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  • Why do operating systems do low level stuff in C and C++? Why not just C++?

    - by Cole Johnson
    On the Wikipedia page for Windows, it states the Windows is written in Assembly for the bootloader and task switcher, and C and C++ for kernel routines. This confuses me because AFAIK, you can call C++ functions from an extern "C"'d block as C++ is just C with extra features (all of which can be rewritten in C if you wanted to AFAIK). I can get using C for the kernel functions so pure C apps can use them (like printf and such), but if they can just be wrapped in an extern "C " block, then why code in C? So my question is: Why would a kernel be written in both C and C++ instead of just C++

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  • unseen/unknown function definition in linux source

    - by Broncha
    Can any one please explain this piece of code I found in the linux kernel source. I see a lots of code like this in linux and minix kernel but dont seem to find what it does (even if C compilers support that kind of function definition) /* IRQs are disabled and uidhash_lock is held upon function entry. * IRQ state (as stored in flags) is restored and uidhash_lock released * upon function exit. */ static void free_user(struct user_struct *up, unsigned long flags) __releases(&uidhash_lock) { uid_hash_remove(up); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&uidhash_lock, flags); key_put(up->uid_keyring); key_put(up->session_keyring); kmem_cache_free(uid_cachep, up); } I cannot find out if this reference __releases(&uidhash_lock) before the parenthesis starts is allowed OR supported. (It sure is supported as it is in the linux kernel)

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  • I have neither grub.conf nur menu.lst

    - by chris
    Hi, I just compiled my own kernel for the first time. At it is written in a tutorial I now want to check whether the kernel got written into the grub.conf file. Well, I did not find a grub.conf file. So I googled. Answer: Ubuntu does not have grub.conf, but rather has a menu.lst (also stored in /boot/grub). So I looked for that file. But I don't have that one either. So now the question: Where is my GRUB data stored? Im using Ubuntu 10.10 with Kernel 2.6.35-27

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 booting into busybox after update

    - by Victor Alejandro Martinez
    Every time the system updates the kernel from 3.5.0-24 to 3.5.0-34 I get dropped into a busybox prompt at boot, but I can boot just fine using the previous kernel. I've tried all I know. I did a fsck.ext3 -f /dev/sdb2 using the alternate install CD. I've used boot-repair but to avail, I've checked for bad blocks but there are none. Should I purge the new kernel and use the old one instead? This is the output from boot-repair the first time, no purge. http://paste.ubuntu.com/5809230/

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  • Why ubuntu does not use the kernels installed by automatic update?

    - by Guillaume Coté
    I used the script describe in this question to list the kernel installed on the computer : How do I to remove or hide old kernel versions, to clean up the boot menu? In the 3.2.0, I have 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 and 48. I would expect to be running 3.2.0-48 after a reboot, but I am still running 3.2.0-32. Why the kernels installed by auto update are not used? [I am running 12.04 LTS] /boot/grub/menu.lst was modified for the last time June 16 2013, it contains 3.2.0-32-generic 2.6.32-45-generic 2.6.32-44-generic 2.6.32-43-generic A recovery for each of those and a memtest. I would have expected the kernel between 3.2.0-33 to 3.2.0-48 to be in this file before 3.2.0-32.

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  • Package linux-headers-3.7.0-999 is not installed

    - by James Ward
    When trying to install the three amd64 debs for the 3.7.0 kernel from: http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/daily/2012-10-22-quantal/ I get this error: dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-headers-3.7.0-999-generic: linux-headers-3.7.0-999-generic depends on linux-headers-3.7.0-999; however: Package linux-headers-3.7.0-999 is not installed. It installs and works correctly but leaves me with broken packages in Synaptic. Is this just a bug with how Ubuntu is packaging these latest debs? Or am I doing something wrong?

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  • Samsung driver for notebooks in Natty?

    - by burli
    Hi, I have a Samsung N150 Netbook and I installed Unity 11.04 to make some tests. But some functions do not work like backlight and vertical scroll on the touchpad. There are drivers for samsung notbooks and I know that there is a PPA. But not for Natty. Will the drivers be avalible some day in the kernel by default? Will Canonical add these drivers in the kernel, if the Kernel developers wont? I think this would be very usefull because Unity is great for Netbooks and Samsung Netbooks are really nice.

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  • Regular wireless dropouts on new lenovo T440s in Ubuntu 14.04

    - by user290670
    Over the last 24 hours my wireless has dropped out regularly. I've tested to make sure it isn't my router (my phone and everyone in the house isn't having problems using the wifi). This is a brand-new installation of Ubuntu 14.04 and according to uname I'm running kernel 3.13.0-24-generic. Now, my laptop has an Intel 7260AC dual band wireless card and I've read that Ubuntu has been having trouble with these. I notice that at http://www.intel.com/support/wireless/wlan/sb/CS-034398.htm There are some updated drivers for my kernel version. However I have no idea how to update the kernel to use these drivers instead so that I can see if this will fix it. Can anyone help? These dropouts are really annoying. EDIT: Upgrading to 3.14.6 did not help.

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  • ec2 instance won't boot!

    - by TheToolBox
    So I had a server lose connection while updating to 14.04LTS. Foolishly, it ended up getting rebooted, and now I'm here. I disconnected the volume and mounted it on another system, chrooted it, and updated the kernel. Still no dice. Any idea what the problem could be? Thanks in advance! The instance log is below: ******************* BLKFRONT for device/vbd/2049 ********** backend at /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049 Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049/feature-barrier. Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049/feature-flush-cache. 16777216 sectors of 512 bytes ************************** [H[J Booting 'Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, memtest86+' root (hd0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, using whole disk kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin ============= Init TPM Front ================ Tpmfront:Error Unable to read device/vtpm/0/backend-id during tpmfront initialization! error = ENOENT Tpmfront:Info Shutting down tpmfront xc: error: panic: xc_dom_core.c:621: xc_dom_find_loader: no loader found: Invalid kernel xc_dom_parse_image returned -1 close(3) Error 9: Unknown boot failure Press any key to continue...

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  • Will Ubuntu be releasing an update for Cedar Trail Processors?

    - by Alan
    There is a file available on the Intel web site with the file name "cdv-gfx-drivers-1.0.1_bee.tar.bz2" and a date of July 6, 2012. It can be found by searching the Intel Download Center for the filename or the string "Linux* PowerVR Graphics/Media Drivers". The download page links to the file, release notes and a link, Enabling hardware accelerated playback that takes one to a page containing links to two pdf documents titled "Enabling Hardware Accelerated Playback for Intel® AtomTM Processor N2000/D2000 Series", one for Ubuntu and one for Fedora. The instruction and release notes speak to working with kernel 3.1.0 and since I do not feel I have the skills, knowledge or training to do anything else but, follow the instructions to the "T", I am very reluctant to try anything on my freshly updated 3.2.0 kernel. I would much rather use a Ubuntu supported kernel that applies these drivers and doesn't break anything in the process. Is it a case where this is so new that Canonical has not yet included these drivers but, soon will do so?

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  • How do operating systems… run… without having an OS to run in?

    - by Plazmotech Binary
    I'm really curious right now. I'm a Python programmer, and this question just boggled me: You write an OS. How do you run it? It has to be run somehow, and that way is within another OS? How can an application run without being in an OS? How do you tell the computer to run, say, C, and execute these commands to the screen, if it doesn't have an OS to run in? Does it have to do with a UNIX kernel? If so, what is a Unix kernel, or a kernel in general? I'm sure OSes are more complicated than that, but how does it work?

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  • Why is using an external USB drive or USB printer causing my system to hang?

    - by thepd
    I am having some troubles using various external hard drives and my printer, all of which I connect using USB. The majority of the time, when I connect either of these devices, my system freezes up completely after about 10 minutes. They work just fine prior to that moment. I've also not noticed any problems using a USB mouse. I'm running Ubuntu 10.10 and have tried using a newer kernel (a 2.6.36 Maverick kernel from the kernel ppa, as opposed to the default 2.6.35 one) to no avail. I'm using a Dell Studio XPS 16 (M1647) which is a sort of newish laptop and so my guess is this is probably some kind of driver bug. Is there anyway to debug these sorts of issues? I've looked through some of my logs (/var/log/messages seemed the most useful) but haven't been able to find any kind of USB related logging nor anything interesting happening prior to the hang.

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  • How to operating systems… run… without having an OS to run in?

    - by Plazmotech Binary
    I'm really curious right now. I'm a Python programmer, and this question just boggled me: You write an OS. How do you run it? It has to be run somehow, and that way is within another OS? How can an application run without being in an OS? How do you tell the computer to run, say, C, and execute these commands to the screen, if it doesn't have an OS to run in? Does it have to do with a UNIX kernel? If so, what is a unix kernel, or a kernel in general? I'm sure OSes are more complicated than that, but how does it work? It would be really brilliant to know this! Thanks.

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  • how to install 'version.h' in ubuntu ?

    - by user252098
    Just now , I try to install the Jungo WinDriver in the Ubuntu 13.10 . But I am puzzled by the its manual of how to Install version.h : Install version.h: The file version.h is created when you first compile the Linux kernel source code. Some distributions provide a compiled kernel without the file version.h. Look under /usr/src/linux/include/linux to see whether you have this file. If you do not, follow these steps: Become super user: $ su Change directory to the Linux source directory: # cd /usr/src/linux Type: # make xconfig Save the configuration by choosing Save and Exit. Type: # make dep Exit super user mode: # exit But the shell says: warning: make dep is unnecessary now. Then, I found out there is a version.h in /usr/src/linux-headers-3.11.0.12-generic, so I type: /usr/src/windriver/redist# ./configure --with-kernel-source=/usr/src/linux-headers-3.11.0.12-generic But, the windriver run fails: USE_KBUILD = yes checking for cpu architecture... x86_64 checking for WinDriver root directory... /usr/src/WinDriver checking for linux kernel source... found at /usr/src/linux checking for lib directory... ln -sf $(ROOT_DIR)/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT)_32.so /usr/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so; ln -s /usr/lib /usr/lib64; ln -sf $(ROOT_DIR)/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so /usr/lib64/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so checking which directories to include... -I/usr/src/linux/include checking linux kernel version... 3.11.10.6 checking for modules installation directory... /lib/modules/3.11.0-12-generic/kernel/drivers/misc checking output directory... LINUX.3.11.0-12-generic.x86_64 checking target... LINUX.3.11.0-12-generic.x86_64/windrvr6_usb.ko checking for regparm kernel option... find: `/usr/src/WinDriver/redist/.tmp_driver/.tmp_versions': No such file or directory 0 checking for modpost location... /usr/src/linux/scripts/mod/modpost configure.usb: creating ./config.status config.status: creating makefile.usb.kbuild checking for cpu architecture... x86_64 checking for WinDriver root directory... /usr/src/WinDriver checking for linux kernel source... found at /usr/src/linux checking for lib directory... ln -sf $(ROOT_DIR)/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT)_32.so /usr/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so; ln -s /usr/lib /usr/lib64; ln -sf $(ROOT_DIR)/lib/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so /usr/lib64/$(SHARED_OBJECT).so checking which directories to include... -I/usr/src/linux/include checking linux kernel version... 3.11.10.6 checking for modules installation directory... /lib/modules/3.11.0-12-generic/kernel/drivers/misc checking output directory... LINUX.3.11.0-12-generic.x86_64 checking target... LINUX.3.11.0-12-generic.x86_64/windrvr6.ko checking for regparm kernel option... find: `/usr/src/WinDriver/redist/.tmp_driver/.tmp_versions': No such file or directory 0 checking for right linked object... windrvr_gcc_v3.a checking for modpost location... /usr/src/linux/scripts/mod/modpost configure.wd: creating ./config.status config.status: creating makefile.wd.kbuild What is the problem?

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  • Aligning music notes using String matching algorithms or Dynamic Programming

    - by Dolphin
    Hi I need to compare 2 sets of musical pieces (i.e. a playing-taken in MIDI format-note details extracted and saved in a database table, against sheet music-taken into XML format). When evaluating playing against sheet music (i.e.note details-pitch, duration, rhythm), note alignment needs to be done - to identify missed/extra/incorrect/swapped notes that from the reference (sheet music) notes. I have like 1800-2500 notes in one piece approx (can even be more-with polyphonic, right now I'm doing for monophonic). So will I have to have all these into an array? Will it be memory overloading or stack overflow? There are string matching algorithms like KMP, Boyce-Moore. But note alignment can also be done through Dynamic Programming. How can I use Dynamic Programming to approach this? What are the available algorithms? Is it about approximate string matching? Which approach is much productive? String matching algos like Boyce-Moore, or dynamic programming? How can I assess which is more effective? Greatly appreciate any insight or suggestions Thanks in advance

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  • Do you think functional language is good for applications that have a lot of business rules but very

    - by StackUnderflow
    I am convinced that functional programming is an excellent choice when it comes to applications that require a lot of computation (data mining, AI, nlp etc). But is it wise to use functional programming for a typical enterprise application where there are a lot of business rules but not much in terms of computation? Please disregard the fact that there are very few people using functional programming and that it's kind of tough. Thanks

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  • Tweaking Remote Control (In-Kernel LIRC)

    - by Geoff
    I've recently rebuilt my MythTV box using Mythbuntu 12.04, to take advantage of newer hardware (Ivy Bridge). On my previous build I used lirc to manage the remote, i.e. the mapping of key codes - keypresses - application keys; it was quite a journey to learn it all, and I ended up fairly comfortable with how it all worked. What I have: I have a cheap Chinavasion remote and USB dongle, which I've found several articles on; these largely revolve around working with XBMC (interesting, but I don't think directly applicable) and also around getting a Harmony remote to work (it's a Chinavasion CVSB-983 - very useful, since I needed this to get my Harmony 900 working). Mythbuntu 12.04 64-bit MythTV 0.25 (likely irrelevant) How it is right now When I plug this in, it 'just works'. Which is great, except that Ubuntu uses it natively, and prevents some of the button presses from getting through to Myth. For example, I can send a button from the remote that equates to Ctrl-Alt-A (which I assume Ubuntu isn't interested in), and then trap that in Mythfrontend, but the remote's Play button is caught by Ubuntu (which displays a large circle with a line though it, as there's no media player loaded). I understand that this is because lirc is merged into the kernel now, and I like that. What I've done so far: Found the device using lsusb: $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 004: ID 073a:2230 Chaplet Systems, Inc. infrared dongle for remote Found the event device number: $ cat /proc/bus/input/devices I: Bus=0003 Vendor=073a Product=2230 Version=0110 N: Name="HID 073a:2230" P: Phys=usb-0000:00:1a.0-1.2/input0 S: Sysfs=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2:1.0/input/input5 U: Uniq= H: Handlers=sysrq kbd mouse1 event5 js0 B: PROP=0 B: EV=10001f B: KEY=4c37fff072ff32d bf54445600000000 ffffffffff 30c100b17c007 ffa67bfad951dfff febeffdfffefffff fffffffffffffffe B: REL=343 B: ABS=100030000 B: MSC=10 Tested the input with evtest (I pressed Play): $ sudo evtest /dev/input/event5 Input driver version is 1.0.1 Input device ID: bus 0x3 vendor 0x73a product 0x2230 version 0x110 Input device name: "HID 073a:2230" Supported events: Event type 0 (EV_SYN) Event type 1 (EV_KEY) Event code 1 (KEY_ESC) Event code 2 (KEY_1) Event code 3 (KEY_2) Event code 4 (KEY_3) Event code 5 (KEY_4) Event code 6 (KEY_5) Event code 7 (KEY_6) <------------snipped lots of 'Event code' lines------------> Testing ... (interrupt to exit) Event: time 1336435683.230656, -------------- SYN_REPORT ------------ Event: time 1336435683.246648, type 4 (EV_MSC), code 4 (MSC_SCAN), value c00cd Event: time 1336435683.246652, type 1 (EV_KEY), code 164 (KEY_PLAYPAUSE), value 0 Event: time 1336435683.246655, -------------- SYN_REPORT ------------ Tested showkey, again for the Play key: $ sudo showkey -s kb mode was RAW [ if you are trying this under X, it might not work since the X server is also reading /dev/console ] press any key (program terminates 10s after last keypress)... 0xe0 0x22 0xe0 0xa2 What I want: I'd like a way to scan the incoming button presses, if the above method isn't correct. I'd like to either remap each button press to something that Ubuntu/Unity will ignore, or even better pass the keypress directly to Myth (I suspect this later is only possible with lirc, but I could be wrong). I would really like to do this with the in-kernel drivers, i.e. without explicitly loading lirc; if that's the way the world is going, I'd rather find a way to map the current behaviour to what I want, rather than forcing the 'old' arrangement of loading lirc outside the kernel. Learning something new is also worthwhile! My guess: I'm assuming that this will require using setkeycodes, but have had trouble finding enough information to configure this. Any help greatly appreciated!

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  • Would learning any (linguistic) language in particular further your programming career?

    - by Anonymous
    It seems apparent that English is the dominant international language for programming based on previous P.SE questions (though a highly upvoted comment correctly points out that asking a question like that on a predominantly English site will skew the results). However, is there benefit in learning a foreign language for software development? For example, do the Chinese have completely different software tools, languages, technologies, etc? How about Japanese, Russian, and other non-latin based languages? Is there an entire world of software development languages, tools and so on that only exist in these other languages? Or do people that know these languages use the tools and languages we know and love?

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  • Is Haskell's type system an obstacle to understanding functional programming?

    - by FarmBoy
    I'm studying Haskell for the purpose of understanding functional programming, with the expectation that I'll apply the insight that I gain in other languages (Groovy, Python, JavaScript mainly.) I choose Haskell because I had the impression that it is very purely functional, and wouldn't allow for any reliance on state. I did not choose to learn Haskell because I was interested in navigating an extremely rigid type system. My question is this: Is a strong type system a necessary by-product of an extremely pure functional language, or is this an unrelated design choice particular to Haskell? If it is the latter, I'm curious what would be the most purely functional language that is dynamically typed. I'm not particularly opposed to strong typing, it has its place, but I'm having a hard time seeing how it benefits me in this educational endeavor.

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  • What programming languages should every computer science student be taught?

    - by Anto
    What languages (or classes (as in paradigms) of programming languages, plus a recommended language of that class) should every computer science student be taught in college according to you? Motivate your answers; why that language? What use will one have from it? What concepts does it teach (better than language X does)? Note/clarification: This question is about computer science with heavy focus on software engineering, not pure computer science. It is still computer science education and not software engineering education which is the focus.

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  • Writing a new programming language - when and how to bootstrap datastructures?

    - by OnResolve
    I'm in the process of writing my own programming language which, thus far, has been going great in terms of what I set out to accomplish. However, now, I'd like to bootstrap some pre-existing data structures and/or objects. My problem is that I'm not really sure on how to begin. When the compiler begins do I splice in these add-ins so their part of the scope of the application? If I make these in some core library, my concern is how I distribute the library in addition to the compiler--or are they part of the compiler? I get that there are probably a number of plausible ways to approach this, but I'm having trouble with the setting my direction. If it helps, the language is on top of the .NET core (i.e it compiles to CLR code). Any help or suggestions are very much appreciated!

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  • Would learning any (linguistic) language imparticular further your programming career?

    - by Anonymous
    It seems apparent that English is the dominant international language for programming (in the West, at least!) based on previous P.SE questions. Or maybe not, given that a highly upvoted comment correctly points out that asking a question like that on a predominantly English site will skew the results. This question is about whether there is a benefit in learning a foreign language for software development. For example, do the Chinese have completely different software tools, langugages, technologies etc? How about Japanese, Russian, and other non-latin based languages? Am I/are we missing an entire world of software development languages, tools and so on that only exist in these other languages? Or do people that know these languages still learn and program using the tools and languages we all know and love?

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  • Which programming language to develop software for USC that also runs on other OS?? (WINDOWS/OSX)

    - by Marian Lux
    I have skills in JAVA and C#: First i had a closer look to JAVA (Eclipse with Windowbuilder-Plugin) - Swing: But there is no natvie GUI-Support for GTK3 (e.g., HUD seems not to work) Then i was at JAVA - SWT: It is to heavy. I want do code a small app that improves the Ubuntu desktop. I don't want to ship a program with eclipse included. After that i found C# Mono (Monodevelop): GTK-shparp is only for GTK2 available. A GTK3-port will come soon but is it possible to convert the program from GTK2 to GTK3 without extra adaptations? The next bad thing is, that MONO is now dropped from Ubuntu LTS 12.04. So i have no chance that my app would be a default-app in an Ubuntu-Image. (This is also a factor for me to choose a programming language). I know there are other techs but i want to use as programing language JAVA or C#.

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  • Which programming language do you think is the most beautiful and which the ugliest? [closed]

    - by user1598390
    I would like to hear opinions about what programming language do you consider to produce the most legible, self-documenting, intention-transparent, beautiful-looking code ? And which produces the most messy-looking, unintentionally obfuscated, ugly code, regardless of it being good code ? Let me clarify: I'm talking about the syntax, "noise vs signal", structure of the language. Assignment operators. De-referencing. Whether it's dot syntax or "-" syntax. What languages do you think are inherently harder to read than others, given all other things being equal like, say, code quality, absence of code smells, etc. ?

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  • Is Haskell's type system an obstacle to understanding functional programming?

    - by Eric Wilson
    I'm studying Haskell for the purpose of understanding functional programming, with the expectation that I'll apply the insight that I gain in other languages (Groovy, Python, JavaScript mainly.) I choose Haskell because I had the impression that it is very purely functional, and wouldn't allow for any reliance on state. I did not choose to learn Haskell because I was interested in navigating an extremely rigid type system. My question is this: Is a strong type system a necessary by-product of an extremely pure functional language, or is this an unrelated design choice particular to Haskell? If it is the latter, I'm curious what would be the most purely functional language that is dynamically typed. I'm not particularly opposed to strong typing, it has its place, but I'm having a hard time seeing how it benefits me in this educational endeavor.

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