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• read file in shell script

  - by moata_u

  how can i read file in shell script , then assign each line to an variable that i can use later ,,,(am thinking in way to load an default setting from file) i already try : process (){ } FILE='' read -p "Please enter name of default file : " FILE if [ ! -f $FILE ]; then echo "$FILE : does not exists " exit 1 elif [ ! -r $FILE ]; then echo "$FILE : can not read " fi exec 0<"$FILE" n=0 while read -r line do (assign each line to an variable) done

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• ssh:connection timed out

  - by user1155299

  I am trying the following command on ubuntu ssh [email protected] and I get the following error: ssh: connect to host xx.xx.xxx.xxx port 22: Connection timed out so, I tried the following: telnet xx.xx.xxx.xxx 22xx and I got the following message: Trying xx.xx.xxx.xxx... Connected to xx.xx.xxx.xxx. Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.5 Connection closed by foreign host. Can anyone help me understand what the problem is and how I can fix it.

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• How to join two command output

  - by UAdapter

  for example I have command that shows how much space folder takes du folder | sort -n it works great, however I would like to have human readable form du -h folder however if I do that than I cannot sort it as numeric. How to join "du folder" and "du -h folder" to see output sorted as "du folder", but with first column from "du -h folder" P.S. this is just an example. this technique might be very useful for me (if its possible)

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• echo difference between ubuntu and RedHat

  - by arcomber

  I have mostly been experimenting with ubuntu but recently was using a Red Hat Enterprise system and was surprised at a difference I found setting and displaying env variables. In ubuntu I might have an interaction like this: acomber@mail:~$ export MY_VAR=i686-linux acomber@mail:~$ echo $MY_VAR i686-linux acomber@mail:~$ echo "$MY_VAR" i686-linux But on RHEL: acomber@mail:~$ export MY_VAR=i686-linux acomber@mail:~$ echo $MY_VAR acomber@mail:~$ echo "$MY_VAR" i686-linux I know this is a ubuntu forum but why the difference? Why do I need to enclose in quotes on RH? There are no spaces in the variable name?

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• With a username passed to a script, find the user's home directory

  - by Clinton Blackmore

  I am writing a script that gets called when a user logs in and check if a certain folder exists or is a broken symlink. (This is on a Mac OS X system, but the question is purely bash). It is not elegant, and it is not working, but right now it looks like this: #!/bin/bash # Often users have a messed up cache folder -- one that was redirected # but now is just a broken symlink. This script checks to see if # the cache folder is all right, and if not, deletes it # so that the system can recreate it. USERNAME=$3 if [ "$USERNAME" == "" ] ; then echo "This script must be run at login!" >&2 exit 1 fi DIR="~$USERNAME/Library/Caches" cd $DIR || rm $DIR && echo "Removed misdirected Cache folder" && exit 0 echo "Cache folder was fine." The crux of the problem is that the tilde expansion is not working as I'd like. Let us say that I have a user named george, and that his home folder is /a/path/to/georges_home. If, at a shell, I type: cd ~george it takes me to the appropriate directory. If I type: HOME_DIR=~george echo $HOME_DIR It gives me: /a/path/to/georges_home However, if I try to use a variable, it does not work: USERNAME="george" cd ~$USERNAME -bash: cd: ~george: No such file or directory I've tried using quotes and backticks, but can't figure out how to make it expand properly. How do I make this work?

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• Are my Linux symbolic links acting correctly?

  - by Andy Castles

  Hi all I've been using Linux on and off for the last 15 years and today I came across something in bash that surprised me. Setup the following directory structure: $ cd /tmp $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktest $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktest/dir $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktarget Now create two sym links in symlinktest pointing to symlinktarget: $ cd /tmp/symlinktest $ ln -s ../symlinktarget Asym $ ln -s ../symlinktarget Bsym Now, in bash, the following tab completion does strange things. Type the following: $ cd dir $ cd ../A[TAB] Pressing the tab key above completes the line to: $ cd ../Asym/ as I expected. Now press enter to change into Asym and type: $ cd ../B[TAB] This time pressing the tab key completes the link to: $ cd ../Bsym[space] Note that there is now a space after the Bsym and there is no trailing slash. My question is, why when changing from the physical directory "dir" to Asym it recognises that Asym is a link to a directory, but when changing from one sym link to another, it doesn't recognise that it's a link to a directory? In addition, if I try to create a new file within Asym, I get an error message: $ cd /tmp/symlinktest/Asym $ cat hello > ../Bsym/file.txt -bash: ../Bsym/file.txt: No such file or directory I always thought that symlinks were mostly transparent except to programs that need to manipulate them. Is this normal behaviour? Many thanks, Andy

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• Vim clobbering scrollback buffer outside of screen

  - by dotancohen

  If I'm not in a screen session, then when exiting Vim I get a bash prompt below the remnants of the VIM window. A side effect of this is that my scrollback buffer is clobbered, especially if I have paged through a long file in VIM. The problem only occurs if I'm not in screen, inside a screen window VIM exits to show the bash prompt and the previous lines just as before. I tried adding sett_ti=t_te= to my .vimrc to fix the problem, but the only effect that it has was to break VIM such that the problem occurs inside screen as well as outside. Thus, I removed the line. For good measure I do have altscreen on in .screenrc. This is on Ubuntu Server 12.04.1 LTS, with Bash 4.2.24, Screen 4.00, and VIM 7.3 (not vim-tiny), accessed over SSH in Cygwin version NT-6.1-WOW64 on a Windows 7 laptop. Thanks. EDIT: Note that in the same Cygwin install I can SSH into a different server (CentOS) and there VIM does not clobber the scrollback buffer. Therefore, I do not suspect a Cygwin issue. The CentOS machine does not have screen installed, and I did not have to add set t_ti= t_te= to .vimrc.

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• Symlink path can be followed manually, but `cd` returns Permission denied

  - by Ricket

  I am trying to access the directory /usr/software/test/agnostic. There are several symlinks involved in this path. As you can see by the below transcript, I am unable to cd directly to the path, but I can check each step of the way and cd to the symlinked directories until I reach the destination. Why is this? (and how do I fix it?) Ubuntu 12.10, bash > ls /usr/software/test/agnostic ls: cannot access /usr/software/test/agnostic: Permission denied > cd /usr/software/test > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/arch/x86_64-redhat-rhel5 > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Oct 23 2007 agnostic -> noarch/agnostic > ls -al | grep noarch ... lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Oct 23 2007 noarch -> /x/eng/localtest/noarch > cd noarch > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 5808 dip 4 Oct 5 2010 agnostic -> main > cd main > ls (correct output of `ls`) > pwd /usr/software/test/noarch/main > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/noarch/main

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• Ruby through RVM fails

  - by TheLQ

  In constant battle to install Ruby 1.9.2 on an RPM system (OS is based off of CentOS), I'm trying again with RVM. So once I install it, I then try to use it: [root@quackwall ~]# rvm use 1.9.2 Using /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136 [root@quackwall ~]# ruby bash: ruby: command not found [root@quackwall ~]# which ruby /usr/bin/which: no ruby in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin) Now that's interesting; rvm info says something completely different: [root@quackwall bin]# rvm info ruby-1.9.2-p136: system: uname: "Linux quackwall.highwow.lan 2.6.18-194.8.1.v5 #1 SMP Thu Jul 15 01:14:04 EDT 2010 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux" bash: "/bin/bash => GNU bash, version 3.2.25(1)-release (i686-redhat-linux-gnu)" zsh: " => not installed" rvm: version: "rvm 1.2.2 by Wayne E. Seguin ([email protected]) [http://rvm.beginrescueend.com/]" ruby: interpreter: "ruby" version: "1.9.2p136" date: "2010-12-25" platform: "i686-linux" patchlevel: "2010-12-25 revision 30365" full_version: "ruby 1.9.2p136 (2010-12-25 revision 30365) [i686-linux]" homes: gem: "/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136" ruby: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136" binaries: ruby: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin/ruby" irb: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin/irb" gem: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin/gem" rake: "/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin/rake" environment: PATH: "/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@global/bin:/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin:bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/rvm/bin" GEM_HOME: "/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136" GEM_PATH: "/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@global" MY_RUBY_HOME: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136" IRBRC: "/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/.irbrc" RUBYOPT: "" gemset: "" So I have RVM that says one thing and bash which says another. Any suggestions on how to get this working?

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• Magic function `bash ` not found

  - by inspectorG4dget

  I have a bunch of simulations that I want to run on a high-performance cluster, on which I should make reservations to get computing time. Since the reservations are bounded by time, I am developing an automation script that I can scp into the cluster and run. This script will then download the relevant simulation files, run them, and upload the results. Part of this automation script is in bash (cp, scp, etc) and the rest is in python. In order to develop this automation, I am using an IPython notebook. So far, I've coded all the python automation stuff in my IPython notebook and am trying to write the bash part of it now. However, it seems that the magic %%bash doesn't work in my IPython notebook. I get the following error when I have this code in my cell: Cell %%bash echo hi Error File "<ipython-input-22-62ec98e35224>", line 3 echo hi ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax On a whim, I tried this: Cell %%bash print "hi" Error hi ERROR: Magic function `bash` not found. So I tried this with %%system, %%! and %%shell. But none of those work; they all give me the same error. Why is this happening? How can I fix this? Metadata: IPython 0.13.dev Python 2.7.1 Mac OS X Lion

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• Externally disabling signals for a Linux program.

  - by Harry

  Hello, On Linux, is it possible to somehow disable signaling for programs externally... that is, without modifying their source code? Context: I'm calling a C (and also a Java) program from within a bash script on Linux. I don't want any interruptions for my bash script, and for the other programs that the script launches (as foreground processes). While I can use a... trap '' INT ... in my bash script to disable the Ctrl C signal, this works only when the program control happens to be in the bash code. That is, if I press Ctrl C while the C program is running, the C program gets interrupted and it exits! This C program is doing some critical operation because of which I don't want it be interrupted. I don't have access to the source code of this C program, so signal handling inside the C program is out of question. #!/bin/bash trap 'echo You pressed Ctrl C' INT # A C program to emulate a real-world, long-running program, # which I don't want to be interrupted, and for which I # don't have the source code! # # File: y.c # To build: gcc -o y y.c # # #include <stdio.h> # int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { # printf("Performing a critical operation...\n"); # for(;;); // Do nothing forever. # printf("Performing a critical operation... done.\n"); # } ./y Regards, /HS

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• Numeric test when using the conditional operator

  - by lupuslupus

  In bash, why doesn't this work: $ echo $((1 -gt 2 ? 3 : 4)) bash: 1 -gt 2 ? 3 : 4: syntax error in expression (error token is "2 ? 3 : 4") Neither does this: $ echo $(((1 -gt 2) ? 3 : 4)) bash: (1 -gt 2) ? 3 : 4: missing `)' (error token is "2) ? 3 : 4")

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• How to run bash script from windows using plink on linux

  - by user128877

  I'm trying to run a simple bat file from windows that will run a bash script on linux machine. The bash script is located on the linux machine. For example: I'm trying to run this bat file from windows plink.exe -pw <password> root@<ip> bash -c "/root/script.sh" Result: When running from windows the cmd is stuck forever when running the specific script (/root/script.sh) from the linux machine it's working just fine. The script contain ruby code and I'm using RVM

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• have a bash script remotely shutdown another computer on the lan

  - by gletscher

  Hi I want to write a bash script that when called shuts down another computer on the lan. Maybe using ssh? The other computer is an ubuntu machine. Now I'm not sure how to send e.g. a sudo shutdown -h now command from withing a bash script to the ssh after logging in. Also I'm not sure how to obtain the rights for the sudo command, hence how to handle the communication between the server and client from within a bash script. Any suggestions are greatly appreciated.

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• Windows CMD, show the current folder name at prompt dynamically like Bash

  - by guneysus

  I am trying to modify my CMD, to show only current dir name dynamically like: Desktop $ When i switched the folder, it must be updated. It is not required to be code in purely batch file, it may depend any external commands, cygwin bash, etc. @echo off set a=bash -c "pwd | sed 's,^\(.*/\)\?\([^/]*\),\2,'" %a% cmd outputs _test-et Microsoft Windows [Version 6.3.9600] (c) 2013 Microsoft Corporation. Tüm haklari saklidir. >> But >> prompt %a% gives bash -c "pwd | sed 's,^\(.*/\)\?\([^/]*\),\2,'"

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• grep is inconsistently defaulting to grep -P?

  - by Sammitch

  I have a script that does some housekeeping that works perfectly well when invoked from an interactive shell, but did nothing when invoked by cron. To troubleshoot this I started a shell with a 'blank' environment with the command: env -i /bin/bash --noprofile --norc Using this blank env I've dug into my script and found that the following grep will not match any files: grep -il "^ws_status\s*=\s*[\"']remove[\"']$" However, when run from an interactive shell the command will return the filenames of the matching files. As a note, the expression is matching lines like: WS_STATUS = "remove" Through trial-and-error I discovered that adding -P to the options [Perl regex] the command started working normally in the 'blank' shell. However, I have no idea why my login shell appears to be defaulted to grep -P. There is only one grep binary, /bin/grep There are no aliases defined for grep=pgrep or grep="grep -P" There is no env variable GREP_OPTIONS defined. What's the deal here? Note: OS is RHEL v5.10, Bash is v3.2.25, grep is v2.5.1

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• MySQL equivalent to .pgpass, or automatic authentication in a cron job for mySQL

  - by Ibrahim

  I'm writing a bash script to back up my databases. Most are postgresql, and in postgres there's a way to avoid having to authenticate by creating a ~/.pgpass file which contains the postgres password. I put this in root's home directory and made it chmod 0600, so that root could dump the postgres databases without having to authenticate. Now I want to do something similar for mysql, although I only have one mysql database. How can I do this? I don't want to specify the password on the command line for mysqldump because this is part of a script that might be somewhat visible to other users. Is there a better way (i.e. built in to mysql) to do this than make a file that only root can read and then read that to get the mysql password, and then use that in the bash script as a variable?

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• MySQL equivalent to .pgpass, or automatic authentication in a cron job for mySQL

  - by Ibrahim

  I'm writing a bash script to back up my databases. Most are postgresql, and in postgres there's a way to avoid having to authenticate by creating a ~/.pgpass file which contains the postgres password. I put this in root's home directory and made it chmod 0600, so that root could dump the postgres databases without having to authenticate. Now I want to do something similar for mysql, although I only have one mysql database. How can I do this? I don't want to specify the password on the command line for mysqldump because this is part of a script that might be somewhat visible to other users. Is there a better way (i.e. built in to mysql) to do this than make a file that only root can read and then read that to get the mysql password, and then use that in the bash script as a variable?

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• Different color prompts for different machines when using terminal/ssh?

  - by bcrawl

  I have 5 machines I constantly ssh into to do work. Its getting increasingly frustrating when I am issuing wrong commands on wrong boxes. Luckily I havent done anything bad yet. I wanted to know if there is any hack which I can hardcode which will display my prompt in different colors based on the machine I am ssh into? Such as blue for desktop1, purple for laptop, red for server etc? Is this possible? Currently I am using this command export PS1="\e[0;31m[\u@\h \W]\$ \e[m " taken from here http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-change-the-color-of-my-shell-prompt-under-linux-or-unix/ but it obviously doesnt work across ssh. Also, if you have any other cool bash tips for helping me ease my sight will be wonderful. I got this tip which colors the man pages. http://linuxtidbits.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/less-colors-for-man-pages/

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• What are the common Control combinations in a terminal setting

  - by Hamish Downer

  I would like to have a good guide to the common Control key combinations in use in bash (and similar) shells and the combinations used by common programs in use in those shells. My particular motivation is to be able to run GNU screen on one computer, ssh to a second computer and use screen and irssi on that computer. So I need to use something other than Ctrl-A to control one of the screen sessions. So I need to know what are Control key combinations are safe to use. But I imagine this list would be useful for others who want to bind custom actions to Control key combinations. I reckon we'd be best to group the Control key combinations by application (eg. bash itself, screen, vim, emacs), to make it easy to spot the applications you use or can ignore. So please one application per answer - hope that works.

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• How does Mac's command line compare to Linux?

  - by Nathan Long

  I love Ubuntu Linux - especially the commmand line. But I have to admit that, at least for now, Windows is more user-friendly - there's more software for it, more drivers, and more stuff just works. Knowing that Mac is built on Unix makes me wonder if it's the sweet spot between them. But I wonder: how similar is the Mac command line to Linux's bash? Could I pick right up with using vim and bash scripting and git, etc? Would common commands like changing directories be different? Does anybody know an online "compare and contrast" resource?

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• Next generation of command shells?

  - by ignatius

  I am curious about if there is any project about a replacement for the current unix-shells (like bash, ash, rsh ...), at least adding some new ideas or paradigm in this area. I was searching but i found very few information, this project http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_interactive_shell seems interesting, but not so diferent from the nowadays solutions. What do you think? Do you imagine a linux-distribution on 2020 that still having bash? How can be an evolution of this programs? Br To be clearer, about new ideas, i was talking of something like: control-Z functionality Colaboration features (like remote desktop) so you can invite someone to join and participate on your shell session Possibility to see the result of a command before to really apply it to your system (this is closely related with the 1st point ctl-Z) etc...

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• Running ssh-agent from a shell script

  - by Dan

  I'm trying to create a shell script that, among other things, starts up ssh-agent and adds a private key to the agent. Example: #!/bin/bash # ... ssh-agent $SHELL ssh-add /path/to/key # ... The problem with this is ssh-agent apparently kicks off another instance of $SHELL (in my case, bash) and from the script's perspective it's executed everything and ssh-add and anything below it is never run. How can I run ssh-agent from my shell script and keep it moving on down the list of commands?

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• Use inotifywait and lftp to synchronize servers

  - by KBoek

  I have two servers: Server A (CentOS), where people can upload files to (upload root is /files) Server B (Win 2008), with FileZilla FTP Server (FTP root is C:\content) I want that whenever a file is uploaded to Server A, to any subfolder under /files, the file is automatically copied to the exact same subfolder on Server B. Thus, if a user uploads "flowers.jpg" to /files/photos/12345/ then the file must be copied over FTP to C:\content\photos\12345 So far I have this bash script, it does copy the files to server B, but all files are placed in C:\content, and not in the corresponding subfolders. Who can help me find the correct syntax? #!/bin/bash cd /files inotifywait -q -r -m -e close_write,moved_to . --format %w%f | while read FILE; do lftp -e "put $FILE; exit" -u user,password -p 2121 ftp.server-a.com done

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• Linux terminal - frozen update of input but can execute commands?

  - by Torxed

  How do i restart a shell session from within SSH when it looks something like this: anton@ubuntu:~$ c: command not found anton@ubuntu:~$ lib anton@ubuntu:~$ this is working, but its messed up anton@ubuntu:~$ I can execute commands, but as i input them nothing shows on the console, but as soon as i press enter the command executes and the output comes (without line-endings, as shown above) exec bash bash --login clear nothing really works, restarting the SSH session however works. Temporary solution is to start a screen session and every time the interface freezes you simply do Ctrl+a-c to start a new session and close the old one..

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