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  • How to detect a sign change for elements in a numpy array

    - by cb160
    I have a numpy array with positive and negative values in. a = array([1,1,-1,-2,-3,4,5]) I want to create another array which contains a value at each index where a sign change occurs (For example, if the current element is positive and the previous element is negative and vice versa). For the array above, I would expect to get the following result array([0,0,1,0,0,1,0]) Alternatively, a list of the positions in the array where the sign changes occur or list of booleans instead of 0's and 1's is fine.

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  • Preventing a security breach

    - by Wiz
    I am creating a website where you "post", and the form content is saved in a MySql database, and upon loading the page, is retrieved, similar to facebook. I construct all the posts and insert raw html into a template. The thing is, as I was testing, I noticed that I could write javascript or other HTML into the form and submit it, and upon reloading, the html or JS would treated as source code, not a post. I figured that some simple encoding would do the trick, but using is not working. Is there an efficient way to prevent this type of security hole?

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  • How can I create a rules engine without using eval() or exec()?

    - by Angela
    I have a simple rules/conditions table in my database which is used to generate alerts for one of our systems. I want to create a rules engine or a domain specific language. A simple rule stored in this table would be..(omitting the relationships here) if temp > 40 send email Please note there would be many more such rules. A script runs once daily to evaluate these rules and perform the necessary actions. At the beginning, there was only one rule, so we had the script in place to only support that rule. However we now need to make it more scalable to support different conditions/rules. I have looked into rules engines , but I hope to achieve this in some simple pythonic way. At the moment, I have only come up with eval/exec and I know that is not the most recommended approach. So, what would be the best way to accomplish this?? ( The rules are stored as data in database so each object like "temperature", condition like "/=..etc" , value like "40,50..etc" and action like "email, sms, etc.." are stored in the database, i retrieve this to form the condition...if temp 50 send email, that was my idea to then use exec or eval on them to make it live code..but not sure if this is the right approach )

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  • Best way to order by columns in relationships?

    - by Timmy
    im using sqlalchemy, and i have a few polymorphic tables, and i want to sort by a column in one of the relationship. i have tables a,b,c,d, with relationship a to b, b to c, c to d. a to b is one-to-many b to c and c to d are one-to-one, but polymorphic. given an item in table a, i will have a list of items b, c, d (all one to one). how do i use sqlalchemy to sort them by a column in table d?

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  • filter queryset based on list, including None

    - by jujule
    Hi all I dont know if its a django bug or a feature but i have a strange ORM behaviour with MySQL. class Status(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length = 50) class Article(models.Model) status = models.ForeignKey(status, blank = True, null=True) filters = Q(status__in =[0, 1,2] ) | Q(status=None) items = Article.objects.filter(filters) this returns Article items but some have other status than requested [0,1,2,None] looking at the sql query : SELECT [..] FROM `app_article` LEFT OUTER JOIN `app_status` ON (`app_article`.`status_id` = `app_status`.`id`) WHERE (`app_article`.`status_id` IN (1, 2) OR `app_status`.`id` IS NULL) ORDER BY [...] the OR app_status.id IS NULL part seems to be the cause. if i change it to OR app_article.status_id IS NULL it works correctly. How to deal with this ? Thanx.

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  • Elegant way to add functionallity to previously defined functions

    - by Bastiaan
    How to combine two functions together I have a class controlling some hardware: class Heater() def set_power(self,dutycycle, period) ... def turn_on(self) ... def turn_off(self) And a class that connects to a database and handles all data logging fuctionallity for an experiment: class DataLogger() def __init__(self) # Record measurements and controls in a database def start(self,t) # Starts a new thread to aqcuire and reccord measuements every t secconds Now, in my program recipe.py I want to do something like: log = DataLogger() @DataLogger_decorator H1 = Heater() log.start(60) H1.set_power(10,100) H1.turn_on() sleep(10) H1.turn_off() etc Where all actions on H1 are recorded by the datalogger. I can change any of the classes involved, just looking for an elegant way to do this. Ideally the hardware functions remain separated from the database and DataLogger functions. And ideally the DataLogger is reusable for other controls and measurements.

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  • Writing a unique identifier to script?

    - by dannycab
    I'd like to write a subscript that adds a unique identifier (machine time) to a script everytime that it runs. However, each time I edit the script (in IDLE) the indetifiers are over-written. Is there a elegant way of doing this. The script that I wrote appears below. import os, time f = open('sys_time_append.py','r') lines = f.readlines() f.close() fout = open('sys_time_append.py','w') for thisline in lines: fout.write(thisline) fout.write('\n#'+str(time.time())+' s r\n') fout.close() Thanks for any help.

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  • Keep PyGTK Button from Resizing on Label Change

    - by Cap
    I'm working on a PyGTK app with some Buttons that, when clicked, give a text entry dialog, then set the text on the button to whatever was entered in the box. The problem is that if the text is longer than the button can show, the button changes size to accomodate. How do I keep GTK Buttons from resizing when the text changes?

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  • Extending appengine's db.Property with caching

    - by Noio
    I'm looking to implement a property class for appengine, very similar to the existing db.ReferenceProperty. I am implementing my own version because I want some other default return values. My question is, how do I make the property remember its returned value, so that the datastore query is only performed the first time the property is fetched? What I had is below, and it does not work. I read that the Property classes do not belong to the instances, but to the model definition, so I guess that the return value is not cached for each instance, but overwritten on the model every time. Where should I store this _resolved variable? class PageProperty(db.Property): data_type = Page def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance): page = super(PageProperty, self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance) self._resolved = page return page.key().name() def make_value_from_datastore(self, value): if not hasattr(self, '_resolved'): self._resolved = Page.get_by_name(value) return self._resolved

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  • Creating temporary user accounts - Django

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, I need to setup temporary User models for each visitors, where the visitors are obviously tied by session data. I might not be aware of it, but does Django support attaching data to Anonymous users? The only way, I am currently aware of, is to use the session dictionary part of the request object. Help would be very much appreciated!

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  • Using RE to retrive an ID

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello, I am trying to use RE to match a changing ID and extract it. I am having some bother getting it working. The String is: m = 'Some Text That exists version 1.0.41.476 Fri Jun 4 16:50:56 EDT 2010' The code I have tried so far is: r = re.compile(r'(s*\s*)(\S+)') m = m.match(r) Can anyone help extract this string. Thanks

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  • Trying to create a group of button sprites

    - by user1449653
    Good day, I have like 15 images I need to be buttons. I have buttons working with a Box() (Box - looks like this) class Box(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.Surface((35, 30)) self.image = self.image.convert() self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.centerx = 25 self.rect.centery = 505 self.dx = 10 self.dy = 10 I am trying to make the buttons work with image sprites. So I attempted to copy the class style of the box and do the same for my Icons.. code looks like this... class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = 25 self.rect.y = 550 the code in the main() rect = image.get_rect() rect.x = 25 rect.y = 550 ic1 = Icons((screen.get_rect().x, screen.get_rect().y)) screen.blit(ic1.image, ic1.rect) pygame.display.update() This code produces a positional (accepts 1 argument but 2 are there) error or an image is not referenced error (inside the Icon class). I'm unsure if this is the right way to go about this anyways.. I know for sure that I need to load all the images (as sprites)... store them in an array... and then have my mouse check if it is clicking one of the items in the array using a for loop. Thanks. EDIT QUESTION 2: class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, *args): pygame.sprite.Sprite.init(self, *args) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic1 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 490 self.image = pygame.image.load("images/fillIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic2 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 540 Thanks to your help I got the Icons class loading ONE image. Its not loading both. Obviously because its being overwritten by the second one. It seems that "class" for this purpose isn't what I need. Which begs the question how I make sprites outside of a class.. If there is a way to make the class work please let me know.

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  • What is the proper way to check the previous value of a field before saving an object? (Using Django

    - by anonymous coward
    I have a Django Model with updated_by and an approved_by fields, both are ForeignKey fields to the built-in (auth) User models. I am aware that with updated_by, it's easy enough to simply over-ride the .save() method on the Model, and shove the request.user in that field before saving. However, for approved_by, this field should only ever be filled in when a related field (date_approved) is first filled in. I'm somewhat certain that I can check this logically, and fill in the field if the previous value was empty. What is the proper way to check the previous value of a field before saving an object? I do not anticipate that date_approved will ever be changed or updated, nor should there be any reason to ever update the approved_by entry. UPDATE: Regarding forms/validation, I should have mentioned that none of the fields in question are seen by or editable by users of the site. If I have misunderstood, I'm sorry, but I'm not sure how forms and validation apply to my question.

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  • Pickled my dictionary from ZODB but i got a less in size one?

    - by Someone Someoneelse
    I use ZODB and i want to copy my 'database_1.fs' file to another 'database_2.fs', so I opened the root dictionary of that 'database_1.fs' and I (pickle.dump) it in a text file. Then I (pickle.load) it in a dictionary-variable, in the end I update the root dictionary of the other 'database_2.fs' with the dictionary-variable. It works, but I wonder why the size of the 'database_1.fs' not equal to the size of the other 'database_2.fs'. They are still copies of each other. def openstorage(store): #opens the database data={} data['file']=filestorage data['db']=DB(data['file']) data['conn']=data['db'].open() data['root']=data['conn'].root() return data def getroot(dicty): return dicty['root'] def closestorage(dicty): #close the database after Saving transaction.commit() dicty['file'].close() dicty['db'].close() dicty['conn'].close() transaction.get().abort() then that's what i do:- import pickle loc1='G:\\database_1.fs' op1=openstorage(loc1) root1=getroot(op1) loc2='G:database_2.fs' op2=openstorage(loc2) root2=getroot(op2) >>> len(root1) 215 >>> len(root2) 0 pickle.dump( root1, open( "save.txt", "wb" )) item=pickle.load( open( "save.txt", "rb" ) ) #now item is a dictionary root2.update(item) closestorage(op1) closestorage(op2) #after I open both of the databases #I get the same keys in both databases #But `database_2.fs` is smaller that `database_2.fs` in size I mean. >>> len(root2)==len(root1)==215 #they have the same keys True Note: (1) there are persistent dictionaries and lists in the original database_1.fs (2) both of them have the same length and the same indexes.

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  • Running the same code for get(self) as post(self)

    - by Peter Farmer
    Its been mentioned in other answers about getting the same code running for both the def get(self) and the def post(self) for any given request. I was wondering what techniques people use, I was thinking of: class ListSubs(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self._run() def post(self): self._run() def _run(self): self.response.out.write("This works nicely!")

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  • Pygame single push event

    - by Miller92Time
    in Pygame i am trying to translate an image by 10% in each direction using each arrow key. right now the code i am using moves the image as long as the key is pushed down, what I want is for it to move only once regardless if the key is still pushed down or not. if event.type == KEYDOWN: if (event.key == K_RIGHT): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_x(100) draw(1) if (event.key == K_LEFT): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_x(-100) draw(2) if (event.key == K_UP): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_y(100) draw(3) if (event.key == K_DOWN): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_y(-100) draw(4) is there a simpler way of implementing this besides using time.sleep

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  • How to get attributes from parent?

    - by bribon
    Hi all, Let's say we have these classes: class Foo(object): _bar = "" def __init__(self): self.bar = "hello" def getBar(self): return self._bar def setBar(self, bar): self._bar = bar def getAttributes(self): for attr in self.__dict__: print attr bar = property(getBar, setBar) class Child(Foo): def __init__(self): super(Child, self).__init__() self.a = "" self.b = "" if I do something like: child = Child() child.getAttributes() I get all the attributes from parent and child. How could I get the attributes only from the parent? Thanks in advance!

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  • Removing Item From List - during iteration - what's wrong with this idiom ?

    - by monojohnny
    As an experiment, I did this: letters=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l'] for i in letters: letters.remove(i) print letters The last print shows that not all items were removed ? (every other was). IDLE 2.6.2 >>> ================================ RESTART ================================ >>> ['b', 'd', 'f', 'h', 'j', 'l'] >>> What's the explanation for this ? How it could this be re-written to remove every item ?

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  • Problem with validating ModelForm

    - by user561640
    I use ModelForm to create my form. All works fine except 1 thing - validating the unique field. Code: class Article(models.Model): ... title = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True, error_messages={'max_length' : 'max translation', 'unique' : 'unique translation', 'required' : 'req translation',}) ... class ArticleForm(ModelForm): ... title = forms.CharField(max_length=255, min_length=3, error_messages={'required' : 'req translation', 'min_length' : 'min translation', 'max_length' : 'max translation', 'unique' : 'unique translation',}) But when I save my form with non-unique title I don't get my custom translated error but I get default error. How to fix it, that my unique field error is displayed?

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  • how am I supposed to call the function?

    - by user1816768
    I wrote a program which tells you knight's movement (chess). For example if I wanted to know all possible moves, I'd input: possibilites("F4") and I'd get ['D3', 'D5', 'E2', 'E6', 'G2', 'G6', 'H3', 'H5'] as a result, ok I did that, next, I had to write a function in which you input two fields and if those fields are legal, you'd get True and if they're not you'd get False(I had to use the previous function). For example: legal("F4","D3") >>>True code: def legal(field1,field2): c=possibilities(field1) if field1 and field2 in a: return True return False I'm having a problem with the following function which I have to write: I have to put in path of the knight and my function has to tell me if it's legal path, I'm obliged to use the previous function. for example: >>> legal_way(["F3", "E1", "G2", "H4", "F5"]) True >>> legal_way(["F3", "E1", "G3", "H5"]) False >>> legal_way(["B4"]) True I know I have to loop through the list and put first and second item on it in legal(field1,field2) and if it's false, everything is false, but if it's true I have to continue to the end, and this has to work also if I have only one field. I'm stuck, what to do? def legal_way(way): a=len(way) for i in range(0,a-2): if a==1: return true else if legal(way[i],way[i+1]: return True return False and I get True or index out of range

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  • How does git fetches commits associated to a file ?

    - by liadan
    I'm writing a simple parser of .git/* files. I covered almost everything, like objects, refs, pack files etc. But I have a problem. Let's say I have a big 300M repository (in a pack file) and I want to find out all the commits which changed /some/deep/inside/file file. What I'm doing now is: fetching last commit finding a file in it by: fetching parent tree finding out a tree inside recursively repeat until I get into the file additionally I'm checking hashes of each subfolders on my way to file. If one of them is the same as in commit before, I assume that file was not changed (because it's parent dir didn't change) then I store the hash of a file and fetch parent commit finding file again and check if hash change occurs if yes then original commit (i.e. one before parent) was changing a file And I repeat it over and over until I reach very first commit. This solution works, but it sucks. In worse case scenario, first search can take even 3 minutes (for 300M pack). Is there any way to speed it up ? I tried to avoid putting so large objects in memory, but right now I don't see any other way. And even that, initial memory load will take forever :( Greets and thanks for any help!

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