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  • C++ how to make typedefs globally visible

    - by user231536
    I have a typedef typedef unsigned int my_type; used in a file. I would like to make it visible across all my files, without putting it in a header file included by everything. I don't want to go the header file route because as it stands this will be the only declaration in the header file (and it seems unnecessary to add a file just for this). Is there a way to do this? If instead I had: typedef X my_type; where X was a class, would I need to include X.h everywhere and have the typedef at the end of X.h ?

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  • C: Why does gcc allow char array initialization with string literal larger than array?

    - by Ashwin
    int main() { char a[7] = "Network"; return 0; } A string literal in C is terminated internally with a nul character. So, the above code should give a compilation error since the actual length of the string literal Network is 8 and it cannot fit in a char[7] array. However, gcc (even with -Wall) on Ubuntu compiles this code without any error or warning. Why does gcc allow this and not flag it as compilation error? gcc only gives a warning (still no error!) when the char array size is smaller than the string literal. For example, it warns on: char a[6] = "Network"; [Related] Visual C++ 2012 gives a compilation error for char a[7]: 1>d:\main.cpp(3): error C2117: 'a' : array bounds overflow 1> d:\main.cpp(3) : see declaration of 'a'

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  • Finding employees specific to department in SQL SERVER 2000(SET BASED)

    - by xyz
    Suppose I have a table (tblEmp) whose structure is like as under Dept Emp d1 e1 d1 e2 d1 e3 d2 e4 d2 e5 d3 e6 If I need to bring the output as Dept DepartmentSpecificEmployees d1 e1,e2,e3 d2 e4,e5 d3 e6 I will write the query as select Dept, stuff((select Emp + ',' from tblEmp t2 where t1.Dept = t2.Dept for xml path(''),1,1,'')DepartmentSpecificEmployees from tblEmp t1 group by Dept But this will work in Sql Server 2005+. How can I achieve the same in Sql Server 2000 without any variable declaration or loop or cursor? If I use COALESCE as an alternative, then I need to use a variable which will defeat the purpose Please help

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  • Having two backgrounds for an active menu item?

    - by HollerTrain
    Hi I have a dynamic menu where the ul li items change in width depending on the text set in the CMS (Joomla). They want the menu item, on mouse over, to both have 1. a repeated background image and 2. an image placed at the top (http://screencast.com/t/Zjk4YTJmNGQ). Now, I'm great with doing the repeated background image on a mouse over and that would be great, but I am not sure how to get both of these images in one css declaration. Any help would be greatly appreciated, as I haven't learned this technique yet :(

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  • is it good to write multiple time(separate) <script type="text/javascript"> on one php page?

    - by I Like PHP
    i m using many tiny java script code at one php page, i always write java script code in below style <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ ----code 1--------- // ]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ ----code 2----- // ]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ $(document).ready.(function(){ }); // ]]> </script> i want to know that is it good practice to write separate <script type="text/javascript"></script> on same page or we have to write all java script code under one time declaration

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  • Having a problem with simple bool

    - by Code
    Hi guys, I've some really simple code that checks if my bool is == YES but it does not ever enter. NSLog(@"boool %d",self.arrayAlreadyPopulated ); if (self.arrayAlreadyPopulated == YES) { Match *aMatch = [appDelegate.matchScoresArray objectAtIndex:(numMatchCounter)]; aMatch.teamName1 = TeamNameHolder; } else { Match *aMatch = [[Match alloc] init]; aMatch.teamName1 = TeamNameHolder; [appDelegate.matchScoresArray addObject:aMatch]; [aMatch release]; } The debug at the top says that the value of self.arrayAlreadyPopulated is 1 on the 2nd pass as it should be. But it never enters the first first part but jumps down to the 'else' I cant see for the life of me what the problem is. -.- Anybody able to clue me in? Thanks -Code EDIT declaration code int theCounterCauseABoolWontWork; @property (nonatomic) int theCounterCauseABoolWontWork; @synthesize theCounterCauseABoolWontWork;

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  • How to calculate deceleration rate of a flipping coin (in c)?

    - by Horace Ho
    A flipping coin on table will slow down and drop to the table surface, facing up or down. How can I calculate the flip-per-second declaration rate over time? For example, assuming the coin is at 10 flipping per second when it starts how long will it take to stop? For each second (9, 8, 7, 6 ... 3, 2, 1, stop), how is the flipping rate changed? Friction can be approximated as some real world objects (say, a metallic coin on a wooden table). Thanks!

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  • Hi, i have a c programming doubt? I want to know the difference between the two and where one is use

    - by aks
    Hi, i have a c programming doubt? I want to know the difference between the two and where one is useful over other? suppose i have a struct called employee as below: struct emp{ char first_name[10]; char last_name[10]; char key[10]; }; Now, i want to store the table of employee records, then which method should i use: struct emp e1[100]; // Or struct emp * e1[100]; I know the two are not same but would like to know a use case where second declaration would be of interest and more advantageous to use? Can someone clarify?

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  • why can not create instance from any class out side of constructor?

    - by Phsika
    why i generate instance outside of class. i give inheritance snifC to sinifD i need to create instance sinifC sinifc= new sinifC() in SinifD out side of constructor? public class sinifC { public void method3() { Console.WriteLine("Deneme3"); } } public class sinifD : sinifC { void method4() { Console.WriteLine("Deneme4"); } public sinifD() { sinifC sinifc = new sinifC(); sinifc.method3(); } } i want to make it below: public class sinifC { public void method3() { Console.WriteLine("Deneme3"); } } public class sinifD : sinifC { void method4() { Console.WriteLine("Deneme4"); } sinifC sinifc = new sinifC(); sinifc.method3(); } Error: Invalid token '(' in class, struct, or interface member declaration

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  • Simplifying CASE WHEN SQL statement

    - by kateroh
    Im trying to improve the following CASE statement to calculate the difference only once. I do it to avoid negative numbers: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT 100 - (SELECT COUNT(CustomerId) FROM Customers)) > 0) THEN (SELECT 100 - (SELECT COUNT(CustomerId) FROM Customers)) ELSE (0) END) This not only looks stupid, but also is not thread-safe. I tried the following, but I get an error message "Invalid column name 'diff'." SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT 100 - (SELECT COUNT(CustomerId) FROM Customers) as diff) > 0) THEN (diff) ELSE (0) END) How can this be simplified? Is there an in-built SQL function that already does this job? EDIT: Sorry, forgot to mention that the select statement is inside of a view declaration, so I cant declare variables.

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  • In C++, how can I make typedefs visible to every file in my project?

    - by user231536
    I have a typedef typedef unsigned int my_type; used in a file. I would like to make it visible across all my files, without putting it in a header file included by everything. I don't want to go the header file route because as it stands this will be the only declaration in the header file (and it seems unnecessary to add a file just for this). Is there a way to do this? If instead I had: typedef X my_type; where X was a class, would I need to include X.h everywhere and have the typedef at the end of X.h ?

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  • What is the easiest way to set the value of an entire array?

    - by Alex
    My current project requires me to fill an array based upon some other values. I know there's the shortcut: int arr[4][4] = { {0,0,0,0} , {0,0,0,0} , {0,0,0,0} , {0,0,0,0} }; But in this case, I need to fill the array after its declaration. I currently have my code formatted like this: int arr[4][4]; if(someothervariable == 1){ arr = { {1,1,1,1}, {1,2,3,4}, {2,,3,4,5}, {3,4,5,6} }; } But it won't compile. Is there a way to make use of the mentioned shortcut in my case? If not, whats the best fix available? I'd appreciate a way to set it without explicitly assigning each element? ie: arr[0][0] = ...

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  • Passing dynamic parameter to a JavaScript function using innerHTML

    - by user958263
    I am having issues passing a dynamic parameter to a JavaScript function using innerHTML. Included below is the current code that I am using: var name = "test"; frm.innerHtml = '<button name="close" id="close" title="Cancel" type="button" onclick="closeTab('+name+');">Return</button>'; When I debug the code of the CloseTab() function, the parameter specified by the name variable is null. I believe there is a problem with the declaration of the value while modifying the innerHTML property. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks

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  • Type Casting variables in PHP: Is there a practical example?

    - by Stephen
    PHP, as most of us know, has weak typing. For those who don't, PHP.net says: PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration; a variable's type is determined by the context in which the variable is used. Love it or hate it, PHP re-casts variables on-the-fly. So, the following code is valid: $var = "10"; $value = 10 + $var; var_dump($value); // int(20) PHP also alows you to explicitly cast a variable, like so: $var = "10"; $value = 10 + $var; $value = (string)$value; var_dump($value); // string(2) "20" That's all cool... but, for the life of me, I cannot conceive of a practical reason for doing this. I don't have a problem with strong typing in languages that support it, like Java. That's fine, and I completely understand it. Also, I'm aware of—and fully understand the usefulness of—type hinting in function parameters. The problem I have with type casting is explained by the above quote. If PHP can swap types at-will, it can do so even after you force cast a type; and it can do so on-the-fly when you need a certain type in an operation. That makes the following valid: $var = "10"; $value = (int)$var; $value = $value . ' TaDa!'; var_dump($value); // string(8) "10 TaDa!" So what's the point? Can anyone show me a practical application or example of type casting—one that would fail if type casting were not involved? I ask this here instead of SO because I figure practicality is too subjective. Edit in response to Chris' comment Take this theoretical example of a world where user-defined type casting makes sense in PHP: You force cast variable $foo as int -- (int)$foo. You attempt to store a string value in the variable $foo. PHP throws an exception!! <--- That would make sense. Suddenly the reason for user defined type casting exists! The fact that PHP will switch things around as needed makes the point of user defined type casting vague. For example, the following two code samples are equivalent: // example 1 $foo = 0; $foo = (string)$foo; $foo = '# of Reasons for the programmer to type cast $foo as a string: ' . $foo; // example 2 $foo = 0; $foo = (int)$foo; $foo = '# of Reasons for the programmer to type cast $foo as a string: ' . $foo;

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  • How to TDD test that objects are being added to a collection if the collection is private?

    - by Joshua Harris
    Assume that I planned to write a class that worked something like this: public class GameCharacter { private Collection<CharacterEffect> _collection; public void Add(CharacterEffect e) { ... } public void Remove(CharacterEffect e) { ... } public void Contains(CharacterEffect e) { ... } } When added an effect does something to the character and is then added to the _collection. When it is removed the effect reverts the change to the character and is removed from the _collection. It's easy to test if the effect was applied to the character, but how do I test that the effect was added to _collection? What test could I write to start constructing this class. I could write a test where Contains would return true for a certain effect being in _collection, but I can't arrange a case where that function would return true because I haven't implemented the Add method that is needed to place things in _collection. Ok, so since Contains is dependent on having Add working, then why don't I try to create Add first. Well for my first test I need to try and figure out if the effect was added to the _collection. How would I do that? The only way to see if an effect is in _collection is with the Contains function. The only way that I could think to test this would be to use a FakeCollection that Mocks the Add, Remove, and Contains of a real collection, but I don't want _collection being affected by outside sources. I don't want to add a setEffects(Collection effects) function, because I do not want the class to have that functionality. The one thing that I am thinking could work is this: public class GameCharacter<C extends Collection> { private Collection<CharacterEffect> _collection; public GameCharacter() { _collection = new C<CharacterEffect>(); } } But, that is just silly making me declare what some private data structures type is on every declaration of the character. Is there a way for me to test this without breaking TDD principles while still allowing me to keep my collection private?

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  • Java Dynamic Binding

    - by Chris Okyen
    I am having trouble understanding the OOP Polymorphic principl of Dynamic Binding ( Late Binding ) in Java. I looked for question pertaining to java, and wasn't sure if a overall answer to how dynamic binding works would pertain to Java Dynamic Binding, I wrote this question. Given: class Person { private String name; Person(intitialName) { name = initialName; } // irrelevant methods is here. // Overides Objects method public void writeOutput() { println(name); } } class Student extends Person { private int studentNumber; Student(String intitialName, int initialStudentNumber) { super(intitialName); studentNumber = initialStudentNumber; } // irrellevant methods here... // overides Person, Student and Objects method public void writeOutput() { super.writeOutput(); println(studentNumber); } } class Undergaraduate extends Student { private int level; Undergraduate(String intitialName, int initialStudentNumber,int initialLevel) { super(intitialName,initialStudentNumber); level = initialLevel; } // irrelevant methods is here. // overides Person, Student and Objects method public void writeOutput() { super.writeOutput(); println(level); } } I am wondering. if I had an array called person declared to contain objects of type Person: Person[] people = new Person[2]; person[0] = new Undergraduate("Cotty, Manny",4910,1); person[1] = new Student("DeBanque, Robin", 8812); Given that person[] is declared to be of type Person, you would expect, for example, in the third line where person[0] is initialized to a new Undergraduate object,to only gain the instance variable from Person and Persons Methods since doesn't the assignment to a new Undergraduate to it's ancestor denote the Undergraduate object to access Person - it's Ancestors, methods and isntance variables... Thus ...with the following code I would expect person[0].writeOutput(); // calls Undergraduate::writeOutput() person[1].writeOutput(); // calls Student::writeOutput() person[0] to not have Undergraduate's writeOutput() overidden method, nor have person[1] to have Student's overidden method - writeOutput(). If I had Person mikeJones = new Student("Who?,MikeJones",44,4); mikeJones.writeOutput(); The Person::writeOutput() method would be called. Why is this not so? Does it have to do with something I don't understand about relating to arrays? Does the declaration Person[] people = new Person[2] not bind the method like the previous code would?

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  • Strange rendering in XNA/Monogame

    - by Gerhman
    I am trying to render G-Code generated for a 3d-printer as the printed product by reading the file as line segments and the drawing cylinders with the diameter of the filament around the segment. I think I have managed to do this part right because the vertex I am sending to the graphics device appear to have been processed correctly. My problem I think lies somewhere in the rendering. What basically happens is that when I start rotating my model in the X or Y axis then it renders perfectly for half of the rotation but then for the other half it has this weird effect where you start seeing through the outer filament into some of the shapes inside. This effect is the strongest with X rotations though. Here is a picture of the part of the rotation that looks correct: And here is one that looks horrible: I am still quite new to XNA and/Monogame and 3d programming as a whole. I have no idea what could possibly be causing this and even less of an idea of what this type of behavior is called. I am guessing this has something to do with rendering so have added the code for that part: protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Black); basicEffect.World = world; basicEffect.View = view; basicEffect.Projection = projection; basicEffect.VertexColorEnabled = true; basicEffect.EnableDefaultLighting(); GraphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); RasterizerState rasterizerState = new RasterizerState(); rasterizerState.CullMode = CullMode.CullClockwiseFace; rasterizerState.ScissorTestEnable = true; GraphicsDevice.RasterizerState = rasterizerState; foreach (EffectPass pass in basicEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); GraphicsDevice.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, vertexBuffer.VertexCount); } base.Draw(gameTime); } I don't know if it could be because I am shading something that does not really have a texture. I am using this custom vertex declaration I found on some tutorial that allows me to store a vertex with a position, color and normal: public struct VertexPositionColorNormal { public Vector3 Position; public Color Color; public Vector3 Normal; public readonly static VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration ( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3, VertexElementFormat.Color, VertexElementUsage.Color, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3 + 4, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0) ); } If any of you have ever seen this type of thing please help. Also, if you think that the problem might lay somewhere else in my code then please just request what part you would like to see in the comments section.

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  • Difference between the terms Material & Effect

    - by codey
    I'm making an effect system right now (I think, because it may be a material system... or both!). The effects system follows the common (e.g. COLLADA, DirectX) effect framework abstraction of Effects have Techniques, Techniques have Passes, Passes have States & Shader Programs. An effect, according to COLLADA, defines the equations necessary for the visual appearance of geometry and screen-space image processing. Keeping with the abstraction, effects contain techniques. Each effect can contain one or many techniques (i.e. ways to generate the effect), each of which describes a different method for rendering that effect. The technique could be relate to quality (e.g. high precision, high LOD, etc.), or in-game-situation (e.g. night/day, power-up-mode, etc.). Techniques hold a description of the textures, samplers, shaders, parameters, & passes necessary for rendering this effect using one method. Some algorithms require several passes to render the effect. Pipeline descriptions are broken into an ordered collection of Pass objects. A pass provides a static declaration of all the render states, shaders, & settings for "one rendering pipeline" (i.e. one pass). Meshes usually contain a series of materials that define the model. According to the COLLADA spec (again), a material instantiates an effect, fills its parameters with values, & selects a technique. But I see material defined differently in other places, such as just the Lambert, Blinn, Phong "material types/shaded surfaces", or as Metal, Plastic, Wood, etc. In game dev forums, people often talk about implementing a "material/effect system". Is the material not an instance of an effect? Ergo, if I had effect objects, stored in a collection, & each effect instance object with there own parameter setting, then there is no need for the concept of a material... Or am I interpreting it wrong? Please help by contributing your interpretations as I want to be clear on a distinction (if any), & don't want to miss out on the concept of a material if it should be implemented to follow the abstraction of the DirectX FX framework & COLLADA definitions closely.

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  • how this code works and how to modify this code to get my desrire work? [closed]

    - by imon_bayazid
    I dont understand how these code works here : m_MouseHookManager.MouseDoubleClick+=HookManager_MouseDoubleClick; m_MouseHookManager.MouseDoubleClick -= HookManager_MouseDoubleClick; m_KeyboardHookManager.KeyPress +=HookManager_KeyPress; m_KeyboardHookManager.KeyPress -=HookManager_KeyPress; My full Code is here : using System; using System.Windows.Forms; using MouseKeyboardActivityMonitor.WinApi; namespace MouseKeyboardActivityMonitor.Demo { public partial class TestFormHookListeners : Form { private readonly KeyboardHookListener m_KeyboardHookManager; private readonly MouseHookListener m_MouseHookManager; public TestFormHookListeners() { InitializeComponent(); m_KeyboardHookManager = new KeyboardHookListener(new GlobalHooker()); // Hooks are not active after instantiation. You need to use either Enabled property or call Start()()()() method m_KeyboardHookManager.Enabled = true;//True - The Hook is presently installed, activated, and will fire events. m_MouseHookManager = new MouseHookListener(new GlobalHooker()); m_MouseHookManager.Enabled = true; } #region Check boxes to set or remove particular event handlers. private void checkBoxMouseDoubleClick_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (checkBoxMouseDoubleClick.Checked) { m_MouseHookManager.MouseDoubleClick += HookManager_MouseDoubleClick; } else { m_MouseHookManager.MouseDoubleClick -= HookManager_MouseDoubleClick; } } private void checkBoxKeyPress_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (checkBoxKeyPress.Checked) { m_KeyboardHookManager.KeyPress +=HookManager_KeyPress; } else { m_KeyboardHookManager.KeyPress -=HookManager_KeyPress; } } #endregion #region Event handlers of particular events. They will be activated when an appropriate checkbox is checked. private void HookManager_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e) { Log(string.Format("KeyPress \t\t {0}\n", e.KeyChar)); } private void HookManager_MouseDoubleClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) { Log(string.Format("MouseDoubleClick \t\t {0}\n", e.Button)); } private void Log(string text) { textBoxLog.AppendText(text); textBoxLog.ScrollToCaret(); } #endregion private void checkBoxEnabled_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { m_MouseHookManager.Enabled = checkBoxEnabled.Checked; m_KeyboardHookManager.Enabled = checkBoxEnabled.Checked; } private void radioHooksType_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { Hooker hook; if (radioApplication.Checked) { hook = new AppHooker();//Provides methods for subscription and unsubscription to application mouse and keyboard hooks. } else { hook = new GlobalHooker();//Provides methods for subscription and unsubscription to global mouse and keyboard hooks. } m_KeyboardHookManager.Replace(hook); m_MouseHookManager.Replace(hook);//hook->An AppHooker or GlobalHooker object. //Enables you to switch from application hooks to global hooks //and vice versa on the fly without unsubscribing from events. //Component remains enabled or disabled state after this call as it was before. //Declaration Syntax } private void HookManager_Supress(object sender, MouseEventExtArgs e) { if (e.Button != MouseButtons.Right) { return; } Log("Suppressed.\n"); e.Handled = true; } } } Can anybody help to understand that??? I want by this that whenever a F5 key-pressed my application will be active and then it checks if double-click happen it gives a message .... **How can i modify that.....??????**

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  • OpenGLES GLSL Shader attributes always bound to 0

    - by codemonkey
    So I have a very simple vertex shader as follows #version 120 attribute vec3 position; attribute vec3 inColor; uniform mat4 mvp; varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void){ fragColor = inColor; gl_Position = mvp * vec4(position, 1.0); } Which I load, as well as the fragment shader: #version 120 varying vec3 fragColor; void main(void) { gl_FragColor = vec4(fragColor,1.0); } Which I then load, compile, and link to my shader program. I check for link status using glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &shaderSuccess); which returns GL_TRUE so I think its ok. However, when I query the active attributes and uniforms using #ifdef DEBUG int totalAttributes = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, &totalAttributes); for(int i=0; i<totalAttributes; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveAttrib(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Attribute %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } int totalUniforms = -1; glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &totalUniforms); for(int i=0; i<totalUniforms; ++i) { int name_len=-1, num=-1; GLenum type = GL_ZERO; char name[100]; glGetActiveUniform(shaderProgram, GLuint(i), sizeof(name)-1, &name_len, &num, &type, name ); name[name_len] = 0; GLuint location = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, name); fprintf(stderr, "Uniform %s is bound at %d\n", name, location); } #endif I get: Attribute inColor is bound at 0 Attribute position is bound at 1 Uniform mvp is bound at 0 Which leads to failure when trying to use the shader to render the objects. I have tried switching the order of declaration of position & inColor, but still, only position is bound with the other two giving 0 Can someone please explain why this is happening? Thanks

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  • ConsumeStructuredBuffer, what am I doing wrong?

    - by John
    I'm trying to implement the 3rd exercise in chapter 12 of Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 11, that is: Implement a Compute Shader to calculate the length of 64 vectors. Previous exercises ask you to do the same with typed buffers and regular structured buffers and I had no problems with them. For what I've read, [Consume|Append]StructuredBuffers are bound to the pipeline using UnorderedAccessViews (as long as they use the D3D11_BUFFER_UAV_FLAG_APPEND, and the buffers have both D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE and D3D11_BIND_UNORDERED_ACCESS bind flags). Problem is: my AppendStructuredBuffer works, since I can append data to it and retrieve it from the application to write to a results file, but the ConsumeStructuredBuffer always returns zeroed data. Data is in the buffer, since if I change the UAV to a ShaderResourceView and to a StructuredBuffer in the HLSL side it works. I don't know what I am missing: Should I initialize the ConsumeStructuredBuffer on the GPU, or can I do it when I create the buffer (as I amb currently doing). Is it OK to bind the buffer with a UAV as described above? Do I need to bind it as a ShaderResourceView somehow? Maybe I am missing some step? This is the declaration of buffers in the Compute Shader: struct Data { float3 v; }; struct Result { float l; }; ConsumeStructuredBuffer<Data> gInput; AppendStructuredBuffer<Result> gOutput; And here the creation of the buffer and UAV for input data: D3D11_BUFFER_DESC inputDesc; inputDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; inputDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Data) * mNumElements; inputDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE | D3D11_BIND_UNORDERED_ACCESS; inputDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0; inputDesc.StructureByteStride = sizeof(Data); inputDesc.MiscFlags = D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_BUFFER_STRUCTURED; D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vinitData; vinitData.pSysMem = &data[0]; HR(md3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&inputDesc, &vinitData, &mInputBuffer)); D3D11_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC uavDesc; uavDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN; uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_BUFFER; uavDesc.Buffer.FirstElement = 0; uavDesc.Buffer.Flags = D3D11_BUFFER_UAV_FLAG_APPEND; uavDesc.Buffer.NumElements = mNumElements; md3dDevice->CreateUnorderedAccessView(mInputBuffer, &uavDesc, &mInputUAV); Initial data is an array of Data structs, which contain a XMFLOAT3 with random data. I bind the UAV to the shader using the Effects framework: ID3DX11EffectUnorderedAccessViewVariable* Input = mFX->GetVariableByName("gInput")->AsUnorderedAccessView(); Input->SetUnorderedAccessView(uav); // uav is mInputUAV Any ideas? Thank you.

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  • Question about BoundingSpheres and Ray intersections

    - by NDraskovic
    I'm working on a XNA project (not really a game) and I'm having some trouble with picking algorithm. I have a few types of 3D models that I draw to the screen, and one of them is a switch. So I'm trying to make a picking algorithm that would enable the user to click on the switch and that would trigger some other function. The problem is that the BoundingSphere.Intersect() method always returns null as result. This is the code I'm using: In the declaration section: ` //Basic matrices private Matrix world = Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(0, 0, 0)); private Matrix view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(new Vector3(10, 10, 10), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), Vector3.UnitY); private Matrix projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45), 800f / 600f, 0.01f, 100f); //Collision detection variables Viewport mainViewport; List<BoundingSphere> spheres = new List<BoundingSphere>(); Ray ControlRay; Vector3 nearPoint, farPoint, nearPlane, farPlane, direction; ` And then in the Update method: ` nearPlane = new Vector3((float)Mouse.GetState().X, (float)Mouse.GetState().Y, 0.0f); farPlane = new Vector3((float)Mouse.GetState().X, (float)Mouse.GetState().Y, 10.0f); nearPoint = GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Unproject(nearPlane, projection, view, world); farPoint = GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Unproject(farPlane, projection, view, world); direction = farPoint - nearPoint; direction.Normalize(); ControlRay = new Ray(nearPoint, direction); if (spheres.Count != 0) { for (int i = 0; i < spheres.Count; i++) { if (spheres[i].Intersects(ControlRay) != null) { Window.Title = spheres[i].Center.ToString(); } else { Window.Title = "Empty"; } } ` The "spheres" list gets filled when the 3D object data gets loaded (I read it from a .txt file). For every object marked as switch (I use simple numbers to determine which object is to be drawn), a BoundingSphere is created (center is on the coordinates of the 3D object, and the diameter is always the same), and added to the list. The objects are drawn normally (and spheres.Count is not 0), I can see them on the screen, but the Window title always says "Empty" (of course this is just for testing purposes, I will add the real function when I get positive results) meaning that there is no intersection between the ControlRay and any of the bounding spheres. I think that my basic matrices (world, view and projection) are making some problems, but I cant figure out what. Please help.

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  • Inline template efficiency

    - by Darryl Gove
    I like inline templates, and use them quite extensively. Whenever I write code with them I'm always careful to check the disassembly to see that the resulting output is efficient. Here's a potential cause of inefficiency. Suppose we want to use the mis-named Leading Zero Detect (LZD) instruction on T4 (this instruction does a count of the number of leading zero bits in an integer register - so it should really be called leading zero count). So we put together an inline template called lzd.il looking like: .inline lzd lzd %o0,%o0 .end And we throw together some code that uses it: int lzd(int); int a; int c=0; int main() { for(a=0; a<1000; a++) { c=lzd(c); } return 0; } We compile the code with some amount of optimisation, and look at the resulting code: $ cc -O -xtarget=T4 -S lzd.c lzd.il $ more lzd.s .L77000018: /* 0x001c 11 */ lzd %o0,%o0 /* 0x0020 9 */ ld [%i1],%i3 /* 0x0024 11 */ st %o0,[%i2] /* 0x0028 9 */ add %i3,1,%i0 /* 0x002c */ cmp %i0,999 /* 0x0030 */ ble,pt %icc,.L77000018 /* 0x0034 */ st %i0,[%i1] What is surprising is that we're seeing a number of loads and stores in the code. Everything could be held in registers, so why is this happening? The problem is that the code is only inlined at the code generation stage - when the actual instructions are generated. Earlier compiler phases see a function call. The called functions can do all kinds of nastiness to global variables (like 'a' in this code) so we need to load them from memory after the function call, and store them to memory before the function call. Fortunately we can use a #pragma directive to tell the compiler that the routine lzd() has no side effects - meaning that it does not read or write to memory. The directive to do that is #pragma no_side_effect(<routine name), and it needs to be placed after the declaration of the function. The new code looks like: int lzd(int); #pragma no_side_effect(lzd) int a; int c=0; int main() { for(a=0; a<1000; a++) { c=lzd(c); } return 0; } Now the loop looks much neater: /* 0x0014 10 */ add %i1,1,%i1 ! 11 ! { ! 12 ! c=lzd(c); /* 0x0018 12 */ lzd %o0,%o0 /* 0x001c 10 */ cmp %i1,999 /* 0x0020 */ ble,pt %icc,.L77000018 /* 0x0024 */ nop

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  • Mutable Records in F#

    - by MarkPearl
    I’m loving my expert F# book – today I thought I would give a post on using mutable records as covered in Chapter 4 of Expert F#. So as they explain the simplest mutable data structures in F# are mutable records. The whole concept of things by default being immutable is a new one for me from my C# background. Anyhow… lets look at some C# code first. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace MutableRecords { public class DiscreteEventCounter { public int Total { get; set; } public int Positive { get; set; } public string Name { get; private set; } public DiscreteEventCounter(string name) { Name = name; } } class Program { private static void recordEvent(DiscreteEventCounter s, bool isPositive) { s.Total += 1; if (isPositive) s.Positive += 1; } private static void reportStatus (DiscreteEventCounter s) { Console.WriteLine("We have {0} {1} out of {2}", s.Positive, s.Name, s.Total); } static void Main(string[] args) { var longCounter = new DiscreteEventCounter("My Discrete Counter"); recordEvent(longCounter, true); recordEvent(longCounter, true); reportStatus(longCounter); Console.ReadLine(); } } } Quite simple, we have a class that has a few values. We instantiate an instance of the class and perform increments etc on the instance. Now lets look at an equivalent F# sample. namespace EncapsulationNS module Module1 = open System type DiscreteEventCounter = { mutable Total : int mutable Positive : int Name : string } let recordEvent (s: DiscreteEventCounter) isPositive = s.Total <- s.Total+1 if isPositive then s.Positive <- s.Positive+1 let reportStatus (s: DiscreteEventCounter) = printfn "We have %d %s out of %d" s.Positive s.Name s.Total let newCounter nm = { Total = 0; Positive = 0; Name = nm } // // Using it... // let longCounter = newCounter "My Discrete Counter" recordEvent longCounter (true) recordEvent longCounter (true) reportStatus longCounter System.Console.ReadLine() Notice in the type declaration of the DiscreteEventCounter we had to explicitly declare that the total and positive value holders were mutable. And that’s it – a very simple example of mutable types.

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  • Drawing 2D Grid in 3D View - Need help with method

    - by Deukalion
    I'm trying to draw a simple 2D grid for an editor, to able to navigate more clearly around the 3D space, but I can't render it: Grid2D class, creates a grid of a certain size at a location and should just draw lines. public class Grid2D : IShape { private VertexPositionColor[] _vertices; private Vector2 _size; private Vector3 _location; private int _faces; public Grid2D(Vector2 size, Vector3 location, Color color) { float x = 0, y = 0; if (size.X < 1f) { size.X = 1f; } if (size.Y < 1f) { size.Y = 1f; } _size = size; _location = location; List<VertexPositionColor> vertices = new List<VertexPositionColor>(); _faces = 0; for (y = -size.Y; y <= size.Y; y++) { vertices.Add(new VertexPositionColor(location + new Vector3(-size.X, y, 0), color)); vertices.Add(new VertexPositionColor(location + new Vector3(size.X, y, 0), color)); _faces++; } for (x = -size.X; x <= size.X; x++) { vertices.Add(new VertexPositionColor(location + new Vector3(x, -size.Y, 0), color)); vertices.Add(new VertexPositionColor(location + new Vector3(x, size.Y, 0), color)); _faces++; } _vertices = vertices.ToArray(); } public void Render(GraphicsDevice device) { device.DrawUserPrimitives<VertexPositionColor>(PrimitiveType.LineList, _vertices, 0, _faces); } } Like this: +----+----+----+----+ | | | | | +----+----+----+----+ | | | | | +----+----+----+----+ | | | | | +----+----+----+----+ | | | | | +----+----+----+----+ Anyone knows what I'm doing wrong? If I add a Shape without texture, it's set automatically to VertexColorEnabled and TextureEnabled = false. This is how I render it: foreach (RenderObject render in _renderObjects) { render.Effect.Projection = projection; render.Effect.View = view; render.Effect.World = world; foreach (EffectPass pass in render.Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); try { // Could be a Grid2D render.Shape.Render(_device); } catch { throw; } } } Exception is thrown: The current vertex shader declaration does not include all the elements required by the current Vertex Shader. Normal0 is missing. Simply put, I can't figure out how to draw a few lines. I want to draw them one at a time and I guess that's the problem I haven't figured out, and even when I tried rendering vertices[i], vertices[i+1] and primitiveCount = 1, vertices = 2, and so on it didn't work either. Any suggestions?

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