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  • How to install grub into an .img file?

    - by Francesco Turco
    I did the following: created an empty .img file with dd associated it to /dev/loop0 with losetup created a partition in it with fdisk formatted such partition with mke2fs copied a custom GNU/Linux system into that partition Now I'd like to make the .img file bootable by installing grub into its MBR and /boot directory. My goal is to load the .img file with qemu. It would be better if grub2 is used instead of grub legacy. Thanks.

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  • Strange Recurrent Excessive I/O Wait

    - by Chris
    I know quite well that I/O wait has been discussed multiple times on this site, but all the other topics seem to cover constant I/O latency, while the I/O problem we need to solve on our server occurs at irregular (short) intervals, but is ever-present with massive spikes of up to 20k ms a-wait and service times of 2 seconds. The disk affected is /dev/sdb (Seagate Barracuda, for details see below). A typical iostat -x output would at times look like this, which is an extreme sample but by no means rare: iostat (Oct 6, 2013) tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.00 0.00 156.00 9.75 21.89 288.12 36.00 57.60 5.50 0.00 44.00 8.00 48.79 2194.18 181.82 100.00 2.00 0.00 16.00 8.00 46.49 3397.00 500.00 100.00 4.50 0.00 40.00 8.89 43.73 5581.78 222.22 100.00 14.50 0.00 148.00 10.21 13.76 5909.24 68.97 100.00 1.50 0.00 12.00 8.00 8.57 7150.67 666.67 100.00 0.50 0.00 4.00 8.00 6.31 10168.00 2000.00 100.00 2.00 0.00 16.00 8.00 5.27 11001.00 500.00 100.00 0.50 0.00 4.00 8.00 2.96 17080.00 2000.00 100.00 34.00 0.00 1324.00 9.88 1.32 137.84 4.45 59.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.00 44.00 204.00 11.27 0.01 0.27 0.27 0.60 Let me provide you with some more information regarding the hardware. It's a Dell 1950 III box with Debian as OS where uname -a reports the following: Linux xx 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Fri Feb 15 15:39:52 UTC 2013 x86_64 GNU/Linux The machine is a dedicated server that hosts an online game without any databases or I/O heavy applications running. The core application consumes about 0.8 of the 8 GBytes RAM, and the average CPU load is relatively low. The game itself, however, reacts rather sensitive towards I/O latency and thus our players experience massive ingame lag, which we would like to address as soon as possible. iostat: avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 1.77 0.01 1.05 1.59 0.00 95.58 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn sdb 13.16 25.42 135.12 504701011 2682640656 sda 1.52 0.74 20.63 14644533 409684488 Uptime is: 19:26:26 up 229 days, 17:26, 4 users, load average: 0.36, 0.37, 0.32 Harddisk controller: 01:00.0 RAID bus controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic MegaRAID SAS 1078 (rev 04) Harddisks: Array 1, RAID-1, 2x Seagate Cheetah 15K.5 73 GB SAS Array 2, RAID-1, 2x Seagate ST3500620SS Barracuda ES.2 500GB 16MB 7200RPM SAS Partition information from df: Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb1 480191156 30715200 425083668 7% /home /dev/sda2 7692908 437436 6864692 6% / /dev/sda5 15377820 1398916 13197748 10% /usr /dev/sda6 39159724 19158340 18012140 52% /var Some more data samples generated with iostat -dx sdb 1 (Oct 11, 2013) Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sdb 0.00 15.00 0.00 70.00 0.00 656.00 9.37 4.50 1.83 4.80 33.60 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 16.00 8.00 12.00 836.00 500.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 32.00 10.67 9.96 1990.67 333.33 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 40.00 10.00 6.96 3075.00 250.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 16.00 8.00 2.62 4648.00 500.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 16.00 16.00 1.69 7024.00 1000.00 100.00 sdb 0.00 74.00 0.00 124.00 0.00 1584.00 12.77 1.09 67.94 6.94 86.00 Characteristic charts generated with rrdtool can be found here: iostat plot 1, 24 min interval: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/600/yqm3.png/ iostat plot 2, 120 min interval: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/407/griw.png/ As we have a rather large cache of 5.5 GBytes, we thought it might be a good idea to test if the I/O wait spikes would perhaps be caused by cache miss events. Therefore, we did a sync and then this to flush the cache and buffers: echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches and directly afterwards the I/O wait and service times virtually went through the roof, and everything on the machine felt like slow motion. During the next few hours the latency recovered and everything was as before - small to medium lags in short, unpredictable intervals. Now my question is: does anybody have any idea what might cause this annoying behaviour? Is it the first indication of the disk array or the raid controller dying, or something that can be easily mended by rebooting? (At the moment we're very reluctant to do this, however, because we're afraid that the disks might not come back up again.) Any help is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance, Chris. Edited to add: we do see one or two processes go to 'D' state in top, one of which seems to be kjournald rather frequently. If I'm not mistaken, however, this does not indicate the processes causing the latency, but rather those affected by it - correct me if I'm wrong. Does the information about uninterruptibly sleeping processes help us in any way to address the problem? @Andy Shinn requested smartctl data, here it is: smartctl -a -d megaraid,2 /dev/sdb yields: smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net Device: SEAGATE ST3500620SS Version: MS05 Serial number: Device type: disk Transport protocol: SAS Local Time is: Mon Oct 14 20:37:13 2013 CEST Device supports SMART and is Enabled Temperature Warning Disabled or Not Supported SMART Health Status: OK Current Drive Temperature: 20 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Elements in grown defect list: 0 Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 1236631092 Blocks received from initiator = 1097862364 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 1383620256 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 531295338 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 51986460 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 36556.93 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 32 Error counter log: Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors read: 509271032 47 0 509271079 509271079 20981.423 0 write: 0 0 0 0 0 5022.039 0 verify: 1870931090 196 0 1870931286 1870931286 100558.708 0 Non-medium error count: 0 SMART Self-test log Num Test Status segment LifeTime LBA_first_err [SK ASC ASQ] Description number (hours) # 1 Background short Completed 16 36538 - [- - -] # 2 Background short Completed 16 36514 - [- - -] # 3 Background short Completed 16 36490 - [- - -] # 4 Background short Completed 16 36466 - [- - -] # 5 Background short Completed 16 36442 - [- - -] # 6 Background long Completed 16 36420 - [- - -] # 7 Background short Completed 16 36394 - [- - -] # 8 Background short Completed 16 36370 - [- - -] # 9 Background long Completed 16 36364 - [- - -] #10 Background short Completed 16 36361 - [- - -] #11 Background long Completed 16 2 - [- - -] #12 Background short Completed 16 0 - [- - -] Long (extended) Self Test duration: 6798 seconds [113.3 minutes] smartctl -a -d megaraid,3 /dev/sdb yields: smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net Device: SEAGATE ST3500620SS Version: MS05 Serial number: Device type: disk Transport protocol: SAS Local Time is: Mon Oct 14 20:37:26 2013 CEST Device supports SMART and is Enabled Temperature Warning Disabled or Not Supported SMART Health Status: OK Current Drive Temperature: 19 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Elements in grown defect list: 0 Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 288745640 Blocks received from initiator = 1097848399 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 1304149705 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 527414694 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 51986460 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 36596.83 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 28 Error counter log: Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors read: 610862490 44 0 610862534 610862534 20470.133 0 write: 0 0 0 0 0 5022.480 0 verify: 2861227413 203 0 2861227616 2861227616 100872.443 0 Non-medium error count: 1 SMART Self-test log Num Test Status segment LifeTime LBA_first_err [SK ASC ASQ] Description number (hours) # 1 Background short Completed 16 36580 - [- - -] # 2 Background short Completed 16 36556 - [- - -] # 3 Background short Completed 16 36532 - [- - -] # 4 Background short Completed 16 36508 - [- - -] # 5 Background short Completed 16 36484 - [- - -] # 6 Background long Completed 16 36462 - [- - -] # 7 Background short Completed 16 36436 - [- - -] # 8 Background short Completed 16 36412 - [- - -] # 9 Background long Completed 16 36404 - [- - -] #10 Background short Completed 16 36401 - [- - -] #11 Background long Completed 16 2 - [- - -] #12 Background short Completed 16 0 - [- - -] Long (extended) Self Test duration: 6798 seconds [113.3 minutes]

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  • How to know when the kernel was last compiled?

    - by Mehmet Tuncal
    I have installed a linux distro and I "think" it is vulnerable to kernel exploits. I have to update kernel but I need to know if it is really compiled in year 2003? How can I know if additional updates are made to the kernel? Linux gandalf 2.4.21-4.ELsmp #1 SMP Fri Oct 3 17:52:56 EDT 2003 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux Does also "smp" mean that it is safe from latest threats or something? Thank you.

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  • node.js ./configure warnings

    - by microspino
    I'm trying to install node.js and I get this list of warnings when I run ./configer. I don't know which libraries/packages I miss on my Debian installation (Linux 2.6.32.6 ppc GNU/Linux on a Bubba2 sever) Checking for gnutls >= 2.5.0 : fail --- libeio --- Checking for pread(2) and pwrite(2) : fail Checking for sync_file_range(2) : fail --- libev --- Checking for header sys/inotify.h : not found Checking for header port.h : not found Checking for header sys/event.h : not found Checking for function kqueue : not found Checking for header sys/eventfd.h : not found Can you tell me what I need to install?

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  • Wkhtmltopdf margin (top and bottom)

    - by Kwarkjes
    Iam using wkhtmltopdf 0.10.0 rc2 on a : Linux 3.2.0-24-generic #38-Ubuntu x86_64 GNU/Linux I can't create pdf's with margin-top or margin-bottom (no errors) I'm using the command bellow: wkhtmotopdf -T 50 -B 50 http://google.com ./test.pdf wkhtmotopdf --margin-top 50 --margin-bottom 50 page.html ./test.pdf When i try this: wkhtmotopdf -L 50 -R 50 -T 50 -B 50 page.html ./test.pdf Margin left and right works perfect (still no margin-top/margin-bottom) it dosn't matter wich URL or page i convert

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  • Can I user mono's AOT feature to natively "pre-compile" .NET DLLs/EXEs to make them harder to revers

    - by Jared Updike
    Can I user mono's AOT (Ahead of Time compilation) feature to natively "pre-compile" all or part of some of my own .NET DLLs (and or EXEs) to make them harder to reverse engineer? I'm using Windows (7 / x64 but I have an x86 XP machine as well) and .NET 3.5 (VS 2008) and I'm curious if mono/AOT can be/has been used for this purpose? (Tying them to x86 is acceptable at this point.) See also this question where I tried this and had no luck.

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  • How can I get MTK development platform for MT series mobiles with English explanation?

    - by Robert
    You said in a post that you are an engineer and you have MTK development platform for MT series mobiles with English explanation. Can you please tell me how your company obtained it? Did you purchase it from MTK or you downloaded it? If you downloaded it please tell me your source. I am researching how i can develop application in the MTK platform so i hope you could help me with this information.

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  • How to start mysql server

    - by Vineeth
    I installed mysql using yum install mysql on fedora 12. Now how do I start the mysql server? [root@localhost init.d]# which mysql /usr/bin/mysql [root@localhost init.d]# mysql --version mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.1.46, for redhat-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Please, help

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  • How to best integrate generated code

    - by Arne
    I am evaluating the use of code generation for my flight simulation project. More specifically there is a requirement to allow "the average engineer" (no offense I am one myself) to define the differential equations that describe the dynamic system in a more natural syntax than C++ provides. The idea is to devise a abstract descriptor language that can be easily understood and edited to generate C++ code from. This descriptor is supplied by the modeling engineer and used by the ones implementing and maintaining the simulation evironment to generate code. I've got something like this in mind: model Aircraft has state x1, x2; state x3; input double : u; input bool : flag1, flag2; algebraic double : x1x2; model Engine : tw1, tw2; model Gear : gear; model ISA : isa; trim routine HorizontalFight; trim routine OnGround, General; constant double : c1, c2; constant int : ci1; begin differential equations x1' = x1 + 2.*x2; x2' = x2 + x1x2; begin algebraic equations x1x2 = x1*x2 + x1'; end model It is important to retain the flexibility of the C language thus the descriptor language is meant to only define certain parts of the definition and implementation of the model class. This way one enigneer provides the model in from of the descriptor language as examplified above and the maintenance enigneer will add all the code to read parameters from files, start/stop/pause the execution of the simulation and how a concrete object gets instatiated. My first though is to either generate two files from the descriptor file: one .h file containing declarations and one .cpp file containing the implementation of certain functions. These then need to be #included at appropriate places [File Aircarft.h] class Aircraft { public: void Aircraft(..); // hand-written constructor void ReadParameters(string &file_name); // hand-written private: /* more hand wirtten boiler-plate code */ /* generate declarations follow */ #include "Aircraft.generated.decl" }; [File Aircraft.cpp] Aircarft::Aircraft(..) { /* hand-written constructer implementation */ } /* more hand-written implementation code */ /* generated implementation code follows */ #include "Aircraft.generated.impl" Any thoughts or suggestions?

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  • How can I disable Control-W in Windows XP?

    - by Tim Visher
    I'm an Emacs/Mac user trapped on Windows at work and I often type Control-W from muscle memory to delete a word and thus by mistake kill the entire window, including everything that I was working on. This a particularly egregious problem for Console2 as I run GNU Screen and am often doing many things at once. Is there any way to completely disable Control-W or remap it to something that is far harder to type? Thanks!

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  • Debian - error while loading shared libraries

    - by Jirí Valoušek
    i have an problem with script DocToText from Silvercoders.com on my 64bit Debian Squeeze. It works properly on another 32bit machine, but on this i have still problem with some .so module. # file /bin/bash /bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.18, stripped if i run doctotext.sh it`s return an error: ./doctotext: error while loading shared libraries: libgsf-1.so.114: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory please, can you help?

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  • HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth not working debian lenny

    - by Mike
    Can anybody confirm if by setting the the following env variables under debian lenny will make previous history entries not to be saved. GNU bash, version 3.2.39(1)-release export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth export HISTSIZE=500 I have added them to my /etc/bash.bashrc but I keep getting repeated commands. Thanks

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  • When running a shell script, how can you protect it from overwriting or truncating files?

    - by Joseph Garvin
    If while an application is running one of the shared libraries it uses is written to or truncated, then the application will crash. Moving the file or removing it wholesale with 'rm' will not cause a crash, because the OS (Solaris in this case but I assume this is true on Linux and other *nix as well) is smart enough to not delete the inode associated with the file while any process has it open. I have a shell script that performs installation of shared libraries. Sometimes, it may be used to reinstall versions of shared libraries that were already installed, without an uninstall first. Because applications may be using the already installed shared libraries, it's important the the script is smart enough to rm the files or move them out of the way (e.g. to a 'deleted' folder that cron could empty at a time when we know no applications will be running) before installing the new ones so that they're not overwritten or truncated. Unfortunately, recently an application crashed just after an install. Coincidence? It's difficult to tell. The real solution here is to switch over to a more robust installation method than an old gigantic shell script, but it'd be nice to have some extra protection until the switch is made. Is there any way to wrap a shell script to protect it from overwriting or truncating files (and ideally failing loudly), but still allowing them to be moved or rm'd? Standard UNIX file permissions won't do the trick because you can't distinguish moving/removing from overwriting/truncating. Aliases could work but I'm not sure what entirety of commands need to be aliased. I imagine something like truss/strace except before each action it checks against a filter whether to actually do it. I don't need a perfect solution that would work even against an intentionally malicious script. Ideas I have so far: Alias cp to GNU cp (not the default since I'm on Solaris) and use the --remove-destination option. Alias install to GNU install and use the --backup option. It might be smart enough to move the existing file to the backup file name rather than making a copy, thus preserving the inode. "set noclobber" in ~/.bashrc so that I/O redirection won't overwrite files

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  • Enabling Linux login logging in wtmp

    - by jean88
    On a Ubuntu 9.10 system: $ uname -a Linux ionut-laptop 2.6.31-14-generic #48-Ubuntu SMP Fri Oct 16 14:04:26 UTC 2009 i686 GNU/Linux the files /var/log/wtmp and /var/log/btmp are empty: $ ls -la /var/log/?tmp -rw-rw---- 1 root utmp 0 2010-04-10 16:54 /var/log/btmp -rw-rw-r-- 1 root utmp 0 2010-04-10 16:54 /var/log/wtmp Because of this, the last(1) command is not working. What to do?

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  • Accessing Visio Database Reverse engineering schemas through an addin

    - by zeocrash
    I'm trying to build a visio addin that allows me to get a list of tables when a database reverse engineer is run. I'm using the Microsoft.Office.Interop.Visio library. I can find a list of shapes on the page, but this gives me every single shape on the page and every single piece of text. i would like to have a list of just the database tables (their physical names) in the document.

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  • In Tripwire For Servers policy what is the difference between ACL and permissions?

    - by this.josh
    I am configuring a policy file for Tripwire For Servers for GNU/Linux (x86) version 4.8.0.167 My system has ext2 and ext3 filesystems. In the policy file the properties include "ACL settings", "permission and file mode bits", and "Flags (additional permissions on object)". What is the difference between ACL settings and permissions for ext2 and ext3 filesystems, and what additional checking does the Flags property provide?

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  • Virtualbox alert on screen changes

    - by rush
    I'm using Debian GNU/Linux + awesome. Inside it I use virtualbox with ms windows. Most time I spend in Linux, however I constantly need to monitor if something new happens in the guest system. Is there any way to make virtualbox alerting about any changes on guest screen (clock is disabled, therefore only new mail or instant message may change the screen)? PS. Unfortunately I can't to move mail and instant messages from windows due to specific clients for only internal network.

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  • How much information does pdb files contain? (C# / .NET)

    - by Silver Dragon
    Is is wise to redistribute the pdb files along with a commercial application? Occasionally, I'm using the stack trace to get a more detailed error reporting logs from the deployed applications; can this functionality be achieved without relying to those files? Also, how much hints of the original source code does these files contain? Would it be easier to reverse-engineer my application using it?

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  • How to stay motivated on the job?

    - by Fred Basset
    Hi All, I've been working as an engineer professionally for 15 years for a number of different companies. My question is how do you stay motivated at work? I can generally be easily motivated if I'm working on design, but that seems to be about 5% of my actual work hours. Most of my work seems to end up being fixing problems in existing poorly designed projects. I'd love to hear some feedback from the other members out there. Thank you, Fred

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