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• Backing up bind mounted folders

  - by NahsiN

  My layout is as follows. LVM Setup: /dev/VG/Documents, /dev/VG/Music, /dev/VG/Pictures, /dev/VG/Music, /dev/VG/Documents, etc.... Each of the LVMs is bind mounted to the corresponding folder name in /home/foo. For example, /home/foo/Documents bind mounted to /media/Documents (mount point of /dev/VG/Documents), etc. If I set up deja-dup to just back up my home folder, am I guaranteed that everything from my LVMs will be backed up properly? So let's say I take away my LVMs for some reason and choose to restore an earlier backup. My home folder will contain everything from the LVMs? All my docs, music, vids etc. My intuition tells me everything will be fine but it doesn't hurt to ask the the experts ;). Hope I have made myself clear. Thanks

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• udev rule group ownership not working

  - by Tirithen

  I have added a udev rule for my Arduino, but the symlink gets the ownership "root root" instead of "root dialout". $ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/47-Arduino.rules SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="2341", ATTR{idProduct}=="0001", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="arduino", GROUP="dialout" $ ls -la /dev/ar* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 sep 8 11:02 /dev/arduino -> bus/usb/003/007 $ ls -la /dev/bus/usb/003/007 crw-rw-r-- 1 root dialout 189, 262 sep 8 11:12 /dev/bus/usb/003/007 My user is a member of the group "dialout" but I still get permission denied error when I'm trying to communicate with the device. There are no problems when I'm using the "default" device "/etc/ttyACM3". $ ls -la /dev/ttyACM3 crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 166, 3 sep 8 11:12 /dev/ttyACM3 I have tried to restart both the udev service and reboot my computer. How can I fix this?

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• ext4 hogs lot of unkown space compared to ext3

  - by rejith

  Ext4 FS has claimed 3% of partition space. Where has this gone and can I get it reclaimed? I have tried disabling Journals for the ext4 partition. Even this is not helping. Any other tricks I can try to get the space reclaimed other than reverting back to ext3? $ lsb_release -cr Release: 12.04 Codename: precise df -hP |grep media /dev/sda3 21G 430M 20G 3% /media/MAIL /dev/sda2 148G 188M 148G 1% /media/DATA => if I move this to ext4 its claiming 2.4G /dev/sda3 on /media/MAIL type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) /dev/sda2 on /media/DATA type ext3 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks) $ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda3 |grep 'Reserved block count' Reserved block count: 0 $ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda2 |grep 'Reserved block count' Reserved block count: 0 NO hidden files or directories $ sudo du -ah *;pwd 16K lost+found /media/MAIL

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• udev rule gives wrong group ownership

  - by Tirithen

  I have added a udev rule for my Arduino, but the symlink gets the ownership "root root" instead of "root dialout". $ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/47-Arduino.rules SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="2341", ATTR{idProduct}=="0001", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="arduino", GROUP="dialout" $ ls -la /dev/ar* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 sep 8 11:02 /dev/arduino -> bus/usb/003/007 $ ls -la /dev/bus/usb/003/007 crw-rw-r-- 1 root dialout 189, 262 sep 8 11:12 /dev/bus/usb/003/007 My user is a member of the group "dialout" but I still get "Permission Denied" error when I'm trying to communicate with the device. There are also no problems when I'm using the "default" device "/etc/ttyACM3". $ ls -la /dev/ttyACM3 crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 166, 3 sep 8 11:12 /dev/ttyACM3 I have tried to restart both the udev service and reboot my computer. How can I fix this?

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• Can't mount data DVD using 12.04

  - by dash2

  I cannot mount a data DVD using Ubuntu 12.04. I can read the DVD using a different OS, so the DVD is not the problem. I can read other CDs using Ubuntu. The error I get is: $ sudo mount /dev/dvd /cdrom mount: no medium found on /dev/sr0 The relevant output from lshw is: *-cdrom description: DVD reader product: DVD/CDRW UJDA775 vendor: MATSHITA physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/sr0 version: CB03 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc I have installed ubuntu-restricted-extras and run /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh.

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• mounting linux partition after installing windows

  - by varsketiz

  I installed windows 7 and my grub is gone. I'm trying to follow: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows but I can't mount my ubuntu partion. sudo fdisk -l Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 13 4863 38958080 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 4864 14594 78157825 5 Extended /dev/sda5 14220 14594 2999296 82 Linux swap / Solaris Gparted shows my Extended partition as empty/unallocated space (???). How can I mount it? sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sda3 /media/ubuntu mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda3, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so

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• High CPU load for 1:30 minutes when mounting ext4-raid partition

  - by sirion

  I have a raid 5 (software) with 5x2TB drives. I encrypted the raid with cryptsetup and put an ext4-partition on top. In the beginning opening and mounting the raid took less than 10 seconds, now (for a few weeks) mounting alone takes 1:30 minutes and the cpu stays around 93% the whole time: The output of "time sudo mount /dev/mapper/8000 /media/8000" is: real 1m31.952s user 0m0.008s sys 1m25.229s At the same time only one line is added to /var/log/syslog: kernel: [ 2240.921381] EXT4-fs (dm-1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) My Ubuntu-version is "12.04.1 LTS" and no updates are pending. I checked the partition with fsck, but it says that all is ok. The "cryptsetup luksOpen" command only takes a few seconds. I also tried changing the raid-bitmap (as it was suggested in some forum) but it did not change the behaviour. sudo mdadm --grow /dev/md0 -b internal and sudo mdadm --grow /dev/md0 -b none I had the idea that it might be the hardware being slow, but a read test with "sudo hdparm -t /dev/md0" spit out values between 62 and 159 MB/sec: Timing buffered disk reads: 382 MB in 3.00 seconds = 127.14 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 482 MB in 3.02 seconds = 159.62 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 190 MB in 3.03 seconds = 62.65 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 474 MB in 3.02 seconds = 157.12 MB/sec Although I think it is strange that the read rate jumps by more than 100% - could that mean something? The speed test when reading from the mapped (decrypted) device shows similar behavior, although it is of course much slower. "sudo hdparm -t /dev/mapper/8000": Timing buffered disk reads: 56 MB in 3.02 seconds = 18.54 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 122 MB in 3.09 seconds = 39.43 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 134 MB in 3.02 seconds = 44.35 MB/sec The output of a verbose mount "mount -vvv /dev/mapper/8000 /media/8000" does not help much: mount: fstab path: "/etc/fstab" mount: mtab path: "/etc/mtab" mount: lock path: "/etc/mtab~" mount: temp path: "/etc/mtab.tmp" mount: UID: 0 mount: eUID: 0 mount: spec: "/dev/mapper/8000" mount: node: "/media/8000" mount: types: "(null)" mount: opts: "(null)" mount: you didn't specify a filesystem type for /dev/mapper/8000 I will try type ext4 mount: mount(2) syscall: source: "/dev/mapper/8000", target: "/media/8000", filesystemtype: "ext4", mountflags: -1058209792, data: (null) Any idea where I could find additional information on why mounting takes so long, or what additional tests I could run?

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• Why can't Ubuntu find an ext3 filesystem on my hard-drive?

  - by urig

  This question is related to this question: Not enough components to start the RAID array? I'm trying to retrieve data from a "Western Digital MyBook World Edition (white light)" NAS device. This is basically an embedded Linux box with a 1TB HDD in it formatted in ext3. It stopped booting one day for no apparent reason. I have extracted the HDD from the NAS device and installed it in a desktop machine running Ubuntu 10.10 in the hope of accessing the files on the drive. I have followed instructions in this forum post, intended to mount the drive through Terminal: http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/forum/t-90514/how-to-recover-data-from-wd-my-book-world-edition-nas-device#post-976452 I have identified the partition that I want to mount and recover files from as /dev/sd4 by running "fdisk -l" and getting this: Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001cf00 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 5 248 1959930 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 249 280 257040 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb3 281 403 987997+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb4 404 121601 973522935 fd Linux raid autodetect// When I try to mount using: "mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb4 /media/xyz" I get the following error: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb4, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so And "dmesg | tail" shows me: [ 15.184757] [drm] Initialized nouveau 0.0.16 20090420 for 0000:01:00.0 on minor 0 [ 15.986859] [drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Allocating FIFO number 1 [ 15.988379] [drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: nouveau_channel_alloc: initialised FIFO 1 [ 16.353379] EXT4-fs (sda5): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro,commit=0 [ 16.705944] tg3 0000:02:00.0: eth0: Link is up at 100 Mbps, full duplex [ 16.705951] tg3 0000:02:00.0: eth0: Flow control is off for TX and off for RX [ 16.706102] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth0: link becomes ready [ 19.125673] EXT4-fs (sda5): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro,commit=0 [ 27.600012] eth0: no IPv6 routers present [ 373.478031] EXT3-fs (sdb4): error: can't find ext3 filesystem on dev sdb4. I guess that last line is the punch line :) Why can't it find the ext3 filesystem on my drive? What do I need to do to mount this partition and copy its contents? Does it have anything to do with the drive being part of a RAID Array (see question mentioned above)? Many thanks to any who can help.

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• 13.10 upgrade dropping wifi [on hold]

  - by Daryl

  Almost a complete newb here. After my last upgrade from 12.04 to 13.10 my wifi now randomly drops. The only way I can get a signal back is a shutdown and restart otherwise it shows no network is even available to connect to. Had no problems until the upgrade. Any help would be appreciated. H/W path Device Class Description ==================================================== system h8-1534 (H2N64AA#ABA) /0 bus 2AC8 /0/0 memory 64KiB BIOS /0/4 processor AMD FX(tm)-6200 Six-Core Processor /0/4/5 memory 288KiB L1 cache /0/4/6 memory 6MiB L2 cache /0/4/7 memory 8MiB L3 cache /0/d memory 10GiB System Memory /0/d/0 memory DIMM Synchronous [empty] /0/d/1 memory 4GiB DIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns) /0/d/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns) /0/d/3 memory 4GiB DIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns) /0/100 bridge RD890 PCI to PCI bridge (external gfx0 port B) /0/100/0.2 generic RD990 I/O Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) /0/100/2 bridge RD890 PCI to PCI bridge (PCI express gpp port B) /0/100/2/0 display Turks PRO [Radeon HD 7570] /0/100/2/0.1 multimedia Turks/Whistler HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 6000 Series] /0/100/5 bridge RD890 PCI to PCI bridge (PCI express gpp port E) /0/100/5/0 bus TUSB73x0 SuperSpeed USB 3.0 xHCI Host Controller /0/100/11 storage SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 SATA Controller [RAID5 mode] /0/100/12 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller /0/100/12.2 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller /0/100/13 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller /0/100/13.2 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller /0/100/14 bus SBx00 SMBus Controller /0/100/14.2 multimedia SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) /0/100/14.3 bridge SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 LPC host controller /0/100/14.4 bridge SBx00 PCI to PCI Bridge /0/100/14.5 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI2 Controller /0/100/15 bridge SB700/SB800/SB900 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 0) /0/100/15.1 bridge SB700/SB800/SB900 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 1) /0/100/15.2 bridge SB900 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 2) /0/100/15.2/0 wlan0 network RT3290 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R PCIe /0/100/15.2/0.1 generic RT3290 Bluetooth /0/100/15.3 bridge SB900 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 3) /0/100/15.3/0 eth0 network RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller /0/100/16 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller /0/100/16.2 bus SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller /0/101 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 0 /0/102 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 1 /0/103 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 2 /0/104 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 3 /0/105 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 4 /0/106 bridge Family 15h Processor Function 5 /0/1 scsi0 storage /0/1/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 1TB WDC WD1002FAEX-0 /0/1/0.0.0/1 volume 189MiB Windows FAT volume /0/1/0.0.0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 244MiB data partition /0/1/0.0.0/3 /dev/sda3 volume 931GiB LVM Physical Volume /0/2 scsi2 storage /0/2/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk DVD A DH16ACSHR /0/3 scsi6 storage /0/3/0.0.0 /dev/sdb disk SCSI Disk /0/3/0.0.1 /dev/sdc disk SCSI Disk /0/3/0.0.2 /dev/sdd disk SCSI Disk /0/3/0.0.3 /dev/sde disk MS/MS-Pro /0/3/0.0.3/0 /dev/sde disk /1 power Standard Efficiency I apologize for my newbness. I hope this is enough info for the hardware. Thanks Bruno for pointing out I needed to add more info. If I am lacking anything else please let me know and I'll post it.

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• Why does installing Grub2 give an "ISO9660: filesystem destruction..." warning?

  - by Ettore

  I have installed Ubuntu 12.04 on my computer, but at the end of the installation it gave me an error and it didn't install grub2. Now I'm trying to install it using the live cd: This is my sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x6af447e6 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 781459455 390728704 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 781459456 789272575 3906560 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 789272576 976773119 93750272 83 Linux After mounting and chroot the linux partiton, I give grub-install /dev/sda command, and I get: /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: hd0 appears to contain a iso9660 filesystem which isn't known to reserve space for DOS-style boot. Installing GRUB there could result in FILESYSTEM DESTRUCTION if valuable data is overwritten by grub-setup (--skip-fs-probe disables this check, use at your own risk). (same error even with grub-install --recheck /dev/sda) What can I do? I also tried boot-repair, but I get this error: http://paste.ubuntu.com/1069353/

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• grub not detecting windows 8

  - by Satyajit B M

  I have a dell inspiron 5520. I had installed windows 8 and have ubuntu 12.04 installed in a different partition. I installed grub but it was not showing windows 8. So i added menuentry "Windows 8" { set root = "(hd0,4)" chainloader +1 } in /etc/grub.d/40_custom. Now i see windows 8 option but it says "error-invalid selection" when i select it. please help. This is the op of fdisk -l command /dev/sda1 * 16072 626807 305368 de Dell Utility /dev/sda3 7645184 500201471 246278144 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 500203518 976771071 238283777 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 500203520 870275071 185035776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda6 870277120 886276095 7999488 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda7 886278144 976771071 45246464 83 Linux

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• Where to install bootloader when installing Ubuntu as secondary OS?

  - by HelpNeeder

  I'm trying to install Ubuntu as secondary OS on my laptop. I have Windows 8 already installed on my laptop. Now, I know how to run Ubuntu from USB drive, I created addition partition and formatted it to EXT4. So I'm ready to install. Now, 'Device for boot loader installation:' displays: /dev/sta ATA HITACHI (750 GB) /dev/sta1 Windows 8 (loader) /dev/sta2 /dev/sta5 /dev/sta6 Ubuntu 12.04 (12.04) /dev/stb I tries choosing Ubuntu 12.04 partition but it doesn't even let me to pick which OS to install and goes straight to Windows 8. Which partition I must choose to be able to pick which OS to boot from? Preferably, set up so Windows 8 will be at first place, and Ubuntu on second. Any ideas? I don't want to mess up anything if I pick something wrong.

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• Send raw data to USB parallel port after upgrading to 11.10 oneiric

  - by zaphod

  I have a laser cutter connected via a generic USB to parallel adapter. The laser cutter speaks HPGL, as it happens, but since this is a laser cutter and not a plotter, I usually want to generate the HPGL myself, since I care about the ordering, speed, and direction of cuts and so on. In previous versions of Ubuntu, I was able to print to the cutter by copying an HPGL file directly to the corresponding USB "lp" device. For example: cp foo.plt /dev/usblp1 Well, I just upgraded to Ubuntu 11.10 oneiric, and I can't find any "lp" devices in /dev anymore. D'oh! What's the preferred way to send raw data to a parallel port in Ubuntu? I've tried System Settings Printing + Add, hoping that I might be able to associate my device with some kind of "raw printer" driver and print to it with a command like lp -d LaserCutter foo.plt But my USB to parallel adapter doesn't seem to show up in the list. What I do see are my HP Color LaserJet, two USB-to-serial adapters, "Enter URI", and "Network Printer". Meanwhile, over in /dev, I do see /dev/ttyUSB0 and /dev/ttyUSB1 devices for the 2 USB-to-serial adapters. I don't see anything obvious corresponding to the HP printer (which was /dev/usblp0 prior to the upgrade), except for generic USB stuff. For example, sudo find /dev | grep lp produces no output. I do seem to be able to print to the HP printer just fine, though. The printer setup GUI gives it a device URI starting with "hp:" which isn't much help for the parallel adapter. The CUPS administrator's guide makes it sound like I might need to feed it a device URI of the form parallel:/dev/SOMETHING, but of course if I had a /dev/SOMETHING I'd probably just go on writing to it directly. Here's what dmesg says after I disconnect and reconnect the device from the USB port: [ 924.722906] usb 1-1.1.4: USB disconnect, device number 7 [ 959.993002] usb 1-1.1.4: new full speed USB device number 8 using ehci_hcd And here's how it shows up in lsusb -v: Bus 001 Device 008: ID 1a86:7584 QinHeng Electronics CH340S Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.10 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 8 idVendor 0x1a86 QinHeng Electronics idProduct 0x7584 CH340S bcdDevice 2.52 iManufacturer 0 iProduct 2 USB2.0-Print iSerial 0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 32 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0x80 (Bus Powered) MaxPower 96mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 7 Printer bInterfaceSubClass 1 Printer bInterfaceProtocol 2 Bidirectional iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x82 EP 2 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0020 1x 32 bytes bInterval 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0020 1x 32 bytes bInterval 0 Device Status: 0x0000 (Bus Powered)

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• Raid superblock missing on single parition. Recovery needed!

  - by user171639

  Ok so I have a 2 TB raid 1 setup that has three partitions: sdc1: linux sdc2: swap sdc3: LVM for data However the LVM will no longer mount. So I thought that I would take the first drive, mount it in linux (ive done this b4), and reset the spare drive to copy the data. Normally I can mount a single drive for data recovery using: sudo su apt-get install mdadm lvm2 mdadm --assemble --scan modprobe dm-mod vgscan vgchange -ay c mount -o ro /dev/c/c /mnt Unfortunately, vgscan doesnot recognize the data partition. It appears as though the superblock on the first drive's data partition was erased while syncing with the second. So now I cannot mount that partition and the second drive is stuck in spare mode. Any ideas? Or a way to force mount the data partition just to copy the data? knoppix@Microknoppix:~$ sudo su root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# apt-get install mdadm lvm2 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done lvm2 is already the newest version. mdadm is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 551 not upgraded. root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# mdadm --assemble --scan mdadm: /dev/md/1 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2). mdadm: /dev/md/0 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2). root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# modprobe dm-mod root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# vgscan Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while... No volume groups found root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdc1[2] 4193268 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] md1 : active raid1 sdc2[2] 524276 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] unused devices: <none> root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# mdadm -v --assemble --auto=yes /dev/md2 /dev/sdc3 mdadm: looking for devices for /dev/md2 mdadm: no recogniseable superblock on /dev/sdc3 mdadm: /dev/sdc3 has no superblock - assembly aborted root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# dumpe2fs /dev/md0 | grep -i superblock dumpe2fs 1.42.4 (12-Jun-2012) Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1 Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769 Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305 Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841 Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377 Backup superblock at 294912, Group descriptors at 294913-294913 Backup superblock at 819200, Group descriptors at 819201-819201 Backup superblock at 884736, Group descriptors at 884737-884737 root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# Notes: I can read the super block from the spare drive. I was gonna try and restore the superblock from one of the backups, but i dont know how or if this would work. I also heard creating a new array (mdadm --create) using the same parameters will not delete the data on the drive but i didnt want to risk it. Recommendations?

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• No Windows Option on Boot

  - by Okoning

  I've installed Ubuntu alongside Windows but at first didn't have a boot option menu. So, I installed bootrepair and ran it. This succeeded in granting me a GRUB boot option menu, but Windows isn't on it. Here is the bootrepair report: http://paste.ubuntu.com/8098527 Can anyone tell me what might be wrong? EDIT: I ran sudo fdisk -l and this is the output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00023fe0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 960096255 480047104 83 Linux /dev/sda2 960098302 976771071 8336385 5 Extended /dev/sda5 960098304 976771071 8336384 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32015679488 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3892 cylinders, total 62530624 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 62530623 31265296 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

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• Problems increasing root size

  - by user212866

  I'm running out of space, so I tried to increase root size using this link: Increase size of root partition after installing Ubuntu in Windows Here is the output Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda7 ext4 6,2G 5,6G 308M 95% / udev devtmpfs 965M 4,0K 965M 1% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 389M 892K 388M 1% /run none tmpfs 5,0M 4,0K 5,0M 1% /run/lock none tmpfs 972M 440K 971M 1% /run/shm /dev/sda5 fuseblk 12G 6,1G 5,8G 52% /media/Ubuntu /dev/sda2 fuseblk 278G 260G 19G 94% /media/AC4CC70D4CC6D16E I tried to allocate 16Gb in the host (/dev/sda2 which is windows 7 partition). When I get to the \ubuntu\disks folder, I only get the "new.disk" file which weighs the 16Gb allocated and not the "root.disk" file too. Also, the /dev/sda7 size doesn't increase. Could you please help me? Many thanks

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• Want to back up using dd, but my present ubuntu installation is 149.04 + 3.81(swap) GB, my target drive is only 149.05 GB

  - by Shreshth

  My netbook is a Windows7-Ubuntu 12.04 dual boot. in gparted the strcture looks like Partition filesystem size /dev/sda2 extended 152.86GiB __/dev/sda6 ext4 149.04GiB __/dev/sda5 linux-swap 3.81GiB /dev/sda3 ntfs 100MiB /dev/sda4 ntfs 145.13GiB /dev/sdb1 fat32 149.05GiB I want to backup my ubuntu 12.04 installation that is sda2 (sda6 + sda5) to sdb1. As you can see sda5 +sda6 is 152.86 GB where are sdb1 is only 149.05 GB. Can I backup only sda6(149.04GB) without losing any data? That is to say, will I be able to restore my ubuntu using only sda6 and later add the needed swap? Edit: Made it readable.

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• Why does adding a Flex DateChooser component throw an index out of bounds error?

  - by Lo'

  I'm facing an issue with the flex Application I'm currently working on. When I open a pop-up using the 'createPopUp' method, I've got this index out of bounds error message : RangeError: The supplied index is out of bounds. at mx.core::FTETextField/getLineMetrics()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\mx\core\FTETextField.as:2169] at mx.core::UIFTETextField/get baselinePosition()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\mx\core\UIFTETextField.as:784] at mx.controls::DateChooser/get baselinePosition()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\mx\src\mx\controls\DateChooser.as:994] at spark.components::Group/get baselinePosition()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\components\Group.as:282] at spark.layouts::ConstraintLayout/parseElementConstraints()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\layouts\ConstraintLayout.as:1818] at spark.layouts::ConstraintLayout/parseConstraints()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\layouts\ConstraintLayout.as:1632] at spark.layouts::ConstraintLayout/measure()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\layouts\ConstraintLayout.as:414] at spark.components.supportClasses::GroupBase/measure()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\components\supportClasses\GroupBase.as:1148] at mx.core::UIComponent/http://www.adobe.com/2006/flex/mx/internal::measureSizes()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\core\UIComponent.as:8506] at mx.core::UIComponent/validateSize()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\core\UIComponent.as:8430] at spark.components::Group/validateSize()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\spark\src\spark\components\Group.as:1012] at mx.managers::LayoutManager/validateClient()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\managers\LayoutManager.as:987] at mx.managers::PopUpManagerImpl/addPopUp()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\managers\PopUpManagerImpl.as:382] at mx.managers::PopUpManagerImpl/createPopUp()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\managers\PopUpManagerImpl.as:232] at mx.managers::PopUpManager$/createPopUp()[E:\dev\4.y\frameworks\projects\framework\src\mx\managers\PopUpManager.as:139] at views::AddProjects/loadAddProjectPopUp()[C:\Users\Laura\Web\spidermak\spidermak\src\views\AddProjects.mxml:184] at views::AddProjects/___AddProjects_Button1_click()[C:\Users\Laura\Web\spidermak\spidermak\src\views\AddProjects.mxml:838] It seems that this error is caused by a "dateChooser" component in my popup : <mx:DateChooser id="endDate"/> When I comment this line, the error is no longer thrown and the popup loads correctly. It's really weird because I didn't have this issue until this morning. All I did in the meantime was changing some layout-related stuff, but I don't see what is would have to do with this problem. I don't get it... Does anyone have a clue about how to fix this ? I need my DateChooser ! Thanks ! Laura EDIT - It seems that the problem is not caused by the DateChooser itself, but by the FormItem around it. Here's what my code looks like : <Form width="100%"> [...] <s:HGroup width="100%"> <s:FormItem label="Date de début"> <mx:DateChooser id="startDate" firstDayOfWeek="1"/> </s:FormItem> <s:FormItem label="Date de fin"> <mx:DateChooser id="endDate" firstDayOfWeek="1"/> </s:FormItem> </s:HGroup> </Form> If I remove the two FormItems, it works. Could anyone explain me why? Thanks !

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• Raid 1 array won't assemble after power outage. How do I fix this ext4 mirror?

  - by Forkrul Assail

  Two ext4 drives on Raid 1 with mdadm won't reassemble after the power went out for an extended period (UPS drained). After turning the machine back on, mdadm said that the array was degraded, after which it took about 2 days for a full resync, which completed without problems. On trying to remount the array I get: mount: you must specify the filesystem type cat /etc/fstab lines relevant to setup: /dev/md127 /media/mediapool ext4 defaults 0 0 dmesg | tail (on trying to mount) says: [ 1050.818782] EXT3-fs (md127): error: can't find ext3 filesystem on dev md127. [ 1050.849214] EXT4-fs (md127): VFS: Can't find ext4 filesystem [ 1050.944781] FAT-fs (md127): invalid media value (0x00) [ 1050.944782] FAT-fs (md127): Can't find a valid FAT filesystem [ 1058.272787] EXT2-fs (md127): error: can't find an ext2 filesystem on dev md127. cat /proc/mdstat says: Personalities : [raid1] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md127 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 sdj[2] sdi[0] 2930135360 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> fsck /dev/md127 says: fsck from util-linux 2.20.1 e2fsck 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks... fsck.ext2: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/md127 The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock: e2fsck -b 8193 <device> mdadm -E /dev/sdi gives me: /dev/sdi: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.2 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 37ac1824:eb8a21f6:bd5afd6d:96da6394 Name : sojourn:33 Creation Time : Sat Nov 10 10:43:52 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Raid Devices : 2 Avail Dev Size : 5860271016 (2794.40 GiB 3000.46 GB) Array Size : 2930135360 (2794.39 GiB 3000.46 GB) Used Dev Size : 5860270720 (2794.39 GiB 3000.46 GB) Data Offset : 262144 sectors Super Offset : 8 sectors State : clean Device UUID : 3e6e9a4f:6c07ab3d:22d47fce:13cecfd0 Update Time : Tue Nov 13 20:34:18 2012 Checksum : f7d10db9 - correct Events : 27 Device Role : Active device 0 Array State : AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing) boot@boot ~ $ sudo mdadm -E /dev/sdj /dev/sdj: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.2 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 37ac1824:eb8a21f6:bd5afd6d:96da6394 Name : sojourn:33 Creation Time : Sat Nov 10 10:43:52 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Raid Devices : 2 Avail Dev Size : 5860271016 (2794.40 GiB 3000.46 GB) Array Size : 2930135360 (2794.39 GiB 3000.46 GB) Used Dev Size : 5860270720 (2794.39 GiB 3000.46 GB) Data Offset : 262144 sectors Super Offset : 8 sectors State : clean Device UUID : 7fb84af4:e9295f7b:ede61f27:bec0cb57 Update Time : Tue Nov 13 20:34:18 2012 Checksum : b9d17fef - correct Events : 27 Device Role : Active device 1 Array State : AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing) machine@user ~ dmesg | tail [ 61.785866] init: alsa-restore main process (2736) terminated with status 99 [ 68.433548] eth0: no IPv6 routers present [ 534.142511] EXT4-fs (sdi): ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 0 not in group (block 2838187772)! [ 534.142518] EXT4-fs (sdi): group descriptors corrupted! [ 546.418780] EXT2-fs (sdi): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (240) [ 549.654127] EXT3-fs (sdi): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (240) Since this is Raid 1 it was suggested that I try and mount or fsck the drives separately. After a long fsck on one drive, it ended with this as tail: Illegal double indirect block (2298566437) in inode 39717736. CLEARED. Illegal block #4231180 (2611866932) in inode 39717736. CLEARED. Error storing directory block information (inode=39717736, block=0, num=1092368): Memory allocation failed Recreate journal? yes Creating journal (32768 blocks): Done. *** journal has been re-created - filesystem is now ext3 again *** The drive however still doesn't want to mount: dmesg | tail [ 170.674659] md: export_rdev(sdc) [ 170.675152] md: export_rdev(sdc) [ 195.275288] md: export_rdev(sdc) [ 195.275876] md: export_rdev(sdc) [ 1338.540092] CE: hpet increased min_delta_ns to 30169 nsec [26125.734105] EXT4-fs (sdc): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 0 failed (43502!=37987) [26125.734115] EXT4-fs (sdc): group descriptors corrupted! [26182.325371] EXT3-fs (sdc): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (240) [27083.316519] EXT4-fs (sdc): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 0 failed (43502!=37987) [27083.316530] EXT4-fs (sdc): group descriptors corrupted! Please help me fix this. I never in my wildest nightmares thought a complete mirror would die this badly. Am I missing something? Suggestions on fixing this? Could someone explain why it would resync after the powerout, only to seemingly nuke the drive? Thanks for reading. Any help much appreciated. I've tried everything I can think of, including booting and filesystem checking with SystemRescue and Ubuntu liveboot discs.

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• Setup access to SAS RAID drives with NTFS partitions on CentOS Machine

  - by Quanano

  We have a Dell Poweredge 2900 system with Adaptec 39320A SCSI CONTROLLER CARD and 4 SAS hard drives attached, with NTFS partitions on them. We installed CentOS on the other raid array with a different controller and it is working fine. We are now trying to access the drives shown above and they are not being shown in /dev as sdb, etc. sda is the drive that we installed centos on and it has sda1, sda2, sda3, etc. The CDROM has been picked up as well. If I scan for scsi devices then the perc and adaptec controllers are both found. sg0 is the CDROM and sg2 is the centos installed, however I think sg1 is the other drive but I cannot see anyway to mount the partitions, as only the drive is listed in /dev. Thanks. EXTRA INFO fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 72.7 GB, 72746008576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8844 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x11e3119f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 8845 70528000 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root: 34.4 GB, 34431041536 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4186 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap: 21.1 GB, 21139292160 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2570 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home: 16.6 GB, 16647192576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2023 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home doesn't contain a valid partition table These are all from the install hdd not the additional hard drives modprobe a320raid FATAL: Module a320raid not found. lsscsi -v [0:0:0:0] cd/dvd TSSTcorp CDRWDVD TS-H492C DE02 /dev/sr0 dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:0:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.1/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0] [4:0:10:0] enclosu DP BACKPLANE 1.05 - dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:0:10:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:0:10/4:0:10:0] [4:2:0:0] disk DELL PERC 5/i 1.03 /dev/sda dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:2:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:2:0/4:2:0:0] . lsmod Module Size Used by fuse 66285 0 des_generic 16604 0 ecb 2209 0 md4 3461 0 nls_utf8 1455 0 cifs 278370 0 autofs4 26888 4 ipt_REJECT 2383 0 ip6t_REJECT 4628 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6 8748 2 nf_defrag_ipv6 12182 1 nf_conntrack_ipv6 xt_state 1492 2 nf_conntrack 79453 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state ip6table_filter 2889 1 ip6_tables 19458 1 ip6table_filter ipv6 322029 31 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6 bnx2 79618 0 ses 6859 0 enclosure 8395 1 ses dcdbas 9219 0 serio_raw 4818 0 sg 30124 0 iTCO_wdt 13662 0 iTCO_vendor_support 3088 1 iTCO_wdt i5000_edac 8867 0 edac_core 46773 3 i5000_edac i5k_amb 5105 0 shpchp 33482 0 ext4 364410 3 mbcache 8144 1 ext4 jbd2 88738 1 ext4 sd_mod 39488 3 crc_t10dif 1541 1 sd_mod sr_mod 16228 0 cdrom 39771 1 sr_mod megaraid_sas 77090 2 aic79xx 129492 0 scsi_transport_spi 26151 1 aic79xx pata_acpi 3701 0 ata_generic 3837 0 ata_piix 22846 0 radeon 1023359 1 ttm 70328 1 radeon drm_kms_helper 33236 1 radeon drm 230675 3 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper i2c_algo_bit 5762 1 radeon i2c_core 31276 4 radeon,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit dm_mirror 14101 0 dm_region_hash 12170 1 dm_mirror dm_log 10122 2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash dm_mod 81500 11 dm_mirror,dm_log

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• EC2 Filesystem / Files stored on the wrong partiton after launching new instance from AMI

  - by Philip Isaacs

  Today I set up a new EC2 Instance from and AMI I created from an older EC2 instance. When I launched the new instance I took the AMI that was on a small instance and launched with a medium instance. From what I can tell this is pretty standard stuff. But here's the stang part. According to AWS these are the differences Small Instance (Default) 1.7 GB of memory, 1 EC2 Compute Unit (1 virtual core with 1 EC2 Compute Unit), 160 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit or 64-bit platform Medium Instance 3.75 GB of memory, 2 EC2 Compute Units (1 virtual core with 2 EC2 Compute Units each), 410 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit or 64-bit platform Okay now here's where I'm having an issue. I when I log into the new bigger instance it still reports only having 1.7 GB of ram. The other strange part is that all my old partitions are still their in the same configurations. I see a new larger partition /mnt which is essential empty. Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 7.9G 5.9G 1.6G 79% / none 846M 120K 846M 1% /dev none 879M 0 879M 0% /dev/shm none 879M 76K 878M 1% /var/run none 879M 0 879M 0% /var/lock none 879M 0 879M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda2 335G 195M 318G 1% /mnt /dev/sdf 16G 9.9G 5.1G 67% /var2 This EC2 is a web server and I was serving files off the /var2 directory but for some reason the instance is storing everything on / Okay here's what I'd like to do. Move all my website files to /mnt and have the web server point to that. Any suggestions? If it helps here is what my fstab looks like as well. root@myserver:/var# mount -l /dev/sda1 on / type ext3 (rw) [cloudimg-rootfs] proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) /dev/sda2 on /mnt type ext3 (rw) /dev/sdf on /var2 type ext4 (rw,noatime) I hope this question makes sense. Basically i want my old files on this new partition. Thanks in advance

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• How to do custom sorting using unix sort?

  - by jewelia

  I'm using unix sort to sort a comma delimited file with multiple columns. Thus far, this has worked perfectly for sorting the data either numerically or in alphabetical order: Example file before any sorting: C,United States,WA,Tacoma,f,1 A,United States,MA,Boston,f,0 B,United States,NY,New York,f,5 A,Canada,QC,Montreal,f,2 A,Bahamas,Bahamas,Nassau,f,2 A,United States,NY,New York,f,1 Sort the file: $ sort -t ',' -k 2,2 -k 3,3 -k 4,4 -k 5,5r -k 6,6nr tmp.csv Sorted result: A,Bahamas,Bahamas,Nassau,f,2 A,Canada,QC,Montreal,f,2 A,United States,MA,Boston,f,0 B,United States,NY,New York,f,5 A,United States,NY,New York,f,1 C,United States,WA,Tacoma,f,1 Here is the issue: I want to sort column 2 based on a custom sort, meaning I want United States first, then Canada, then Bahamas: Desired sort: A,United States,MA,Boston,f,0 B,United States,NY,New York,f,5 A,United States,NY,New York,f,1 C,United States,WA,Tacoma,f,1 A,Canada,QC,Montreal,f,2 A,Bahamas,Bahamas,Nassau,f,2 Is there some way to pass unix sort a custom sort order that it can then apply? Something like: $ sort -t ',' -k 2,2:'United States, Canada, Bahamas' -k 3,3 -k 4,4 -k 5,5r -k 6,6nr tmp.csv Thanks!

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• Hot-swap drive got new name, can I change it on-the-fly?

  - by T.J. Crowder

  One of the HDDs in my server's RAID config failed, so I took it out of the array and had the data center hot-swap it. They've done that, but now the new drive is /dev/sdc rather than /dev/sda. I suspect — correct me if I'm wrong — that if I reboot the server, it will be /dev/sda again, so I'm hesitant to add it back to the array as /dev/sdc because I don't want to lay a trap for myself to fall into on the next reboot. I'd just as soon not reboot the server if I don't need to (if I do need to, well, too bad for me). Is there a way I can change the device name from /dev/sdc to /dev/sda without rebooting? This is on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. It's an md array ("Linux Software RAID"), where currently one of the devices (there are a couple of them) looks like this ("degraded" because I've removed the old /dev/sda from it): # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 00.90.03 Creation Time : Sun Oct 11 21:07:54 2009 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 97536 (95.27 MiB 99.88 MB) Used Dev Size : 97536 (95.27 MiB 99.88 MB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Jun 30 09:31:16 2011 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 496be7a5:ab9177ed:7792c71e:7dc17aa4 Events : 0.112 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 0 0 1 removed Thanks, Update: Reading through the kernel md documentation, I suspect that if the name changes on reboot, it won't matter. (Good design, that.) Here's why: Boot time autodetection of RAID arrays When md is compiled into the kernel (not as module), partitions of type 0xfd are scanned and automatically assembled into RAID arrays. This autodetection may be suppressed with the kernel parameter "raid=noautodetect". As of kernel 2.6.9, only drives with a type 0 superblock can be autodetected and run at boot time. The kernel parameter "raid=partitionable" (or "raid=part") means that all auto-detected arrays are assembled as partitionable. I do have md compiled into the kernel, so I'm rebuilding the array now and will do the reboot to see what happens. Even if it works, the above doesn't answer the question I actually asked, so unless someone comes along and answers that question in the meantime (I'd be interested, even if it's not necessary for what I'm doing this very moment), I'll just delete the question to keep noise down.

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• Clouds Aroud the World

  - by user12608550

  At the NIST Cloud Computing Workshop this week; representatives from Canada, China, and Japan presented on their cloud computing efforts. Some interesting points made: Canada: Building "Service Canada" cloud for all citizen services, but raised the issue of data location...cloud data must be within Canada border, so they will not focus on public clouds where they don't know or can't control data location. Japan: In response to the massive destruction of the Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan is building nation-wide cloud services to support disaster relief, data recovery, and support for rebuilding new communities. US Ambassador Philip Verveer discussed the need for international cooperation and standards development to enable interoperability of cloud services, keeping in mind cultural and political differences. Additionally, an industry panel reported on cloud standards development, including some actual interoperability testing at http://www.cloudplugfest.org. Much of the first two days of the workshop covered progress and action plans around the 10 High-Priority Requirements to Further USG Agency Cloud Computing Adoption. Thursday's sessions will cover the work of the various NIST Cloud Computing Working Groups on Reference Architecture and Taxonomy Standards Acceleration to Jumpstart the Adoption of Cloud Computing (SAJACC) Cloud Security Standards Roadmap Business Use Cases (see Working Groups of NIST Cloud Computing )

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• How do i mount my SD Card? I am using ubuntu 10.04

  - by shobhit

  root@shobhit:/media# lsusb Bus 002 Device 017: ID 14cd:125c Super Top Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0c45:6421 Microdia Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 011: ID 413c:8160 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 006: ID 413c:8162 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 005: ID 413c:8161 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 004: ID 138a:0008 DigitalPersona, Inc Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. BCM2046B1 USB 2.0 Hub (part of BCM2046 Bluetooth) Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub root@shobhit:/home/shobhit/scripts/internalUtilities# sudo lspci -v -nn 00:1a.0 USB Controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller [8086:3b3c] (rev 06) (prog-if 20) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fbc08000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1d.0 USB Controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller [8086:3b34] (rev 06) (prog-if 20) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 23 Memory at fbc07000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1e.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge [8086:2448] (rev a6) (prog-if 01) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=20, subordinate=20, sec-latency=32 Capabilities: [50] Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] 00:1f.0 ISA bridge [0601]: Intel Corporation Mobile 5 Series Chipset LPC Interface Controller [8086:3b0b] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information <?> Kernel modules: iTCO_wdt 00:1f.2 SATA controller [0106]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 6 port SATA AHCI Controller [8086:3b2f] (rev 06) (prog-if 01) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 29 I/O ports at f070 [size=8] I/O ports at f060 [size=4] I/O ports at f050 [size=8] I/O ports at f040 [size=4] I/O ports at f020 [size=32] Memory at fbc06000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K] Capabilities: [80] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable+ Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA <?> Capabilities: [b0] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ahci Kernel modules: ahci 00:1f.3 SMBus [0c05]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset SMBus Controller [8086:3b30] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 3 Memory at fbc05000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] I/O ports at f000 [size=32] Kernel modules: i2c-i801 00:1f.6 Signal processing controller [1180]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset Thermal Subsystem [8086:3b32] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 3 Memory at fbc04000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [80] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable- 12:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation Device [14e4:4727] (rev 01) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0010] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at fbb00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [58] Vendor Specific Information <?> Capabilities: [48] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting <?> Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number cb-c0-8b-ff-ff-38-00-00 Capabilities: [16c] Power Budgeting <?> Kernel driver in use: wl Kernel modules: wl 13:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller [10ec:8168] (rev 03) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 28 I/O ports at e000 [size=256] Memory at d0b04000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K] Memory at d0b00000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] Expansion ROM at fba00000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [50] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable+ Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01 Capabilities: [ac] MSI-X: Enable- Mask- TabSize=4 Capabilities: [cc] Vital Product Data <?> Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting <?> Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 00-e0-4c-68-00-00-00-03 Kernel driver in use: r8169 Kernel modules: r8169 root@shobhit:/home/shobhit/scripts/internalUtilities# sudo lshw shobhit description: Portable Computer product: Vostro 3500 vendor: Dell Inc. version: A10 serial: FV1L3N1 width: 32 bits capabilities: smbios-2.6 dmi-2.6 smp-1.4 smp configuration: boot=normal chassis=portable cpus=2 uuid=44454C4C-5600-1031-804C-C6C04F334E31 *-core description: Motherboard product: 0G2R51 vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A10 serial: .FV1L3N1.CN7016612H00PW. slot: To Be Filled By O.E.M. *-cpu:0 description: CPU product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 480 @ 2.67GHz vendor: Intel Corp. physical id: 4 bus info: cpu@0 version: 6.5.5 serial: 0002-0655-0000-0000-0000-0000 slot: CPU 1 size: 1197MHz capacity: 2926MHz width: 64 bits clock: 533MHz capabilities: boot fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx rdtscp x86-64 constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt lahf_lm ida arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid cpufreq configuration: id=4 *-cache:0 description: L1 cache physical id: 5 slot: L1-Cache size: 64KiB capacity: 64KiB capabilities: internal write-back unified *-cache:1 description: L2 cache physical id: 6 slot: L2-Cache size: 512KiB capacity: 512KiB capabilities: internal varies unified *-cache:2 description: L3 cache physical id: 7 slot: L3-Cache size: 3MiB capacity: 3MiB capabilities: internal varies unified *-logicalcpu:0 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.1 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:1 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.2 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:2 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.3 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:3 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.4 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:4 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.5 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:5 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.6 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:6 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.7 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:7 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.8 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:8 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.9 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:9 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.a width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:10 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.b width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:11 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.c width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:12 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.d width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:13 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.e width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:14 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.f width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:15 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.10 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-memory description: System Memory physical id: 1d slot: System board or motherboard size: 3GiB *-bank:0 description: DIMM Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: HMT112S6TFR8C-H9 vendor: AD80 physical id: 0 serial: 5525C935 slot: DIMM_A size: 1GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:1 description: DIMM Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: HMT125S6TFR8C-H9 vendor: AD80 physical id: 1 serial: 3441D6CA slot: DIMM_B size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A10 (10/25/2010) size: 64KiB capacity: 1984KiB capabilities: mca pci upgrade shadowing escd cdboot bootselect socketedrom edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer int10video acpi usb zipboot biosbootspecification *-cpu:1 physical id: 1 bus info: cpu@1 version: 6.5.5 serial: 0002-0655-0000-0000-0000-0000 size: 1197MHz capacity: 1197MHz capabilities: vmx ht cpufreq configuration: id=4 *-logicalcpu:0 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.1 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:1 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.2 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:2 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.3 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:3 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.4 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:4 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.5 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:5 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.6 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:6 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.7 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:7 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.8 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:8 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.9 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:9 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.a capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:10 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.b capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:11 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.c capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:12 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.d capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:13 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.e capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:14 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.f capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:15 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.10 capabilities: logical *-pci description: Host bridge product: Core Processor DRAM Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 100 bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0 version: 18 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: driver=agpgart-intel resources: irq:0 *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 18 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:30 memory:fac00000-faffffff memory:c0000000-cfffffff(prefetchable) ioport:f080(size=8) *-communication UNCLAIMED description: Communication controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset HECI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 16 bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc09000-fbc0900f *-usb:0 description: USB Controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1a bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:fbc08000-fbc083ff *-multimedia description: Audio device product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset High Definition Audio vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=HDA Intel latency=0 resources: irq:22 memory:fbc00000-fbc03fff *-pci:0 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:24 ioport:2000(size=4096) memory:bc000000-bc1fffff memory:bc200000-bc3fffff(prefetchable) *-pci:1 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 2 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.1 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:25 ioport:3000(size=4096) memory:fbb00000-fbbfffff memory:bc400000-bc5fffff(prefetchable) *-network description: Wireless interface product: Broadcom Corporation vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:12:00.0 logical name: eth1 version: 01 serial: c0:cb:38:8b:aa:d8 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=wl0 driverversion=5.60.48.36 ip=10.0.1.50 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11 resources: irq:17 memory:fbb00000-fbb03fff *-pci:2 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 3 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.2 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:26 ioport:e000(size=4096) memory:fba00000-fbafffff ioport:d0b00000(size=1048576) *-network description: Ethernet interface product: RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:13:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 03 serial: 78:2b:cb:cc:0e:2a size: 10MB/s capacity: 1GB/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10MB/s resources: irq:28 ioport:e000(size=256) memory:d0b04000-d0b04fff(prefetchable) memory:d0b00000-d0b03fff(prefetchable) memory:fba00000-fba1ffff(prefetchable) *-pci:3 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 5 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.4 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.4 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:27 ioport:d000(size=4096) memory:fb000000-fb9fffff ioport:d0000000(size=10485760) *-usb:1 description: USB Controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1d bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:23 memory:fbc07000-fbc073ff *-pci:4 description: PCI bridge product: 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1e bus info: pci@0000:00:1e.0 version: a6 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci bus_master cap_list *-isa description: ISA bridge product: Mobile 5 Series Chipset LPC Interface Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 *-storage description: SATA controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 6 port SATA AHCI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2 logical name: scsi0 logical name: scsi1 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: storage msi pm bus_master cap_list emulated configuration: driver=ahci latency=0 resources: irq:29 ioport:f070(size=8) ioport:f060(size=4) ioport:f050(size=8) ioport:f040(size=4) ioport:f020(size=32) memory:fbc06000-fbc067ff *-disk description: ATA Disk product: WDC WD3200BEKT-7 vendor: Western Digital physical id: 0 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: 01.0 serial: WD-WX21AC0W1945 size: 298GiB (320GB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=77e3ed41 *-volume:0 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1 logical name: /dev/sda1 version: 3.1 serial: aa69-51c0 size: 98MiB capacity: 100MiB capabilities: primary bootable ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-03 02:00:15 filesystem=ntfs label=System Reserved state=clean *-volume:1 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 2 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2 logical name: /dev/sda2 version: 3.1 serial: 9854ff5c-1dea-a147-84a6-624e758f44b8 size: 48GiB capacity: 48GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-10 13:55:31 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true *-volume:2 description: Extended partition physical id: 3 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3 logical name: /dev/sda3 size: 48GiB capacity: 48GiB capabilities: primary extended partitioned partitioned:extended *-logicalvolume:0 description: Linux swap / Solaris partition physical id: 5 logical name: /dev/sda5 capacity: 1952MiB capabilities: nofs *-logicalvolume:1 description: Linux filesystem partition physical id: 6 logical name: /dev/sda6 logical name: / capacity: 46GiB configuration: mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered state=mounted *-volume:3 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 4 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4 logical name: /dev/sda4 logical name: /media/56AA8094AA807273 version: 3.1 serial: 22a29e8d-56c7-9a4a-adea-528103948f6d size: 200GiB capacity: 200GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-02 20:17:15 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mount.fstype=fuseblk mount.options=rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=mounted upgrade_on_mount=true *-cdrom description: DVD-RAM writer product: DVD+-RW TS-L633J vendor: TSSTcorp physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/dvdrw logical name: /dev/scd0 logical name: /dev/sr0 version: D200 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc *-serial UNCLAIMED description: SMBus product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset SMBus Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.3 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc05000-fbc050ff ioport:f000(size=32) *-generic UNCLAIMED description: Signal processing controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset Thermal Subsystem vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.6 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.6 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc04000-fbc04fff *-scsi physical id: 2 bus info: usb@2:1.1 logical name: scsi15 capabilities: emulated scsi-host configuration: driver=usb-storage *-disk description: SCSI Disk physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@15:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sdb I have tried all options like fdisk /dev/sdb , pmount /dev/sdb but nothing is working .Pls guide me

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