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• Suggestions for splitting server roles amongst Hyper-V virtual servers / RAID6 or RAID10? / AppAssure

  - by Anon

  We have 2 Hyper-V hosts at present running 1 virtual server that was converted from a physical box running all roles. My plan is to split the roles over various virtual machines, upgrading to the latest software versions as I go, and use the backup server as a standby in case the main server fails. AppAssure backup software has a feature called Virtual Standby, so the VHD's can be ready to be fired up on the backup server if necessary. Off-site backups will be done via external USB drive for now. I'm just seeking some input/suggestions into how I'm planning to split the roles out amongst various virtual servers. Also, I'm curious how to setup the storage on the servers. We do not have any NAS's, SAN'S or any budget for this. What would the best RAID level be to use? I'm thinking either RAID6 (which is currently used) however I'm concerned about the write speeds, or RAID10 but again I'm worried that I can only lose 1 drive (from the same mirror) as opposed to any 2 with RAID6. I realise I have a hot swap for this, but what if a further drive fails during a rebuild? Is the write penalty of RAID6 worth the extra reliability over RAID10? Or will it be too slow with all the roles I am planning, therefore RAID10 is my only real option? The reason for the needed redundancy is I am the only technician and I'm not always on-site. Options I've considered: 1) 5 drives in RAID6 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 1 drive for hot swap - this is how it is currently setup 2) 4 drives in RAID10 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 2 drives for hot swap 3) 4 drives in RAID10 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. No drives for hot swap - While this is probably the best option with the amount of drives I have, I don't like the idea of having no hot swap 4) 3 drives in RAID6 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. 1 drive for hot swap All options give us enough storage capacity for our files, etc. We don't have any budget for extra drives or extra hot swap HD chassis for the servers. We have about 70 clients and about 150 users. MAIN SERVER Intel Xeon 5520 @ 2.27 GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 1TB Seagate Barracuda ES.2 Enterprise SATA drives Intel SRCSATAWB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: DC01 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM DC02 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM Member Server - DHCP server, File server, Print server - 1GB RAM SCCM Member Server - 4GB RAM Third Party Software Member Server - A/V server, Ticketing software, etc - 4GB RAM Exchange 2007 - 4GB RAM - however we are probably migrating to a hosted solution, therefore freeing up resources BACKUP SERVER Intel Xeon E5410 @ 2.33GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 2TB WD RE4 SATA drives Intel SRCSASRB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: AppAssure backup software - 8GB RAM

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• Triple monitor setup in linux

  - by Brendan Abel

  I'm hoping there are some xorg gurus out there. I'm trying to get a three monitor setup working in linux. I have 2 lcd monitors and a tv, all different resolutions. I'm using 2 video cards; a 9800 GTX and 7900Gt. I've seen a lot of different posts about people trying to make this work, and in every case, they either gave up, or Xinerama magically solved all their problems. Basically, my main problem is that I cannot get Xinerama to work. Every time I turn it on in the options, my machine gets stuck in a neverending boot cycle. If I disable Xinerama, I just have three Xorg screens, but I can't drag windows from one to the other. I can get the 2 lcds on Twinview, and the tv on a separate Xorg screen no problem. But I don't really like this solution. I'd rather have them all on separate screens and stitch them together with Xinerama. Has anyone done this? Here's my xorg.conf for reference. p.s. This took me all of 30 seconds to set up in Windows XP! p.s.s. I've seen somewhere that maybe randr can solve my problems? But I'm not quite sure how? Section "Monitor" Identifier "Main1" VendorName "Acer" ModelName "H233H" HorizSync 40-70 VertRefresh 60 Option "dpms" EndSection #Section "Monitor" # Identifier "Main2" # VendorName "Acer" # ModelName "AL2216W" # HorizSync 40-70 # VertRefresh 60 # Option "dpms" #EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Projector" VendorName "BenQ" ModelName "W500" HorizSync 44.955-45 VertRefresh 59.94-60 Option "dpms" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Card1" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "nvidia" BusID "PCI:5:0:0" BoardName "nVidia Corporation G92 [GeForce 9800 GTX+]" Option "ConnectedMonitor" "DFP,DFP" Option "NvAGP" "0" Option "NoLogo" "True" #Option "TVStandard" "HD720p" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Card2" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "nvidia" BusID "PCI:4:0:0" BoardName "nVidia Corporation G71 [GeForce 7900 GT/GTO]" Option "NvAGP" "0" Option "NoLogo" "True" Option "TVStandard" "HD720p" EndSection Section "Module" Load "glx" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "ScreenMain-0" Device "Card1-0" Monitor "Main1" DefaultDepth 24 Option "Twinview" Option "TwinViewOrientation" "RightOf" Option "MetaModes" "DFP-0: 1920x1080; DFP-1: 1680x1050" Option "HorizSync" "DFP-0: 40-70; DFP-1: 40-70" Option "VertRefresh" "DFP-0: 60; DFP-1: 60" #SubSection "Display" # Depth 24 # Virtual 4880 1080 #EndSubSection EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "ScreenProjector" Device "Card2" Monitor "Projector" DefaultDepth 24 Option "MetaModes" "TV-0: 1280x720" Option "HorizSync" "TV-0: 44.955-45" Option "VertRefresh" "TV-0: 59.94-60" EndSection Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "BothTwinView" Screen "ScreenMain-0" Screen "ScreenProjector" LeftOf "ScreenMain-0" #Option "Xinerama" "on" # most important option let you window expand to three monitors EndSection

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• How to get WIndows Vista to remember the Option Size All Colums To Fit for all Folders

  - by Brandon_R

  How to get WIndows Vista to remember the Option Size All Colums To Fit for all Folders everytime. Rightclick on name and you would see the option Size All Colums Ti Fit. How do i get Vista to remember this option for all folders? Currently when i activate it, and i go to another folder it doesn't apply for that folder nor when i close the current folder in which i have applied said option and then open the same folder.

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• How to get WIndows Vista to remember the Option Size All Colums To Fit for all Folders

  - by Brandon_R

  How to get WIndows Vista to remember the Option Size All Colums To Fit for all Folders everytime. Rightclick on name and you would see the option Size All Colums Ti Fit. How do i get Vista to remember this option for all folders? Currently when i activate it, and i go to another folder it doesn't apply for that folder nor when i close the current folder in which i have applied said option and then open the same folder.

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• Need help displaying a table dynamically based on a drop down date selection

  - by Gideon

  I am designing a job rota planner for a company and need help displaying a dynamic table containing the staff details. I have the following tables in MySQL database: Staff, Event, and Job. The staff table holds staff details (staffed, name, address...etc), the Event table (eventide, eventName, Fromdate, Todate...etc) and the Job table holds (Jobid, Jobdate, Eventid(fk), Staffid (fk)). I need to dynamically display the available staff list from the staff table when the user selects the event and the date (3 drop downs: date, month, and year) from a PHP form. I need to display staff members that have not been assigned work on the selected date by checking the Jobdate in the Job table. I have been at this for all day and can't get around it. I am still learning PHP and would surely appreciate any help I can get. My current code displays all staff members when an event is selected: //Create the day pull-down menu. $days = range (1, 31); echo "<Select Name=day Value=''><Option>Day</option>"; foreach ($days as $value) { echo '<option value="'.$value.'">'.$value.'</option>\n'; } echo "</Select>"; echo "</td><td>"; //Create the month pull-down menu echo "<Select Name=month Value=''><Option>Month</option>"; echo "<option value='01'>Jan</option>"; echo "<option value='02'>Feb</option>"; echo "<option value='03'>Mar</option>"; echo "<option value='04'>Apr</option>"; echo "<option value='05'>May</option>"; echo "<option value='06'>Jun</option>"; echo "<option value='07'>Jul</option>"; echo "<option value='08'>Aug</option>"; echo "<option value='09'>Sep</option>"; echo "<option value='10'>Oct</option>"; echo "<option value='11'>Nov</option>"; echo "<option value='12'>Dec</option>"; echo "</select>"; echo "</td><td>"; //Create the year pull-down menu $currentYear = date ("Y"); $years = range ($currentYear, 2020); echo "<Select Name=year Value=''><Option>Year</option>"; foreach ($years as $value) { echo '<option value="'.$value.'">'.$value.'</option>\n'; } echo "</Select>"; echo "</td></tr></table>"; echo "</td><td>"; //echo "<img src='../ETMSimages/etms_staff.png'</img></td><td>"; //construct the available staff list $staffsql = "SELECT StaffId, LastName, FirstName FROM Staff order by StaffId"; $staffResult = mysql_query($staffsql); if ($staffResult){ echo "<p><table cellspacing='1' cellpadding='3'>"; echo "<th colspan=6>List of Available Staff</th>"; echo "</tr><tr><th> Select</th><th>Id</th><th></th><th>Last Name </th><th></th><th>First Name </th></tr>"; while ($staffarray = mysql_fetch_array($staffResult)) { echo "<tr onMouseOver= this.bgColor = 'red' onMouseOut =this.bgColor = 'white' bgcolor= '#FFFFFF'> <td align=center><input type='checkbox' name='selectbox[]' id='selectbox[]' value=".$staffarray['StaffId']."> </td><td align=left>".$staffarray['StaffId']." </td><td>&nbsp&nbsp</td><td align=center>".$staffarray['LastName']." </td><td>&nbsp&nbsp</td><td align=center>".$staffarray['FirstName']." </td></tr>"; } echo "</table>"; } else { echo "<br> The Staff list can not be displayed!"; } echo "</td></tr>"; echo "<tr><td></td>"; echo "<td align=center><input type='submit' name='Submit' value='Assign Staff'>&nbsp&nbsp"; echo "<input type='reset' value='Start Over'>"; echo "</td></tr>"; echo "</table>";

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• Partitioning recommendations for a Proxmox VM Server (OpenVZ)

  - by luison

  We are new to virtualization and we are planning to turn our online server into a virualized one, mainly for maintenance, backup and recovery improvements. Initially we would only have one real virtual system with load plus 1-3 copys for testing and recovering and maybe a small centralized syslog virtual machine. We would like, if possible the host machine to include an iptables plus rsync to back up to other machines and some other global security systems. Due to this and the offerings of our hosting supplier we are mainly considering Proxmox for its simplicity (we like the idea of its web admin panel) and as I also understand that the container approach of OpenVMZ systems may fit well resource wise with our setup. The base system comes with debian so we can personalise it to our requirements. Proxmox installations default installs an LVM partition for the VMs. Our doubts are with the fact of what would be the best partition structure for this considering that: we would like to have a mirror of the root partition we could boot from if required (our provider supports booting the system from another partition via control panel) we ideally would like to have a partition that could be shared among the VM systems. We still don't know if this is possible directly with OpenVMZ containers, otherwise we are considering doing this by sharing it via NFS on the host machine. we want to use the backup system available on the proxmox host administrator to programme VMs backups and then rsync it to another machine. With this based on a Linux Raid of aprox (750Gb) we are considering something like: ext3_1/ - (20Gb) ext3_2/bak_root - (20Gb) mostly unmounted, root partition sync LVM_1 /var/lib/vz - (390Gb) partition for virtual images LVM_2 /shared_data - (30Gb) LVM_3 /backups - (300Gb) where all backups would be allocated Our initial tests with Proxmox seem to have issues with snapshots backups like this, perhaps caused by the fact that they can not be done to another LVM partition (error: command 'lvcreate --size 1024M --snapshot --name vzsnap-ns204084.XXX.net-0 /dev/pve/LV' failed with exit code 5) in which case we might have to use a standart ext3 partition (but unsure if we can do this with the 4 primary partition limitations). Does this makes more or less sense? Would it be mad to for example write VMs /var/logs to a NFS mounted partition (on the host system)? Are their any other easier ways to mount host system partitions (or folders) to the VMs?

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• recommendations for efficient offsite remote backup solution of vm's

  - by senorsmile

  I am looking for recommendations for backing up my current 6 vm's(and soon to grow to up to 20). Currently I am running a two node proxmox cluster(which is a debian base using kvm for virtualization with a custom web front end to administer). I have two nearly identical boxes with amd phenom II x4's and asus motherboards. Each has 4 500 GB sata2 hdd's, 1 for the os and other data for the proxmox install, and 3 using mdadm+drbd+lvm to share the 1.5 TB's of storage between the two machines. I mount lvm images to kvm for all of the virtual machines. I currently have the ability to do live transfer from one machine to the other, typically within seconds(it takes about 2 minutes on the largest vm running win2008 with m$ sql server). I am using proxmox's built-in vzdump utility to take snapshots of the vm's and store those on an external harddrive on the network. I then have jungledisk service (using rackspace) to sync the vzdump folder for remote offsite backup. This is all fine and dandy, but it's not very scalable. For one, the backups themselves can take up to a few hours every night. With jungledisk's block level incremental transfers, the sync only transfers a small portion of the data offsite, but that still takes at least a half an hour. The much better solution would of course be something that allows me to instantly take the difference of two time points (say what was written from 6am to 7am), zip it, then send that difference file to the backup server which would instantly transfer to the remote storage on rackspace. I have looked a little into zfs and it's ability to do send/receive. That coupled with a pipe of the data in bzip or something would seem perfect. However, it seems that implementing a nexenta server with zfs would essentially require at least one or two more dedicated storage servers to serve iSCSI block volumes (via zvol's???) to the proxmox servers. I would prefer to keep the setup as minimal as possible (i.e. NOT having separate storage servers) if at all possible. I have also briefly read about zumastor. It looks like it could also do what I want, but it appears to have halted development in 2008. So, zfs, zumastor or other?

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• How should I convert a physical drive to a VHD for use with VirtualPC?

  - by RBerteig

  I have the hard disks from a PC that was happily running Windows Me until is it suffered an unknown hardware failure. The drives are intact, and can be mounted and read on other PCs. We have data backups, but there is licensed software installed that may not be possible to migrate to newer versions running on a more modern platform making the idea of just booting a virtual image attractive. Is it possible to make VHDs from the drives such that I can boot them in VirtualPC? If not VirtualPC, would it be possible in any other virtualization tool? Edit: Some more details.... The system was running Windows Me, but upgraded from Windows 95 (or possibly 98). It can't have been more than a Pentium II, but I will have to look at the motherboard to confirm that. There were no "exotic" devices installed, and nothing beyond the usual legacy stuff that would need to survive into a virtual machine. The licensed software did not have a dongle, so I won't need to worry about virtualizing a physical dongle of some kind. Licenses were probably died to the disk serial number. There were two HDs, both IDE. The boot disk is about 6GB, and the spare data disk is 12GB, but nearly empty. I have a small bias in favor of VirtualPC just because its free and I've used it successfully in the past. But this is a good excuse to revisit the state of the art. I do know from direct experience that it is possible to install and boot DOS 5.0 and Win95 in VirtualPC, but the VM extensions weren't available so the experience isn't as seamless as I would have liked. A very old DirectX game that failed miserably under XP SP2 runs really nicely on that VM, and actually plays better in a lot of ways than it did on period hardware, so that gives me hope that this is possible. Edit 2: Well, I'm closer than I was when I asked... so thanks to all for helpful suggestions and hints to what I should be trying. I used WinImage to copy the disks, and VirtualPC 2007 to attempt to boot. So far, I have it booting in safe mode, but hanging with a black screen otherwise. I strongly suspect that the copy of Artisoft Lantastic 8.0 (anyone else remember them?) that is still installed for networking with even older PCs that mostly don't exist any more is the culprit there. In my infinite free time, I will try to resolve the differences between a Safe Mode boot and a normal boot, and feel that it is likely to yield to pressure. I'd accept more than one answer if I could... this isn't as black and white a question as the one accepted answer convention assumes.

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• Javascript: how to document.print option value in Select block?

  - by HH

  The below returns [object HTMLOptionElement] while I try to return the value. document.write(document.getElementById("allSelect").options[0]).value; by value, I mean the thing called value there (there is a form around it but not relevant now): <select name="allSelect" id="allSelect" size=3> <option value="1"selected">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> </select> How can I return the value of an option?

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• xen debian: domU can't get out side

  - by iftol

  hi every body. i'm a trainee as a sysAdmin, it is my first expérience with virtualization. i have a server setup debian xen 3 with 2 physical interfaces. eth 0 for local network 10.0.0.1 and eth1 for internet (194.X.X.4). i created 3 VMs (web server, mail server and dabase server) with local ip addresses 172.10.0.x/24. the problem i had first is that domU can't ping dom0. i asked the sysAdmin of our ISP and he sais that he fogot to setup the bridginb. so he ceated a bridge with 172.10.0.1/24 after that i was able to ping the real server (194.X.X.4). but i can't go out side from my VMs, how can i fixe this issue? real or physical server ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 23:26:34:84:ce:xe inet adr:10.1.3.12 Bcast:10.1.3.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::226:b9ff:fe84:ceb4/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:412006 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:411296 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 RX bytes:31410957 (29.9 MiB) TX bytes:31178370 (29.7 MiB) Interruption:36 Mémoire:d6000000-d6012100 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 23:26:34:84:ce:xe inet adr:194.x.x.4 Bcast:194.254.167.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::226:b9ff:fe84:ceb6/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:25872332 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:414578 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 RX bytes:2642278343 (2.4 GiB) TX bytes:35436775 (33.7 MiB) lo Link encap:Boucle locale inet adr:127.0.0.1 Masque:255.0.0.0 adr inet6: ::1/128 Scope:Hôte UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:1308073 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1308073 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 RX bytes:109871395 (104.7 MiB) TX bytes:109871395 (104.7 MiB) peth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 23:26:34:84:ce:xe UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:31818694 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:414818 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 RX bytes:5197318822 (4.8 GiB) TX bytes:37904897 (36.1 MiB) Interruption:48 Mémoire:d8000000-d8012100 vif281.0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff adr inet6: fe80::fcff:ffff:feff:ffff/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:207 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:298 errors:0 dropped:2 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:32 RX bytes:24629 (24.0 KiB) TX bytes:28404 (27.7 KiB) vif281.1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff adr inet6: fe80::fcff:ffff:feff:ffff/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:45 errors:0 dropped:47063 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:32 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:4449 (4.3 KiB) vif282.0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff adr inet6: fe80::fcff:ffff:feff:ffff/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:1 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:32 RX bytes:5041 (4.9 KiB) TX bytes:714 (714.0 B) xenbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr fe:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet adr:172.10.0.1 Bcast:172.10.0.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::5c72:c6ff:fe49:7fe/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:7180 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8615 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 RX bytes:756804 (739.0 KiB) TX bytes:791206 (772.6 KiB) brtcl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces eth1 8000.0026b984ceb6 no peth1 vif281.1 xenbr0 8000.feffffffffff no vif281.0 vif282.0 network-multi-bridge /etc/xen/scripts/network-virtual start vifnum="0" bridgeip="172.10.0.1/24" brnet="172.10.0.0/24" VM webserver eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3E:42:33:70 inet addr:172.10.0.2 Bcast:172.10.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::216:3eff:fe42:3370/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:27 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:126 (126.0 b) TX bytes:2036 (1.9 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Thank you for your help.

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• Linux not buffering block I/O when the device is not "in use" (i.e. mounted)

  - by Radek Hladík

  I am installing new server and I've found an interesting issue. The server is running Fedora 19 (3.11.7-200.fc19.x86_64 kernel) and is supposed to host a few KVM/Qemu virtual servers (mail server, file server, etc..). The HW is Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU 5160 @ 3.00GHz with 16GB RAM. One of the most important features will be Samba server and we have decided to make it as virtual machine with almost direct access to the disks. So the real HDD is cached on SSD (via bcache) then raided with md and the final device is exported into the virtual machine via virtio. The virtual machine is again Fedora 19 with the same kernel. One important topic to find out is whether the virtualization layer will not introduce high overload into disk I/Os. So far I've been able to get up to 180MB/s in VM and up to 220MB/s on real HW (on the SSD disk). I am still not sure why the overhead is so big but it is more than the network can handle so I do not care so much. The interesting thing is that I've found that the disk reads are not buffered in the VM unless I create and mount FS on the disk or I use the disks somehow. Simply put: Lets do dd to read disk for the first time (the /dev/vdd is an old Raptor disk 70MB/s is its real speed): [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 36.8038 s, 71.2 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB Rereading the data shows that they are cached somewhere but not in buffers of the VM. Also the speed increased to "only" 500MB/s. The VM has 4GB of RAM (more that the test file) [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.16016 s, 508 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.05727 s, 518 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB Now lets mount the FS on /dev/vdd and try the dd again: [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdd /mnt/tmp [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 4.68578 s, 559 MB/s Buffers: 2574592 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 1.50504 s, 1.7 GB/s Buffers: 2574592 kB While the first read was the same, all 2.6GB got buffered and the next read was at 1.7GB/s. And when I unmount the device: [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/tmp [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers Buffers: 14452 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.10499 s, 514 MB/s Buffers: 14468 kB The bcache was disabled while testing and the results are same on faster (newer) HDDs and on SSD (except for the initial read speed of course). To sum it up. When I read from the device via dd first time, it gets read from the disk. Next time I reread it gets cached in the host but not in the guest (thats actually the same issue, more on that later). When I mount the filesystem but try to read the device directly it gets cached in VM (via buffers). As soon as I stop "using" it, buffers are discarded and the device is not cached anymore in the VM. When I looked into buffers value on the host I realized that the situation is the same. The block I/O gets buffered only when the disk is in use, in this case it means "exported to a VM". On host, after all the measurement done: 3165552 buffers On the host, after the VM shutdown: 119176 buffers I know it is not important as the disks will be mounted all the time but I am curious and I would like to know why it is working like this.

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• Missing Print Option in Google Maps? Here Is How You Find it.

  - by Gopinath

  Summary: Wondering how to print driving directions on new version of Google Directions as there is no print icon on maps home page? Its buried under layers and you can access it by  searching for required directions first and then click on List all steps to see Print icon on top right section. The classic version of Google Maps had  Print option in a prominent location on home page and it was easy to access it to print driving directions. But in the new version of Google Maps, for good or bad Google decided to remove Print option from the home screen.This left many Google Maps users wondering how to print driving directions. In the new version of Google Maps, the Print option is displayed only when you view the full list of driving directions. Here are the simple steps to be followed for printing driving directions on new Google Maps Open Google Maps. Search for directions and click List all steps in the directions card. Click printer icon in the top right corner. Tada!! You found a way to print your directions. Here is an nice animation of instructions to print directions provided by Google    

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• Feedback on Using ZFS and FreeBSD

  - by ToiletOverflow

  I need to create a server that will be used solely for backing up files. The server will have 2TB of storage to begin with but I may want to add additional storage later on. As such, I am currently considering using FreeBSD + ZFS as the OS and file system. Is ZFS a reliable, trusted file system? Should I use it in this scenario? I have read that ZFS should be used with OpenSolaris over FreeBSD as OpenSolaris is usually ahead of the curve with ZFS as far as version updates and stability. However, I am not interested in using OpenSolaris for this project. An alternative option that I am considering is to stick with ext3 and create multiple volumes if need be, because I know that I will not need a single, continuous volume larger than 2TB. Thanks in advance for your feedback.

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• KVM + Cloudmin + IpTables

  - by Alex

  I have a KVM virtualization on a machine. I use Ubuntu Server + Cloudmin (in order to manage virtual machine instances). On a host system I have four network interfaces: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ ifconfig br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 inet addr:192.168.0.253 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1278:d2ff:feec:1638/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:589337 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:334357 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:753652448 (753.6 MB) TX bytes:43385198 (43.3 MB) br1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet addr:192.168.10.1 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:16995 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13309 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2059264 (2.0 MB) TX bytes:1763980 (1.7 MB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:610558 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:332382 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:769477564 (769.4 MB) TX bytes:44360402 (44.3 MB) Interrupt:20 Memory:fe400000-fe420000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) TX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) tap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:17821 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13703 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:2370468 (2.3 MB) TX bytes:1782356 (1.7 MB) br0 is connected to a real network, br1 is used to create a private network shared between guest systems. Now I need to configure iptables for network access. First of all I allow ssh sessions on port 8022 on the host system, then I allow all connections in state RELATED, ESTABLISHED. This is working ok. I install another system as guest, it's IP address is 192.168.10.2, and now I have two problems: I want to allow the access from this host to the outside world, cannot accomplish this. I can ssh from the host. I want to be able to ssh to the guest from the outside world using 8023 port. Cannot accomplish this. Full iptables configuration is following: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables --list [sudo] password for ebadmin: Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:8022 ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables -t nat --list Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DNAT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp spt:8023 to:192.168.10.2:22 Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination The worst of all is that I don't know how to interpret iptables logs. I don't see the final decision of the firewall. Need help urgently.

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• How can I set external monitor as default?

  - by iJeeves

  I have connected an external monitor to my laptop through HDMI. Currently either my Desktop is getting extended to the external monitor (with native resolution) or low resolution on both when I choose "Same Image in both". How can I ensure that the external monitor is used by default and the laptop monitor just blanks. I generated the xorg.conf file by doing: X -configure The following is the content of xorg.conf.new file generated in my user folder. Should I copy this anywhere? Should I edit the contents? Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "X.org Configured" Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0 InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer" InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard" EndSection Section "Files" ModulePath "/usr/lib/xorg/modules" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi" FontPath "/var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType" FontPath "built-ins" EndSection Section "Module" Load "glx" Load "dri2" Load "record" Load "extmod" Load "dbe" Load "dri" EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Keyboard0" Driver "kbd" EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Mouse0" Driver "mouse" Option "Protocol" "auto" Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice" Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5 6 7" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor0" VendorName "Monitor Vendor" ModelName "Monitor Model" EndSection Section "Device" ### Available Driver options are:- ### Values: : integer, : float, : "True"/"False", ### : "String", : " Hz/kHz/MHz", ### : "%" ### [arg]: arg optional #Option "NoAccel" # [] #Option "SWcursor" # [] #Option "ColorKey" # #Option "CacheLines" # #Option "Dac6Bit" # [] #Option "DRI" # [] #Option "NoDDC" # [] #Option "ShowCache" # [] #Option "XvMCSurfaces" # #Option "PageFlip" # [] Identifier "Card0" Driver "intel" BusID "PCI:0:2:0" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor "Monitor0" SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 1 EndSubSection SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 4 EndSubSection SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 8 EndSubSection SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 15 EndSubSection SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 EndSubSection SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection

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• Remotely connecting to a Hyper-V hosted VM's console.

  - by billpg

  Hi everyone. I've just managed to successfully move an aging beige box into a Hyper-V virtual machine. We used to use the beige box by walking over and sitting at the computer itself, but we can't do that so easily when its inside the Hyper-V system. Is there a way please to access the VM's console from a workstation running XP Pro? Please note that its an obscure OS running inside the VM, so installing a VNC or similar service inside the VM is not an option. Many thanks.

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• Bridging a Windows 7 and Ubuntu dual boot inside an OS

  - by matsko

  I have Windows 7 and Ubuntu installed on my local PC. They're both installed on separate partitions on the same machine, and when the computer boots up the user is given the option to choose which one they want to boot use as the OS. This all works fine, but I want to use Windows 7 instead of Ubuntu, I am required to restart the computer and boot up the other OS. Is is possible to use an "inline" tool that will allow to change between both OSs as if they were windows in Windows 7? Which tool would that be? Does anyone know of anything else than Parallels? Also are there any free tools that would do this?. Many Thanks.

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• How is memory allocated in ESXi server?

  - by Samselvaprabu

  We have an ESXi 4.1 server with 48 GB RAM. For each VM, we are allocating 4GB of memory. Since the server will have 13 virtual machines, my manager thinks this is wrong. I am going to explain to them that ESXi will actually manage memory itself, but they asked me how much memory I allocated for the ESXi server itself. I did not allocate any (I have not even heard of an option for allocating memory for the ESXi server itself). How is memory allocated for ESXi server? How does it over-allocate/distribute RAM among virtual machines without issue?

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• OpenVSwitch and Virtualbox configuration

  - by Newbie

  I am trying to setup a lab network with OpenVSwitch (Virtual L3 Switch). I want to connect my 3 Virtualbox guest machines (running Debian 6) using OpenVSwitch. But, confused as what should I do first and how should I do this. I mean should I install OpenVSwitch on my VM or on my host machine? If I install on my host machine, then should I make to connect to my VMs. OR If I install OpenVSwitch on one of my VM, then how to connect the rest of the VMs to virtual switch. I know, there is option to connect internal networks in virtualbox, but I a want L3 switch to interconnect my VLANs. Can someone guide me here. Please & Thank you.

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• How can I run 2 already installed OS at the same time?

  - by eran

  I have Win7 and Ubuntu installed on my PC, and I can choose which to run at boot time. I would like to be able to run the Ubuntu from within the Win7. Tools like VMWare allows one to create a new installation of a guest OS, which could then be run alongside the hosting OS. However, I already have the Ubuntu fully installed on my hard drive, and I'd like to maintain the dual boot option. Ideally, I'd like to be able to create a new virtual machine on my Win7, but instead of installing a new guest OS, just direct it to the existing installation. Is that possible?

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• Is paravirtualization evil?

  - by Daniel

  I have an VMWare ESX Server v3.5 with a few virtualized Debian Lenny VMs (kernel 2.6.22 with vmi) running Apache Tomcat 5.5. I enabled paravirtualization, and Disk IO increased from about 240MB/s to 380MB/s, making me a happy admin. The problem now is that my apache tomcat becomes deadlocked during startup, running with 200% CPU (I have 2 CPUS assigned to the VM), and don't know how to get both: A stable system and a fast system. I somewhere heared that paravirtualization is legacy anyway and won't be available on newer ESX servers. Is there a replacement for this seemingly performance-improving option, or is it discontinued becauses it is just unstable? What is the state of paravirtualization? Should I ignore it completely? Thanks for all answers in advance.

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• Xorg crashes ever since using Nvidia dual monitors

  - by legion

  Well ever since I have used dual monitors with the NVIDIA X Server Settings program my xorg process has been crashing after a while, and its generally a pretty long while of like 6 hours afterwards. Before NVIDIA changed my xorg.conf file I only had xorg crash like twice in 2 months, I can't figure out what is going on. I am running ubuntu 12.04 with the MATE desktop environment v 1.2.0 xorg.conf # nvidia-settings: X configuration file generated by nvidia-settings # nvidia-settings: version 295.33 (buildd@allspice) Fri Mar 30 15:25:24 UTC 2012 Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "Layout0" Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0 InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard" InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer" Option "Xinerama" "0" EndSection Section "Files" EndSection Section "InputDevice" # generated from default Identifier "Mouse0" Driver "mouse" Option "Protocol" "auto" Option "Device" "/dev/psaux" Option "Emulate3Buttons" "no" Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" EndSection Section "InputDevice" # generated from default Identifier "Keyboard0" Driver "kbd" EndSection Section "Monitor" # HorizSync source: edid, VertRefresh source: edid Identifier "Monitor0" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "LEN" HorizSync 51.8 - 55.8 VertRefresh 40.0 - 60.0 Option "DPMS" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Device0" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation" BoardName "NVS 3100M" EndSection Section "Screen" # Removed Option "TwinView" "0" # Removed Option "metamodes" "DFP-0: nvidia-auto-select +0+0" # Removed Option "TwinView" "1" # Removed Option "metamodes" "DFP-1: nvidia-auto-select +0+0, CRT: nvidia-auto-select +1920+0" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Device0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 24 Option "TwinViewXineramaInfoOrder" "DFP-1" Option "TwinView" "0" Option "metamodes" "DFP-0: nvidia-auto-select +0+0" SubSection "Display" Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection

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• Software to create a virtual parallel port in Windows XP?

  - by drknexus

  I am writing a program that will eventually be used on a computer with a physical parallel port and will need to set certain pins high or low in order to signal to an external device. However, the development laptop I am using does not have any physical parallel ports and is too low powered to run a virtual machine. Is there any option available that will create a virtual parallel port within Windows XP? Ideally it would include a debug mode that would allow me to see what values have been pushed out on the parallel port.

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• noexec option enabled in fstab is not getting applicable for limited user. Is it a bug?

  - by user170918

  noexec option enabled in fstab is not getting applicable for limited user. Is it a bug? cat /etc/fstab # / was on /dev/sda2 during installation UUID=fd7e2645-3cc4-4c6c-8b1b-016711c2fd07 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=f3e58f86-8999-4678-a5ec-0a4b621c6e37 /boot ext4 defaults 0 2 # /home was on /dev/sda9 during installation UUID=bcbc1c4d-46a9-4b2a-bb0a-6fe1bdeaed22 /home ext4 defaults,nodev,nosuid 0 2 # /tmp was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=8538eecc-bd16-40fe-ad66-7d7b9287839e /tmp ext4 defaults,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 2 # /var was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=292696cf-fc15-40ab-9cd8-cee9bff7e165 /var ext4 defaults,nosuid,nodev 0 2 # /var/log was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=fab1f85b-ae09-4ce0-b169-c01205eb8f9c /var/log ext4 defaults,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 2 # /var/log/audit was on /dev/sda8 during installation UUID=602f5003-4ac0-49e9-99d3-b29378ce9430 /var/log/audit ext4 defaults,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 2 # swap was on /dev/sda3 during installation UUID=a538d35b-b2e9-47f2-b72d-5dbbcf0afca0 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usblpsc auto noauto,user,rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usblpsc auto noauto,user,rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sdd1 /mnt/usblpsc auto noauto,user,rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 sudo users are not able to paste executable files in /bin into the file system which have the noexec option set. But limited users are able to paste the same files into the file system which have noexec option set. Why is it so?

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• Ubuntu 13.10. After login, no desktop displayed. Two Nvidia Graphics Cards, Four Monitors

  - by jmerkow

  I am working on an issue with my Ubuntu 13.10 installation. I am attempting to get 4 monitors up and running but I am having some trouble. So far, I installed and updated to the latest NVIDIA drivers (331.20). Initially X would not start (after installation) so I replaced my xorg.conf with xorg.conf.failsafe. This fixed that problem, but then I tried to enable the other 2 monitors (other video card) and xorg fails to start once again (after I login there is no desktop). I am fairly new to linux but I am not a complete beginner, but I'm not comfortable poking around too much on my own to troubleshoot yet.... lspci -nn | grep VGA: 03:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation GF110 [GeForce GTX 570 Rev. 2] [10de:1086] (rev a1) 05:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation GF110 [GeForce GTX 580] [10de:1080] (rev a1) It seems that the nvidia-settings tool does not result in a good xorg.conf file. Here it is: # nvidia-settings: X configuration file generated by nvidia-settings # nvidia-settings: version 331.20 (buildmeister@swio-display-x86-rhel47-05) Wed Oct 30 18:20:32 PDT 2013 Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "Default Layout" Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0 Screen 1 "Screen1" RightOf "Screen0" InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard" InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer" Option "Xinerama" "1" EndSection ... Section "Monitor" Identifier "Configured Monitor" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor0" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "SHARP HDMI" HorizSync 15.0 - 68.0 VertRefresh 55.0 - 76.0 EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor1" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "Samsung SyncMaster" HorizSync 0.0 - 0.0 VertRefresh 0.0 EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Configured Video Device" Driver "vesa" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Device0" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation" BoardName "GeForce GTX 570" BusID "PCI:3:0:0" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Device1" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation" BoardName "GeForce GTX 580" BusID "PCI:5:0:0" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" Device "Configured Video Device" Monitor "Configured Monitor" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Device0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 24 Option "Stereo" "0" Option "nvidiaXineramaInfoOrder" "DFP-1" Option "metamodes" "HDMI-0: nvidia-auto-select +640+0, DVI-I-3: nvidia-auto-select +0+1080" Option "SLI" "Off" Option "MultiGPU" "Off" Option "BaseMosaic" "off" SubSection "Display" Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen1" Device "Device1" Monitor "Monitor1" DefaultDepth 24 Option "Stereo" "0" Option "metamodes" "DVI-I-2: nvidia-auto-select +0+0" Option "SLI" "Off" Option "MultiGPU" "Off" Option "BaseMosaic" "off" SubSection "Display" Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection Section "Extensions" Option "Composite" "Disable" EndSection

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