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• Multiple VLAN on one switch port

  - by Macropus

  I have a HP ProCurve 1810G-8 which I currently use as a normal switch between 3 servers and a firewall. 2 of the servers are ESXi hosts, and one is a Nexentastor box with 2 iSCSI target LUNs. As the iSCSI traffic is on the same LAN as all other traffic, I would like to switch this to use a SAN for iSCSI traffic and the LAN for all other traffic. The Nexentastor box only has 2 NICs, and as such, with a physical arrangement, I presume that one must be plugged into the SAN VLAN and one on the LAN VLAN ports of the switch. Is there a way to have multiple VLANs over the same port? e.g. the Nexentsator box has 2 NICs, both plugged into the switch, both ports with access to both of the VLANs?

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• Link aggregation with freebsd8 and a cicso 3550, what am i doing wrong?

  - by Flamewires

  Hey, I am trying to setup Link Aggrigation with LACP (well, anything that provides increased bandwidth and failover using my setup will work). I'm running FreeBSD 8.0 on 3 machines. M1 is running 2 10/100 ethernetcards setup for link aggrigation using lagg. for reference: ifconfig em0 up ifconfig tx0 up ifconfig create lagg0 ifconfig lagg0 laggproto lacp laggport tx0 laggport em0 192.168.1.16 netmask 255.255.255.0 I plugged them into ports 1 and 2 of a Cicso 3550. then ran: configure terminal interface range Fa0/1 - 2 switchport mode access switchport access vlan 1 channel-group 1 mode active (everythings in vlan 1) Now Im able to connect the other computers to other ports on the switch and failover works great, i can unplug cables in the middle of a transfer and the traffic gets rerouted. However, im not noticing any speed increase. My test setup: load balancing: i tried dst and src on the switch, neither seemed to give me a speed increase. I am SCPing 2 500 meg files from the lagg computer to other computers (one each) which are also running 10/100 full duplex cards. I get transfer speeds of about 11.2-11.4 Mbps to a single host, and about half that (5.9-6.2) Mbps when transferring to both at the same time. From what I understood with destination load balancing the router was suppose to balance traffic headed for 1 computer over 1 port and traffic headed for another over a diff(in this case) the other port. With destination-MAC address forwarding, when packets are forwarded to an EtherChannel, the packets are distributed across the ports in the channel based on the destination host MAC address of the incoming packet. Therefore, packets to the same destination are forwarded over the same port, and packets to a different destination are sent on a different port in the channel. For the 3550 series switch, when source-MAC address forwarding is used, load distribution based on the source and destination IP address is also enabled for routed IP traffic. All routed IP traffic chooses a port based on the source and destination IP address. Packets between two IP hosts always use the same port in the channel, and traffic between any other pair of hosts can use a different port in the channel. (Link) What am i doing wrong/what would i need to do to see a speed increase beyond what i could do with just a single card?

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• iptables advanced routing

  - by Shamanu4

  I have a Centos server acting as a NAT in my network. This server has one external (later ext1) interface and three internal (later int1, int2 and int3). Egress traffic comes from users via int1 and after MASQUERADE goes via ext1. Ingress traffic comes from ext1, MASQUERADE, and goes via int2 or int3 according to static routes. | ext1 | x.x.x.x/24 +---------|----------------------+ | | | Centos server (NAT) | | | +---|------|---------------|-----+ | | | int1 | | int2 | int3 10.30.1.10/24 | | 10.30.2.10/24 | 10.30.3.10/24 ^ v v 10.30.1.1/24 | | 10.30.2.1/24 | 10.30.3.1/24 +---|------|---------------|-----+ | | | | | | | v v | | ^ -Traffic policer- | | |_____________ | | | | | +------------------|-------------+ | 192.168.0.1/16 | | Clients 192.168.0.0/16 The problem: Egress traffic seems to be dropped after PREROUTING table. Packet counters are not changing on MASQUERADE rule in POSTROUTING. If I change the routes to clients causing the traffic go back via int1 - everything works perfectly. current iptable configuration is very simple: # cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] -I INPUT 1 -i int1 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT COMMIT *nat -A POSTROUTING -o ext1 -j MASQUERADE # COMMIT Can anyone point me what I'm missing? Thanks. UPDATE: 192.168.100.60 via 10.30.2.1 dev int2 proto zebra # routes to clients ... 192.168.100.61 via 10.30.3.1 dev int3 proto zebra # ... I have a lot of them x.x.x.0/24 dev ext1 proto kernel scope link src x.x.x.x 10.30.1.0/24 dev int1 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.1.10 10.30.2.0/24 dev int2 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.2.10 10.30.3.0/24 dev int3 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.3.10 169.254.0.0/16 dev ext1 scope link metric 1003 169.254.0.0/16 dev int1 scope link metric 1004 169.254.0.0/16 dev int2 scope link metric 1005 169.254.0.0/16 dev int3 scope link metric 1006 blackhole 192.168.0.0/16 default via x.x.x.y dev ext1 Clients have 192.168.0.1 as gateway, which is redirecting them to 10.30.1.1

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• Under what circumstances can/will a 10BASE-T device slow down a 100BASE-T or faster network?

  - by Fred Hamilton

  Suppose I have a 10BASE-T device, but everything else on my network is 100BASE-T or faster. When I attach the 10Mbit device, one of two things could happen: It could be passed through as 10BASE-T, making whatever it's connected to slow down to 10BASE-T, or It could be converted to a higher speed. I'm looking for all the plausible examples where #1 could happen; where attaching this 10Mbit device will slow down other traffic. I sorta think it can't happen - that as soon as it comes into contact with other traffic it has to get retimed to be inserted into the higher rate traffic (so no slowdown aside from the extra bits from the connection), and that when it's not contacting other traffic, who cares if it's only 10Mbit? Basically I'd like a better understanding of any impact of inserting a slow device into a fast ethernet network.

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• Remove server from loadbalancer [on hold]

  - by Cris

  Our datacenter is load balancing the traffic to our weblogic servers based on an application deployed on each server called probe.ear It is a simple java app which is accessed by the loadbalancer and if it accessible it will redirect traffic to this server as well. When we want to remove one node from the loadbalancer we just stop the probe app and new traffic is not redirected to it BUT I am asking myself what about the current requests? The responses for the current requests are executed (completed). I did not had time to test (will do that first thing when go back to work) but on theoretical level for me it make sense to do so unless the loadbalancer has some special settings. Does my reasoning make sense to you? Just to make it clear since it was reported the question is not clear. Is there a way to configure a load balancer in a way that from a specific moment will not redirect traffic to a certain server without reseting the current requests ?

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• Windows 7 Firewall configuration

  - by Will Calderwood

  I had a PC set up with a VPN. I used the Windows 7 firewall to block all NON-VPN traffic to the internet, but all LAN traffic was allowed. So, with the VPN connected I could connect to all networked machines and the internet. Without the VPN connected I could only connect to the LAN and had no internet access. Unfortunately my drive failed, and I'm setting up the machine again with a replacement drive. I can't for the life of me work out how to set up the firewall again. I can easily set it up to block all NON-VPN traffic, but can't work out how to that and still allow all LAN traffic whether the VPN is connected or not. Some pointers would be useful. Thanks.

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• ip routing policy in linux

  - by Dragos

  I have a linux system with two network interfaces (eth0 in x.x.x.0 and eth1 in x.x.y.0). Is there any posibility to add some route policy to send all the traffic to network x.x.y.0. I would like even the traffic from eth0 to be send to eth1's network. I cannot delete the direct connected networks from the routing table so all the traffic from x.x.x.0 network is send to eth0. I would like to send all traffic to eth1.

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• Suggestion for software to control internet

  - by redknight

  I need to implement a gateway that will allow me to control the access to the internet of a network made up of a about half a dozen of workstations. My main obejectives are the following: 1- Monitoring of traffic 2- Logging of traffic 3- Access control - block websites (mainly adult) and certian traffic(example torrents) 4- Possibly cache content 5- Easy management interface 6- Preferable free and opensource Serverfault users can you please suggest from your vast experience which software you think is the best to suit my needs? Any suggestion is greatly appreciated. Thank you

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• How to Configure Different Gateways for Different VLANs

  - by Bryan

  I have around 10 VLANs, and two different internet gateways. I want traffic on some VLANs to use one gateway, and traffic on other VLANs to use another gateway. (e.g. I wish to route server traffic via one gateway and desktop internet traffic down another). Is it possible to configure different default routes for different VLANs on a Dell 6224 switch? Or is their a better way of doing what I'm trying to achieve? The core switch I am using is a Dell PowerConnect 6224 switch. Currently I'm using: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.58.3.16 which creates the default gateway for all VLANs. I did consider adding multiple routes with equal metric, and setting ACLs between the VLANs to deny access to the 'wrong' gateway, but that idea just doesn't feel right to me.

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• client subscribed to a multicast group not receiving data

  - by Abruzzo Forte e Gentile

  I have a network that was setup for multicast traffic IN Machine A there is a server application generating multi-cast traffic. I have also different clients subscribing to that mulicast traffic -some client are in the same machine A -other clients are in machine B,C,D # Address I am using IP : 239.193.0.21 PORT: 20401 I don't know why but the client in machine A , even if they join the group, don't receive any data while (and this is the funny part) machine B,C and D receive everything. Checking with Wirshark I can see that the UDP traffic flow is there in Machine A. I am using LInux/Red-Hat Enterprise 6.2 What should I look at? Any setting in the os? Firewall or what?

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• Is this a good starting point for iptables in Linux?

  - by sbrattla

  Hi, I'm new to iptables, and i've been trying to put together a firewall which purpose is to protect a web server. The below rules are the ones i've put together so far, and i would like to hear if the rules makes sense - and wether i've left out anything essential? In addition to port 80, i also need to have port 3306 (mysql) and 22 (ssh) open for external connections. Any feedback is highly appreciated! #!/bin/sh # Clear all existing rules. iptables -F # ACCEPT connections for loopback network connection, 127.0.0.1. iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # ALLOW established traffic iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # DROP packets that are NEW but does not have the SYN but set. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP # DROP fragmented packets, as there is no way to tell the source and destination ports of such a packet. iptables -A INPUT -f -j DROP # DROP packets with all tcp flags set (XMAS packets). iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP # DROP packets with no tcp flags set (NULL packets). iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP # ALLOW ssh traffic (and prevent against DoS attacks) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -m limit --limit 1/s -j ACCEPT # ALLOW http traffic (and prevent against DoS attacks) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport http -m limit --limit 5/s -j ACCEPT # ALLOW mysql traffic (and prevent against DoS attacks) iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport mysql -m limit --limit 25/s -j ACCEPT # DROP any other traffic. iptables -A INPUT -j DROP

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• How do I stop someone from saturating my line & wasting CPU cycles

  - by JoshRibs

  My web host shows inbound & outbound traffic with mrtg. I have a steady 3.5mbps inbound traffic from Nigeria. Even assuming the source IPs & destination ports are blocked with Iptables & verifying nothing is listening on those ports, will the traffic still always pass through the switch & "get" to my server (where my server wastes CPU cycles "dropping" the packets)? Assuming I was setup with a hardware firewall, the traffic would still show in mrtg assuming the firewall is behind the switch? So is there any way to stop someone from saturating your 100mbps line, if they also have a 100mbps line? Other than filing an abuse complaint with the kind folks in Nigeria?

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• Beast / CRIME / Beach attack and stopping it

  - by user2143356

  I have read so much on all this but not entirely sure I understand what has gone on. Also, is this one, two or three problems? It looks to me like three, but it's all very confusing: Beast CRIME Beach It seems the solution may be to simply not use compression with HTTPS traffic (or is that just on one of them?) I use GZIP compression. Is that okay, or is that part of the problem? I also use Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Also, is non-HTTPS traffic okay? So after reading all the theory I just want the solution. I think this may be the solution, but can someone please confirm I have understood everything so I am not likely to suffer from this attack: SOLUTION: Use GZIP compression on HTTP traffic, but don't use any compression on HTTPS traffic

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• Load testing nginx inside AWS

  - by andy

  I'm trying to load test nginx running on AWS. I need to try to optimise it to handle 1Gbps of inbound traffic. Currently I've got it to peak at 85Mbit/s by running nginx on an m1.large with 4 other machines hitting it by using ab with -i (for head requests) -k (keepalives) -r (ignore failed requests) -n 500000 -c 20000. I'm struggling to generate more than 85 Mbit/s traffic from 4 machines, yet when I do scp a large file I get nearly 0.25Gbit/s of traffic going over the network. Are there any tools or approaches that I could use to load test nginx that might generate more load? I'm only interested in inbound traffic, so perhaps a DoS tool could help if it chucks away responses? I'm hitting a very small (40 byte) static asset, and have peaked at handling 50K concurrent connections and getting 25k reqs/s when just using a single load generator machine.

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• Portforwarding Combine Several Ports

  - by kiraitachi

  Hi I got a Raspberry Pi at A.A.A.B in my local network and I have set up a DMZ on my router so that any incoming traffic that comes to my router gets redirected to my raspberry pi wich I can connect via NO-IP adress. The problem is that I want to set up portforwarding since i got several services running on my Pi like SSH, torrent webgui, webalbum, etc. I had this already done before long time ago, but I forgot a bit the syntax and cant get to set it up. Router Help says: The Application allows you to do port forwarding, but only have the ports open when data flowing out of the trigger ports. When a program sends data out on outgoing ports called trigger ports, the device then allows incoming data on the open ports specified in your port triggering configuration. 1.Trigger Port Start Trigger Port Start Specify the start port on the device that would trigger the device to open ports for incoming data. 2.Trigger Port End Specify the end port on the device that would trigger the device to open ports for incoming data. You can enter a port number the same as the trigger port start or enter a larger port number to specify a port range. 3.Trigger Traffic Protocol Type Select the trigger traffic type. Open Port Specify all the ports to be opened. It's content could be: A single port only. A port range only. Start open port number and end port number should be separated by "-" . Combined several single port and several port ranges. Each single port or port range should be separated by "," . Open Traffic Protocol Type Select the open traffic type. This are the fields: http://es.tinypic.com/view.php?pic=n5lv1k&s=8 I think this is the syntax 1-7999,8001-9090,9092-65535. But each time I want to add it gives me an error. Any ideas?

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• OpenVPN Chaining

  - by noderunner

  I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN "chain", similar to what is described here. I have two separate networks, A and B. Each network has an OpenVPN server using a standard "road warrior" or "client/server" approach. A client can connect to either one for access to the hosts/services on that respective network. But server A and B are also connected to each other. The servers on each network have a "site-to-site" connection between the two. What I'm trying to accomplish, is the ability to connect to network A as a client, and then make connections with hosts on network B. I'm using tun/routing for all of the VPN connections. The "chain" looks something like this: [Client] --- [Server A] --- [Server A] --- [Server B] --- [Server B] --- [Host B] (tun0) (tun0) (tun1) (tun0) (eth0) (eth0) The whole idea is that server A should route traffic destined to network B through the "site-to-site" VPN set up on tun1 when a client from tun0 tries to connect. I did this simply by setting up two connection profiles on server A. One profile is a standard server config running on tun0, defining a virtual client network, IP address pool, pushing routes, etc. The other is a client connection to Server B running on tun1. With ip_forwarding enabled, I then simply added a "push route" to the clients advertising a route to network B. On server A, this seems to work when I look at tcpdump output. If I connect as a client, and then ping a host on network B, I can see the traffic getting passed from tun0 to tun1 on Server A: tcpdump -nSi tun1 icmp The weird thing is that I don't see Server B receiving that traffic through the tunnel. It's as if Server A is sending it through the site-to-site connection like it should, but server B is completely ignoring it. When I look for the traffic on Server B, it simply isn't there. A ping from Server A -- Host B works fine. But a ping from a client connected to Server A to host B does not. I'm wondering if Server B is ignoring the traffic because the source IP does not match the client IP pool that it hands out to clients? Does anyone know if I need to do something on Server B in order for it to see the traffic? This is a complicated problem to explain, so thanks if you stuck with me this far.

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• SMTP redirecting to other port than 25

  - by Roalt

  How can you redirect your smtp traffic to another port than 25? My ISP blocks incoming traffic to port 25. I've been using ZoneEdit.com for this purpose for years (incoming mail traffic goes to another port and I redirect it via my firewall internally to port 25), but with the new system I cannot do it anymore. I'm not sure if I can do this by configuring MX and A records in the right way or if I need a SMTP redirecting service (such as rollernet.us)? I'm not an expert in Zone records but generally I know my way around for website traffic.

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• VPN: Disable class based route addition for Windows XP/Vista

  - by brgsousa

  Paraphrasing this SuperUser link: When you set up a VPN, the Windows default is to enable "Use default gateway on remote network." A new default route is added to the routing table pointing to the remote network's gateway, and the existing default route has its metric increased to force all Internet traffic to traverse the tunnel and use the remote network's gateway. All traffic uses the VPN, and traffic destined for the outside world is directed to the remote gateway. When the VPN drops, the route to the remote gateway is removed and the original default route is set back to the original metric. Unchecking "use default gateway on remote network" means that new default route isn't added, so Internet traffic goes out the local gateway, but a new classful route is added to the routing table, using the local adapter's IP, pointing down the VPN. Only traffic destined for the classful network of the local adapter goes down the VPN. This may not be what you want. Checking "Disable class based route addition" means that classful route isn't added to your machine when the VPN starts up, and you'll need to add the appropriate routes for networks that should be routed through the tunnel. But, the option "Disable class based route addition" is available ONLY for Windows 7. How can I do something like that for Windows XP or Vista since they don't have that option? I have searched about for that but, no solution yet.

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• How to configure Apache to act as an SSL proxy to an application server?

  - by ripper234

  I have one physical server that runs: an Apache (httpd) server another web server (let's say Tomcat for sake of argument) on port 1234 Can I configure the Apache server to act as a proxy for SSL traffic, while keeping the application server blissfully unaware of SSL? What I imagine is: Traffic to http://myserevr.com/app is redirected to https://myserver.com/app Traffic to https://myserver.com/app is proxied to the application server. My SSL certificate is only installed on the Apache server, not on the Application server Other traffic to the Apache server (http://myserver.com/anotherapp) is served directly from the Apache server What's the best setup to achieve this? (On Ubuntu, if that matters)

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• Wrapping a point-to-point link

  - by user3712955

  I'm using a pair of IP radios (non-WiFi) to bridge my office engineering LAN (172.0.0.0/8) to a lab in another building. The radios work fine, but they expose a web management interface I'd like to hide, and they also generate traffic (ARP, STP, and more) that I need to keep off my (very, very clean) LAN segments. I have some ARM-Linux boards (similar to Beagle/Panda/RasPi) running Ubuntu, and I've put one at each end of the link, between the radio and the LAN. Each of the boards has 2 wired Ethernet interfaces, eth0 and eth1. The LAN segments are connected to eth0, and the radios are connected to eth1. I'd like to accomplish the following: Keep radio-originated traffic off my LAN segments! Hide all services provided by the radio (web, ssh, etc.) Transparently pass all traffic between the LAN segments (including things like ARP). The above also applies to the ARM-Linux boards: No stray traffic my LAN from them either! I'd like the system to look like a switch: LAN packets arriving at one eth0 appear at the other. And neither eth0 should have an IP address: The working system should behave like a CAT6 cable with some latency (instead of ARM boards and radios). Unfortunately, I'm confused about how to properly configure the ARM Ubuntu systems. What I'm guessing I need is a bridge on each board (br0?) and a VLAN (vlan0 or eth0.0?) to isolate the LAN traffic from everything else as it passes through the ARM boards and the radios. Then I need some kind of a firewall to block sending anything out eth0 that isn't from the other eth0 (via the VLAN). I've looked at the ip and ebtables commands (especially -t broute). While the concepts sorta-kinda make sense, I'm completely lost in the details. Edit: In the perverse case that a system on one of my LAN segments has the same IP address as one of the radios, or as eth1 on the ARM-Ubuntu boards, a VLAN won't work. Which I believe means I need to tunnel all traffic between the two eth0 interfaces to get that "like a wire" behavior. Help? Finally, I'd like to have a way to temporarily expose services on the ARM boards (ssh) and the radios (web) for maintenance purposes. Ideally, it would expose an IP address with ssh available on port 22. Once connected, I figure I'd start an X11 session and run a browser on the ARM board to access the radios. Or something. I could login via the console to enable/disable this, or perhaps could use a GPIO to trigger a script. I feel I've identified most of the pieces needed to make all this happen, but I have no idea how to combine them to make a working system. Thanks!

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• Does a site's bounce rate influence Google rankings?

  - by Joel Spolsky

  Does Google consider bounce rate or something similar in ranking sites? Background: here at Stack Exchange we noticed that the latest Google algorithm changes resulted in about a 20% dip in traffic to Server Fault (and a much smaller dip in traffic to Super User). Stack Overflow traffic was not affected. There was an article on WebProNews which hypothesized that bounce rate might be a ranking signal in Google's latest Panda update. According to Google Analytics, these are our bounce rates over the last month: Site Bounce Rate Avg Time on Site ------------- ----------- ---------------- SuperUser 84.67% 01:16 ServerFault 83.76% 00:53 Stack Overflow 63.63% 04:12 Now, technically, Google has no way to know the bounce rate. If you go to Google, search for something, and click on the first result, Google can't tell the difference between: a user who turns off their computer a user who goes to a completely different web site a user who spends hours clicking around on the website they landed on What Google does know is how long it takes the user to come back to Google and do another search. According to the book In The Plex (page 47), Google distinguishes between what they call "short clicks" and "long clicks": A short click is a search where the user quickly comes back to Google and does another search. Google interprets this as a signal that the first search results were unsatisfactory. A long click is a search where the user doesn't search again for a long time. The book says that Google uses this information internally, to judge the quality of their own algorithms. It also said that short click data in which someone retypes a slight variation of the search is used to fuel the "Did you mean...?" spell checking algorithm. So, my hypothesis is that Google has recently decided to use long click rates as a signal of a high quality site. Does anyone have any evidence of this? Have you seen any high-bounce-rate sites which lost traffic (or vice-versa)?

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• Cloud computing - database loading question

  - by workwise

  Following is the situation, I want to know whether what I want is possible in cloud computing and is it the best way for me: 1) My main site has a Database with tables with millions of rows, and entries are added almost every second. 2) I will setup a mysql mirror, so there will be a backup database always in sync with the main one. 3) There are few tens of thousands of images- growing. So say total size of images few tens of gigabytes. I will be keeping the image data also in sync on the backup server. 4) There can be short periods where traffic can go 100X the average traffic. 5) I will be using memcache heavily - most database and even frequently used disk files/images will be in RAM. I want that the main site runs on a dedicated server. The backup server is say an Amazon EC2 instance. Now note that since it is live backup, I need to run a small instance continuously. I want that when I anticipate high traffic, I should be able to run a large instance on the cloud and transfer the traffic there. The main point is - I do not want to spend time in "loading" the database on the large instance, as it typically can take few minutes or even hours (experience). So is it possible to just scale the memory/CPU on demand, and not having to load the database or sync up the filesystem? I want to setup my backup scripts etc just ONCE. Thanks JP

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• How should I structure my database to gain maximum efficiently in this scenario?

  - by Bob Jansen

  I'm developing a PHP script that analyzes the web traffic of my clients websites. By placing a link to a javascript on the clients website (think of Google Analyses), my script harvests information like: the visitors IP address, reference link, current page link, user agent, etc. Now my clients can view these statistics via a control panel that I have build. These clients can also adjust profile settings, set firewall rules, create support tickets and pay invoices. Currently all the the traffic is stored in one table. You can imagine that this tabel would become very large as some my clients receive thousands of pageviews per day. Furthermore, all the traffic data of each client would be stored in the same table, creating a mess. This is the same for the firewall rules currently, and the invoice and support system. I'm looking for way to structure my database in a more organized way to hold large amounts of data of multiple users. This is the first project that I'm developing that deals with so much data, and would like to hear suggestions and tips. I was thinking of using multiple databases to structure the data. The main database will store users data (email,pass,id,etc) admin/website settings. Than each client will have an unique database labeled prefix_userid, which carry tables holding their traffic, invoice, and support ticket data. Would this be a solution, and would it slow down or speed up overall performances (that is spreading the data over muliple databases). I have a solid VPS, but would like to safe and be as effient as possible.

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• Setting up a Google Analytics Campaign

  - by Ashfame

  I will be doing a bunch of things to give one of my projects (main app) a big initial push for which I will be building a few small Facebook apps which will help in promoting the main apps. Traffic from these apps need to be tracked individually. My main app will be posting on the walls when the user needs to be notified. Traffic from these posts need to be tracked. Traffic from emails sent by the main app need to be tracked, like different types of email. I need to track all of these & possibly a couple of more but I need to be sure that I build my campaign URLs correctly as I won't get another chance to fix it. Correct me where I am wrong: Campaign Name: Launch Campaign Medium: Email Campaign Source: Type1 or Type2 (I can break it down for different types of email, right?) For apps: Campaign Name: Launch Campaign Medium: Apps Campaign Source: App1 or App2 (I can break it down here for different apps, right?) What if I want to track two different links within a single email or a single app? Any way of tracking them individually too but still keeping to track them as one because tracking them as one makes more sense for me. Campaign Term & Campaign content is irrelevant in my case, or I can/should use them for something? And I will also be tracking traffic of different apps. Should I do more? Let me know if my scenario wasn't clear enough & I need to explain more.

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• Formal Languages, Inductive Proofs &amp; Regular Expressions

  - by MarkPearl

  So I am slogging away at my UNISA stuff. I have just finished doing the initial once non stop read through the first 11 chapters of my COS 201 Textbook - “Introduction to Computer Theory 2nd Edition” by Daniel Cohen. It has been an interesting couple of days, with familiar concepts coming up as well as some new territory. In this posting I am going to cover the first couple of chapters of the book. Let start with Formal Languages… What exactly is a formal language? Pretty much a no duh question for me but still a good one to ask – a formal language is a language that is defined in a precise mathematical way. Does that mean that the English language is a formal language? I would say no – and my main motivation for this is that one can have an English sentence that is correct grammatically that is also ambiguous. For example the ambiguous sentence: "I once shot an elephant in my pyjamas.” For this and possibly many other reasons that I am unaware of, English is termed a “Natural Language”. So why the importance of formal languages in computer science? Again a no duh question in my mind… If we want computers to be effective and useful tools then we need them to be able to evaluate a series of commands in some form of language that when interpreted by the device no confusion will exist as to what we were requesting. Imagine the mayhem that would exist if a computer misinterpreted a command to print a document and instead decided to delete it. So what is a Formal Language made up of… For my study purposes a language is made up of a finite alphabet. For a formal language to exist there needs to be a specification on the language that will describe whether a string of characters has membership in the language or not. There are two basic ways to do this: By a “machine” that will recognize strings of the language (e.g. Finite Automata). By a rule that describes how strings of a language can be formed (e.g. Regular Expressions). When we use the phrase “string of characters”, we can also be referring to a “word”. What is an Inductive Proof? So I am not to far into my textbook and of course it starts referring to proofs and different types. I have had to go through several different approaches of proofs in the past, but I can never remember their formal names , so when I saw “inductive proof” I thought to myself – what the heck is that? Google to the rescue… An inductive proof is like a normal proof but it employs a neat trick which allows you to prove a statement about an arbitrary number n by first proving it is true when n is 1 and then assuming it is true for n=k and showing it is true for n=k+1. The idea is that if you want to show that someone can climb to the nth floor of a fire escape, you need only show that you can climb the ladder up to the fire escape (n=1) and then show that you know how to climb the stairs from any level of the fire escape (n=k) to the next level (n=k+1). Does this sound like a form of recursion? No surprise then that in the same chapter they deal with recursive definitions. An example of a recursive definition for the language EVEN would the 3 rules below: 2 is in EVEN If x is in EVEN then so is x+2 The only elements in the set EVEN are those that be produced by the rules above. Nothing to exciting… So if a definition for a language is done recursively, then it makes sense that the language can be proved using induction. Regular Expressions So I am wondering to myself what use is this all – in fact – I find this the biggest challenge to any university material is that it is quite hard to find the immediate practical applications of some theory in real life stuff. How great was my joy when I suddenly saw the word regular expression being introduced. I had been introduced to regular expressions on Stack Overflow where I was trying to recognize if some text measurement put in by a user was in a valid form or not. For instance, the imperial system of measurement where you have feet and inches can be represented in so many different ways. I had eventually turned to regular expressions as an easy way to check if my parser could correctly parse the text or not and convert it to a normalize measurement. So some rules about languages and regular expressions… Any finite language can be represented by at least one if not more regular expressions A regular expressions is almost a rule syntax for expressing how regular languages can be formed regular expressions are cool For a regular expression to be valid for a language it must be able to generate all the words in the language and no other words. This is important. It doesn’t help me if my regular expression parses 100% of my measurement texts but also lets one or two invalid texts to pass as well. Okay, so this posting jumps around a bit – but introduces some very basic fundamentals for the subject which will be built on in later postings… Time to go and do some practical examples now…

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