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  • Variable host IP address in iptables rule

    - by DrakeES
    I am running CentOS 6.4 with OpenVZ on my laptop. In order to provide Internet access for the VEs I have to apply the following rule on the laptop: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source <LAPTOP_IP> It works fine. However, I have to work in different places - office, home, partner's office etc. The IP of my laptop is different in those places, so have to alter the rule above each time I change place. I have created a workaround which basically determines the IP and applies the rule: #!/bin/bash IP=$(ifconfig | awk -F':' '/inet addr/&&!/127.0.0.1/{split($2,_," ");print _[1]}') iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source $IP The workaround above works. I only still have to execute it manually. Perhaps I could make it a hook executing whenever my laptop obtains an IP address from DHCP - how can I do that? Also, I am just wondering if there is an elegant way of getting it done in the first place - iptables? Maybe there is a syntax allowing to specify "current hardware ip addres" in the rule?

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  • Scraping with multiple IP, in java.

    - by Titi Wangsa bin Damhore
    Well basically I have a scraping application. It scrapes around n items per minute. currently i have only one IP. The site i'm scraping allows me 3 connections per IP. I'm thinking about getting another IP. so i'll be able to get 6 connections. in theory i should be able to get n items in 40 seconds, more or less. currently i'm using java (commons-httpcore) to get the job done. I'm not sure if this is java question or an OS question. my machine has IP 1 and IP 2 how do i connect to, say, www.microsoft.com, using IP 1 and using IP2? how can i specify, which ip i want to use to do a connection?

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  • How can I host a website on a dynamically-assigned IP address?

    - by nick
    I recently upgraded my internet to the point that it is much faster and more reliable than my current webhost. I would like to move my current domain to be hosted at home, but my IP address is dynamic. As far as I know, I only get a new IP when I restart my modem and or router (which is almost never) or when cable one (my ISP) pushes out a firmware update (rarely). There are a few ways I can see doing this: Convince my ISP to give me a static IP Assign my router my current IP to force a static IP (which might work?) Set my DNS record to my current IP address and update it on the rare occasions that it changes. Obviously I'm hoping that the first one works, but I don't want to pay a lot of extra money (if that's what it takes) to get a static IP address. Which of these options will work most reliably?

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  • FTP could not connect after applying local DNS(private DNS)

    - by Rahul
    I made a software router in CentOS linux and in that made a DNS server. I am using centOS 6..4 for making DNS i applied following steps: changed the host name = abc.zoom.com and domain name = zoom.com. then did changes in the named.rfc.1912 file as per rename named.localhost = forward and named.loopback = reverse in forward lookups i changed zone "zoom.com" IN { type master; file "forward"; allow-update { none; }; and in reverse lookups i changed zone "x.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN { type master; file "reverse"; allow-update { none; }; and then did changes in the named.conf file options { listen-on port 53 {192.168.x.x;}; listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; allow-query {any;}; recursion yes; 192.168.x.x is my local DNS address. then i copied lookups file in /var/named and edited the file "forward" $TTL 1D @ IN SOA abc.zoom.com. rahul.abc.zoom.com. ( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS abc.zoom.com. abc A 192.168.x.x and for " reverse" $TTL 1D @ IN SOA abc.zoom.com. rahul.abc.zoom.com.( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS abc.zoom.com. x PTR abc.zoom.com. when i put the public ip details in the Eth0 it was automatically redirect in to the resolve.conf when i checked through dig command the answer, query all were 1. my system is itself a Software router.In gateway of my all local machine i give my system ip address. however my DNS and Gateway IP is same. Now the problem is that. i gave the static ips to all my local machines when i give the DNS which i made i.e 192.168.x.x that time my ftp is not connect in filezilla software E.g: host : pqr.zoom.com ("zoom.com" is my local domain name) username : pqr password : pqr gives an error: Error: Connection timed out Error: Could not connect to server but if i give the public DNS address it get connected. i want to solve this problem please give solution on this.

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  • Tomcat and IIS 7 both on different ip's and different ports

    - by n00b
    I have Tomcat and IIS 7 installed together on a Windows 2008 server. The machine has two IPs (134.133.1.1 and 134.133.2.2). I want Tomcat to handle 134.133.1.1, on port 80, and IIS to handle both 134.133.2.2, on port 80 AND 134.133.1.1, on port 443, but can't seem to get the last two together (I can get one or the other by themselves on IIS, along with the first IP address on Tomcat). I have configured Tomcat to successfully listen to ip 134.133.1.1, on port 80 with this configuration; <Connector port="80" protocol="HTTP/1.1" address="134.133.1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /> I also have a site configured in IIS bound to ip 134.133.1.1, on port 443 (SSL). When I turn on IIS, after Tomcat, I can reach both 134.133.1.1:80 (Tomcat) and 134.133.1.1:443 (IIS) successfully (as desired). The problem now comes when I want to introduce a new site via IIS, at the new ip address. In IIS I have setup a new site at IP 134.133.2.2, port 80. I can not start the site. The event log shows this error; Unable to bind to the underlying transport for [::]:80. The IP Listen-Only list may contain a reference to an interface which may not exist on this machine. The data field contains the error number. I think this is because IIS 7 tries to listen to port 80 on all IPs, and it cant because Tomcat is taking port 80 for 134.133.1.1. From reading, the resolution is to specify the IP address you want IIS to bind on port 80. The problem is, when I add 134.133.2.2 to the iplisten list, then I get a 404 when I try navigating to 134.133.1.1:443. I assume this is because IIS is no longer listening to ANY port on 134.133.1.1. How do I resolve this such that IIS will return both sites? EDIT: Per request my IIS binding for site A is 134.133.2.2 on port 80 (http) and 134.133.2.2 on port 443. For site B in IIS, the binding is 134.133.1.1 on port 443 (https). Note the IPs in this example are just for example purposes, but consistent with my setup.

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  • Multicast in private LAN with different subnets

    - by Gobliins
    after i read Multicast IP Addresses and Multicast accross the subnets I am confused. Configuration: I have two devices in the same network. They may not be in the same Subnet, but always in the same physical network (beyond the same router, switch etc.) I want to communicate across IP multicast either 224.x.x.x or 239.x.x.x may be more fitting because we want it local, not beyond of forward through the router. Can one machine be the receiver and the other machine sender of the same multicast address? and can the receiving machine send an answer to the sending machine?

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  • SSH into remote server using Public-private keys

    - by maria
    Hi, I have recently setup ssh on two linux machines (lets call them server-a, client-b). I have generated two ssh auth files on client-b machine using ssh key gen and can see both public and private files in .ssh dir. I have named them 'example' and 'example.pub'. Then I have added example.pub to sever-a's auth file. When I try to ssh into server-a it still requests a password authentication where as I want a password less login (private key on client-b is setup without password). When I try to ssh with '-v' .. get the following output: debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/abc/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_rsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug2: userauth_kbdint debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply debug2: input_userauth_info_req debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1 Password: Please help.

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  • SSH Private Key Not Working in Some Directories

    - by uesp
    I have a strange issue where SSH won't properly connect with a private-key if the key file is in certain directories. I've setup the keys on a set of servers and the following command ssh -i /root/privatekey [email protected] works fine and I login to the given host without getting prompted by a password, but this command: ssh -i /etc/keyfiles/privatekey [email protected] gives me a password prompt. I've narrowed it down that this behavior occurs in only some sub-directories of /etc/. For example /etc/httpd1/ gives me a password prompt but /etc/httpd/ does not. What I've checked so far: All private key files used are identical (copied from the original file). The private key file and directories used have identical permissions. No relevant error messages in the server/client logs. No interesting debug messages from ssh -v (it just seems to skip the key file). It happens with connecting to different hosts. After more testing it is not the actual directory name. For example: mkdir /etc/test cp /root/privatekey /etc/test ssh -i /etc/test/privatekey [email protected] # Results in password prompt cp /root/privatekey /etc/httpd # Existing directory ls -ald test httpd # drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 5 18:25 httpd # drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 5 18:43 test ssh -i /etc/httpd/privatekey [email protected] # Results in *no* prompt rm -r test cp -R /etc/httpd /etc/test ssh -i /etc/test/privatekey [email protected] # Results in *no* prompt` I'm sure its just something simple I've overlooked but I'm at a loss.

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  • Virtual Private Hosting DNS configuration

    - by Ciel
    I did a great deal of reading here before posting this because I didn't want to post a duplicate - but I'm on a bit of a deadline and getting frustrated, so here goes... I very, very, very sincerely apologize if this is long winded or hard to read. Please - please just ask for any information or clarification and I will give it as quickly as I possibly can. This has become very frustrating to me and this is the last place I know to turn. I have no experience with setting up DNS, no experience with nameservers, and no peers to go to for help. So this is kind of my last ditch effort. The task of setting up a private server has, through circumstances beyond my control, fallen into my lap. I own a domain (hereafter referred to as yyy.com) and have always used shared hosting - I buy a package and just point it to the domain nameservers they give me. It's always been simple. yyy.com is registered with network solutions Now I have purchased a Virtual Private Hosting package from GoDaddy.com - and it comes with Plesk 11. I have no earthly idea how to begin to get the right nameserver for yyy.com. I have gone through the instructions and have wound up exceedingly frustrated. I have 2 IP addresses from GoDaddy for the server. This is what I have so far, and I cannot tell if it is working (Since propogation takes so long, it is extremely hard to test for me) IP 1 : XX.XX.XX.XX IP 2 : YY.YY.YY.YY (obviously hidden for privacy) Now after going through the documentation setup and waiting a few days, this is the setup I have - and so far it does not appear to be working. Host Record type Value XX.XX.XX.XX / 24 PTR yyy.com. yyy.com. NS ns1.yyy.com. yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX yyy.com. MX (10) mail.yyy.com. ftp.yyy.com. CNAME yyy.com. ipv4.yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX mail.yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX mssql.yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX ns1.yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX ns2.yyy.com. A YY.YY.YY.YY webmail.yyy.com. A XX.XX.XX.XX www.yyy.com. CNAME yyy.com. yyy.com is pointing to both ns1.yyy.com and ns2.yyy.com Can anyone give me some assistance here? This is a learning experience for me and days of documentation have left me very confused.

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  • Getting the EFS Private Key out of system image

    - by thaimin
    I had to recently re-install Windows 7 and I lost my exported private key for EFS. I however have the entirety of my user directory and my figuring that the key must be in there SOMEWHERE. The only question is how to get it out. I did find the PUBLIC keys in AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\SystemCertificates\My\Certificates If I import them using certmg.msc it says I do have the private key in the information, but if I try export them it says I do not have the private key. Also, decryption of files doesn't work. There is also a "keys" folder at AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\SystemCertificates\My\Keys. After importing the certificates I copy those over into my new installation but it has no effect. I am starting to believe they are either in AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\S-1-5-21-...\ or AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\S-1-5-21-...\ but I am unsure how to use the files in those folders. Also, since my SID has changed, will I be able to use them? The other parts of the account have remained the same (name and password). I also have complete access to the user registry hive and most of the old system files (including the old system registry hives). I do keep seeing references to "Key Recovery Agent" but have not found anything about using, just that it can be used. Thanks!

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  • VirtualBox Port Forward not working when Guest IP *IS* specified (while doc says opposite)

    - by Patrick
    Trying to port forward from host (Mac OS X) 127.0.0.1:8282 - guest (CentOS)'s 10.10.10.10:8080. Existing port forwards include 127.0.0.1:8181 and 9191 to guest without any IP specified (so whatever it gets through DHCP, as explained in the documentation). Here is how the non-working binding was added: VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule3,tcp,127.0.0.1,8282,10.10.10.10,8080" Here is how the working ones were added: VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule1,tcp,127.0.0.1,8181,,80" VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule2,tcp,127.0.0.1,9191,,9090" And by "non-working", I of course mean not listening (as a prerequisite to forwarding): $ lsof -Pi -n|grep Virtual|grep LISTEN VirtualBo 27050 user 21u IPv4 0x2bbdc68fd363175d 0t0 TCP 127.0.0.1:9191 (LISTEN) VirtualBo 27050 user 22u IPv4 0x2bbdc68fd0e0af75 0t0 TCP 127.0.0.1:8181 (LISTEN) There should be a similar line above but with 127.0.0.1:8282. Just to be clear, this port is listening perfectly fine on the guest itself. And when I remove the guest IP (i.e., clear the 10.10.10.10) the forward works fine, albeit to eth0 (not eth1 where I need it). I can tcpdump and watch the traffic flow back and forth. And yes, I've disabled iptables entirely while testing -- it's not getting blocked anywhere on the guest. As VirtualBox writes in their documentation, you are required to specify the guest IP if it's static (makes sense, no DHCP record it keeps): "If for some reason the guest uses a static assigned IP address not leased from the built-in DHCP server, it is required to specify the guest IP when registering the forwarding rule:". However, doing so (as I need to), seems to break the port forward with nary a report in any log file I can find. (I've reviewed everything in ~/Library/VirtualBox/). Other notes: While I used the above command to add the third rule, I've also verified it showed up correctly in GUI and then removed/re-added from there just to make sure). This forum link -- while very dated -- looks somewhat related in that a port forward to a static IP was not appearing (perhaps they think due to lack of gratuitous arp being sent for host to know IP is there/avail?). Anyway, what gives? Is this still buggy? Any suggestions? If not, easy enough workarounds? What's interesting is that this works perfectly fine on another user's Mac, however he's running a slightly older version (4.3.6 v. 4.3.12).

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  • Suggestions for transitioning to new GW/private network

    - by Quinten
    I am replacing a private T1 link with a new firewall device with an ipsec tunnel for a branch office. I am trying to figure out the right way to transition folks at the new site over to the new connection, so that they default to using the much faster tunnel. Existing network: 192.168.254.0/24, gw 192.168.254.253 (Cisco router plugged in to private t1) Test network I have been using with ipsec tunnel: 192.168.1.0/24, gw 192.168.1.1 (pfsense fw plugged in to public internet), also plugged in to same switch as the old network. There are probably ~20-30 network devices in the existing subnet, about 5 with static IPs. The remote endpoint is already the firewall--I can't set up redundant links to the existing subnet. In other words, as soon as I change the tunnel configuration to point to 192.168.254.0/24, all devices in the existing subnet will stop working because they point to the wrong gateway. I'd like some ability to do this slowly--such that I can move over a few clients and verify the stability of the new link before moving critical services or less tolerant users over. What's the right way to do this? Change the netmask on all of the devices to /16, and update gateway to point to the new device? Could this cause any problems? Also, how should I handle DNS? The pfsense box is not aware of my Active Directory environment. But if I change DNS to use the local servers, it will result in a huge slowdown as DNS queries will still be routed over the private t1. I need some help coming up with a plan that's not too disruptive but will really let me thoroughly test the stability of the IPSEC tunnel before I make the final switch. The AD version is 2008R2, as are the servers. Workstations are mostly Windows XP SP3. I have not configured the 192.168.1.0/24 as a site in AD sites and services.

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  • SSH with public/private key to iMac fails.

    - by bennedich
    I'm trying to connect to my iMac (server) from my macbook (client) on my LAN. Both have Mac OS X 10.6.4. Server running on a new clean install of the OS. When just activating Remote Login in System Preferences everything works fine. But when setting up ssh to only work with public/private key I get the following error messages from the server log depending on if I use a rsa passphrase or not: With passphrase (case 1): PAM: user account has expired for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X via 192.168.X.Y Without passphrase (case 2): Failed publickey for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X port AAAAA ssh2 This is my setup algorithm: Create a private and public key on client with command ssh-keygen -t rsa. In case 1 I also set a passphrase. Move the id_rsa.pub to the server path /Users/<myServerUserName>/.ssh/ In this folder I execute cat id_rsa.pub > authorized_keys Making sure Remote Login isn't active, I now execute sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -d on the server. Back on the client I now type ssh -v -v -v <myServerUserName>@192.168.X.Y and get prompted to accept RSA key fingerprint. This is NOT the same fingerprint as the one from when I created the private/public key (should it be?). I accept. Depending on case: CASE 1: Client gets halted for password and the response is permission denied even though correct password is given. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 1: PAM: user account has expired... CASE 2: Client gets message Connection closed by 192.168.X.Y. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 2: Failed publickey... What could possibly cause this?

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  • Android device unable to obtain ip address connecting to AP created with Hostapd

    - by user114392
    I have a wired internet connection that works behind an authenticated proxy server. I followed the steps mentioned here and managed to create a hotspot which my google nexus 7 detects. However, it seems stuck at "obtaining an ip address" and is not able to connect to the internet. I initially received the following error message when running the script in the terminal: dnsmasq: failed to create listening socket for 127.0.0.1: Address already in use [fail] I figured it is because of a conflict with the network manager, I commented out the "dns=dnsmasq" line in the nm configuration file. After a network-manager restart, the first error doesn't show up but I get the following: Configuration file: /etc/hostapd.conf Failed to create interface mon.wlan0: -23 (Too many open files in system) Try to remove and re-create mon.wlan0 In both cases, however, the hotspot is created and is detected by my android device. only that it cannot "obtain an ip address" and connect to it. Is it because my eth0 connects via a proxy server? Or could there be something wrong with the dnsmasq config? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • SOCKET chat C# with private messaging

    - by Sergei
    I want to create SOCKET chat(server + clients) with private messaging. When client write smth to stream, he should notify server that it is private message for user X, how can i do this? Actually i can do smth like this: string command = "PRIV|" + txtMessage.Text; swSender.WriteLine(command); but i think it isn't good, for example if user wants send message like our "PRIV|" flag it will be errors public class TestChat { private StreamWriter swSender; private IPAddress ipAddr; private void InitializeandSend() { //ip from text box ipAddr = IPAddress.Parse(txtIp.Text); // Start a new TCP connections to the chat server tcpServer = new TcpClient(); tcpServer.Connect(ipAddr, 1986); //... //sending message from text box swSender.WriteLine(txtMessage.Text); swSender.Flush(); } }

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  • private virtual function in derived class

    - by user1706047
    class base { public: virtual void doSomething() = 0; }; class derived : public base { **private:** virtual void doSomething(){cout<<"Derived fn"<<endl;} }; now if i do the following: base *b=new child; b->doSomething(); //it calls the derived class fn even if that is private. Question: 1.its able to call the derived class fn even if that is private.How is it possible? Now if i change the inheritance access specifier from public to protected/private then i get compilation error as "'type cast' : conversion from 'Derived *' to 'base *' exists, but is inaccessible" Notes: I am aware on the concepts of the inheritance access specifiers.So in second case as its derived private/protected, its inaccessible. But here it confuses me for the first question. Any input will be highly appreciated

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  • How to use iPhone SDK Private APIs

    - by eagle
    I haven't found a comprehensive list of the steps that are required to use a private API from the iPhone Library. In particular, I would like to know how to get header files, if they are even required, how to get it to compile (when I simply add the header, it complains that the functions aren't defined), and what resources one can use to learn about private APIs (e.g. from other user's experiences, such as http://iphonedevwiki.net/ which has a few). I've read in other places that people recommend using class-dump to get the headers. Are there any alternative methods? I've noticed that there are some repositories of iPhone Private SDKs, what are the most up to date resources you would recommend? Most of the previous questions about documentation of private APIs, have all linked to Erica Sadun's website, which doesn't seem to have documentation anymore (all the links on the left are crossed out). Please save the comments about not using private API's... I know of the biggest risks: App will get rejected by Apple. App will break in future updates to the OS. I'm talking about legitimate uses, such as: Private application use (e.g. for unit testing, or messing around to see what's possible)

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  • VBScript Regular Expressions to check IP address validity with some adtional characters

    - by yael
    How to create VB script Irregular expression syntax to check the VPparam (IP address validity) When the last octatat of the IP address is a range between ip's (x-y) and between each IP we can put the "," separator in order to add another IP example of VBparam VBparam=172.17.202.1-20 VBparam=172.17.202.1-10,192.9.200.1-100 VBparam=172.17.202.1-10,192.9.200.1-100,180.1.1.1-20 THX yael

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  • How to get the client ip address in ASP.Net MVC?

    - by melaos
    hi guys, i'm totally new to the asp.net mvc stack and i was wondering what happened to the simple Page object and the Request ServerVariables object? basically what i wanted to do is to pull out the client's pc ip address. but i fail to understand how the current MVC structure has changed all of this. as far as i can understand, most of the variable object has been replaced by the HttpRequest variants? anybody care to share some resources? really a sea of stuff to learn in the asp.net mvc world :) thanks.

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  • IP address detection for geo-location or MAC address much secure?

    - by SuperRomia
    Recent study many websites are using geo-location technology on their Websites. I'm planning to implement one website which can be detect the web visitor more accurate. An found that Mozilla is using some kind of detect MAC address technology in their Geo-Location web service. Is it violate some privacy issue? I believe most of Geo-location service providers only offer country to city level. But the Mac address detection enable to locate the web visitors' location more correctly than using IP address detection. If detect the MAC address is not practical, which geo-location service provider is offering more accurate data to detect my Website visitor around the world?

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  • iphone SDK: How to check user set up a valid IP , Netmask , Router ???

    - by WebberLai
    It is simple to understand after this pic. I add fewtextfields in tableview I already set the keyboard style is number pad. Now the problems is 1.Do I need to create 12 textfields ???ex. UITextField *ip1,ip2,ip3,ip4....or just set different tag for textfield ? 2.How to check user enter wrong char not 3 valid numbers (even the keyboard is set number pad,but it might can paste words...) 3.How to check user did follow this setting rules ??? <1If IP1 is 0~223 , IP2 need to be set 0~255,IP3,IP4 both are 0~255 <2If IP1 is 172 ,IP2 is set 16~31.IP3,IP4 both are 0~255; If IP1 is 192 ,IP2 must be 168.IP3 IP4 are 0~255 <3Netmask set default 255.255.255.0 <4Router 0~223 ,0~255 ,0~255 ,0~255 This IP setting rules is my friends tech me this ...I not sure the rules is right or not?

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  • Fluent NHibernate Map to private/protected Field that has no exposing Property

    - by Jon Erickson
    I have the following Person and Gender classes (I don't really, but the example is simplified to get my point across), using NHibernate (Fluent NHibernate) I want to map the Database Column "GenderId" [INT] value to the protected int _genderId field in my Person class. How do I do this? FYI, the mappings and the domain objects are in separate assemblies. public class Person : Entity { protected int _genderId; public virtual int Id { get; private set; } public virtual string Name { get; private set; } public virtual Gender Gender { get { return Gender.FromId(_genderId); } } } public class Gender : EnumerationBase<Gender> { public static Gender Male = new Gender(1, "Male"); public static Gender Female = new Gender(2, "Female"); private static readonly Gender[] _genders = new[] { Male, Female }; private Gender(int id, string name) { Id = id; Name = name; } public int Id { get; private set; } public string Name { get; private set; } public static Gender FromId(int id) { return _genders.Where(x => x.Id == id).SingleOrDefault(); } }

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  • Protected and Private methods

    - by cabaret
    I'm reading through Beginning Ruby and I'm stuck at the part about private and protected methods. This is a newbie question, I know. I searched through SO for a bit but I couldn't manage to find a clear and newbie-friendly explanation of the difference between private and protected methods. The book gives two examples, the first one for private methods: class Person def initialize(name) set_name(name) end def name @first_name + ' ' + @last_name end private def set_name(name) first_name, last_name = name.split(/\s+/) set_first_name(first_name) set_last_name(last_name) end def set_first_name(name) @first_name = name end def set_last_name(name) @last_name = name end end In this case, if I try p = Person.new("Fred Bloggs") p.set_last_name("Smith") It will tell me that I can't use the set_last_name method, because it's private. All good till there. However, in the other example, they define an age method as protected and when I do fred = Person.new(34) chris = Person.new(25) puts chris.age_difference_with(fred) puts chris.age It gives an error: :20: protected method 'age' called for #<Person:0x1e5f28 @age=25> (NoMethodError) I honestly fail to see the difference between the private and protected methods, it sounds the same to me. Could someone provide me with a clear explanation so I'll never get confused about this again? I'll provide the code for the second example if necessary.

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