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  • How do I source a shell script for Node Version Manager?

    - by Matthew Patrick Cashatt
    Hi and thanks for looking! I am new to Linux/Ubuntu, but I have set up an Ubuntu box on which to run Node.js. I have had moderate success, but now I need to be able to easily upgrade my version of Node. Many folks recommend using Node Version Manager. I followed the directions, but when I try to do something like this: nvm ls I get a messaging stating that No command NVM found I have gone back to check the steps I followed to install NVM, but there is one part that is tricky for may and I think to be the culprit: sourcing the file for bash. From the instructions: To activate nvm, you need to source it from your bash shell . ~/nvm/nvm.sh I always add this line to my ~/.bashrc or ~/.profile file to have it automatically sources upon login. Often I also put in a line to use a specific version of node. So which file should I add this to? I am guessing profile since it's ubuntu?? Also, where in the file do I add this line? After I have added this line, do I need to reboot or anything? Any help would be deeply appreciated--especially if you can show me an example profile file with . ~/nvm/nvm.sh integrated so that I can see usage. Thanks, Matt

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  • Terminal closing itself after 14.04 upgrade

    - by David
    All was fine in 12.04, in this case I'm using virtualbox in Windows. Last days the warning message about my Ubuntu version no longer being supported was coming up pretty often, so, yesterday I finally decided to upgrade. The upgrading process ran ok, no errors, no warnings. After rebooting the errors started to happen. Just after booting up there were some errors about video, gnome, and video textures (sorry I didn't care in that moment so I don't remember well). Luckly that went away after installing VirtualBox additions. But the big problem here is that I can't use the terminal. It opens Ok when pressing control+alt+t, but most of the commands cause instant closing. For example, df, ls, mv, cd... usually work, although it has closed few times. But 'find' causes instant close. 'apt-get' update kills it too, just after it gets the package list from the sources, when it starts processing them. I've tried xterm, everything works and I have none of that problems. I have tried reinstalling konsole, bash-static, bash-completion, but nothing worked. I have no idea what to do as there is no error message to search for the cause. It seems something related to bash, but that's all I know.

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  • Can I delete Generic kernel if I use Generic

    - by user206049
    I currently can't update my release as there is not enough space on boot. I just have the one kernel version there, but seem to have both the Generic and Low Latency versions. uname -r just shows 3.8.0-32-lowlatency ls -lah /boot shows -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 899K Oct 2 00:00 abi-3.8.0-32-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 899K Oct 7 09:27 abi-3.8.0-32-lowlatency -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 152K Oct 2 00:00 config-3.8.0-32-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 152K Oct 7 09:27 config-3.8.0-32-lowlatency drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2.0K Jan 1 1970 efi drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 1.0K Oct 22 10:05 grub -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32M Oct 22 09:51 initrd.img-3.8.0-32-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32M Oct 22 10:05 initrd.img-3.8.0-32-lowlatency drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Feb 25 2013 lost+found -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 173K Dec 5 2012 memtest86+.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 175K Dec 5 2012 memtest86+_multiboot.bin -rw------- 1 root root 3.0M Oct 2 00:00 System.map-3.8.0-32-generic -rw------- 1 root root 3.0M Oct 7 09:27 System.map-3.8.0-32-lowlatency -rw------- 1 root root 5.2M Oct 2 00:00 vmlinuz-3.8.0-32-generic -rw------- 1 root root 5.2M Oct 7 09:27 vmlinuz-3.8.0-32-lowlatency So what can I do to allow me to update? Apparently I need 174m on boot and am 40m short.

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  • Very large log files, what should I do?

    - by Masroor
    (This question deals with a similar issue, but it talks about a rotated log file.) Today I got a system message regarding very low /var space. As usual I executed the commands in the line of sudo apt-get clean which improved the scenario only slightly. Then I deleted the rotated log files which again provided very little improvement. Upon examination I find that some log files in the /var/log has grown up to be very huge ones. To be specific, ls -lSh /var/log gives, total 28G -rw-r----- 1 syslog adm 14G Aug 23 21:56 kern.log -rw-r----- 1 syslog adm 14G Aug 23 21:56 syslog -rw-rw-r-- 1 root utmp 390K Aug 23 21:47 wtmp -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 287K Aug 23 21:42 dpkg.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 root utmp 287K Aug 23 20:43 lastlog As we can see, the first two are the offending ones. I am mildly surprised why such large files have not been rotated. So, what should I do? Simply delete these files and then reboot? Or go for some more prudent steps? I am using Ubuntu 14.04.

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  • How would I batch rename a lot of files using command-line?

    - by Whisperity
    I have a problem which I am unable to solve: I need to rename a great dump of files using patterns. I tried using this, but I always get an error. I have a folder, inside with a lot of files. Running ls -1 | wc -l, it returns that I have like 160000 files inside. The problem is, that I wish to move these files to a Windows system, but most of them have characters like : and ? in them, which makes the file unaccessible on said Windows-based systems. (As a "do not solve but deal with" method, I tried booting up a LiveCD on the Windows system and moving the files using the live OS. Under that Ubuntu, the files were readable and writable on the mounted NTFS partition, but when I booted back on Windows, it showed that the file is there but Windows was unable to access it in any fashion: rename, delete or open.) I tried running rename 's/\:/_' * inside the folder, but I got Argument list too long error. Some search revealed that it happens because I have so many files, and then I arrived here. The problem is that I don't know how to alter the command to suit my needs, as I always end up having various errors like Trying find -name '*:*' | xargs rename : _, it gives xargs: unmatched single quote; by default quotes are special to xargs unless you use the -0 option [\n] syntax error at (eval 1) line 1, near ":" [\n] xargs: rename: exited with status 255; aborting Adding the -0 after xargs turns the error message to xargs: argument line too long These files are archive files generated by various PHP scripts. The best solution would be having a chance to rename them before they are moved to Windows, but if there is no way to do it, we might have a way to rename the files while they are moved to Windows. I use samba and proftpd to move the files. Unfortunately, graphical software are out of the question as the server containing the files is what it is, a server, with only command-line interface.

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  • Update fails to Install

    - by FirmTech
    I get the below error when I try to install updates using Software Updater: Not enough free disk space The upgrade needs a total of 81.3 M free space on disk '/boot'. Please free at least an additional 15.9 M of disk space on '/boot'. Empty your trash and remove temporary packages of former installations using 'sudo apt-get clean'. What should I do? firmtechnologies@FirmTechnologies:~$ (ls -l /boot) total 155801 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1158016 May 3 01:30 abi-3.13.0-24-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1161713 May 8 01:31 abi-3.13.0-26-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1161713 May 15 20:07 abi-3.13.0-27-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1161764 Jun 4 22:57 abi-3.13.0-29-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 165510 May 3 01:30 config-3.13.0-24-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 165538 May 8 01:31 config-3.13.0-26-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 165521 May 15 20:07 config-3.13.0-27-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 165544 Jun 4 22:57 config-3.13.0-29-generic drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 1024 Jun 6 14:31 grub -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29091568 May 7 21:31 initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29094684 May 12 12:24 initrd.img-3.13.0-26-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29095678 May 18 10:57 initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29093700 Jun 6 14:32 initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Apr 30 17:11 lost+found -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 176500 Mar 12 13:31 memtest86+.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 178176 Mar 12 13:31 memtest86+.elf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 178680 Mar 12 13:31 memtest86+_multiboot.bin -rw------- 1 root root 3372643 May 3 01:30 System.map-3.13.0-24-generic -rw------- 1 root root 3377429 May 8 01:31 System.map-3.13.0-26-generic -rw------- 1 root root 3377429 May 15 20:07 System.map-3.13.0-27-generic -rw------- 1 root root 3378267 Jun 4 22:57 System.map-3.13.0-29-generic -rw------- 1 root root 5776416 May 3 01:30 vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic -rw------- 1 root root 5790912 May 8 01:30 vmlinuz-3.13.0-26-generic -rw------- 1 root root 5790912 May 15 20:07 vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic -rw------- 1 root root 5792544 Jun 4 22:57 vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic

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  • What can I do to utilize all my hard disk space?

    - by Twatcher
    I had windows XP running on my computer. Then I installed Ubuntu from under windows. Then I decided I wanted to have only Ubuntu also because I got a system message that I am out of disk space. I loaded up my system from a live Ubuntu DVD and deleted the partition with windows on it and also the other partition that had my data on it. I expanded the partition which I thought to be the system partition (since there was no other partition left It had ext format. After that Ubuntu was working fine and I thought I have enough disk space, since my harddrive is an 80 GB ATA Maxtor. I left a small partition as backup. But after downloading a small amount of files I got the message again, that I am running out of disk space. I don't now. How can UI make my disk space bigger? I am not used to Ubuntu's file system, and I don't have the overview on how I can actually see how much space there is left for me to use. I have basically now 1 partition with the system on it and one small backup (as far as I understand). My system is (from system utility) Ubuntu 12.04 LS 3,9 GB Intel Core 2 2,4 Ghz 80 GB ATA Maxtor Here are the results for sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 79998918144 bytes<br> 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9725 cylinders, total 156247887 sectors<br> Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br> Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> Disk identifier: 0x41ab2316<br> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br> /dev/sda1 * 63 123750399 61875168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br> /dev/sda2 123750400 156246015 16247808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br>

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  • Why can't I run any Android NDK commands?

    - by TheBuzzSaw
    I had been running Mint 12 before, and everything was working there. I switched to Ubuntu 12.04, and now I am very frustrated. When I run ndk-build, I get /home/buzz/ndk/prebuilt/linux-x86/bin/make: not found So, I changed to that folder directly. When I type in ./make, I get bash: ./make: No such file or directory Typing ls clearly shows the file where I am! I did some hacking around (pointing to external tools) to get past each error (just to experiment), and I ran into this! /home/buzz/ndk/toolchains/arm-linux-androideabi-4.6/prebuilt/linux-x86/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-gcc: Command not found Why? Why are all these files unable to be found? As I said above, this was all working just fine in another distro. What changed? What's extra frustrating is that if I push TAB to auto-complete, it works. So, the file is clearly there (and clearly marked with execution permissions). So, why can't it be found?

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  • Why do my websites have a first page rank on Bing and Yahoo but not Google? [closed]

    - by Linda Cullum
    I have 3 websites suffering from a drop in ranking with Google and hence a huge drop in traffic. The instant drop ocurred in September and I have not been able to remedy it. For the past 6-10 years my main website http://LearnToSail.Net has ranked from #3 to #1 on the 1st page of Google and all the other engines with the search term "learn to sail" Now it shows on the 1st page of Bing and Yahoo but does not show up on ANY pages of Google. The only way it does come up is if I add "cd" to the "learn to sail" phrase. We sell a sailing cd on that website. The other websites are http://LearnToSailOnLine.com ..search terms are "learn to sail online" or learntosailonline and historyofthepilgrims.com search terms are "history of the pilgrims" "historyofthepilgrims" I get the same result. Gone on Google but 1st pages for Bing and Yahoo. I have researched, edited,updated blogs, made sitemaps, prayed to the universe and use Google Webmaster tools but nothing is changing and I have lost alot of business. I host with 1and1.com and have been back and forth with them but to no avail and no change in traffic. I thought maybe some DNS mapping was off. I used to have alot of traffic now I have hardly any. Any advice would be greatly appreciated. I am still in the process of working on the issue of course! This is a really great website here and I am glad I came across it. Thank you, LS Cullum Little Pines Multimedia

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  • Unsure about TRIM enabled on my SSD

    - by user84750
    I have a SSD OCZ Vertex4 installed on my laptop. I'm running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. I have enable TRIM by adding "discard" to my fstab file. (also added option noatime). I rebooted my Ubuntu and followed These instructions here to test TRIM. The end results of my tempfile was all ffff's, when it should have read all zero's, which is telling me TRIM is not really working or enabled correctly. Did I miss something? Also, will it be a problem if only my /home directory is encrypted. AND if you ask why I have swap on my SSD, it's because I let Ubuntu set up my partition. When I have my SSD, I just wanted to install Ubuntu as fast as possible. =) I've done testing to see at which point it will start to use swap and it took a lot of applications open to finally use swap. I currently have 4 GB of memory. I might shrink this to like 512 MB or 1 GB the most. Here's some info about my file system setup. sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda1 | grep "TRIM supported" Data Set Management TRIM supported (limit 16 blocks) sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 242016255 121007104 83 Linux /dev/sda2 242018302 250068991 4025345 5 Extended /dev/sda5 242018304 250068991 4025344 82 Linux swap / Solaris ls /dev/mapper control cryptswap1

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  • Only one user can connect to Ubuntu samba server

    - by StaticMethod
    I setup a samba server on 12.04 LTS, and it works great for one user but not the others. I am trying to map a network drive from a windows 7 laptop. I can successfully authenticate with one user, but the other two both get "Access is denied" errors. Here is my smb.conf file. [global] server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu) map to guest = Bad User obey pam restrictions = Yes pam password change = Yes passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u passwd chat = *Enter\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *Retype\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *password\supdated\ssuccessfully* . unix password sync = Yes syslog = 0 log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m max log size = 1000 dns proxy = No usershare allow guests = Yes panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d idmap config * : backend = tdb [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba create mask = 0700 printable = Yes print ok = Yes browseable = No [print$] comment = Printer Drivers path = /var/lib/samba/printers [share] comment = Ubuntu File Server Share path = /srv/share read only = No create mask = 0755 I know that the service is successfully reading from the /etc/passwd file because if I change the Linux password for the user that works, I have to use the new password when I connect. I changed all the users so they are all members of the same groups (all three users are admins anyway). I only ever have one user connected at a time. Here are the permissions on the shared folder /srv$ ls -l drwxrwxrwx 1 nobody nogroup 16 Feb 22 17:05 share Any ideas?

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  • Are short abbreviated method/function names that don't use full words bad practice or a matter of style?

    - by Alb
    Is there nowadays any case for brevity over clarity with method names? Tonight I came across the Python method repr() which seems like a bad name for a method to me. It's not an English word. It apparently is an abbreviation of 'representation' and even if you can deduce that, it still doesn't tell you what the method does. A good method name is subjective to a certain degree, but I had assumed that modern best practices agreed that names should be at least full words and descriptive enough to reveal enough about the method that you would easily find one when looking for it. Method names made from words help let your code read like English. repr() seems to have no advantages as a name other than being short and IDE auto-complete makes this a non-issue. An additional reason given in an answer is that python names are brief so that you can do many things on one line. Surely the better way is to just extract the many things to their own function, and repeat until lines are not too long. Are these just a hangover from the unix way of doing things? Commands with names like ls, rm, ps and du (if you could call those names) were hard to find and hard to remember. I know that the everyday usage of commands such as these is different than methods in code so the matter of whether those are bad names is a different matter.

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  • In virtualbox, I can't access the dvd drive to install a guest host

    - by user211062
    I have installed a fresh copy of Ubuntu Server 12.04 and VirtualBox 4.3. I have set up a VM called "MediaServer" and tried to start it. I then get the following error: Cannot open host device '/dev/sr0' for readonly access. Check the permissions of that device ('/bin/ls -l /dev/sr0'): Most probably you need to be member of the device group. Make sure that you logout/login after changing the group settings of the current user (VERR_ACCESS_DENIED) I have looked all over the Internet and have been unable to find a solution. Using Webmin, I tried changing the group settings so that my user name was in the "vboxusers" group, but that did not work either. I tried various other changes in group settings and none of them worked. Also, I tried rebooting the server after the changes and that didn't work either. I have been following a guide on how to set up an Ubuntu server from the website "linuxhomeserverguide.com" and when it came to the section where you could finally set up your first virtual machine, I am stumped. I would really appreciate it if someone could help me. Thanks in advance.

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  • ubuntu 10.04: boot error for custom compiled kernel - gave up wating for root device

    - by atharva
    Hi, I have installed lucid on my Lenevo Laptop (Y 410 series , x86 platoform) and it is working fine. Now I have compiled kernel 2.6.37 from the downloaded from the kernel tree. I followed usual procedure of compileing kernel (make menuconfig,make. make modules etc). Then I created the initrd image using mkinitramfs and updated my grub using upadate grub command. Update-grub detects the initrd image of the compiled kernel. However when I boot from this kernel it gives me following error: Gave up waiting for root device. Common problems: -Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline) -Check rootdelay= (did the system wait long enough?) -Check root= (did the system wait for the right device?) -Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev) ALERT! root=UUID=/... does not exist and then it falls onto initramfs prompt. I have tried following solutions discussed in different ubuntu forums: 1. disable uuid and point root=/dev/sda8 (sda8 is where my kernele image resides (both default kernel and compiled one) from /etc/default/grub 2. compile kernel using CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y suggested here Still I am unable to boot from the compile kernel. Could someone please suggest me the solution ?

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  • aplay -l says no soundcards found; alsaconf says no supported cords; yet /proc/asound contains cards

    - by nimasmi
    I am trying to get HDMI output using a Gainward Nvidia 210 512 MB on Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx. I have upgraded alsa-driver, alsa-lib and alsa-utils to 1.0.24 by building from source, thanks to this blog post. Some relevant output... user@box:~$ lspci | grep Audio 00:05.0 Audio device: nVidia Corporation MCP61 High Definition Audio (rev a2) 01:09.0 Multimedia video controller: Conexant Systems, Inc. CX23880/1/2/3 PCI Video and Audio Decoder (rev 05) 01:09.2 Multimedia controller: Conexant Systems, Inc. CX23880/1/2/3 PCI Video and Audio Decoder [MPEG Port] (rev 05) 01:09.4 Multimedia controller: Conexant Systems, Inc. CX23880/1/2/3 PCI Video and Audio Decoder [IR Port] (rev 05) 02:00.1 Audio device: nVidia Corporation High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) user@box:~$ cat /proc/asound/version Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.24. Compiled on Sep 15 2012 for kernel 2.6.32-42-generic (SMP). user@box:~$ ls /proc/asound` card0 cards hwdep NVidia oss seq version card1 devices modules NVidia_1 pcm timers user@box:~$ aplay -l aplay: device_list:240: no soundcards found... user@box:~$ sudo /sbin/alsa-utils start * Setting up ALSA... * warning: 'alsactl restore' failed with error message 'alsactl: set_control:1403: Cannot write control '2:0:0:IEC958 Playback Default:0' : Operation not permitted'... amixer: Invalid command! ...done. Any help appreciated. PS my video card is connected only through the PCI-E slot. I assume there is no extra audio connection required.

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  • Password not working for sudo ("Authentication failure")

    - by Souta
    Before I mention anything further, DO NOT give me a response saying that terminal won't show password input. I'm AWARE of that. I'm typing my user password in (not a capslock issue), and for some reason it still says 'Authentication Failure'. Is there some other password (one I'm not aware of) I'm supposed to be using other than my user password? I've had this ubuntu before, on another hard drive and I didn't have this problem. (And it was the same ubuntu, ubuntu 12.04 LTS) ai@AiNekoYokai:~$ groups ai adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare ai@AiNekoYokai:~$ lsb_release -rd Description: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Release: 12.04 ai@AiNekoYokai:~$ pkexec cat /etc/sudoers # # This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root. # # Please consider adding local content in /etc/sudoers.d/ instead of # directly modifying this file. # # See the man page for details on how to write a sudoers file. # Defaults env_reset Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" # Host alias specification # User alias specification # Cmnd alias specification # User privilege specification root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL # Members of the admin group may gain root privileges %admin ALL=(ALL) ALL # Allow members of group sudo to execute any command %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL # See sudoers(5) for more information on "#include" directives: #includedir /etc/sudoers.d I can log in with my password, but it's not accepted as valid for authentication <-- That is pretty much my issue. (Although, I haven't gone into recovery mode.) I've ran: ai@AiNekoYokai:~$ ls /etc/sudoers.d README And also reinstalled sudo with: pkexec apt-get update pkexec apt-get --purge --reinstall install sudo pkexec usermod -a -G admin $USER <- Says admin does not exist su $USER <- worked for me, however, my password still does not do much (in sense of not working for other things) I changed my password with pkexec passwd $USER. I was able to change it no problem. gksudo xclock was something I was able to get into, no problem. (Clock showed) ai@AiNekoYokai:~$ gksudo xclock

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  • Ubuntu 10.04: boot error for custom compiled kernel - gave up waiting for root device

    - by atharva
    I have installed lucid on my Lenevo Laptop (Y 410 series , x86 platform) and it is working fine. Now I have compiled kernel 2.6.37 downloaded from the kernel tree. I followed usual procedure of compiling kernel (make menuconfig, make, make modules etc). Then I created the initrd image using mkinitramfs and updated my grub using update-grub command. update-grub detects the initrd image of the compiled kernel. However when I boot from this kernel it gives me following error: Gave up waiting for root device. Common problems: -Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline) -Check rootdelay= (did the system wait long enough?) -Check root= (did the system wait for the right device?) -Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev) ALERT! root=UUID=/... does not exist and then it falls onto initramfs prompt. I have tried following solutions discussed in different Ubuntu forums: disable uuid and point root=/dev/sda8 (sda8 is where my kernel image resides (both default kernel and compiled one) from /etc/default/grub compile kernel using CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y suggested here Still I am unable to boot from the compile kernel. Could someone please suggest me the solution?

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  • how do I uninstall old kernel options listed in Grub2? [closed]

    - by user12809
    Possible Duplicate: Is there a way to remove/hide old kernel versions? I installed Ubuntu Tweak in Ubuntu 11.10, went to Janitor, and selected and removed old kernels that appeared there (3.0.0-12). Now, the only installed linux-image that appears as 'Installed' in SPM is the most recent one (3.0.0-13), which is the one I want. It did not however eliminate the kernel listing in Grub 2. At boot: However, at boot, in Grub-2, the following options still appear: 3.0.0-13-generic 3.0.0-13-generic (recovery mode) 3.0.0-12 (generic) (on /dev/sde5) 3.0.0-12 (generic (recovery mode) (on /dev/sde5) And, in Terminal, when I change directory (cd) to /boot, and then list (ls), I get the following listed kernels: 3.0.0-13 2.6.38-12 2.6.38-8 (al There is no change when I sudo update-grub in Terminal 1) what is /dev/sde5, and where is it located in the file system, so i can delete it? 2) why the differences between what appears as installed in SPM, what appears at boot in Grub2, and what shows when I list the contents of Grub2 in Terminal? Ultimately, I simply want to remove the 3.0.0-12 kernel options at boot in Grub2. How do I best and simplest do that? Thanks again donofrij is online now Report Post Edit/Delete Message Reply With Quote Multi-Quote This Message Quick reply to this message

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  • What is meant by "no password set" for root account (and otthers)?

    - by MMA
    Several years back, we were more accustomed to changing to the root account using the su command. First, we switched to the root account, and then executed those root commands. Now we are more accustomed to using the sudo command. But we know that the root account is there. We can readily find the home directory of user root. $ ls -ld /root/ drwx------ 18 root root 4096 Oct 22 17:21 /root/ Now my point is, it is stated that "the root password in Ubuntu is left unset". Please see the answers to this question. Most of the answers have something to this effect in the first paragraph. One or two answers further state that "the account is left disabled". Now my (primary) questions are, What is meant by an unset password? Is it blank? Is it null? Or something else more cryptic? How does the account becomes enabled once I set password for it? (sudo password root) In order get a better understanding, I checked the /etc/shadow file. Since I have already set a password for the root account, I can no longer see what is there (encrypted password). So, I created another account and left it disabled. The corresponding entry in the /etc/shadow file is, testpassword:!:16020:0:99999:7::: Now perhaps my above queries need to be changed to, what does an ! in password field mean? Other encrypted passwords are those very long cryptic strings. How come this encrypted form is only one character long? And does an account become disabled if I put an ! in the (encrypted) password field?

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  • Thunderbird: "Could not initialize the application's security component" [closed]

    - by user unknown
    In Thunderbird, on startup, I get the error message: "Could not initialize the application's security component" The message continues to check permissions of the profile, and free disk space. df -h shows, that I have 19G free disk space. find . -not -perm -644 -not -perm -600 -ls shows: No file without rw-permissions for me. Before the error occured, thunderbird worked well. But I changed my main mail-account. I had two, let's call them A and B, and used mainly A, but now I wanted to deaktivate it, and receive and send automatically via the second. I Had problems moving the filters from inbox A to inbox B (missing copy-functionality). In the web, I found (mollazine) hints, to move key3.db, cert8.db and secmode.db out of the way, but it didn't work for me. Another hint was to uninstall Quickcam(?. sic!), but I don't have Quickcam. A third to recreate the profile, but I have subdirectories, filters, addressbook, groups - mails back to the year 2003. I don't want to risk the loss of data. The whole errormessage is: Could not initialize the application's security component. The most likely cause is problems with files in your application's profile directory. Please check that this directory has no read/write restrictions and your hard disk is not full or close to full. It is recommended that you exit the application and fix the problem. If you continue to use this session, you might see incorrect application behaviour when accessing security features. When I open the error-console, it is empty.

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  • Grub not loading after Windows 8 Install

    - by RazorXsr
    My system was configured to dual boot Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS and Windows 7. Today I got my hands on the MSDN release of Windows 8 and I installed it over my Windows 7. Now the computer just boots to Windows 8 directly without loading the GRUB screen. So I followed the steps as suggested in: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows. Running this command: ls -l /dev/disk/by-label/ gives the following output: total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 07:51 Entertainment -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 02:45 PENDRIVE -> ../../sdb1 Also fdisk -l command gives this as the output: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x1246aa23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 319582199 159790076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 319582208 602906623 141662208 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 602908672 625135615 11113472 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 1939 MB, 1939865600 bytes 64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 939 cylinders, total 3788800 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2248 3788799 1893276 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So I assume that I have to run this: sudo grub-install /dev/sda3 to get GRUB up and running. But I am getting this error: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a device for /boot/grub (is /dev mounted?). Can anyone please guide me in the right direction? The current Ubuntu installation is far too customized to my needs to lose it to a boot manager issue! Any help is much appreciated!

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  • Cannot find GRUB - Ubuntu/Windows 8 dual-boot

    - by ubeatlenine
    Hello Ubuntu community, I find myself in an interesting situation. I have a Dell Inspiron 531 with Windows Vista. Recently my brother decided it would be a good idea to overwrite Vista with the Windows 8 consumer preview. Since we have had this PC for a very long time, we have long since lost the Vista CD, and according to the Windows 8 preview website you cannot recover your previous OS without it. I thought this would be a good opportunity to try out Ubuntu (since we obviously cannot keep the preview as an OS), but it appears that Ubuntu 11.10 Desktop is not compatible with Win8. Ubuntu doesn't run from the LiveUSB I made, instead it freezes on the loading screen and then disintegrates into black and white stripes. I blamed this failure on Ubuntu not being compatible with win8 yet and tried to install Ubuntu from the USB on a partition made from the remaining space on my hard drive - about 100GB. However the installer crashed while loading modules and told me I didn't have enough disk space. Since then, I have not been able to load either Ubuntu or Windows, BIOS is shifted over to the left of my screen, and I always get the same message: error: unknown filesystem grub rescue> typing "ls" at the prompt gives me the following: (hd0) (hd0,msdos7) (hd0,msdos6) (hd0,msdos5) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) does this mean I have multiple partitions running windows on my computer? Is it possible to recover Vista without the disk? Are all of my problems stemming from Ubuntu not being compatible with Win8 preview? (I realize the majority of my questions are about Windows, but seeing as the prompt I get is for grub I thought I would ask here first.) Any insight anyone has on this predicament would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Using a mounted NTFS share with nginx

    - by Hoff
    I have set up a local testing VM with Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS and the LEMP stack. It's kind of an unconventional setup because instead of having all my PHP scripts on the local machine, I've mounted an NTFS share as the document root because I do my development on Windows. I had everything working perfectly up until this morning, now I keep getting a dreaded 'File not found.' error. I am almost certain this must be somehow permission related, because if I copy my site over to /var/www, nginx and php-fpm have no problems serving my PHP scripts. What I can't figure out is why all of a sudden (after a reboot of the server), no PHP files will be served but instead just the 'File not found.' error. Static files work fine, so I think it's PHP that is causing the headache. Both nginx and php-fpm are configured to run as the user www-data: root@ubuntu-server:~# ps aux | grep 'nginx\|php-fpm' root 1095 0.0 0.0 5816 792 ? Ss 11:11 0:00 nginx: master process /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf www-data 1096 0.0 0.1 6016 1172 ? S 11:11 0:00 nginx: worker process www-data 1098 0.0 0.1 6016 1172 ? S 11:11 0:00 nginx: worker process root 1130 0.0 0.4 175560 4212 ? Ss 11:11 0:00 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/php-fpm.conf) www-data 1131 0.0 0.3 175560 3216 ? S 11:11 0:00 php-fpm: pool www www-data 1132 0.0 0.3 175560 3216 ? S 11:11 0:00 php-fpm: pool www www-data 1133 0.0 0.3 175560 3216 ? S 11:11 0:00 php-fpm: pool www root 1686 0.0 0.0 4368 816 pts/1 S+ 11:11 0:00 grep --color=auto nginx\|php-fpm I have mounted the NTFS share at /mnt/webfiles by editing /etc/fstab and adding the following line: //192.168.0.199/c$/Websites/ /mnt/webfiles cifs username=Jordan,password=mypasswordhere,gid=33,uid=33 0 0 Where gid 33 is the www-data group and uid 33 is the user www-data. If I list the contents of one of my sites you can in fact see that they belong to the user www-data: root@ubuntu-server:~# ls -l /mnt/webfiles/nTv5-2.0 total 8 drwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Jun 6 19:12 app drwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Aug 22 19:00 assets -rwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 1150 Jan 4 2012 favicon.ico -rwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 1412 Dec 28 2011 index.php drwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Jun 3 16:44 lib drwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Jan 3 2012 plugins drwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Jun 3 16:45 vendors If I switch to the www-data user, I have no problem creating a new file on the share: root@ubuntu-server:~# su www-data $ > /mnt/webfiles/test.txt $ ls -l /mnt/webfiles | grep test\.txt -rwxr-xr-x 0 www-data www-data 0 Sep 8 11:19 test.txt There should be no problem reading or writing to the share with php-fpm running as the user www-data. When I examine the error log of nginx, it's filled with a bunch of lines that look like the following: 2012/09/08 11:22:36 [error] 1096#0: *1 FastCGI sent in stderr: "Primary script unknown" while reading response header from upstream, client: 192.168.0.199, server: , request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock:", host: "192.168.0.123" 2012/09/08 11:22:39 [error] 1096#0: *1 FastCGI sent in stderr: "Primary script unknown" while reading response header from upstream, client: 192.168.0.199, server: , request: "GET /apc.php HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock:", host: "192.168.0.123" It's bizarre that this was working previously and now all of sudden PHP is complaining that it can't "find" the scripts on the share. Does anybody know why this is happening? EDIT I tried editing php-fpm.conf and changing chdir to the following: chdir = /mnt/webfiles When I try and restart the php-fpm service, I get the error: Starting php-fpm [08-Sep-2012 14:20:55] ERROR: [pool www] the chdir path '/mnt/webfiles' does not exist or is not a directory This is a total load of bullshit because this directory DOES exist and is mounted! Any ls commands to list that directory work perfectly. Why the hell can't PHP-FPM see this directory?! Here are my configuration files for reference: nginx.conf user www-data; worker_processes 2; error_log /var/log/nginx/nginx.log info; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; multi_accept on; } http { include fastcgi.conf; include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; set_real_ip_from 127.0.0.1; real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For; ## Proxy proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; client_max_body_size 32m; client_body_buffer_size 128k; proxy_connect_timeout 90; proxy_send_timeout 90; proxy_read_timeout 90; proxy_buffers 32 4k; ## Compression gzip on; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)"; ### TCP options tcp_nodelay on; tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 65; sendfile on; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } my site config server { listen 80; access_log /var/log/nginx/$host.access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; root /mnt/webfiles/nTv5-2.0/app/webroot; index index.php; ## Block bad bots if ($http_user_agent ~* (HTTrack|HTMLParser|libcurl|discobot|Exabot|Casper|kmccrew|plaNETWORK|RPT-HTTPClient)) { return 444; } ## Block certain Referers (case insensitive) if ($http_referer ~* (sex|vigra|viagra) ) { return 444; } ## Deny dot files: location ~ /\. { deny all; } ## Favicon Not Found location = /favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; } ## Robots.txt Not Found location = /robots.txt { access_log off; log_not_found off; } if (-f $document_root/maintenance.html) { rewrite ^(.*)$ /maintenance.html last; } location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ { # Some basic cache-control for static files to be sent to the browser expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "max-age=2678400, public, must-revalidate"; } location / { try_files $uri $uri/ index.php; if (-f $request_filename) { break; } rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?url=$1 last; } location ~ \.php$ { include /etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf; fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; } } php-fpm.conf ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; FPM Configuration ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; All relative paths in this configuration file are relative to PHP's install ; prefix (/opt/php5). This prefix can be dynamicaly changed by using the ; '-p' argument from the command line. ; Include one or more files. If glob(3) exists, it is used to include a bunch of ; files from a glob(3) pattern. This directive can be used everywhere in the ; file. ; Relative path can also be used. They will be prefixed by: ; - the global prefix if it's been set (-p arguement) ; - /opt/php5 otherwise ;include=etc/fpm.d/*.conf ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Global Options ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [global] ; Pid file ; Note: the default prefix is /opt/php5/var ; Default Value: none pid = /var/run/php-fpm.pid ; Error log file ; Note: the default prefix is /opt/php5/var ; Default Value: log/php-fpm.log error_log = /var/log/php5-fpm/php-fpm.log ; Log level ; Possible Values: alert, error, warning, notice, debug ; Default Value: notice ;log_level = notice ; If this number of child processes exit with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS within the time ; interval set by emergency_restart_interval then FPM will restart. A value ; of '0' means 'Off'. ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_threshold = 0 ; Interval of time used by emergency_restart_interval to determine when ; a graceful restart will be initiated. This can be useful to work around ; accidental corruptions in an accelerator's shared memory. ; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_interval = 0 ; Time limit for child processes to wait for a reaction on signals from master. ; Available units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;process_control_timeout = 0 ; Send FPM to background. Set to 'no' to keep FPM in foreground for debugging. ; Default Value: yes ;daemonize = yes ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool Definitions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Multiple pools of child processes may be started with different listening ; ports and different management options. The name of the pool will be ; used in logs and stats. There is no limitation on the number of pools which ; FPM can handle. Your system will tell you anyway :) ; Start a new pool named 'www'. ; the variable $pool can we used in any directive and will be replaced by the ; pool name ('www' here) [www] ; Per pool prefix ; It only applies on the following directives: ; - 'slowlog' ; - 'listen' (unixsocket) ; - 'chroot' ; - 'chdir' ; - 'php_values' ; - 'php_admin_values' ; When not set, the global prefix (or /opt/php5) applies instead. ; Note: This directive can also be relative to the global prefix. ; Default Value: none ;prefix = /path/to/pools/$pool ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests. ; Valid syntaxes are: ; 'ip.add.re.ss:port' - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on ; a specific port; ; 'port' - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a ; specific port; ; '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket. ; Note: This value is mandatory. ;listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock ; Set listen(2) backlog. A value of '-1' means unlimited. ; Default Value: 128 (-1 on FreeBSD and OpenBSD) ;listen.backlog = -1 ; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect. ; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original ; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address ; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be ; accepted from any ip address. ; Default Value: any ;listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1 ; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write ; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many ; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions. ; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user ; mode is set to 0666 ;listen.owner = www-data ;listen.group = www-data ;listen.mode = 0666 ; Unix user/group of processes ; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group ; will be used. user = www-data group = www-data ; Choose how the process manager will control the number of child processes. ; Possible Values: ; static - a fixed number (pm.max_children) of child processes; ; dynamic - the number of child processes are set dynamically based on the ; following directives: ; pm.max_children - the maximum number of children that can ; be alive at the same time. ; pm.start_servers - the number of children created on startup. ; pm.min_spare_servers - the minimum number of children in 'idle' ; state (waiting to process). If the number ; of 'idle' processes is less than this ; number then some children will be created. ; pm.max_spare_servers - the maximum number of children in 'idle' ; state (waiting to process). If the number ; of 'idle' processes is greater than this ; number then some children will be killed. ; Note: This value is mandatory. pm = dynamic ; The number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'static' and the ; maximum number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'dynamic'. ; This value sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be ; served. Equivalent to the ApacheMaxClients directive with mpm_prefork. ; Equivalent to the PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment variable in the original PHP ; CGI. ; Note: Used when pm is set to either 'static' or 'dynamic' ; Note: This value is mandatory. pm.max_children = 50 ; The number of child processes created on startup. ; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic' ; Default Value: min_spare_servers + (max_spare_servers - min_spare_servers) / 2 pm.start_servers = 20 ; The desired minimum number of idle server processes. ; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic' ; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic' pm.min_spare_servers = 5 ; The desired maximum number of idle server processes. ; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic' ; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic' pm.max_spare_servers = 35 ; The number of requests each child process should execute before respawning. ; This can be useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For ; endless request processing specify '0'. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS. ; Default Value: 0 pm.max_requests = 500 ; The URI to view the FPM status page. If this value is not set, no URI will be ; recognized as a status page. By default, the status page shows the following ; information: ; accepted conn - the number of request accepted by the pool; ; pool - the name of the pool; ; process manager - static or dynamic; ; idle processes - the number of idle processes; ; active processes - the number of active processes; ; total processes - the number of idle + active processes. ; max children reached - number of times, the process limit has been reached, ; when pm tries to start more children (works only for ; pm 'dynamic') ; The values of 'idle processes', 'active processes' and 'total processes' are ; updated each second. The value of 'accepted conn' is updated in real time. ; Example output: ; accepted conn: 12073 ; pool: www ; process manager: static ; idle processes: 35 ; active processes: 65 ; total processes: 100 ; max children reached: 1 ; By default the status page output is formatted as text/plain. Passing either ; 'html' or 'json' as a query string will return the corresponding output ; syntax. Example: ; http://www.foo.bar/status ; http://www.foo.bar/status?json ; http://www.foo.bar/status?html ; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be ; anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it ; may conflict with a real PHP file. ; Default Value: not set pm.status_path = /status ; The ping URI to call the monitoring page of FPM. If this value is not set, no ; URI will be recognized as a ping page. This could be used to test from outside ; that FPM is alive and responding, or to ; - create a graph of FPM availability (rrd or such); ; - remove a server from a group if it is not responding (load balancing); ; - trigger alerts for the operating team (24/7). ; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be ; anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it ; may conflict with a real PHP file. ; Default Value: not set ping.path = /ping ; This directive may be used to customize the response of a ping request. The ; response is formatted as text/plain with a 200 response code. ; Default Value: pong ping.response = pong ; The timeout for serving a single request after which the worker process will ; be killed. This option should be used when the 'max_execution_time' ini option ; does not stop script execution for some reason. A value of '0' means 'off'. ; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Value: 0 ;request_terminate_timeout = 0 ; The timeout for serving a single request after which a PHP backtrace will be ; dumped to the 'slowlog' file. A value of '0s' means 'off'. ; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Value: 0 ;request_slowlog_timeout = 0 ; The log file for slow requests ; Default Value: not set ; Note: slowlog is mandatory if request_slowlog_timeout is set ;slowlog = log/$pool.log.slow ; Set open file descriptor rlimit. ; Default Value: system defined value ;rlimit_files = 1024 ; Set max core size rlimit. ; Possible Values: 'unlimited' or an integer greater or equal to 0 ; Default Value: system defined value ;rlimit_core = 0 ; Chroot to this directory at the start. This value must be defined as an ; absolute path. When this value is not set, chroot is not used. ; Note: you can prefix with '$prefix' to chroot to the pool prefix or one ; of its subdirectories. If the pool prefix is not set, the global prefix ; will be used instead. ; Note: chrooting is a great security feature and should be used whenever ; possible. However, all PHP paths will be relative to the chroot ; (error_log, sessions.save_path, ...). ; Default Value: not set ;chroot = ; Chdir to this directory at the start. ; Note: relative path can be used. ; Default Value: current directory or / when chroot ;chdir = /var/www ; Redirect worker stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, stdout and ; stderr will be redirected to /dev/null according to FastCGI specs. ; Note: on highloaded environement, this can cause some delay in the page ; process time (several ms). ; Default Value: no ;catch_workers_output = yes ; Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH. All $VARIABLEs are taken from ; the current environment. ; Default Value: clean env ;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME ;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin ;env[TMP] = /tmp ;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp ;env[TEMP] = /tmp ; Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers. These settings ; overwrite the values previously defined in the php.ini. The directives are the ; same as the PHP SAPI: ; php_value/php_flag - you can set classic ini defines which can ; be overwritten from PHP call 'ini_set'. ; php_admin_value/php_admin_flag - these directives won't be overwritten by ; PHP call 'ini_set' ; For php_*flag, valid values are on, off, 1, 0, true, false, yes or no. ; Defining 'extension' will load the corresponding shared extension from ; extension_dir. Defining 'disable_functions' or 'disable_classes' will not ; overwrite previously defined php.ini values, but will append the new value ; instead. ; Note: path INI options can be relative and will be expanded with the prefix ; (pool, global or /opt/php5) ; Default Value: nothing is defined by default except the values in php.ini and ; specified at startup with the -d argument ;php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f [email protected] ;php_flag[display_errors] = off ;php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/fpm-php.www.log ;php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on ;php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i

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  • When I shutdown the computer, it restarts

    - by Prabu
    I am unable to shutdown. Whenever I try to shutdown, it reboots. I am running Ubuntu 12.10. I have run the boot-repair and this is the result: Boot Info Script 0.61.full + Boot-Repair extra info [Boot-Info November 20th 2012] ============================= Boot Info Summary: =============================== => Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks in partition 1 for (,msdos1)/boot/grub. sda1: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: ext4 Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: Operating System: Ubuntu 12.10 Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img sda2: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: Extended Partition Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: sda5: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: swap Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: ============================ Drive/Partition Info: ============================= Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________ Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System /dev/sda1 * 2,048 1,936,809,983 1,936,807,936 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1,936,812,030 1,953,523,711 16,711,682 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1,936,812,032 1,953,523,711 16,711,680 82 Linux swap / Solaris "blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________ Device UUID TYPE LABEL /dev/loop0 squashfs /dev/sda1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ext4 /dev/sda5 6c6dca25-ab67-4de4-8602-26fdb6154781 swap /dev/sr0 iso9660 Ubuntu 12.10 amd64 ================================ Mount points: ================================= Device Mount_Point Type Options /dev/loop0 /rofs squashfs (ro,noatime) /dev/sr0 /cdrom iso9660 (ro,noatime) =========================== sda1/boot/grub/grub.cfg: =========================== -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then set have_grubenv=true load_env fi set default="0" if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then menuentry_id_option="--id" else menuentry_id_option="" fi export menuentry_id_option if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}" save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then saved_entry="${chosen}" save_env saved_entry fi } function recordfail { set recordfail=1 if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi } function load_video { if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then insmod all_video else insmod efi_gop insmod efi_uga insmod ieee1275_fb insmod vbe insmod vga insmod video_bochs insmod video_cirrus fi } if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then font=unicode else insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2" fi if loadfont $font ; then set gfxmode=auto load_video insmod gfxterm set locale_dir=$prefix/locale set lang=en_US insmod gettext fi terminal_output gfxterm if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then set timeout=10 else set timeout=10 fi ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### set menu_color_normal=white/black set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray if background_color 44,0,30; then clear fi ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### function gfxmode { set gfxpayload="${1}" if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7 else set vt_handoff= fi } if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then set linux_gfx_mode=keep else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi else set linux_gfx_mode=keep fi else set linux_gfx_mode=text fi export linux_gfx_mode if [ "${linux_gfx_mode}" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { recordfail gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ro quiet splash acpi=force $vt_handoff initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-19-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-19-generic-advanced-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { recordfail gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-19-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ro quiet splash acpi=force $vt_handoff echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-19-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-19-generic-recovery-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { recordfail insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-19-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ro recovery nomodeset echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-17-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-17-generic-advanced-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { recordfail gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-17-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic root=UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ro quiet splash acpi=force $vt_handoff echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-17-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-17-generic-recovery-229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa' { recordfail insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-17-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic root=UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa ro recovery nomodeset echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic } } ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin } menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa fi linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8 } ### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ### ### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change # the 'exec tail' line above. ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ### ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then source $prefix/custom.cfg; fi ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =============================== sda1/etc/fstab: ================================ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=6c6dca25-ab67-4de4-8602-26fdb6154781 none swap sw 0 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =================== sda1: Location of files loaded by Grub: ==================== GiB - GB File Fragment(s) 200.155235291 = 214.915047424 boot/grub/grub.cfg 1 40.280788422 = 43.251167232 boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic 1 2.468288422 = 2.650304512 boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic 1 200.149234772 = 214.908604416 boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic 1 1.990135193 = 2.136891392 boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic 1 2.468288422 = 2.650304512 initrd.img 1 1.990135193 = 2.136891392 vmlinuz 1 1.990135193 = 2.136891392 vmlinuz.old 1 =============================== StdErr Messages: =============================== cat: write error: Broken pipe File descriptor 8 (/proc/6297/mounts) leaked on lvscan invocation. Parent PID 13390: bash No volume groups found ADDITIONAL INFORMATION : =================== log of boot-repair 2012-12-17__01h53 =================== boot-repair version : 3.197~ppa1~quantal boot-sav version : 3.197~ppa1~quantal glade2script version : 3.2.2~ppa45~quantal boot-sav-extra version : 3.197~ppa1~quantal boot-repair is executed in live-session (Ubuntu 12.10, quantal, Ubuntu, x86_64) CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=/casper/initrd.lz quiet splash -- maybe-ubiquity =================== os-prober: /dev/sda1:Ubuntu 12.10 (12.10):Ubuntu:linux =================== blkid: /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sr0: LABEL="Ubuntu 12.10 amd64" TYPE="iso9660" /dev/sda1: UUID="229a5484-7659-4ce1-98ce-2f05f61a1ffa" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda5: UUID="6c6dca25-ab67-4de4-8602-26fdb6154781" TYPE="swap" 1 disks with OS, 1 OS : 1 Linux, 0 MacOS, 0 Windows, 0 unknown type OS. Warning: extended partition does not start at a cylinder boundary. DOS and Linux will interpret the contents differently. =================== sda1/etc/default/grub : # If you change this file, run 'update-grub' afterwards to update # /boot/grub/grub.cfg. # For full documentation of the options in this file, see: # info -f grub -n 'Simple configuration' GRUB_DEFAULT=0 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian` GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi=force" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" # Uncomment to enable BadRAM filtering, modify to suit your needs # This works with Linux (no patch required) and with any kernel that obtains # the memory map information from GRUB (GNU Mach, kernel of FreeBSD ...) #GRUB_BADRAM="0x01234567,0xfefefefe,0x89abcdef,0xefefefef" # Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only) #GRUB_TERMINAL=console # The resolution used on graphical terminal # note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE # you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo' #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480 # Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux #GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true # Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries #GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true" # Uncomment to get a beep at grub start #GRUB_INIT_TUNE="480 440 1" =================== sda1/etc/grub.d/ : drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 14:59 grub.d total 72 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7541 Oct 14 17:36 00_header -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5488 Oct 4 09:30 05_debian_theme -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10891 Oct 14 17:36 10_linux -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10258 Oct 14 17:36 20_linux_xen -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1688 Oct 11 14:10 20_memtest86+ -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10976 Oct 14 17:36 30_os-prober -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1426 Oct 14 17:36 30_uefi-firmware -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Oct 14 17:36 40_custom -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 216 Oct 14 17:36 41_custom -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 483 Oct 14 17:36 README =================== UEFI/Legacy mode: This live-session is not in EFI-mode. SecureBoot maybe enabled. =================== PARTITIONS & DISKS: sda1 : sda, not-sepboot, grubenv-ok grub2, grub-pc , update-grub, 64, with-boot, is-os, not--efi--part, fstab-without-boot, fstab-without-efi, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot, apt-get, grub-install, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, not-sep-usr, standard, farbios, /mnt/boot-sav/sda1. sda : not-GPT, BIOSboot-not-needed, has-no-EFIpart, not-usb, has-os, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes =================== parted -l: Model: ATA ST1000DM003-1CH1 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 992GB 992GB primary ext4 boot 2 992GB 1000GB 8556MB extended 5 992GB 1000GB 8556MB logical linux-swap(v1) Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Error: Can't have a partition outside the disk! =================== parted -lm: BYT; /dev/sda:1000GB:scsi:512:4096:msdos:ATA ST1000DM003-1CH1; 1:1049kB:992GB:992GB:ext4::boot; 2:992GB:1000GB:8556MB:::; 5:992GB:1000GB:8556MB:linux-swap(v1)::; Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Error: Can't have a partition outside the disk! =================== mount: /cow on / type overlayfs (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) /dev/sr0 on /cdrom type iso9660 (ro,noatime) /dev/loop0 on /rofs type squashfs (ro,noatime) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755) gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/ubuntu/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=ubuntu) /dev/sda1 on /mnt/boot-sav/sda1 type ext4 (rw) =================== ls: /sys/block/sda (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device discard_alignment events events_async events_poll_msecs ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro sda1 sda2 sda5 size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent /sys/block/sr0 (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device discard_alignment events events_async events_poll_msecs ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent /dev (filtered): alarm ashmem autofs binder block bsg btrfs-control bus cdrom cdrw char console core cpu cpu_dma_latency disk dri dvd dvdrw ecryptfs fb0 fd full fuse fw0 hidraw0 hidraw1 hpet input kmsg kvm log mapper mcelog mei mem net network_latency network_throughput null oldmem port ppp psaux ptmx pts random rfkill rtc rtc0 sda sda1 sda2 sda5 sg0 sg1 shm snapshot snd sr0 stderr stdin stdout uinput urandom usb vga_arbiter vhost-net zero ls /dev/mapper: control =================== df -Th: Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /cow overlayfs 3.9G 100M 3.8G 3% / udev devtmpfs 3.9G 12K 3.9G 1% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 1.6G 864K 1.6G 1% /run /dev/sr0 iso9660 763M 763M 0 100% /cdrom /dev/loop0 squashfs 717M 717M 0 100% /rofs tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 32K 3.9G 1% /tmp none tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock none tmpfs 3.9G 176K 3.9G 1% /run/shm none tmpfs 100M 52K 100M 1% /run/user /dev/sda1 ext4 910G 26G 838G 3% /mnt/boot-sav/sda1 =================== fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000da1e9 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1936809983 968403968 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1936812030 1953523711 8355841 5 Extended Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 1936812032 1953523711 8355840 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition outside the disk detected. =================== Recommended repair Recommended-Repair This setting will reinstall the grub2 of sda1 into the MBR of sda. Additional repair will be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s Unhide GRUB boot menu in sda1/etc/default/grub grub-install (GRUB) 2.00-7ubuntu11,grub-install (GRUB) 2. Reinstall the GRUB of sda1 into the MBR of sda Installation finished. No error reported. grub-install /dev/sda: exit code of grub-install /dev/sda:0 chroot /mnt/boot-sav/sda1 update-grub Generating grub.cfg ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin Unhide GRUB boot menu in sda1/boot/grub/grub.cfg Boot successfully repaired. You can now reboot your computer.

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  • Optimistic non-locking copy of InnoDB .frm files

    - by jothir
    MySQL Enterprise Backup(MEB) does hot backup of innodb data and log files. Till MEB 3.6.1, the user backs up the only innodb tables in a 3 step process: STEP 1. Take backup using --only-innodb option STEP 2. Temporarily make the table read only by executing “FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK” MEB 3.7.0 has an enhancement to innodb file copying. The .frm files gets copied along with the hot backup done for innodb files. I would like to make the blog a little interactive by explaining the feature as answers: 1. What are these .frm files? The files containing the metadata, such as the table definition, of a MySQL table. For backups, the full set of .frm files are always required along with the backup data, to be able to restore tables that are altered or dropped after the backup. 2. Can the .frm files not be copied by MEB itself? --only-innodb-with-frm is the new option introduced in MEB 3.7.1 to do a copy of .frm files without locking the tables during backup operation itself. This is to reduce the pain of manually copying the .frm files. The option is intended for backups where you can ensure that no ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, or other DDL statements modify the .frm files for InnoDB tables during the backup operation. 3. How is data consistency ensured? MEB does validation of the .frm files after copying by comparing with the server directory to see if the timestamps of any of the .frm files is greater than the saved system time (check .frm time).  This change in timestamp of the .frm files will show if a table is altered during the process of backup. The total number of frm files in the server directory is also verified against the copied contents. If the number of .frm files is less compared to server directory, it shows that table/tables have been dropped during the process of backup. If the number of .frm files is more compared to server directory, it shows that new table/tables have been created during backup operation. 4. How does MEB handle data inconsistency? MEB copies the .frm files through several iterations,  does the validation and throws a WARNING if there is any inconsistency found in .frm files at the end of backup operation. This means the user is warned of some DDL operations that had occurred during backup operation, and has to manually copy the .frm files or do a backup again. 5. What is the option and explain its usage? The option introduced is --only-innodb-with-frm which does optimistic copy of .frm files without locking. This can be used when the user wants to backup only innodb tables along with .frm files. The option can take one of the 2 values: all | related. --only-innodb-with-frm=all does copy of all .frm files of all innodb tables. --only-innodb-with-frm=related works in conjunction with --include option.This is to allow partial backup of .frm files corresponding to the tables specified in --include. Let me show the usage with example output: ./mysqlbackup -uroot --backup-dir=/logs/backupWithFrmAll --only-innodb-with-frm=all backup MySQL Enterprise Backup version 3.7.1 [2012/06/05] Copyright (c) 2003, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. INFO: Starting with following command line ... ./mysqlbackup -uroot --backup-dir=/logs/backupWithFrmAll        --only-innodb-with-frm=all backup INFO: Got some server configuration information from running server. IMPORTANT: Please check that mysqlbackup run completes successfully.            At the end of a successful 'backup' run mysqlbackup            prints "mysqlbackup completed OK!". --------------------------------------------------------------------                       Server Repository Options: --------------------------------------------------------------------  datadir                          =  /mysql/trydb/  innodb_data_home_dir             =    innodb_data_file_path            =  ibdata1:10M:autoextend  innodb_log_group_home_dir        =  /mysql/trydb/  innodb_log_files_in_group        =  2  innodb_log_file_size             =  5242880 --------------------------------------------------------------------                       Backup Config Options: --------------------------------------------------------------------  datadir                          =  /logs/backupWithFrmAll/datadir  innodb_data_home_dir             =  /logs/backupWithFrmAll/datadir  innodb_data_file_path            =  ibdata1:10M:autoextend  innodb_log_group_home_dir        =  /logs/backupWithFrmAll/datadir  innodb_log_files_in_group        =  2  innodb_log_file_size             =  5242880 mysqlbackup: INFO: Unique generated backup id for this is 13451979804504860 mysqlbackup: INFO: Uses posix_fadvise() for performance optimization. mysqlbackup: INFO: System tablespace file format is Antelope. mysqlbackup: INFO: Found checkpoint at lsn 1656792. mysqlbackup: INFO: Starting log scan from lsn 1656320. 120817 15:36:22 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying log... 120817 15:36:22 mysqlbackup: INFO: Log copied, lsn 1656792.          We wait 1 second before starting copying the data files... 120817 15:36:23 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydb/ibdata1 (Antelope file format). 120817 15:36:23 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydb/innodb1/table2.ibd (Antelope file format). 120817 15:36:23 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydb/innodb1/table3.ibd (Antelope file format). 120817 15:36:23 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydb/innodb1/table1.ibd (Antelope file format). mysqlbackup: INFO: Opening backup source directory '/mysql/trydb/' 120817 15:36:23 mysqlbackup: INFO: Starting to backup .frm files in the subdirectories of /mysql/trydb/ mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying innodb data and logs during final stage ... mysqlbackup: INFO: A copied database page was modified at 1656792.          (This is the highest lsn found on page)          Scanned log up to lsn 1656792.          Was able to parse the log up to lsn 1656792.          Maximum page number for a log record 0 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying non-innodb files took 2.000 seconds 120817 15:36:25 mysqlbackup: INFO: Full backup completed! mysqlbackup: INFO: Backup created in directory '/logs/backupWithFrmAll' -------------------------------------------------------------   Parameters Summary          -------------------------------------------------------------   Start LSN                  : 1656320   End LSN                    : 1656792 ------------------------------------------------------------- mysqlbackup completed OK! bash$ ls /logs/backupWithFrmAll/datadir/innodb1/ table1.frm  table1.ibd  table2.frm  table2.ibd  table3.frm  table3.ibd Here the backup directory contains all the .frm files of all the innodb tables. ./mysqlbackup -uroot --backup-dir=/logs/backupWithFrm --include="innodb1.table3.*" --only-innodb-with-frm=related backup MySQL Enterprise Backup version 3.7.1 [2012/06/05] Copyright (c) 2003, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. INFO: Starting with following command line ... ./mysqlbackup -uroot --backup-dir=/logs/backup371frm        --include=innodb1.table3.* --only-innodb-with-frm=related backup INFO: Got some server configuration information from running server. IMPORTANT: Please check that mysqlbackup run completes successfully.            At the end of a successful 'backup' run mysqlbackup            prints "mysqlbackup completed OK!". --------------------------------------------------------------------                       Server Repository Options: --------------------------------------------------------------------  datadir                          = /mysql/trydb/  innodb_data_home_dir             =    innodb_data_file_path            =  ibdata1:10M:autoextend  innodb_log_group_home_dir        =  /mysql/trydb  innodb_log_files_in_group        =  2  innodb_log_file_size             =  5242880 --------------------------------------------------------------------                       Backup Config Options: --------------------------------------------------------------------  datadir                          =  /logs/backupWithFrm/datadir  innodb_data_home_dir             =  /logs/backupWithFrm/datadir  innodb_data_file_path            =  ibdata1:10M:autoextend  innodb_log_group_home_dir        =  /logs/backupWithFrm/datadir  innodb_log_files_in_group        =  2  innodb_log_file_size             =  5242880 mysqlbackup: INFO: Unique generated backup id for this is 13451973458118162 mysqlbackup: INFO: Uses posix_fadvise() for performance optimization. mysqlbackup: INFO: The --include option specified: innodb1.table3.* mysqlbackup: INFO: System tablespace file format is Antelope. mysqlbackup: INFO: Found checkpoint at lsn 1656792. mysqlbackup: INFO: Starting log scan from lsn 1656320. 120817 15:25:47 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying log... 120817 15:25:47 mysqlbackup: INFO: Log copied, lsn 1656792.          We wait 1 second before starting copying the data files... 120817 15:25:48 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydbibdata1 (Antelope file format). 120817 15:25:49 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying /mysql/trydbinnodb1/table3.ibd (Antelope file format). mysqlbackup: INFO: Opening backup source directory '/mysql/trydb' 120817 15:25:49 mysqlbackup: INFO: Starting to backup .frm files in the subdirectories of /mysql/trydb mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying innodb data and logs during final stage ... mysqlbackup: INFO: A copied database page was modified at 1656792.          (This is the highest lsn found on page)          Scanned log up to lsn 1656792.          Was able to parse the log up to lsn 1656792.          Maximum page number for a log record 0 mysqlbackup: INFO: Copying non-innodb files took 2.000 seconds 120817 15:25:51 mysqlbackup: INFO: Full backup completed! mysqlbackup: INFO: Backup created in directory '/logs/backupWithFrm' -------------------------------------------------------------   Parameters Summary          -------------------------------------------------------------   Start LSN                  : 1656320   End LSN                    : 1656792 ------------------------------------------------------------- mysqlbackup completed OK! bash$ ls /logs/backupWithFrm/datadir/innodb1/ table3.frm table3.ibd Thus the backup directory contains only the .frm file matching the innodb table name specified in --include option. In a nutshell, we present our great new option --only-innodb-with-frm which is a true hot InnoDB-only backup with .frm files, but with an additional check, if any DDL happened during the backup. If a DDL has happened, the DBA can decide if to repeat the backup, or to live with the potential inconsistency. This is the ideal solution for users that have all their "real" data in InnoDB and seldom change their schemas. You may also like: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-enterprise-backup/3.7/en/backup-partial-options.html   STEP 3. Manually copy the .frm files of innodb tables to the destination directory where backup is stored.

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