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• How can I debug a port/connectivity issue?

  - by rfw21

  I am running a simple WebSocket server on Amazon EC2 (Fedora Core). I've opened the relevant port using ec2-authorize, and checked that it's opened. Iptables is definitely not running. However I can't connect to the port from outside EC2. I've tried the following (my server is running on port 7000): telnet ec2-public-dns.xx.xx.xx.amazon.com 7000 (from within EC2: connects fine) nmap localhost (output includes line: 7000/tcp open afs3-fileserver) telnet ec2-public-dns.xx.xx.xx.amazon.com 7000 (this time from my local machine: I get "connection refused: Unable to connect to remote host") The strange thing is this: if I start Nginx on port 7000 then it works and I can connect from outside EC2! And the WebSocket server fails on port 80, where Nginx works fine. To me this suggests a problem with the WebSocket server, BUT I can connect to it successfully from within EC2. (And it works fine on a different VPS account). How can I debug this further? If anybody can stop me tearing my hair out, I'd be very grateful indeed :)

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• Mysterious swap usage on EC2

  - by rusty

  We're in the middle of a project to move our infrastructure from a co-lo situation into Amazon EC2 and we've noticed some weird memory characteristics of the processes in our setup. Without going into too much detail about the specifics of our processes, we've noticed that on our EC2 instances "top" will show processes using a lot of swap space -- in fact, much greater than the amount of available swap or (if you add it all up) more than the available disk. Here's a sample top output: Mem: 7136868k total, 5272300k used, 1864568k free, 256876k buffers Swap: 1048572k total, 0k used, 1048572k free, 2526504k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ SWAP COMMAND 4121 jboss 20 0 5913m 603m 14m S 0.7 8.7 3:59.90 5.2g java 22730 root 20 0 2394m 4012 1976 S 2.0 0.1 4:20.57 2.3g PassengerHelper 20564 rails 20 0 2539m 220m 9828 S 0.3 3.2 0:23.58 2.3g java 1423 nscd 20 0 877m 1464 972 S 0.0 0.0 0:03.89 876m nscd You can see, for instance, that jboss is reportedly using 5.2 gigs of swap space which is definitely impossible since there's only 1G allocated and none is being used (probably because there's still 1.8G of RAM free). And here's the results of uname -a: Linux xxx.yyy.zzz 2.6.35.14-106.53.amzn1.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jan 6 16:20:10 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux We're running an AMI based off of the default Amazon Linux AMI (Amazon Linux AMI release 2011.09, so some RHEL5 and RHEL 6) with not too many customizations and definitely no kernel-level customizations. Something here tells me that on this particular kernel/distribution, the reporting of swap or maybe even total memory usage isn't what it appears to be... Any help would be appreciated!

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• Amazon EC2 Instance - m1.medium Ubuntu 12.04 - Started to crash three days ago

  - by Joy

  The environment: Amazon EC2 Instance - m1.medium Ubuntu 12.04 Apache 2.2.22 - Running a Drupal Site Using MySQL DB Server RAM info: ~$ free -gt total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3 1 2 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 0 2 Swap: 0 0 0 Total: 3 1 2 Hard drive info: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 7.9G 4.7G 2.9G 62% / udev 1.9G 8.0K 1.9G 1% /dev tmpfs 751M 180K 750M 1% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /run/shm /dev/xvdb 394G 199M 374G 1% /mnt The problem About two days ago the site started failing becaue the MySQL server was shut down by Apache with the following message: kernel: [2963685.664359] [31716] 106 31716 226946 22748 0 0 0 mysqld kernel: [2963685.664730] Out of memory: Kill process 31716 (mysqld) score 23 or sacrifice child kernel: [2963685.664764] Killed process 31716 (mysqld) total-vm:907784kB, anon-rss:90992kB, file-rss:0kB kernel: [2963686.153608] init: mysql main process (31716) killed by KILL signal kernel: [2963686.169294] init: mysql main process ended, respawning That states that the VM was occupying 0.9GB, but my Ram has 2GB free, so 1GB was still left free. I understand that in Linux applications can allocate more memory than physically available. I don't know if this is the problme, it's the first time that it has started to happen. Obviously, the MySQL server tries to restart, but there's no memory for it apparently and it won't restart. Here is its error log: Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled. The InnoDB memory heap is disabled Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3.4 Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M InnoDB: mmap(137363456 bytes) failed; errno 12 Completed initialization of buffer pool Fatal error: cannot allocate memory for the buffer pool Plugin 'InnoDB' init function returned error. Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed. Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB [ERROR] Aborting [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete I simply restarted the Mysql service. About two hours later it happened again. I restarted it. Then it happened again 9 hours later. So then I thought of the MaxClients parameter of apache.conf, so I went to check it out. It was set at 150. I decided to drop it down to 60. As so: <IfModule mpm_prefork_module> ... MaxClients 60 </IfModule> <IfModule mpm_worker_module> ... MaxClients 60 </IfModule> <IfModule mpm_event_module> ... MaxClients 60 </IfModule> Once I did that, I had the apache2 service restart and it all went smoothly for 3/4 of a day. Since at night the MySQL service shut down once again, but this time it wasn't killed by the Apache2 service. Instead it called the OOM-Killer with the following message: kernel: [3104680.005312] mysqld invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x201da, order=0, oom_adj=0, oom_score_adj=0 kernel: [3104680.005351] [<ffffffff81119795>] oom_kill_process+0x85/0xb0 kernel: [3104680.548860] init: mysql main process (30821) killed by KILL signal Now I'm out of ideas. Some articles state that the ideal thing to do is change the kernel behaviour with the following (include it to the file /etc/sysctl.conf ) vm.overcommit_memory = 2 vm.overcommit_ratio = 80 So no overcommits will take place. I'm wondering if this is the way to go? Keep in mind I'm no server administrator, I have basic knowldege. Thanks a bunch in advance.

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• multi-user rvm gem install failure when called from CloudFormation::Init

  - by Peter Mounce

  I've taken an Amazon Linux AMI (based on CentOS) and installed RVM (1.10.3) to it in multi-user fashion (see {1} below). I used that to install ruby 1.9.3-p125, rubygems 1.8.17, and bundler 1.1 as the baseline requirements for most things I'm going to be using the instances for. I've captured that instance to an AMI, and am now launching it via CloudFormation, with some CloudFormation::Init commands. One of them is to use s3cmd to pull down a private gem from S3, and the next one, the one that fails, is to install that gem. It fails with an error message 2012-03-15 16:53:20,201 [ERROR] Command 20_install_gems (/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p125/bin/gem install ./*.gem) failed 2012-03-15 16:53:20,202 [DEBUG] Command 20_install_gems output: /usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p125/bin/gem:12:in `require': no such file to load -- rubygems (LoadError) from /usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p125/bin/gem:12 Now, that happens during the cfn-init execution - I assume, but haven't checked yet, that cfn-init is being run with an environment different from that of ec2-user (there are no other users on the instance). If I run gem install mygem.gem in an interactive session then that works fine. So, my question really, is what should I do to make this work for cfn-init? Have I correctly set up rvm as multi-user? I've confirmed that cfn-init is being run as the root user, with his restricted environment. How should I source the /etc/profile.d/rvm.sh into root's sessions? {1} My semi-automated rvm installation steps (run in interactive session as ec2-user): sudo bash -s stable < <(curl -s https://raw.github.com/wayneeseguin/rvm/master/binscripts/rvm-installer ) sudo gpasswd -a ec2-user rvm # iconv-devel is baked into centos' glibc sudo yum install -y autoconf automake bison bzip2 gcc-c++ git libffi-devel libtool libxml2-devel libxslt-devel libyaml-devel make openssl-devel patch readline readline-devel zlib zlib-devel source /etc/profile.d/rvm.sh rvm list known # in a new session: rvm install ruby-1.9.3-p125 rvm use 1.9.3 --default gem update --system # gems required by public_web-awareness gem install aws-sdk bundler cocaine sinatra echo -e "gem: --no-ri --no-rdoc\n" > /home/ec2-user/.gemrc # delete unnecessary documentation files rm -rf `gem env gemdir`/doc sudo -s sudo echo -e "gem: --no-ri --no-rdoc\n" > /etc/skel/.gemrc sudo echo -e "gem: --no-ri --no-rdoc\n" > /etc/gemrc # ctrl + d out of the sudo session Some environment information: [ec2-user@ip ~]$ echo $PATH /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p125/bin:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p125@global/bin:/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p125/bin:/usr/local/rvm/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/opt/aws/bin:/home/ec2-user/bin [ec2-user@ip ~]$ echo $GEM_HOME /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p125 [ec2-user@ip ~]$ echo $GEM_PATH /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p125:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p125@global [ec2-user@ip ~]$ echo $BUNDLE_PATH [ec2-user@ip ~]$ gem list *** LOCAL GEMS *** aws-sdk (1.3.6) bundler (1.1.0) cocaine (0.2.1) httparty (0.8.1) json (1.6.5) multi_json (1.1.0) multi_xml (0.4.1) nokogiri (1.5.1, 1.5.0) rack (1.4.1) rack-protection (1.2.0) rake (0.9.2) sinatra (1.3.2) tilt (1.3.3) uuidtools (2.1.2) yamler (0.1.0)

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• /etc/init.d Character Encoding Issue

  - by Ryan Rosario

  I have a script in /etc/init.d on an EC2 image that, on machine startup, pulls in source code via SVN, builds it, and then runs it using Ant. The source code is Java. Within this code is a call to the Weka library which writes a file to disk. On most Ubuntu AMIs, and my home machines' versions of Ubuntu, there is no issue. The problem is that with certain versions/AMIs of Ubuntu, Unicode characters in the file are replaced with question marks ('?'). If I run the job manually on the trouble instance, Unicode is output to file correctly, but not when run from /etc/init.d. What might be causing this problem and how can I fix it so that Unicode characters appear correctly in files written from /etc/init.d processes?

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• SSL setup with GoDaddy subdomains and EC2 servers

  - by Kevin

  We have two EC2 instances that are used to host various scripts. Our main page 'companyname.com' is hosted with GoDaddy but is unrelated to those EC2 instances. I need to setup SSL connections for the two EC2 microinstances, one running Linux AMI and the other running Windows Server. I purchased two single-domain Comodo certificates and am at the part to generate CSR's on the instances. I'm not sure what to put as "Server Name" on EC2. I would like each server to be accessible through a subdomain which I have forwarded on GoDaddy to the elastic IPs on EC2. For server name, do I use the elastic ip, the EC2 public dns, or the subdomain that I want? And which of these do I then place in my VirtualHosts file on Apache? The Windows instance is running IIS7 but the Apache box is priority.

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• How do I restore the privacy pane of the system settings?

  - by Sparhawk

  Checking out screenshots of the system settings in Ubuntu 12.10, it seems that I am missing a few. When I open up my settings, I cannot see Privacy, Backup, and Management Service. Also, nothing comes up when I search the Dash for these words. In a previous edition of Ubuntu, I purged Ubuntu One (with sudo apt-get purge ubuntuone-client python-ubuntuone-storage* ubuntuone-couch ubuntuone-installer) and appropriately, I cannot see the Ubuntu One icon. I've also previously purged unity-lens-music Perhaps I purged some metapackage that removed the others? In any case, how do I restore the privacy pane (as well as the other icons)? Also, any suggestions for what I did to remove the packages in the first place (and hence how to avoid this problem in the future)?

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• Using EC2 instance as main development platform

  - by David

  My problem I am working as a consultant for various companies. Each company provides me with a laptop where with their software on and I also have my own where I have my development environment. I tend to buy a new laptop every second year and find myself spending lots of time configuring and installing software. I also sometimes spend a lot of time waiting for my laptop to process things. To solve all these issues, I am now considering using EC2 (running windows instances) as my main development platform and just access this from any PC I happen to be at. I calculated that running the High-CPU On-Demand Instances (medium) for 8 hours a day for a year costs me 580$, which is acceptable. I imagine that when I approach the workplace each day, I will make a single click my phone to fire up the instance, so it is ready when I get to work. I should have different icons on my phone to fire up the various instance types. The same software should of course automatically be loaded on the various hardware (sometimes I would even need their instance with 68.4 GB of memory). Another advantage is that if I am having a specific problem with my instance, I could fire up another instance and have someone look into the problem and update the image. My question: Does anyone have experience with such a setup on EC2? What kind of problems do you forsee?

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• Looking for a CDN

  - by Bill

  Most of the CDN's that I've seen require you to upload your content in advance. I'm looking for a CDN that, upon receiving a request for a resource it hasn't seen, will contact my application server. If the application server returns something, it should be sent to the user and then cached in the CDN. If not, it should just return a 404. If the user requests an unexpired item, the CDN should just serve it without bothering my app server. Does anything like this exist? Is there a way to get Cloudfront to work like this?

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• Using EC2 instance as main development platform

  - by David

  My problem I am working as a consultant for various companies. Each company provides me with a laptop with their software on and I also have my own, where I have my development environment. I tend to buy a new laptop every second year and find myself spending lots of time configuring and installing software. I also spend a lot of time waiting for my laptop to process things. To solve all these issues, I am now considering using EC2 (running windows instances) as my main development platform and just access this from any PC I happen to be at. I calculated that running the Large instance (cheapest 64-bit) for 8 hours a day for a year costs me 960$ per year, which is acceptable. I imagine that when I approach the workplace each day, I will make a single tap on my phone to fire up the instance, so it is ready when I get to work. I should have different icons on my phone to fire up the various instance types. The same software should of course automatically be loaded on the various hardware (sometimes I would even need their instance with 68.4 GB of memory). Another advantage is that if I am having a specific problem with my instance, I could fire up another instance and have someone look into the problem and update the image. My question: Does anyone have experience with such a setup on EC2? What kind of problems do you foresee?

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• How do I apt-get -y dist-upgrade without a grub config prompt?

  - by fratrik

  Per Make apt-get (or aptitude) run with -y but not prompt for replacement of configuration files? I did the following: ec2run ami-3c994355 --region us-east-1 -n 1 -t m1.large -z us-east-1d On the machine: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confdef" -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" dist-upgrade I still get a prompt asking me which config file I want to use. These are the lines that come before the prompt: Setting up grub-pc (1.99-21ubuntu3.1) ... then: +-------------------------------------------------------¦ Configuring grub-pc +-------------------------------------------------------+ ¦ A new version of configuration file /etc/default/grub is available, but the version installed currently has been locally modified. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ What do you want to do about modified configuration file grub? ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ install the package maintainer's version ¦ (Unrelated, was this too much information?)

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• Why am I getting messages from cloudfront in my error log?

  - by JK01

  I frequently have messages like this in my websites error log: "Script error.". URL: https://e3m4drct5m1ays.cloudfront.net/items/loaders /loader_21.js?pid=21&systemid=13504281c5a501837196c23300f84e66&aoi=1327214632& zoneid=16620&cid=HK&rid=Hong%20Kong%20(general)&ccid=Kowloon&dma=0. Line number: 0 Error name: Stack: Now I don't actually know what cloudfront is or what it does. And I do not refer to this script in my site. So why would I be getting js error logged as if it was a script being run on my own site? This is using elmah logging.

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• What is cloudfront.net and what does it do?

  - by JK01

  I frequently have messages like this in my websites error log: "Script error.". URL: https://e3m4drct5m1ays.cloudfront.net/items/loaders /loader_21.js?pid=21&systemid=13504281c5a501837196c23300f84e66&aoi=1327214632& zoneid=16620&cid=HK&rid=Hong%20Kong%20(general)&ccid=Kowloon&dma=0. Line number: 0 Error name: Stack: Now I don't actually know what cloudfront is or what it does. And I do not refer to this script in my site. So why would I be getting js error logged as if it was a script being run on my own site? This is using elmah logging.

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• Juju instances in aganet-state: down after turning them off (and back on) on EC2

  - by Tyler McAdams

  I turned my Juju instances off on EC2 for a while and after bringing them back online they seem to be in an odd state: [code] claude-vm@claude-vm-fusion:~/Documents/Shell Scripts$ juju status 2012-11-17 17:06:44,094 INFO Connecting to environment... 2012-11-17 17:06:45,590 INFO Connected to environment. machines: 0: agent-state: not-started dns-name: ec2-54-242-142-196.compute-1.amazonaws.com instance-id: i-b0996fcf instance-state: running 1: agent-state: down dns-name: ec2-50-19-186-245.compute-1.amazonaws.com instance-id: i-8c8375f3 instance-state: running 2: agent-state: down dns-name: ec2-54-242-255-238.compute-1.amazonaws.com instance-id: i-56807629 instance-state: running services: wordpress: charm: cs:precise/wordpress-9 exposed: true relations: db: - wordpress-db loadbalancer: - wordpress units: wordpress/0: agent-state: down machine: 2 open-ports: - 80/tcp public-address: ec2-54-242-227-57.compute-1.amazonaws.com wordpress-db: charm: cs:precise/mysql-10 relations: db: - wordpress units: wordpress-db/0: agent-state: down machine: 1 public-address: ec2-54-242-212-177.compute-1.amazonaws.com 2012-11-17 17:06:47,274 INFO 'status' command finished successfully [/code] Can I not take my instances down for a while? Or is this something else?

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• ec2 instance won't boot!

  - by TheToolBox

  So I had a server lose connection while updating to 14.04LTS. Foolishly, it ended up getting rebooted, and now I'm here. I disconnected the volume and mounted it on another system, chrooted it, and updated the kernel. Still no dice. Any idea what the problem could be? Thanks in advance! The instance log is below: ******************* BLKFRONT for device/vbd/2049 ********** backend at /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049 Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049/feature-barrier. Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/3005/2049/feature-flush-cache. 16777216 sectors of 512 bytes ************************** [H[J Booting 'Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, memtest86+' root (hd0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, using whole disk kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin ============= Init TPM Front ================ Tpmfront:Error Unable to read device/vtpm/0/backend-id during tpmfront initialization! error = ENOENT Tpmfront:Info Shutting down tpmfront xc: error: panic: xc_dom_core.c:621: xc_dom_find_loader: no loader found: Invalid kernel xc_dom_parse_image returned -1 close(3) Error 9: Unknown boot failure Press any key to continue...

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• How to automatically restart Tomcat7 on system reboots?

  - by coding crow

  I have installed Tomcat 7 on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS which run on an Amzon EC2 instance. Now I wish tomcat should restart automatically on system reboot. I read this blog which suggest adding below script to /etc/init.d/tomcat7 # Tomcat auto-start # # description: Auto-starts tomcat # processname: tomcat # pidfile: /var/run/tomcat.pid case $1 in start) sh /usr/share/tomcat7/bin/startup.sh ;; stop) sh /usr/share/tomcat7/bin/shutdown.sh ;; restart) sh /usr/share/tomcat7/bin/shutdown.sh sh /usr/share/tomcat7/bin/startup.sh ;; esac exit 0 and issue the following commands sudo chmod 755 /etc/init.d/tomcat7 sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/tomcat7 /etc/rc1.d/K99tomcat sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/tomcat7 /etc/rc2.d/S99tomcat sudo /etc/init.d/tomcat7 restart My Questions The tomcat7 already has script in it, where do we have to paste the suggested script? Is the suggested procedure correct?

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• Does anyone know of a program like Elastics for Linux?

  - by coteyr

  On mac I would use Elastics (http://tundrabot.com/elastics) To kind of, monitor my EC2 instances. Most important to me was that it worked across several accounts and that it allowed me to connect to a running instance via ssh or RDP. This was the only real feature I care about. I can not always keep the IP address of the server that is running because ec2 is elastic, and it changes frequently. Is there any tool, like Elastics for linux/unity? Again it should support several accounts and be able to give me the IP addresses of the instance I select.

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• linux nooB: Installing ffmpeg + dependencies on aws linux ami (repo issues)

  - by HdN8

  Im installing ffmpeg to run on an amazon linux ami, and have added the rpmforge repo and the dag repo. Here are some guidelines I'm using for reference: TWoZaO and Razuna The rpmforge repo has ffmpeg, but if you try to install it then it will complain that is missing dependencies (for me libSDL-1.2.so.0()(64bit)). Regardless I will install ffmpeg from svn so I can be sure to enable the options I want (namely libx264). It seems strange to me though that SDL is not in rpmforge or dag, and in according to both of my references above, it should be there. I tried to grab it manually from here, but it needs these dependencies, so no-go: error: Failed dependencies: SDL = 1.2.10-8.el5 is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 alsa-lib-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libGL-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libGLU-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libSDL-1.2.so.0()(64bit) is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libX11-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libXext-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libXrandr-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libXrender-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 libXt-devel is needed by SDL-devel-1.2.10-8.el5.x86_64 Any advice for a linux nooB lost in a mess of repos and dependency errors?

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• How to know the root device size of some public AMI?

  - by red23jordan

  Since I do not want to pay money for my testing, the free limit size is 10G. I can know the root device root for some default AMI such as Amazon Linux AMI 2012.03 The Amazon Linux AMI 2012.03 is an EBS-backed, PV-GRUB image. It includes Linux 3.2, AWS tools, and repository access to multiple versions of MySQL, PostgreSQL, Python, Ruby, and Tomcat. Root Device Size: 8 GB And the last row displayed 8GB. However, if I find AMI in Community Page, it does not show the root device size. Can anyone know how to use the instance such as centOS that is not provided by default but it is under 10GB so that I can still free use?

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• Websites down EC2 inaccessible via SSH CPU utilisation 100% last few hours - what should I do?

  - by fuzzybee

  I have multiple websites hosted on 1 single EC2 instance. 1 website "abc" were down for a few hours, sometimes threw database connection error and sometimes just took too long to respond. 1 website "def" were incredibly slow but still up and running the rest of the websites had the same symptoms has "abc" I can afford 15 min or less down time for "def". Should I then (in AWS console) reboot my instance or create an AMI image from my instance and launch it and associate my elastic IP to the new instance or "launch more like this" Background on what may have happened to my ec2 The last time I made changes for 21 hours ago. A cronjob to create snapshots ran around 19 hours ago and it has been running for a long time. Google Analytics shows traffic to my websites such as kidlander.sg has been nothing exceptional. Is there any other actions I should take or better options I could have? (I have already contacted AWS support but their turnaround is 12 hours so I appreciate all the help I could get) Update I got everything back up and running and CPU utilisation back to normal, around 30%. There is 1 difference between "def" and "abc" as well as my other websites "def"'s database is hosted on RDS "abc"'s database is hosted on an EC2 instance (different from my web server instance) configured by myself Nevertheless, I checked the EC2 instance I'm using as MySQL server yesterday and it was absolutely fine during the incident low CPU ultilisation I could log in using linux command line

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• Linux EC2 Instance Security Consideration

  - by Amzath

  I am going to host a web site in Amazon EC2 instance which would be a Linux instance. My web application will be developed using PHP, Apache and MySql. As I am new to Linux and Amazon EC2 environment, what are key areas in security should I consider to protect my server? This may be very very generic question as the security itself a vast area. But I need to kick start with most imporant points. That way I would be able to track down all those areas one by one.

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• SUDO YUM not found

  - by ThomasReggi

  I am running a Amazon ec2 instance on amazon's linux. Whenever I run anything sudo yum it give me this: sudo: yum: command not found ec2-user$ rpm -qf /usr/bin/yum yum-3.2.29-30.24.amzn1.noarch ec2-user$ which yum /usr/bin/yum which yum while in root gives: root$ which yum /usr/bin/which: no yum in (/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bn:/usr/local/bin:/opt/aws/bin) This is a new ec2 instance two days old. When I first logged in I ran sudo yum update and everything wen't well. What changed?

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• Converting an EC2 AMI to vmdk image

  - by Reed G. Law

  I've come quite close to getting Amazon Linux to boot inside VirtualBox, thanks to this answer and these websites. A quick overview of the steps I've taken: Launch EC2 instance with Amazon Linux 2011.09 64-bit AMI dd the contents of the EBS volume over ssh to a local image file. Mount the image file as a loopback device and then to a local mount point. Create a new empty disk image file, partition with an offset for a bootloader, and create an ext4 filesystem. Mount the new image's partition and copy everything from the EC2 image. Install grub (using Ubuntu's grub-legacy-ec2 package, not grub2). Convert the image file to vmdk using qemu-img. Create a new VirtualBox VM with the vmdk. Now the VM boots, grub loads, and the kernel is found. But it fails when it tries to mount the root device: dracut Warning: No root device "block:/dev/xvda1" found dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line. dracut Warning: Signal caught! dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line. Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! Pid: 1, comm: init Not tainted 2.6.35.14-107.1.39.amzn1.x86_64 #1 I have tried changing /boot/grub/menu.lst to find the root device by label and UUID, but nothing works. I'm guessing the xen kernel is not compatible with VirtualBox. The reasoning behind all this effort is to make a Vagrant box that is as close to possible as the production enviroment, so deploys can be tested locally. I know it's cheap to do test runs on EC2, but poor connectivity often ruins the experience. Plus it would be really nice to have a virtual machine with the production environment so that co-workers don't have to install everything under the sun just to get up and running with app development. If I were to try running a different kernel, what kernel could I get to be as close as possible to Amazon Linux 2011.09?

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• Can I rely on S3 to keep my data secure?

  - by Jamie Hale

  I want to back up sensitive personal data to S3 via an rsync-style interface. I'm currently using s3cmd - a great tool - but it doesn't yet support encrypted syncs. This means that while my data is encrypted (via SSL) during transfer, it's stored on their end unencrypted. I want to know if this is a big deal. The S3 FAQ says "Amazon S3 uses proven cryptographic methods to authenticate users... If you would like extra security, there is no restriction on encrypting your data before storing it in Amazon S3." Why would I like extra security? Is there some way my buckets could be opened to prying eyes without my knowing? Or are they just trying to save you when you accidentally change your ACLs and make your buckets world-readable?

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• Do I need a ssl certificate if just pointing my domain to Cloudfront?

  - by hashpipe

  I have a website running on a domain (e.g site.com). I have an additional domain(e.g sitecdn.com) which basically points to Amazon Cloudfront for delivery. Amazon Cloudfront in turn basically fetches the data from the main domain (site.com). I use this setup primarily to have multiple subdomains of my sitecdn.com to point to assets via the cdn. The main website has a ssl certificate, and I intend to put all assets served from the cdn as https links only. Something like <img src="https://img.sitecdn.com/image.jpg" /> I'm a little confused whether I need a ssl for my cdn domain. In cloudfront I can set the setting to allow both https and http traffic. Do I need a ssl certificate for this ? If yes, then where do I install the ssl certificate, since I don't have a server for sitecdn.com.

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