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  • Java JIT compiler compiles at compile time or runtime ?

    - by Tony
    From wiki: In computing, just-in-time compilation (JIT), also known as dynamic translation, is a technique for improving the runtime performance of a computer program. So I guess JVM has another compiler, not javac, that only compiles bytecode to machine code at runtime, while javac compiles sources to bytecode,is that right?

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  • We've completed the first iteration

    - by CliveT
    There are a lot of features in C# that are implemented by the compiler and not by the underlying platform. One such feature is a lambda expression. Since local variables cannot be accessed once the current method activation finishes, the compiler has to go out of its way to generate a new class which acts as a home for any variable whose lifetime needs to be extended past the activation of the procedure. Take the following example:     Random generator = new Random();     Func func = () = generator.Next(10); In this case, the compiler generates a new class called c_DisplayClass1 which is marked with the CompilerGenerated attribute. [CompilerGenerated] private sealed class c__DisplayClass1 {     // Fields     public Random generator;     // Methods     public int b__0()     {         return this.generator.Next(10);     } } Two quick comments on this: (i)    A display was the means that compilers for languages like Algol recorded the various lexical contours of the nested procedure activations on the stack. I imagine that this is what has led to the name. (ii)    It is a shame that the same attribute is used to mark all compiler generated classes as it makes it hard to figure out what they are being used for. Indeed, you could imagine optimisations that the runtime could perform if it knew that classes corresponded to certain high level concepts. We can see that the local variable generator has been turned into a field in the class, and the body of the lambda expression has been turned into a method of the new class. The code that builds the Func object simply constructs an instance of this class and initialises the fields to their initial values.     c__DisplayClass1 class2 = new c__DisplayClass1();     class2.generator = new Random();     Func func = new Func(class2.b__0); Reflector already contains code to spot this pattern of code and reproduce the form containing the lambda expression, so this is example is correctly decompiled. The use of compiler generated code is even more spectacular in the case of iterators. C# introduced the idea of a method that could automatically store its state between calls, so that it can pick up where it left off. The code can express the logical flow with yield return and yield break denoting places where the method should return a particular value and be prepared to resume.         {             yield return 1;             yield return 2;             yield return 3;         } Of course, there was already a .NET pattern for expressing the idea of returning a sequence of values with the computation proceeding lazily (in the sense that the work for the next value is executed on demand). This is expressed by the IEnumerable interface with its Current property for fetching the current value and the MoveNext method for forcing the computation of the next value. The sequence is terminated when this method returns false. The C# compiler links these two ideas together so that an IEnumerator returning method using the yield keyword causes the compiler to produce the implementation of an Iterator. Take the following piece of code.         IEnumerable GetItems()         {             yield return 1;             yield return 2;             yield return 3;         } The compiler implements this by defining a new class that implements a state machine. This has an integer state that records which yield point we should go to if we are resumed. It also has a field that records the Current value of the enumerator and a field for recording the thread. This latter value is used for optimising the creation of iterator instances. [CompilerGenerated] private sealed class d__0 : IEnumerable, IEnumerable, IEnumerator, IEnumerator, IDisposable {     // Fields     private int 1__state;     private int 2__current;     public Program 4__this;     private int l__initialThreadId; The body gets converted into the code to construct and initialize this new class. private IEnumerable GetItems() {     d__0 d__ = new d__0(-2);     d__.4__this = this;     return d__; } When the class is constructed we set the state, which was passed through as -2 and the current thread. public d__0(int 1__state) {     this.1__state = 1__state;     this.l__initialThreadId = Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId; } The state needs to be set to 0 to represent a valid enumerator and this is done in the GetEnumerator method which optimises for the usual case where the returned enumerator is only used once. IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {     if ((Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId == this.l__initialThreadId)               && (this.1__state == -2))     {         this.1__state = 0;         return this;     } The state machine itself is implemented inside the MoveNext method. private bool MoveNext() {     switch (this.1__state)     {         case 0:             this.1__state = -1;             this.2__current = 1;             this.1__state = 1;             return true;         case 1:             this.1__state = -1;             this.2__current = 2;             this.1__state = 2;             return true;         case 2:             this.1__state = -1;             this.2__current = 3;             this.1__state = 3;             return true;         case 3:             this.1__state = -1;             break;     }     return false; } At each stage, the current value of the state is used to determine how far we got, and then we generate the next value which we return after recording the next state. Finally we return false from the MoveNext to signify the end of the sequence. Of course, that example was really simple. The original method body didn't have any local variables. Any local variables need to live between the calls to MoveNext and so they need to be transformed into fields in much the same way that we did in the case of the lambda expression. More complicated MoveNext methods are required to deal with resources that need to be disposed when the iterator finishes, and sometimes the compiler uses a temporary variable to hold the return value. Why all of this explanation? We've implemented the de-compilation of iterators in the current EAP version of Reflector (7). This contrasts with previous version where all you could do was look at the MoveNext method and try to figure out the control flow. There's a fair amount of things we have to do. We have to spot the use of a CompilerGenerated class which implements the Enumerator pattern. We need to go to the class and figure out the fields corresponding to the local variables. We then need to go to the MoveNext method and try to break it into the various possible states and spot the state transitions. We can then take these pieces and put them back together into an object model that uses yield return to show the transition points. After that Reflector can carry on optimising using its usual optimisations. The pattern matching is currently a little too sensitive to changes in the code generation, and we only do a limited analysis of the MoveNext method to determine use of the compiler generated fields. In some ways, it is a pity that iterators are compiled away and there is no metadata that reflects the original intent. Without it, we are always going to dependent on our knowledge of the compiler's implementation. For example, we have noticed that the Async CTP changes the way that iterators are code generated, so we'll have to do some more work to support that. However, with that warning in place, we seem to do a reasonable job of decompiling the iterators that are built into the framework. Hopefully, the EAP will give us a chance to find examples where we don't spot the pattern correctly or regenerate the wrong code, and we can improve things. Please give it a go, and report any problems.

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  • Compiling ASP.Net 2.0 Application under .Net Framework 3.5 and Compiler reference Problems/errors .

    - by Steve Johnson
    Hi all I am converting an ASP.Net 2.0 Project to compile for .Net Framework 3.5 and facing the following compiler error for assembly reference... InternalXmlHelper.vb(9,0): error BC30560: 'ExtensionAttribute' is ambiguous in the namespace 'System.Runtime.CompilerServices'. It appears that there are duplicate assembly references one from 2.0 and the other from 3.5 but i have double checked it and its not the issue.. I have also googled around...with no success.. I have sure that i am doing some tiny mistake in additiona or removal of references,,,Is there any special thing that needs to be checked or done when compiling asp.net 2.0 project under .Net Framework 3.5 ? Kindly help. Thanks Regards

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  • MVC2 Annotations dll not found by VS2008 compiler, how do I make it look in the right place?

    - by Paul Connolly
    I have VS2008 SP1 running with .NET 3.5 SP1 I have MVC2 running (with MVC1 uninstalled) All works ok except when I call the System.Components.DatAnnotations.dll, then the compiler complains of not being able to find it. Message is: Could not load file or assembly 'System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations, Version=99.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified. I tried repairing and reinstalling SP1 of both VS and .Net framework. I also tried referencing the assembly by browsing to it in the Reference assemblies in Programs directory. I have tried out most of the Google search result forum results but to no avail, I think it may be something simple which I have over looked. Any ideas?

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  • Compiler is able to find function without matching .h file is updated?

    - by Maxim Veksler
    Hello Friends, I'm writing a C University project and stumbled upon a compiler behavior which I don't understand. In this file http://code.google.com/p/openu-bsc-maximveksler/source/browse/trunk/20465/semester/tasks/maman14/alpha/maman14/assembler/phaseOne.c?r=112 I've added a call to function named freeAsmInstruction(). This function is defined in file named lineParser.c, yet I haven't updated the matching lineParser.h header file to include this function declaration. Why does this code compile? I would expect that gcc would fail to compile phaseOne.c until the correct lineParser.h is updated with the declaration of freeAsmInstruction(). I would appreciate an explanation. Thank you, Maxim

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  • Java Compiler: Optimization of "cascaded" ifs and best practices?

    - by jens
    Hello, does the Java Compiler optimize a statement like this if (a == true) { if (b == true) { if (c == true) { if(d == true) { //code to process stands here } } } } to if (a == true && b==true && c==true && d == true) So thats my first question: Do both take exactly the same "CPU Cycles" or is the first variant "slowlier". My Second questin is, is the first variant with the cascaded if considered bad programming style as it is so verbose? (I like the first variant as I can better logically group my expressions and better comment them (my if statements are more complex than in the example), but maybe thats bad proramming style?) and even slowlier, thats why I am asking... Thanks Jens

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  • Why doesn't Inno Setup compiler set the version info correctly from hudson?

    - by Tim
    If I run Inno Setup compiler from a command line/batch file it creates an exe with the version information in the file name. However, when I run from hudson (same command line) I don't get the version information. Perhaps I am missing something. Is this a known issue? This is the way I am doing it in the iss script file. #define FileVerStr GetFileVersion(SrcApp) EDIT: The env vars are all set for all users - not just my login - so the service has access to everything that the command line build does. EDIT: See my answer for a resolution of this.

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  • How do I get the XAML compiler to use textual content property on custom classes?

    - by Duncan
    Given a simple C# class definition like: [System.Windows.Markup.ContentProperty("PropertyOne")] public class SimpleBase { public string PropertyOne { get; set; } public string PropertyTwo { get; set; } } why is it not possible to omit the sys:string tags around the word Test in the xaml below. <custom:SimpleBase x:Class="TestType" xmlns:custom="clr-namespace:ConsoleApplication1;assembly=" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:sys="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib"> <sys:String>Test</sys:String> </custom:SimpleBase> Somehow the compiler correctly converts text to string for the type String, why doesn't it work for my custom type? The context can be found on my blog: http://www.deconflations.com/?tag=xaml

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  • Any difference in compiler behavior for each of these snippets?

    - by HotHead
    Please consider following code: 1. uint16 a = 0x0001; if(a < 0x0002) { // do something } 2. uint16 a = 0x0001; if(a < uint16(0x0002)) { // do something } 3. uint16 a = 0x0001; if(a < static_cast<uint16>(0x0002)) { // do something } 4. uint16 a = 0x0001; uint16 b = 0x0002; if(a < b) { // do something } What compiler does in backgorund and what is the best (and correct) way to do above testing? p.s. sorry, but I couldn't find the better title :) EDIT: values 0x0001 and 0x0002 are only example. There coudl be any 2 byte value instead. Thank you in advance!

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  • Why is passing a string literal into a char* arguament only sometimes a compiler error?

    - by Brian Postow
    I'm working in a C, and C++ program. We used to be compiling without the make-strings-writable option. But that was getting a bunch of warnings, so I turned it off. Then I got a whole bunch of errors of the form "Cannot convert const char* to char* in argmuent 3 of function foo". So, I went through and made a whole lot of changes to fix those. However, today, the program CRASHED because the literal "" was getting passed into a function that was expecting a char*, and was setting the 0th character to 0. It wasn't doing anything bad, just trying to edit a constant, and crashing. My question is, why wasn't that a compiler error? In case it matters, this was on a mac compiled with gcc-4.0.

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  • C variable decleration on gcc compiler - compile time error.

    - by liv2hak
    Assume the following C variable decleration int *A[10] , B[10][10]; Of the following expressions A[2] A[2][3] B[1] B[2][3] which will not give compile time errors if used as left hand sides of assignment statements in a C program. A) 1,2 and 4 only B) 2,3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 4 only I have tried this on a gcc compiler.I assigned the value '0' to all the above variables.Only the third one showed an error.I can't really understand the reason.Can someone please expalin why that is.? Thanks

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  • Is it possible to avoid C++ compiler error (C2757) where 2 different header files contain same symbol for namespace & class?

    - by dharmendra
    Hi, I am facing a problem when implementing some new code to an existing library. This library already references a class with a name say 'foo'. The same name is used as a namespace in the other header file which has to be included to implement the new functionality. Since both the header files are a part of legacy code libraries I cannot amend them. So here I am looking for any way so as to avoid the Compiler Error (C2757: a symbol with this name already exists and therefore this name cannot be used as a namespace name). I am not sure whether it is possible or not. Hence, Any help shall be appreciated. Thanks For clarity here is the sample code illustration for the issue: HeaderA.h class foo {} HeaderB.h namespace foo { class ABC{} } HeaderC.h #include <HeaderA.h> #include <HeaderB.h> using namespace foo; class Toimplement{ ABC a; //Throws Error C2757 }

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  • Scala loop returns as Unit and compiler points to "for" syntax?

    - by DeLongey
    Seems like Unit is the theme of my troubles today. I'm porting a JSON deserializer that uses Gson and when it comes to this for loop: def deserialize(json:JsonElement, typeOfT:Type, context:JsonDeserializationContext) = { var eventData = new EventData(null, null) var jsonObject = json.getAsJsonObject for(entry <- jsonObject.entrySet()) { var key = entry.getKey() var element = entry.getValue() element if("previous_attributes".equals(key)) { var previousAttributes = new scala.collection.mutable.HashMap[String, Object]() populateMapFromJSONObject(previousAttributes, element.getAsJsonObject()) eventData.setPreviousAttributes(previousAttributes) eventData } else if ("object".equals(key)) { val `type` = element.getAsJsonObject().get("object").getAsString() var cl = objectMap.get(`type`).asInstanceOf[StripeObject] var `object` = abstractObject.retrieve(cl, key) eventData.setObject(`object`) eventData } } } The compiler spits out the error type mismatch; found : Unit required: com.stripe.EventData and it points to this line here: for(entry <- jsonObject.entrySet()) Questions Confirm that it is indeed the Gson method entrySet() appearing as unit? If not, what part of the code is creating the issue? I've set return types/values for eventData class methods Is there a workaround for the Gson Unit issue? Thanks!

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  • Static constructor can run after the non-static constructor. Is this a compiler bug?

    - by Joe H
    The output from the following program is: Non-Static Static Non-Static Is this a compiler bug? I expected: Static Non-Static Non-Static because I thought the static constructor was ALWAYS called before the non-static constructor. I tested this with Visual Studio 2010 using both .net 3.5 and .net 4.0. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace StaticConstructorBug { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var mc = new MyClass(); Console.ReadKey(); } } public class MyClass { public MyClass() { Console.WriteLine("Non-static"); } static MyClass() { Console.WriteLine("Static"); } public static MyClass aVar = new MyClass(); } }

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  • Why isn't the compiler smarter in this const function overloading problem?

    - by Frank
    The following code does not compile: #include <iostream> class Foo { std::string s; public: const std::string& GetString() const { return s; } std::string* GetString() { return &s; } }; int main(int argc, char** argv){ Foo foo; const std::string& s = foo.GetString(); // error return 0; } I get the following error: const1.cc:11: error: invalid initialization of reference of type 'const std::string&' from expression of type 'std::string* It does make some sense because foo is not of type const Foo, but just Foo, so the compiler wants to use the non-const function. But still, why can't it recognize that I want to call the const GetString function, by looking at the (type of) variable I assign it to? I found this kind of surprising.

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  • Shall I optimize or let compiler to do that?

    - by Knowing me knowing you
    What is the preferred method of writing loops according to efficiency: Way a) /*here I'm hoping that compiler will optimize this code and won't be calling size every time it iterates through this loop*/ for (unsigned i = firstString.size(); i < anotherString.size(), ++i) { //do something } or maybe should I do it this way: Way b) unsigned first = firstString.size(); unsigned second = anotherString.size(); and now I can write: for (unsigned i = first; i < second, ++i) { //do something } the second way seems to me like worse option for two reasons: scope polluting and verbosity but it has the advantage of being sure that size() will be invoked once for each object. Looking forward to your answers.

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  • Why does the compiler give an ambiguous invocation error when passing inherited types?

    - by Matt Mitchell
    What is happening in the C# compiler to cause the following ambiguous invocation compilation error? The same issue applies to extension methods, or when TestClass is generic and using instance rather than static methods. class Type1 { } class Type2 : Type1 {} class TestClass { public static void Do<T>(T something, object o) where T : Type1 {} public static void Do(Type1 something, string o) {} } void Main() { var firstInstance = new Type1(); TestClass.Do(firstInstance, new object()); // Calls Do(Type1, obj) TestClass.Do(firstInstance, "Test"); // Calls Do<T>(T, string) var secondInstance = new Type2(); TestClass.Do(secondInstance, new object()); // Calls Do(Type1, obj) TestClass.Do(secondInstance, "Test"); // "The call is ambiguous" compile error }

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  • Auto not being recognised by the compiler, what would be the best replacement?

    - by user1719605
    So I have wrote a program that uses auto however the compiler doesn't seem to recognize it, probably it is an earlier compiler. I was wondering for my code, with are suitable variables to fix my code so that I do not need to use the auto keyword? I'm thinking a pointer to a string? or a string iterator, though I am not sure. #include <cstdlib> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <unistd.h> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { enum MODE { WHOLE, PREFIX, SUFFIX, ANYWHERE, EMBEDDED } mode = WHOLE; bool reverse_match = false; int c; while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, ":wpsaev")) != -1) { switch (c) { case 'w': // pattern matches whole word mode = WHOLE; break; case 'p': // pattern matches prefix mode = PREFIX; break; case 'a': // pattern matches anywhere mode = ANYWHERE; break; case 's': // pattern matches suffix mode = SUFFIX; break; case 'e': // pattern matches anywhere mode = EMBEDDED; break; case 'v': // reverse sense of match reverse_match = true; break; } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; string pattern = argv[0]; string word; int matches = 0; while (cin >> word) { switch (mode) { case WHOLE: if (reverse_match) { if (pattern != word) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } } else if (pattern == word) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } break; case PREFIX: if (pattern.size() <= word.size()) { auto res = mismatch(pattern.begin(), pattern.end(), word.begin()); if (reverse_match) { if (res.first != word.end()) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } } else if (res.first == word.end()) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } } break; case ANYWHERE: if (reverse_match) { if (!word.find(pattern) != string::npos) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } } else if (word.find(pattern) != string::npos) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } break; case SUFFIX: if (pattern.size() <= word.size()) { auto res = mismatch(pattern.rbegin(), pattern.rend(), word.rbegin()); if (reverse_match) { if (res.first != word.rend()) { matches = +1; cout << word << endl; } } else if (res.first == word.rend()) { matches = +1; cout << word << endl; } } break; case EMBEDDED: if (reverse_match) { if (!pattern.find(word) != string::npos) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl;} } else if (pattern.find(word) != string::npos) { matches += 1; cout << word << endl; } break; } } return (matches == 0) ? 1 : 0; } Thanks in advance!

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