly c# webforms with ms sql db's, but this could definitely be language agnostic).

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• Performance optimization strategies of last resort?

  - by jerryjvl

  There are plenty of performance questions on this site already, but it occurs to me that almost all are very problem-specific and fairly narrow. And almost all repeat the advice to avoid premature optimization. Let's assume: the code already is working correctly the algorithms chosen are already optimal for the circumstances of the problem the code has been measured, and the offending routines have been isolated all attempts to optimize will also be measured to ensure they do not make matters worse What I am looking for here is strategies and tricks to squeeze out up to the last few percent in a critical algorithm when there is nothing else left to do but whatever it takes. Ideally, try to make answers language agnostic, and indicate any down-sides to the suggested strategies where applicable. I'll add a reply with my own initial suggestions, and look forward to whatever else the SO community can think of.

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• Algorithm for Determining Variations of Differing Lengths

  - by joseph.ferris

  I have four objects - for the sake of arguments, let say that they are the following letters: A B C D I need to calculate the number of variations that can be made for these under the following two conditions: No repetition Objects are position agnostic Taking the above, this means that with a four object sequence, I can have only one sequence that matches the criteria (since order is not considered for being unique): ABCD There are four variations for a three object combination from the four object pool: ABC, ABD, ACD, and BCD There are six variations for a two object combination from the four object pool: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, and CD And the most simple one, if taken on at a time: A, B, C, and D I swear that this was something covered in school, many, many years ago - and probably forgotten since I didn't think I would use it. :-) I am anticipating that factorials will come into play, but just trying to force an equation is not working. Any advice would be appreciated.

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• Determining whether a file is a duplicate

  - by Todd R

  Is there a reliable way to determine whether or not two files are the same? For example, two files with the same size and type may or may not be the same binarilly (yeah, I know it's not really a word). I assume that comparing one or two checksums of the files will help, but I wonder: How reliable are checksums at determining whether two files are different; what are the chances of two different files having the same checksum? Would reliability increase by applying additional checksum comparisons? Which checksum algorithm(s) would be the most efficient and/or reliable? Any ideas, suggestions or thoughts are appreciated! P.S. The code for this is being written in Java running on a nix system, but generic or platform agnostic input is most helpful.

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• What's the right way to handle "One, Both, or None" logic?

  - by Stephen

  I have a logic situation that is best described as two "Teams" trying to win a task. The outcome of this task could be a single winner, a tie (draw), or no winner (stalemate). Currently, I'm using a nested if/else statement like so: // using PHP, but the concept seems language agnostic. if ($team_a->win()) { if ($team_b->win()) { // this is a draw } else { // team_a is the winner } } else { if ($team_b->win()) { // team_b is the winner } else { // This is a stalemate, no winner. } } This seems rather spaghetti-like and repetitive. Is there a more logical, DRY pattern I could use?

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• Reference table values in a war against magic numbers

  - by Alex N.

  This question bugged me for years now and can't seem to find good solution still. I working in PHP and Java but it sounds like this maybe language-agnostic :) Say we have a standard status reference table that holds status ids for some kind of entity. Further let's assume the table will have just 5 values, and will remain like this for a long time, maybe edited occasionally with addition of a new status. When you fetch a row and need to see what status it is you have 2 options(as I see it at least) - put it straight ID values(magic numbers that is) or use a named constant. Latter seem much cleaner, the question though is where those named constants should leave? In a model class? In a class that uses this particular constant? Somewhere else?

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• running code when two events have triggered

  - by Evert

  This is mostly a language-agnostic question. If I'm waiting for two events to complete (say, two IO events or http requests), what is the best pattern to deal with this. One thing I can think of is the following (pseudo js example). request1.onComplete = function() { req1Completed = true; eventsCompleted(); } request2.onComplete = function() { req2Completed = true; eventsCompleted(); } eventsCompleted = function() { if (!req1Completed || !req2Completed) return; // do stuff } Is this the most effective pattern, or are there more elegant ways to solve this issue?

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• I'm interested in checking out a stack-oriented programming language. Which one would you recommend?

  - by Anto

  I'm interested in learning a stack-oriented programming language (such as Forth), which one would you recommend? The qualities I want are: You should be able to develop non-trivial software in it, but it mustn't be a great language for that as: I want to learn the language so I can try out a new paradigm (that is, not because I (think) that I will have great use of it). The reason I want to learn another paradigm is that I want to broaden my views on different approaches (learn to think in new ways, different from OOP, functional and structured). The language should let me do that (learn to think differently). The language should have available and good resources to learn from. The resources should also approach stack-oriented programming in a way that you understand the paradigm (after all, I do this for the paradigm).

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• How to determine if a programming language is verbose or terse?

  - by sunpech

  Programming languages can often be described as verbose or terse. From my understanding, a verbose language is easy to read and understand, while a terse language is concise and neat, but more difficult to read. Should there be other things to consider in the definitions? It seems much of the popular programming languages of today are verbose, and these terms two terms are only used to describe a language as being more or less, relative to than another language. How do we determine if a programming language is more verbose/terse over another? Example: Is C# more verbose than Java?

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• Has any language become greatly popular for something other than its intended purpose?

  - by Jon Purdy

  Take this scenario: A programmer creates a language to solve some problem. He then releases this language to help others solve problems like it. Another programmer discovers it's actually much better for some different category of problems. By virtue of this new application, the language then becomes popular for that application primarily. Are there any instances of this actually occurring? Put another way, does the intended purpose of a language have any bearing on how it's actually used, or whether it becomes popular? Is it even important that a language have an advertised purpose?

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• How to choose a language, when taking in account the community it includes?

  - by Rick Rhodes

  I was reading the following article: Great Hackers The following part grabbed my attention: "When you choose a language, you're also choosing a community. The programmers you'll be able to hire to work on a Java project won't be as smart as the ones you could get to work on a project written in Python. And the quality of your hackers probably matters more than the language you choose. Though, frankly, the fact that good hackers prefer Python to Java should tell you something about the relative merits of those languages." I would like to apply his advice on a commercial web application I am building (I am a strong believer in culture and community), yet this article was written in 2004, and python has increased in popularity in the recent years. How can I decided a language when taking in consideration its community, rather than the popularity? Any recommendations? Is there any language community that show dedication and passion for developing, rather than learning a language to get a Job and a paycheck?

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• Which programming language to go for in order to learn Object Oriented Programming? [closed]

  - by Maxood

  If someone has a good grasp in logic and procedural programming then which language to start with for learning OOP. Also why C++ is mostly taught at schools whereas Java is a pure Object Oriented language(also language for making android apps)? Why not Objective C is being taught for making apps on the iPhone? I am seeking for the right answer keeping in view of these 2 factors: Background of the learner in procedural programming Economic or job market market demand of programming languages Here is a list of 10 programming languages, i would like to seek justifications for: Java C++ Objective C Scala C# PHP Python Java Javascript (not sure if it is a fully featured OOP language) 10.Ruby (not sure if it is a fully featured OOP language)

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