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  • How to print a number with a space as thousand separator?

    - by dygi
    I've got a simple class Currency with overloaded operator<<. I don't know how can i separate the number with spaces every 3 digits, so it looks like: "1 234 567 ISK". #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Currency { int val; char curr[4]; public: Currency(int _val, const char * _curr) { val = _val; strcpy(curr, _curr); } friend ostream & operator<< (ostream & out, const Currency & c); }; ostream & operator<< (ostream & out, const Currency & c) { out << c.val<< " " << c.curr; return out; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { Currency c(2354123, "ISK"); cout << c; } What interests me, is somehow the easiest solution for this particular situation.

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  • video calling (center)

    - by rrejc
    We are starting to develop a new application and I'm searching for information/tips/guides on application architecture. Application should: read the data from an external (USB) device send the data to the remote server (through internet) receive the data from the remote server perform a video call with to the calling (support) center receive a video call call from the calling (support) center support touch screens In addition: some of the data should also be visible through the web page. So I was thinking about: On the server side: use the database (probably MS SQL) use ORM (nHibernate) to map the data from the DB to the domain objects create a layer with business logic in C# create a web (WCF) services (for client application) create an asp.net mvc application (for item 7.) to enable data view through the browser On the client side I would use WPF 4 application which will communicate with external device and the wcf services on the server. So far so good. Now the problem begins. I have no idea how to create a video call (outgoing or incoming) part of the application. I believe that there is no problem to communicate with microphone, speaker, camera with WPF/C#. But how to communicate with the call center? What protocol and encoding should be used? I think that I will need to create some kind of server which will: have a list of operators in the calling center and track which operator is occupied and which operator is free have a list of connected end users receive incoming calls from end users and delegate call to free operator delegate calls from calling center to the end user Any info, link, anything on where to start would be much appreciated. Many thanks!

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  • Coredump in Multithreading Application in RHEL-5

    - by Chinnu
    I am working on multi-threading application it is dumping frequently.I could not able to analyaze the core.The core is showing like this Core was generated by 'thread-process'. Program terminated with signal 6, Aborted. #0 0x00000038f4e30045 in raise () from /lib64/libc.so.6 (gdb) where #0 0x00000038f4e30045 in raise () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #1 0x00000038f4e31ae0 in abort () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #2 0x00000038f4e681bb in __libc_message () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #3 0x00000038f4e72b96 in free () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #4 0x000000000046a137 in std::string::substr () #5 0x000000000042c549 in std::operator<< <char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > () #6 0x000000000042cc1d in std::operator<< <char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > () #7 0x000000000046b069 in std::string::substr () #8 0x000000000046c866 in std::string::substr () #9 0x0000000000431062 in std::operator<< <char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > () #10 0x00000038f5a062e7 in start_thread () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0 #11 0x00000038f4ece3bd in clone () from /lib64/libc.so.6

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  • rails: has_many :through validation?

    - by ramonrails
    Rails 2.1.0 (Cannot upgrade for now due to several constraints) I am trying to achieve this. Any hints? A project has many users through join model A user has many projects through join model Admin class inherits User class. It also has some Admin specific stuff. Admin like inheritance for Supervisor and Operator Project has one Admin, One supervisor and many operators. Now I want to 1. submit data for project, admin, supervisor and operator in a single project form 2. validate all and show errors on the project form. Project has_many :projects_users ; has_many :users, :through => :projects_users User has_many :projects_users ; has_many :projects, :through => :projects_users ProjectsUser = :id integer, :user_id :integer, :project_id :integer, :user_type :string ProjectUser belongs_to :project, belongs_to :user Admin < User # User has 'type:string' column for STI Supervisor < User Operator < User Is the approach correct? Any and all suggestions are welcome.

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  • How to pass multiple different records (not class due to delphi limitations) to a function?

    - by mingo
    Hi to all. I have a number of records I cannot convert to classes due to Delphi limitation (all of them uses class operators to implement comparisons). But I have to pass to store them in a class not knowing which record type I'm using. Something like this: type R1 = record begin x :Mytype; class operator Equal(a,b:R1) end; type R2 = record begin y :Mytype; class operator Equal(a,b:R2) end; type Rn = record begin z :Mytype; class operator Equal(a,b:Rn) end; type TC = class begin x : TObject; y : Mytype; function payload (n:TObject) end; function TC.payload(n:TObject) begin x := n; end; program: c : TC; x : R1; y : R2; ... c := TC.Create(): n:=TOBject(x); c.payload(n); Now, Delphi do not accept typecast from record to TObject, and I cannot make them classes due to Delphi limitation. Anyone knows a way to pass different records to a function and recognize their type when needed, as we do with class: if x is TMyClass then TMyClass(x) ... ???

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  • function objects versus function pointers

    - by kumar_m_kiran
    Hi All, I have two questions related to function objects and function pointers, Question : 1 When I read the different uses sort algorithm of STL, I see that the third parameter can be a function objects, below is an example class State { public: //... int population() const; float aveTempF() const; //... }; struct PopLess : public std::binary_function<State,State,bool> { bool operator ()( const State &a, const State &b ) const { return popLess( a, b ); } }; sort( union, union+50, PopLess() ); Question : Now, How does the statement, sort(union, union+50,PopLess()) work? PopLess() must be resolved into something like PopLess tempObject.operator() which would be same as executing the operator () function on a temporary object. I see this as, passing the return value of overloaded operation i.e bool (as in my example) to sort algorithm. So then, How does sort function resolve the third parameter in this case? Question : 2 Question Do we derive any particular advantage of using function objects versus function pointer? If we use below function pointer will it derive any disavantage? inline bool popLess( const State &a, const State &b ) { return a.population() < b.population(); } std::sort( union, union+50, popLess ); // sort by population PS : Both the above references(including example) are from book "C++ Common Knowledge: Essential Intermediate Programming" by "Stephen C. Dewhurst". I was unable to decode the topic content, thus have posted for help. Thanks in advance for your help.

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  • How `is_base_of` works?

    - by Alexey Malistov
    Why the following code works? typedef char (&yes)[1]; typedef char (&no)[2]; template <typename B, typename D> struct Host { operator B*() const; operator D*(); }; template <typename B, typename D> struct is_base_of { template <typename T> static yes check(D*, T); static no check(B*, int); static const bool value = sizeof(check(Host<B,D>(), int())) == sizeof(yes); }; //Test sample class Base {}; class Derived : private Base {}; //Exspression is true. int test[is_base_of<Base,Derived>::value && !is_base_of<Derived,Base>::value]; Note that B is private base. Note that operator B*() is const. How does this work? Why this works? Why static yes check(D*, T); is better than static yes check(B*, int); ?

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  • Does this language feature already exists?

    - by Pindatjuh
    I'm currently developing a new language for programming in a continuous environment (compare it to electrical engineering), and I've got some ideas on a certain language construction. Let me explain the feature by explanation and then by definition; x = a | b; Where x is a variable and a and b are other variables (or static values). if(x == a) { // all references to "x" are essentially references to "a". } if(x == b) { // same but with "b" } if(x != a) { // ... } if(x == a | b) { // guaranteed that "x" is '"a" | "b"'; interacting with "x" // will interact with both "a" and "b". } // etc. In the above, all code-blocks are executed, but the "scope" changes in each block how x is interpreted. In the first block, x is guaranteed to be a: thus interacting with x inside that block will interact on a. The second and the third code-block are only equal in this situation (because not b only remains a). The last block guarantees that x is at least a or b. Further more; | is not the "bitwise or operator", but I've called it the "and/or"-operator. It's definition is: "|" = "and" | "or" (On my blog, http://cplang.wordpress.com/2009/12/19/binop-and-or/, is more (mathematical) background information on this operator. It's loosely based on sets.) I do not know if this construction already exists, so that's my question: does this language feature already exists?

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  • How might I wrap the FindXFile-style APIs to the STL-style Iterator Pattern in C++?

    - by BillyONeal
    Hello everyone :) I'm working on wrapping up the ugly innards of the FindFirstFile/FindNextFile loop (though my question applies to other similar APIs, such as RegEnumKeyEx or RegEnumValue, etc.) inside iterators that work in a manner similar to the Standard Template Library's istream_iterators. I have two problems here. The first is with the termination condition of most "foreach" style loops. STL style iterators typically use operator!= inside the exit condition of the for, i.e. std::vector<int> test; for(std::vector<int>::iterator it = test.begin(); it != test.end(); it++) { //Do stuff } My problem is I'm unsure how to implement operator!= with such a directory enumeration, because I do not know when the enumeration is complete until I've actually finished with it. I have sort of a hack together solution in place now that enumerates the entire directory at once, where each iterator simply tracks a reference counted vector, but this seems like a kludge which can be done a better way. The second problem I have is that there are multiple pieces of data returned by the FindXFile APIs. For that reason, there's no obvious way to overload operator* as required for iterator semantics. When I overload that item, do I return the file name? The size? The modified date? How might I convey the multiple pieces of data to which such an iterator must refer to later in an ideomatic way? I've tried ripping off the C# style MoveNext design but I'm concerned about not following the standard idioms here. class SomeIterator { public: bool next(); //Advances the iterator and returns true if successful, false if the iterator is at the end. std::wstring fileName() const; //other kinds of data.... }; EDIT: And the caller would look like: SomeIterator x = ??; //Construct somehow while(x.next()) { //Do stuff } Thanks! Billy3

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  • What noncluster index would be better to create on SQL Server?

    - by Junior Mayhé
    Here I am studying nonclustered indexes on SQL Server Management Studio. I've created a table with more than 1 million records. This table has a primary key. SELECT CustomerName FROM Customers Which leads the execution plan to show me: I/O cost = 3.45646 Operator cost = 4.57715 For the first attempt to improve performance, I've created a nonclustered index for this table: CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [IX_CustomerID_CustomerName] ON [dbo].[Customers] ( [CustomerId] ASC, [CustomerName] ASC )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] GO With this first try, I've executed the select statement and the execution plan shows me: I/O cost = 2.79942 Operator cost = 3.92001 Now the second try, I've deleted this nonclustered index in order to create a new one. CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [IX_CategoryName] ON [dbo].[Categories] ( [CategoryId] ASC ) INCLUDE ( [CategoryName]) WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] GO With this second try, I've executed the select statement and the execution plan shows me the same result: I/O cost = 2.79942 Operator cost = 3.92001 Am I doing something wrong or this is expected? Shall I use the first nonclustered index with two fields, or the second nonclustered with one field (CategoryID) including the second field (CategoryName)?

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  • Link error for user defined class type template parameter

    - by isurulucky
    Hi, I implemented a Simple STL map in C++. Factored out the comparison as a type as I was instructed to, then implemented the comparison as shown below: template <typename T> int KeyCompare<T>::operator () (T tKey1, T tKey2) { if(tKey1 < tKey2) return -1; else if(tKey1 > tKey2) return 1; else return 0; } here, tKey1 and tKet2 are the two keys I'm comparing. This worked well for all the basic data types and string. I added a template specialization to compare keys of a user defined type named Test and added a specialization as follows: int KeyCompare<Test>::operator () (Test tKey1, Test tKey2) { if(tKey1.a < tKey2.a) return -1; else if(tKey1.a > tKey2.a) return 1; else return 0; } when I run this, I get a linking error saying SimpleMap.obj : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall KeyCompare::operator()(class Test,class Test)" (??R?$KeyCompare@VTest@@@@QAEHVTest@@0@Z) already defined in MapTest.obj SimpleMap.obj : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall KeyCompare::~KeyCompare(void)" (??1?$KeyCompare@VTest@@@@QAE@XZ) already defined in MapTest.obj SimpleMap.obj : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall KeyCompare::KeyCompare(void)" (??0?$KeyCompare@VTester@@@@QAE@XZ) already defined in MapTest.obj MapTest.cpp is the test harness class in which I wrote the test case. I have used include guards as well, to stop multiple inclusions. Any idea what the matter is?? Thank you very much!!

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  • How to use boost::fusion::transform on heterogeneous containers?

    - by Kyle
    Boost.org's example given for fusion::transform is as follows: struct triple { typedef int result_type; int operator()(int t) const { return t * 3; }; }; // ... assert(transform(make_vector(1,2,3), triple()) == make_vector(3,6,9)); Yet I'm not "getting it." The vector in their example contains elements all of the same type, but a major point of using fusion is containers of heterogeneous types. What if they had used make_vector(1, 'a', "howdy") instead? int operator()(int t) would need to become template<typename T> T& operator()(T& const t) But how would I write the result_type? template<typename T> typedef T& result_type certainly isn't valid syntax, and it wouldn't make sense even if it was, because it's not tied to the function.

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  • C++ Implicit Conversion Operators

    - by Imbue
    I'm trying to find a nice inheritance solution in C++. I have a Rectangle class and a Square class. The Square class can't publicly inherit from Rectangle, because it cannot completely fulfill the rectangle's requirements. For example, a Rectangle can have it's width and height each set separately, and this of course is impossible with a Square. So, my dilemma. Square obviously will share a lot of code with Rectangle; they are quite similar. For examlpe, if I have a function like: bool IsPointInRectangle(const Rectangle& rect); it should work for a square too. In fact, I have a ton of such functions. So in making my Square class, I figured I would use private inheritance with a publicly accessible Rectangle conversion operator. So my square class looks like: class Square : private Rectangle { public: operator const Rectangle&() const; }; However, when I try to pass a Square to the IsPointInRectangle function, my compiler just complains that "Rectangle is an inaccessible base" in that context. I expect it to notice the Rectangle operator and use that instead. Is what I'm trying to do even possible? If this can't work I'm probably going to refactor part of Rectangle into MutableRectangle class. Thanks.

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  • template warnings and error help, (gcc)

    - by sil3nt
    Hi there, I'm working on an container class template (for int,bool,strings etc), and I've been stuck with this error cont.h:56: error: expected initializer before '&' token for this section template <typename T> const Container & Container<T>::operator=(const Container<T> & rightCont){ what exactly have I done wrong there?. Also not sure what this warning message means. cont.h:13: warning: friend declaration `bool operator==(const Container<T>&, const Container<T>&)' declares a non-template function cont.h:13: warning: (if this is not what you intended, make sure the function template has already been declared and add <> after the function name here) -Wno-non-template-friend disables this warning at this position template <typename T> class Container{ friend bool operator==(const Container<T> &rhs,const Container<T> &lhs); public:

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  • Calling Base Class Functions with Inherited Type

    - by Kein Mitleid
    I can't describe exactly what I want to say but I want to use base class functions with an inherited type. Like I want to declare "Coord3D operator + (Coord3D);" in one class, but if I use it with Vector3D operands, I want it to return Vector3D type instead of Coord3D. With this line of code below, I add two Vector3D's and get a Coord3D in return, as told to me by the typeid().name() function. How do I reorganize my classes so that I get a Vector3D on return? #include <iostream> #include <typeinfo> using namespace std; class Coord3D { public: float x, y, z; Coord3D (float = 0.0f, float = 0.0f, float = 0.0f); Coord3D operator + (Coord3D &); }; Coord3D::Coord3D (float a, float b, float c) { x = a; y = b; z = c; } Coord3D Coord3D::operator+ (Coord3D &param) { Coord3D temp; temp.x = x + param.x; temp.y = y + param.y; temp.z = z + param.z; return temp; } class Vector3D: public Coord3D { public: Vector3D (float a = 0.0f, float b = 0.0f, float c = 0.0f) : Coord3D (a, b, c) {}; }; int main () { Vector3D a (3, 4, 5); Vector3D b (6, 7, 8); cout << typeid(a + b).name(); return 0; }

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  • Parsing: How to make error recovery in grammars like " a* b*"?

    - by Lavir the Whiolet
    Let we have a grammar like this: Program ::= a* b* where "*" is considered to be greedy. I usually implement "*" operator naively: Try to apply the expression under "*" to input one more time. If it has been applied successfully then we are still under current "*"-expression; try to apply the expression under "*" one more time. Otherwise we have reached next grammar expression; put characters parsed by expression under "*" back into input and proceed with next expression. But if there are errors in input in any of "a*" or "b*" part such a parser will "think" that in position of error both "a*" and "b*" have finished ("let's try "a"... Fail! OK, it looks like we have to proceed to "b*". Let's try "b"... Fail! OK, it looks like the string should have been finished...). For example, for string "daaaabbbbbbc" it will "say": "The string must end at position 1, delete superflous characters: daaaabbbbbbc". In short, greedy "*" operator becomes lazy if there are errors in input. How to make "*" operator to recover from errors nicely?

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  • Why `is_base_of` works with private inheritance?

    - by Alexey Malistov
    Why the following code works? typedef char (&yes)[1]; typedef char (&no)[2]; template <typename B, typename D> struct Host { operator B*() const; operator D*(); }; template <typename B, typename D> struct is_base_of { template <typename T> static yes check(D*, T); static no check(B*, int); static const bool value = sizeof(check(Host<B,D>(), int())) == sizeof(yes); }; //Test sample class B {}; class D : private B {}; //Exspression is true. int test[is_base_of<B,D>::value && !is_base_of<D,B>::value]; Note that B is private base. Note that operator B*() is const. How does this work? Why this works? Why static yes check(D*, T); is better than static yes check(B*, int); ?

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  • C++ Returning Pointers/References

    - by m00st
    I have a fairly good understanding of the dereferencing operator, the address of operator, and pointers in general. I however get confused when I see stuff such as this: int* returnA() { int *j = &a; return j; } int* returnB() { return &b; } int& returnC() { return c; } int& returnC2() { int *d = &c; return *d; } In returnA() I'm asking to return a pointer; just to clarify this works because j is a pointer? In returnB() I'm asking to return a pointer; since a pointer points to an address, the reason why returnB() works is because I'm returning &b? In returnC() I'm asking for an address of int to be returned. When I return c is the & operator automatically "appended" c? In returnC2() I'm asking again for an address of int to be returned. Does *d work because pointers point to an address? Assume a, b, c are initialized as integers. Can someone validate if I am correct with all four of my questions?

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  • c++ overloading delete, retrieve size

    - by user300713
    Hi, I am currently writing a small custom memory Allocator in c++, and want to use it together with operator overloading of new/delete. Anyways, my memory Allocator basicall checks if the requested memory is over a certain threshold, and if so uses malloc to allocate the requested memory chunk. Otherwise the memory will be provided by some fixedPool allocators. that generally works, but for my deallocation function looks like this: void MemoryManager::deallocate(void * _ptr, size_t _size){ if(_size heapThreshold) deallocHeap(_ptr); else deallocFixedPool(_ptr, _size); } so I need to provide the size of the chunk pointed to, to deallocate from the right place. No the problem is that the delete keyword does not provide any hint on the size of the deleted chunk, so I would need something like this: void operator delete(void * _ptr, size_t _size){ MemoryManager::deallocate(_ptr, _size); } But as far as I can see, there is no way to determine the size inside the delete operator.- If I want to keep things the way it is right now, would I have to save the size of the memory chunks myself? Any ideas on how to solve this are welcome! Thanks!

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  • code is not compiling

    - by user323422
    template< class Type ,int Size = 3> class cStack { Type *m_array; int m_Top; int m_Size; public:cStack(); friend std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream &, const cStack<Type,Size> &); }; template< class Type ,int Size > std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream &os, const cStack<Type,Size> &s) { for( int i=0; i<=s.GetTop();i++) { os << s.m_array[i]; } return os; } on compilin it showing following error error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class cStack<int,3> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$cStack@H$02@@@Z) referenced in function _main

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  • Friends, templates, overloading <<

    - by Crystal
    I'm trying to use friend functions to overload << and templates to get familiar with templates. I do not know what these compile errors are: Point.cpp:11: error: shadows template parm 'class T' Point.cpp:12: error: declaration of 'const Point<T>& T' for this file #include "Point.h" template <class T> Point<T>::Point() : xCoordinate(0), yCoordinate(0) {} template <class T> Point<T>::Point(T xCoordinate, T yCoordinate) : xCoordinate(xCoordinate), yCoordinate(yCoordinate) {} template <class T> std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Point<T> &T) { std::cout << "(" << T.xCoordinate << ", " << T.yCoordinate << ")"; return out; } My header looks like: #ifndef POINT_H #define POINT_H #include <iostream> template <class T> class Point { public: Point(); Point(T xCoordinate, T yCoordinate); friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Point<T> &T); private: T xCoordinate; T yCoordinate; }; #endif My header also gives the warning: Point.h:12: warning: friend declaration 'std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Point<T>&)' declares a non-template function Which I was also unsure why. Any thoughts? Thanks.

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  • Templates, Function Pointers and C++0x

    - by user328543
    One of my personal experiments to understand some of the C++0x features: I'm trying to pass a function pointer to a template function to execute. Eventually the execution is supposed to happen in a different thread. But with all the different types of functions, I can't get the templates to work. #include `<functional`> int foo(void) {return 2;} class bar { public: int operator() (void) {return 4;}; int something(int a) {return a;}; }; template <class C> int func(C&& c) { //typedef typename std::result_of< C() >::type result_type; typedef typename std::conditional< std::is_pointer< C >::value, std::result_of< C() >::type, std::conditional< std::is_object< C >::value, std::result_of< typename C::operator() >::type, void> >::type result_type; result_type result = c(); return result; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // call with a function pointer func(foo); // call with a member function bar b; func(b); // call with a bind expression func(std::bind(&bar::something, b, 42)); // call with a lambda expression func( [](void)->int {return 12;} ); return 0; } The result_of template alone doesn't seem to be able to find the operator() in class bar and the clunky conditional I created doesn't compile. Any ideas? Will I have additional problems with const functions?

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  • F# How to tokenise user input: separating numbers, units, words?

    - by David White
    I am fairly new to F#, but have spent the last few weeks reading reference materials. I wish to process a user-supplied input string, identifying and separating the constituent elements. For example, for this input: XYZ Hotel: 6 nights at 220EUR / night plus 17.5% tax the output should resemble something like a list of tuples: [ ("XYZ", Word); ("Hotel:", Word); ("6", Number); ("nights", Word); ("at", Operator); ("220", Number); ("EUR", CurrencyCode); ("/", Operator); ("night", Word); ("plus", Operator); ("17.5", Number); ("%", PerCent); ("tax", Word) ] Since I'm dealing with user input, it could be anything. Thus, expecting users to comply with a grammar is out of the question. I want to identify the numbers (could be integers, floats, negative...), the units of measure (optional, but could include SI or Imperial physical units, currency codes, counts such as "night/s" in my example), mathematical operators (as math symbols or as words including "at" "per", "of", "discount", etc), and all other words. I have the impression that I should use active pattern matching -- is that correct? -- but I'm not exactly sure how to start. Any pointers to appropriate reference material or similar examples would be great.

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  • Checked and Unchecked operators don't seem to be working when...

    - by flockofcode
    1) Is UNCHECKED operator in effect only when expression inside UNCHECKED context uses an explicit cast ( such as byte b1=unchecked((byte)2000); ) and when conversion to particular type can happen implicitly? I’m assuming this since the following expression throws a compile time error: byte b1=unchecked(2000); //compile time error 2) a) Do CHECKED and UNCHECKED operators work only when resulting value of an expression or conversion is of an integer type? I’m assuming this since in the first example ( where double type is being converted to integer type ) CHECKED operator works as expected: double m = double.MaxValue; b=checked((byte)m); // reports an exception , while in second example ( where double type is being converted to a float type ) CHECKED operator doesn’t seem to be working. since it doesn't throw an exception: double m = double.MaxValue; float f = checked((float)m); // no exception thrown b) Why don’t the two operators also work with expressions where type of a resulting value is of floating-point type? 2) Next quote is from Microsoft’s site: The unchecked keyword is used to control the overflow-checking context for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions I’m not sure I understand what exactly have expressions and conversions such as unchecked((byte)(100+200)); in common with integrals? Thank you

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  • short-cutting equality checking in F#?

    - by John Clements
    In F#, the equality operator (=) is generally extensional, rather than intensional. That's great! Unfortunately, it appears to me that F# does not use pointer equality to short-cut these extensional comparisons. For instance, this code: type Z = MT | NMT of Z ref // create a Z: let a = ref MT // make it point to itself: a := NMT a // check to see whether it's equal to itself: printf "a = a: %A\n" (a = a) ... gives me a big fat segmentation fault[*], despite the fact that 'a' and 'a' both evaluate to the same reference. That's not so great. Other functional languages (e.g. PLT Scheme) get this right, using pointer comparisons conservatively, to return 'true' when it can be determined using a pointer comparison. So: I'll accept the fact that F#'s equality operator doesn't use short-cutting; is there some way to perform an intensional (pointer-based) equality check? The (==) operator is not defined on my types, and I'd love it if someone could tell me that it's available somehow. Or tell me that I'm wrong in my analysis of the situation: I'd love that, too... [*] That would probably be a stack overflow on Windows; there are things about Mono that I'm not that fond of...

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