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  • Seemingly random 404's for static files in Pyramid project

    - by seth
    I'm running a Pyramid project with mod_wsgi. Some of the files in my static directory (images, stylesheets, javascript) load fine, but others are coming up as not found. The files that are not working are all web fonts (otf, svg, woff and eot). I tried adding a text file into the static directory where the fonts are to see if I could access it, but it also came back with 404. The same text file also can't be accessed when put in the images folder. From what I'm looking at, it doesn't seem to be a permissions issue. Any ideas?

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  • DIY Touch Screen Mod Makes Regular Gloves Smartphone-friendly

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Smartphone-friendly winter gloves are expensive (and often ugly). Skip shelling out for store-bought gloves when, armed with a needle and thread, you can turn any gloves into smartphone-friendly ones. Over at Popular Science, Taylor Kubota shares the simple trick: 1. Order silver-plated nylon thread (silver conducts electricity). This can be difficult to find in stores, but major online retailers carry it. 2. Pick a pair of gloves to modify. Although leather works, it’s harder to push a needle through. 3. Stitch the figure of a star or other solid shape onto the glove’s index finger with the thread, making sure it will contact both the touchscreen and your skin. Our Geek Trivia App for Windows 8 is Now Available Everywhere How To Boot Your Android Phone or Tablet Into Safe Mode HTG Explains: Does Your Android Phone Need an Antivirus?

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  • Apache mod_proxy

    - by mhouston100
    Uggh, I'm spewing that I can't figure this out, I'm so frustrated: <VirtualHost *:80> servername domain1.com.au ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost DocumentRoot /var/www/html ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined <Proxy *> Order Allow,Deny Allow from all </Proxy> RewriteEngine on ReWriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^443$ RewriteRule ^/(.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [NC,R,L] </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:443> servername domain1.com.au SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/owncloud.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/owncloud.key DocumentRoot /var/www/html </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:*> Servername domain2.com.au ProxyRequests Off <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPass / https://192.168.1.12/ ProxyPassReverse / https://192.168.1.12/ </VirtualHost> Not sure if it's clear what I'm trying to do, but I've read and read and READ, I still can't figure it out. Basically I have a working Apache server with a rewrite to force HTTPS, as seen in the first two VirtualHost entries. I now have a webmail service I set up on another server, under another domain name, however I only have one incoming public IP address. So I'm trying to have any incoming requests for the second domain to be proxied to the other server to access the webmail, whether its port 80 or 443. IMAP and POP3 are no problems, I can just forward the ports directly to the correct server. The results of the above configuration is that requests to domain2.com.au (port 80 or 443) are forwarded to https://domain1.com.au. Am I headed in the right direction?

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  • Changing the current URL but serving content from another (same domain) - ProxyPass?

    - by zigojacko
    I've been banging my head against the wall with this for months now so I hope someone on here will be able to finally advise what is needed for this. I have some URL's like this:- domain.com/category/subcat/filter/brand And I wish to rewrite the URL's to:- domain.com/category/brand-subcat Content loads fine at the first URL, I just want to show it at a different URL - is URL masking the correct term for this? I have a RewriteRule in .htaccess that should do this job as far as I believe:- RewriteRule ^([a-zA-Z]+)/([a-zA-Z]+)/filter/([a-zA-Z]+)$ $1/$3-$2 This isn't actually modifying the URL at all though on a Magento website (mod_rewrite is enabled and plenty of other rewrites are working from the same .htaccess). So firstly, I want to know is what I am trying to achieve definitely possible? If so, what is this process even called? Secondly, does this need to be handled using ProxyPass and then use a [P] flag with the rewrite rule? I assume the Apache server doesn't have mod_proxy enabled currently because when I add a [P] flag, the URL returns a 403 forbidden error with the full server path for the current URL. Please could anyone kindly advise what on earth I need to do to achieve this?

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  • How to Exclude an URL for Apache Mod_proxy?

    - by Mughil
    We have two Apache server as front-end and 4 tomcat server as back-end configured using mod_proxy module as load balancer. Now, we want to exclude an single tomcat url from the mod_proxy load balancer. Is there any way or rule to exclude? Proxy Balancer Setting: <Proxy balancer://backend-cluster1> BalancerMember http://10.0.0.1:8080 loadfactor=1 route=test1 retry=10 BalancerMember http://10.0.0.2:8080 loadfactor=1 route=test2 retry=10 </Proxy>

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  • Will learning wxpython worth it in future? [on hold]

    - by user108437
    As we know that microsoft has been pushing Windows 8.1 which strongly uses XAML to design the app and for windows desktop mode WPF is another framework (which probably some thinks it fails) However, in old times, developer write windows form software using MFC or something alike that they have to do their own main loop, etc, etc, and I recently loves python and learning python certainly worth it, since there are still ironpython out there that uses .NET, but I am not sure whether my move to also learn wxpython for building windows software that does not requires .NET worth it also i notice wxpython is somehow old and still uses python 2.7, while today, python already version 3.3, beside that the books are old book published in 2007, and there seems no much hype on building windows form without .NET anymore because .NET is mostly preinstalled in new windows version. So my humble question is, whether should I learn python + wxpython or only python? Is there any benefit that I might not notice for capable in writing windows application that does not use .NET?

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  • RewriteRule causes POST data to get dumped before I can access it

    - by MatthewMcGovern
    I'm currently setting up my own 'webserver' (a Ubuntu Server on some old hardware) so I can have a mess around with PHP and get some experience managing a server. I'm using my own little MVC framework and I've hit a snag... In order for all requests to make it through the dispatcher, I am using: <Directory /var/www/> RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !\.(png|jpg|jpeg|bmp|gif|css|js)$ [NC] RewriteRule . HomeProjects/index.php [L] </Directory> Which works great. I read on Stackoverflow to change the [L] to [P] to preserve post data. However, this causes every page to return: Not Found The requested URL <url> was not found on this server. So after some more searching, I found, "Note that you need to enable the proxy module, and the proxy_http_module in the config files for this to work." The problem is, I have no idea how to do this and everything I google has people using examples with virtual hosts and I don't know how to 'translate' that into something useful for my setup. I'm accessing my webserver via my public IP and forwarding traffic on port 80 to the web server (like I'm pretending I have a domain/server). How can I get this enabled/get post data working again? Edit: When I use the following, the server never responds and the page loads indefinately? LoadModule proxy_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_proxy_http.so <Directory /var/www/> RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(.+\.)?82\.6\.150\.51/ [NC] RewriteRule .*\.(jpe?g|gif|bmp|png|jpg)$ /no-hotlink.png [L] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !\.(png|jpg|jpeg|bmp|gif|css|js)$ [NC] RewriteRule . HomeProjects/index.php [P] </Directory>

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  • 502 errors with apache mod_proxy hot standby (or equivalent)

    - by 6million
    Anyone knows how to configure the hot standby (+H) mod_proxy feature so that the takeover occurs immediately (without even one user receiving a 502) error during a shutdown? We aren't looking for real load-balancing, we just want a secondary server to take over while we shutdown the primary. The problem is that whenever the primary goes down, I'm able to slip one invalid request resulting in a 502 HTTP error reaching the end user,before the secondary actually takes over. Listen 80 <VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80> ServerName domain.com ProxyPass / balancer://balance/ <Proxy balancer://balance/> BalancerMember http://primary_ip:80 BalancerMember http://secondary_ip:80 status=+H </Proxy> </VirtualHost>

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  • Python cannot go over internet network

    - by user1642826
    I am currently trying to work with python networking and I have reached a bit of a road block. I am not able to network with any computer but localhost, which is kind-of useless with what networking is concerned. I have tried on my local network, from one computer to another, and I have tried over the internet, both fail. The only time I can make it work is if (when running on the server's computer) it's ip is set as 'localhost' or '192.168.2.129' (computers ip). I have spent hours going over opening ports with my isp and have gotten nowhere, so I decided to try this forum. I have my windows firewall down and I have included some pictures of important screen shots. I have no idea what the problem is and this has spanned almost a year of calls to my isp. The computer, modem, and router have all been replaced in that time. Screen shots: import socket import threading import socketserver class ThreadedTCPRequestHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self): data = self.request.recv(1024) cur_thread = threading.current_thread() response = "{}: {}".format(cur_thread.name, data) self.request.sendall(b'worked') class ThreadedTCPServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.TCPServer): pass def client(ip, port, message): sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.connect((ip, port)) try: sock.sendall(message) response = sock.recv(1024) print("Received: {}".format(response)) finally: sock.close() if __name__ == "__main__": # Port 0 means to select an arbitrary unused port HOST, PORT = "192.168.2.129", 9000 server = ThreadedTCPServer((HOST, PORT), ThreadedTCPRequestHandler) ip, port = server.server_address # Start a thread with the server -- that thread will then start one # more thread for each request server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever) # Exit the server thread when the main thread terminates server_thread.daemon = True server_thread.start() print("Server loop running in thread:", server_thread.name) ip = '12.34.56.789' print(ip, port) client(ip, port, b'Hello World 1') client(ip, port, b'Hello World 2') client(ip, port, b'Hello World 3') server.shutdown() I do not know where the error is occurring. I get this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\Dr.Frev\Desktop\serverTest.py", line 43, in <module> client(ip, port, b'Hello World 1') File "C:\Users\Dr.Frev\Desktop\serverTest.py", line 18, in client sock.connect((ip, port)) socket.error: [Errno 10061] No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it Any help will be greatly appreciated. *if this isn't a proper forum for this, could someone direct me to a more appropriate one.

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  • Apache forwarding without redirecting (application won't follow redirects)

    - by DrewVS
    Recently we had to move /task to /public/task, and I'd like to configure Apache to redirect accordingly. However, using mod_rewrite, though it works in the browser, seems to break applications making api calls to the above location. What happens is the application returns a page with the message saying the page was moved, but the app doesn't follow the redirect. So, is there a way to simply forward any traffic to /task to /public/task without 'redirecting', i.e, returning a redirect status code? EDIT: Here's a little more information. I've found a simple test to clarify what I'm trying to fix. Here is the URL path that needs forwarding: https://mydomain.com/task Needs to go to: https://mydomain.com/public/task If I use curl against the original domain, it just returns a redirect page notice. If I add the -L flag, which tells curl to follow redirects, it then follows the redirect successfully. I assume something very similar is happening in the application (which I don't have access to) that makes calls to the /task URL path. Since I cannot modify the application to make it follow redirects properly, I'm looking for a solution I can implement in Apache.

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  • What important aspects of Java should I know coming from Python?

    - by Macuser
    So, I've been browsing the job market, and it seems almost every programmer position requires either knowledge in the .NET, C#, or Java, and I'm looking to pick up Java, as I am not interesting very much with programming for Windows environments. So, what syntax differences should I look out for (except different class names), and any practices that I should avoid using in Java which is normally used in Python?

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  • Glassfish JSF/EAR Apache 2.2 proxy_ajp_mod Referred Content Missing (images/links/etc)

    - by BillR
    Full disclosure: Since this seems to be more of a configuration issue, I deleted this from Stack (where it wasn't getting any response) and reposted here. The problem is how to change the requestContextPath served up by Glassfish behind mod_proxy_ajp. The site/app runs fine if connecting directly to Glassfish port 8080 which is ultimately not what I want to do. So I need help with configuration for my servers and jsf deployment. I can see the issue but don't know how to resolve it. It has to do with the requestContextPath. Simply put, Apache directs to http://mysite.com/welcome.xhtml which is correct and what I want, but the page is minus the images and styles. The issue is Glassfish itself is still pointing to http://mysite.com/myapp/*. So all links it serves in the app/site still refer via the requestContextPath. That is the /myapp/* part of http://mysite.com/myapp/welcome.xhtml. When I look in the page source, images which are referred to with relative links still point to the requestContextPath (that is, /myapp/). This is fixable but a real pain. However with page links I can't set the relative path. If I hover over the contact page link I see http://mysite.com/myapp/contact.xhtml, and if I click it, I get 404. You can see the /myapp/ context path in the page source as well. If I type in the URL http://mysite.com/contact.xhtml I get the page minus its referred links (requestContextPath). On Apache ProxyPass / ajp://littlewalterserver:8009/myapp-web/ ProxyPassReverse / ajp://littlewalterserver:8009/myapp_Project-web On Glassfish asadmin create-network-listener --listenerport 8009 --protocol http-listener-1 --jkenabled true jk-connector I have tried going in to Glassfish and setting the web app as the default web app. I have changed the / in glassfish-web.xml (and checked to make sure it was the same in the EAR file). How can I get Glassfish to not include the /myapp/ context in the URLs? This has to be easy if you know how, but I don't know how, can someone help out here? Thanks.

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  • help('modules') crashing?

    - by Chris
    I was trying to install a module for opencv and added an opencv.pth file to the folder beyond my sites.py file. I have since deleted it and no change. When I try to run help('modules'), I get the following error: Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/twisted/words/im/init.py:8: UserWarning: twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future. warnings.warn("twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future.") /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py:110: DeprecationWarning: The wxPython compatibility package is no longer automatically generated or actively maintained. Please switch to the wx package as soon as possible. import(name) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site.py", line 348, in call return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1644, in call self.help(request) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1681, in help elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules() File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1802, in listmodules ModuleScanner().run(callback) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1853, in run for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(): File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py", line 110, in walk_packages import(name) File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/init.py", line 19, in from ctypes_opencv.cv import * File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cv.py", line 2567, in ('desc', CvMat_r, 1), # CvMat* desc File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cxcore.py", line 114, in cfunc return CFUNCTYPE(result, *atypes)((name, dll), tuple(aflags)) AttributeError: dlsym(0x2674d10, cvCreateFeatureTree): symbol not found What gives?!

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  • help('modules') crashing? Not sure how to fix..

    - by Chris
    I was trying to install a module for opencv and added an opencv.pth file to the folder beyond my sites.py file. I have since deleted it and no change. When I try to run help('modules'), I get the following error: Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/twisted/words/im/init.py:8: UserWarning: twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future. warnings.warn("twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future.") /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py:110: DeprecationWarning: The wxPython compatibility package is no longer automatically generated or actively maintained. Please switch to the wx package as soon as possible. import(name) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site.py", line 348, in call return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1644, in call self.help(request) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1681, in help elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules() File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1802, in listmodules ModuleScanner().run(callback) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1853, in run for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(): File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py", line 110, in walk_packages import(name) File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/init.py", line 19, in from ctypes_opencv.cv import * File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cv.py", line 2567, in ('desc', CvMat_r, 1), # CvMat* desc File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cxcore.py", line 114, in cfunc return CFUNCTYPE(result, *atypes)((name, dll), tuple(aflags)) AttributeError: dlsym(0x2674d10, cvCreateFeatureTree): symbol not found What gives?!

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  • Python Mechanize unable to avoid redirect when Post

    - by Enric Geijo
    I am trying to crawl a site using mechanize. The site provides search results in different pages. When posting to get the next set of results, something is wrong and the server redirects me to the first page, asking mechanize to update the SearchSession Cookie. I have been debugging the requests using Firefox and they look quite the same, and I am unable to find the problem. Any suggestion? Below the requests: ----------- FIRST THE RIGHT SEQUENCE, USING TAMPER IN FIREFOX ------------------------- POST XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London Load Flags[LOAD_DOCUMENT_URI LOAD_INITIAL_DOCUMENT_URI ] Content Size[-1] Mime Type[text/html] Request Headers: Host[www.cwjobs.co.uk] User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.1.9) Gecko/20100401 Ubuntu/9.10 (karmic) Firefox/3.5.9] Accept[text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8] Accept-Language[en-us,en;q=0.5] Accept-Encoding[gzip,deflate] Accept-Charset[ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7] Keep-Alive[300] Connection[keep-alive] Referer[XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London] Cookie[ecos=774803468-0; AnonymousUser=MemberId=acc079dd-66b6-4081-9b07-60d6955ee8bf&IsAnonymous=True; PJBIPPOPUP=; WT_FPC=id=86.181.183.106-2262469600.30073025:lv=1272812851736:ss=1272812789362; SearchSession=SessionGuid=71de63de-3bd0-4787-895d-b6b9e7c93801&LogSource=NAT] Post Data: __EVENTTARGET[srpPager%24btnForward] __EVENTARGUMENT[] hdnSearchResults[BV%2CA%2CC0P5x%2COou-%2CB4S-%2CBuC-%2CDzx-%2CHwn-%2CKPP-%2CIVA-%2CC9D-%2CH6X-%2CH7x-%2CJ0x-%2CCvX-%2CCra-%2COHa-%2CHhP-%2CCoj-%2CBlM-%2CE9W-%2CIm8-%2CBqG-%2CPFy-%2CN%2Fm-%2Ceaa%2CCvj-%2CCtJ-%2CCr7-%2CBpu-%2Cmh%2CMb6-%2CJ%2Fk-%2CHY8-%2COJ7-%2CNtF-%2CEya-%2CErT-%2CEo4-%2CEKU-%2CDnL-%2CC5M-%2CCyB-%2CBsD-%2CBrc-%2CBpU-%2Col%2C30%2CC1%2Cd4N%2COo8-%2COi0-%2CLz%2F-%2CLxP-%2CFyp-%2CFVR-%2CEHL-%2CPrP-%2CLmE-%2CK3H-%2CKXJ-%2CFyn%2CIcq-%2CIco-%2CIK4-%2CIIg-%2CH2k-%2CH0N-%2CHwp-%2CHvF-%2CFij-%2CFhl-%2CCwj-%2CCb5-%2CCQj-%2CCQh-%2CB%2B2-%2CBc6-%2ChFo%2CNLq-%2CNI%2F-%2CFzM-%2Cdu-%2CHg2-%2CBug-%2CBse-%2CB9Q-] __VIEWSTATE[%2FwEPDwUKLTkyMzI2ODA4Ng9kFgYCBA8WBB4EaHJlZgWJAWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuY3dqb2JzLmNvLnVrL0pvYlNlYXJjaC9SU1MuYXNweD9LZXl3b3Jkcz1QeXRob24mTFR4dD1Mb25kb24lMmMrU291dGgrRWFzdCZSYWRpdXM9MCZMSWRzMj1aViZjbGlkPTE2MjEmY2x0eXBlaWQ9MiZjbE5hbWU9TG9uZG9uHgV0aXRsZQUkTGF0ZXN0IFB5dGhvbiBqb2JzIGZyb20gQ1dKb2JzLmNvLnVrZAIGDxYCHgRUZXh0BV48bGluayByZWw9ImNhbm9uaWNhbCIgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jd2pvYnMuY28udWsvSm9iU2Vla2luZy9QeXRob25fTG9uZG9uX2wxNjIxX3QyLmh0bWwiIC8%2BZAIIEGRkFg4CBw8WAh8CBV9Zb3VyIHNlYXJjaCBvbiA8Yj5LZXl3b3JkczogUHl0aG9uOyBMb2NhdGlvbjogTG9uZG9uLCBTb3V0aCBFYXN0OyA8L2I%2BIHJldHVybmVkIDxiPjg1PC9iPiBqb2JzLmQCCQ8WAh4HVmlzaWJsZWhkAgsPFgIfAgUoVGhlIG1vc3QgcmVsZXZhbnQgam9icyBhcmUgbGlzdGVkIGZpcnN0LmQCEw8PFgIeC05hdmlnYXRlVXJsBQF%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%3D] Refinesearch%24txtKeywords[Python] Refinesearch%24txtLocation[London%2C+South+East] Refinesearch%24ddlRadius[0] ddlCompanyType[0] ddlSort[1] Response Headers: Cache-Control[private] Date[Sun, 02 May 2010 16:09:27 GMT] Content-Type[text/html; charset=utf-8] Expires[Sat, 02 May 2009 16:09:27 GMT] Server[Microsoft-IIS/6.0] X-SiteConHost[P310] X-Powered-By[ASP.NET] X-AspNet-Version[2.0.50727] Set-Cookie[SearchSession=SessionGuid=71de63de-3bd0-4787-895d-b6b9e7c93801&LogSource=NAT; path=/] Content-Encoding[gzip] Vary[Accept-Encoding] Transfer-Encoding[chunked] -------- NOW WHAT I'AM SENDING USING MECHANIZE, SOME HEADERS ADDED, ETC ----------- POST /JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 2424\r\n Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\n Accept-Encoding: gzip\r\n Host: www.cwjobs.co.uk\r\n Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8\r\n Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7\r\n Connection: keep-alive\r\n Cookie: AnonymousUser=MemberId=8fa5ddd7-17ed-425e-b189-82693bfbaa0c&IsAnonymous=True; SearchSession=SessionGuid=33e4e439-c2d6-423f-900f-574099310d5a&LogSource=NAT\r\n Referer: XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London\r\n Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\n' '__EVENTTARGET=srpPager%24btnForward& __EVENTARGUMENT=& hdnSearchResults=BV%2CA%2CC0eif%2CMwc%2CM6s%2COou%2CK09%2CG4H%2CEZf%2CGTu%2CLrr%2CGuX%2CGs9%2CEz9%2CL5X%2CL9U%2ChU%2CHHf%2CMAL%2CNDi%2CJrY%2CGBy%2CM%2Bo%2CdE-%2CpI%2CtDI%2CL5L%2CL7l%2CL8z%2CM%2FA%2CPPP%2CCM0%2CEpK%2CHPy%2Cez%2C7p%2CJ2U%2CJ9b%2CJ%2F2%2CKea%2CLBj%2CLvi%2CL2t%2CM8r%2CM9S%2CM%2Fa%2CPRT%2CPgi%2Csg7%2CF6%2CI2F%2CJTd%2CO-%2CC0v%2CC3f%2CDCq%2CDxn%2CERl%2CUbV%2CGME%2CGMG%2CGd2%2CGgO%2CGyK%2CG0h%2CG4F%2CG5p%2CJGL%2CJHJ%2CKhj%2CL4L%2CMM1%2CMYL%2CMYN%2CMp4%2CNL0%2COrj%2CvuW%2CBdE%2CBfv%2CI1i%2CBCh-%2COLA%2CHH4%2CM6O%2CM8Q%2CMre& __VIEWSTATE=%2FwEPDwUKLTkyMzI2ODA4Ng9kFgYCBA8WBB4EaHJlZgWJAWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuY3dqb2JzLmNvLnVrL0pvYlNlYXJjaC9SU1MuYXNweD9LZXl3b3Jkcz1QeXRob24mTFR4dD1Mb25kb24lMmMrU291dGgrRWFzdCZSYWRpdXM9MCZMSWRzMj1aViZjbGlkPTE2MjEmY2x0eXBlaWQ9MiZjbE5hbWU9TG9uZG9uHgV0aXRsZQUkTGF0ZXN0IFB5dGhvbiBqb2JzIGZyb20gQ1dKb2JzLmNvLnVrZAIGDxYCHgRUZXh0BV48bGluayByZWw9ImNhbm9uaWNhbCIgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jd2pvYnMuY28udWsvSm9iU2Vla2luZy9QeXRob25fTG9uZG9uX2wxNjIxX3QyLmh0bWwiIC8%2BZAIIEGRkFg4CBw8WAh8CBV9Zb3VyIHNlYXJjaCBvbiA8Yj5LZXl3b3JkczogUHl0aG9uOyBMb2NhdGlvbjogTG9uZG9uLCBTb3V0aCBFYXN0OyA8L2I%2BIHJldHVybmVkIDxiPjg1PC9iPiBqb2JzLmQCCQ8WAh4HVmlzaWJsZWhkAgsPFgIfAgUoVGhlIG1vc3QgcmVsZXZhbnQgam9icyBhcmUgbGlzdGVkIGZpcnN0LmQCEw8PFgIeC05hdmlnYXRlVXJsBQF%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%3D& Refinesearch%24txtKeywords=Python& Refinesearch%24txtLocation=London%2CSouth+East& Refinesearch%24ddlRadius=0& Refinesearch%24btnSearch=Search& ddlCompanyType=0& ddlSort=1'

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  • Python: Memory usage and optimization when modifying lists

    - by xApple
    The problem My concern is the following: I am storing a relativity large dataset in a classical python list and in order to process the data I must iterate over the list several times, perform some operations on the elements, and often pop an item out of the list. It seems that deleting one item out of a Python list costs O(N) since Python has to copy all the items above the element at hand down one place. Furthermore, since the number of items to delete is approximately proportional to the number of elements in the list this results in an O(N^2) algorithm. I am hoping to find a solution that is cost effective (time and memory-wise). I have studied what I could find on the internet and have summarized my different options below. Which one is the best candidate ? Keeping a local index: while processingdata: index = 0 while index < len(somelist): item = somelist[index] dosomestuff(item) if somecondition(item): del somelist[index] else: index += 1 This is the original solution I came up with. Not only is this not very elegant, but I am hoping there is better way to do it that remains time and memory efficient. Walking the list backwards: while processingdata: for i in xrange(len(somelist) - 1, -1, -1): dosomestuff(item) if somecondition(somelist, i): somelist.pop(i) This avoids incrementing an index variable but ultimately has the same cost as the original version. It also breaks the logic of dosomestuff(item) that wishes to process them in the same order as they appear in the original list. Making a new list: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) newlist = [] for item in somelist: if somecondition(item): newlist.append(item) somelist = newlist gc.collect() This is a very naive strategy for eliminating elements from a list and requires lots of memory since an almost full copy of the list must be made. Using list comprehensions: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) somelist[:] = [x for x in somelist if somecondition(x)] This is very elegant but under-the-cover it walks the whole list one more time and must copy most of the elements in it. My intuition is that this operation probably costs more than the original del statement at least memory wise. Keep in mind that somelist can be huge and that any solution that will iterate through it only once per run will probably always win. Using the filter function: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) somelist = filter(lambda x: not subtle_condition(x), somelist) This also creates a new list occupying lots of RAM. Using the itertools' filter function: from itertools import ifilterfalse while processingdata: for item in itertools.ifilterfalse(somecondtion, somelist): dosomestuff(item) This version of the filter call does not create a new list but will not call dosomestuff on every item breaking the logic of the algorithm. I am including this example only for the purpose of creating an exhaustive list. Moving items up the list while walking while processingdata: index = 0 for item in somelist: dosomestuff(item) if not somecondition(item): somelist[index] = item index += 1 del somelist[index:] This is a subtle method that seems cost effective. I think it will move each item (or the pointer to each item ?) exactly once resulting in an O(N) algorithm. Finally, I hope Python will be intelligent enough to resize the list at the end without allocating memory for a new copy of the list. Not sure though. Abandoning Python lists: class Doubly_Linked_List: def __init__(self): self.first = None self.last = None self.n = 0 def __len__(self): return self.n def __iter__(self): return DLLIter(self) def iterator(self): return self.__iter__() def append(self, x): x = DLLElement(x) x.next = None if self.last is None: x.prev = None self.last = x self.first = x self.n = 1 else: x.prev = self.last x.prev.next = x self.last = x self.n += 1 class DLLElement: def __init__(self, x): self.next = None self.data = x self.prev = None class DLLIter: etc... This type of object resembles a python list in a limited way. However, deletion of an element is guaranteed O(1). I would not like to go here since this would require massive amounts of code refactoring almost everywhere.

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  • Confusion on C++ Python extensions. Things like getting C++ values for python values.

    - by Matthew Mitchell
    I'm wanted to convert some of my python code to C++ for speed but it's not as easy as simply making a C++ function and making a few function calls. I have no idea how to get a C++ integer from a python integer object. I have an integer which is an attribute of an object that I want to use. I also have integers which are inside a list in the object which I need to use. I wanted to test making a C++ extension with this function: def setup_framebuffer(surface,flip=False): #Create texture if not done already if surface.texture is None: create_texture(surface) #Render child to parent if surface.frame_buffer is None: surface.frame_buffer = glGenFramebuffersEXT(1) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, c_uint(int(surface.frame_buffer))) glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture, 0) glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT) glViewport(0,0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1]) glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION) glLoadIdentity() #Load the projection matrix if flip: gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1],0) else: gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],0,surface._scale[1]) That function calls create_texture, so I will have to pass that function to the C++ function which I will do with the third argument. This is what I have so far, while trying to follow information on the python documentation: #include <Python.h> #include <GL/gl.h> static PyMethodDef SpamMethods[] = { ... {"setup_framebuffer", setup_framebuffer, METH_VARARGS,"Loads a texture from a Surface object to the OpenGL framebuffer."}, ... {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* Sentinel */ }; static PyObject * setup_framebuffer(PyObject *self, PyObject *args){ bool flip; PyObject *create_texture, *arg_list,*pyflip,*frame_buffer_id; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO", &surface,&pyflip,&create_texture)){ return NULL; } if (PyObject_IsTrue(pyflip) == 1){ flip = true; }else{ flip = false; } Py_XINCREF(create_texture); //Create texture if not done already if(texture == NULL){ arglist = Py_BuildValue("(O)", surface) result = PyEval_CallObject(create_texture, arglist); Py_DECREF(arglist); if (result == NULL){ return NULL; } Py_DECREF(result); } Py_XDECREF(create_texture); //Render child to parent frame_buffer_id = PyObject_GetAttr(surface, Py_BuildValue("s","frame_buffer")) if(surface.frame_buffer == NULL){ glGenFramebuffersEXT(1,frame_buffer_id); } glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, surface.frame_buffer)); glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture, 0); glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT); glViewport(0,0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1]); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); //Load the projection matrix if (flip){ gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1],0); }else{ gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],0,surface._scale[1]); } Py_INCREF(Py_None); return Py_None; } PyMODINIT_FUNC initcscalelib(void){ PyObject *module; module = Py_InitModule("cscalelib", Methods); if (m == NULL){ return; } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ /* Pass argv[0] to the Python interpreter */ Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); /* Initialize the Python interpreter. Required. */ Py_Initialize(); /* Add a static module */ initscalelib(); }

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  • C++ vs Matlab vs Python as a main language for Computer Vision Postgraduate

    - by Hough
    Hi all, Firstly, sorry for a somewhat long question but I think that many people are in the same situation as me and hopefully they can also gain some benefit from this. I'll be starting my PhD very soon which involve the fields of computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning. Currently, I'm using opencv (2.1) C++ interface and I especially like its powerful Mat class and the overloaded operations available for matrix and image seamless operations and transformations. I've also tried (and implemented many small vision projects) using opencv python interface (new bindings; opencv 2.1) and I really enjoy python's ability to integrate opencv, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. But recently, I went back to opencv C++ interface because I felt that the official python new bindings were not stable enough and no overloaded operations are available for matrices and images, not to mention the lack of machine learning modules and slow speeds in certain operations. I've also used Matlab extensively in the past and although I've used mex files and other means to speed up the program, I just felt that Matlab's performance was inadequate for real-time vision tasks, be it for fast prototyping or not. When the project becomes larger and larger, many tasks have to be re-written in C and compiled into Mex files increasingly and Matlab becomes nothing more than a glue language. Here comes the sub-questions: For postgrad studies in these fields (machine learning, vision, pattern recognition), what is your main or ideal programming language for rapid prototyping of ideas and testing algorithms contained in papers? For postgrad studies, can you list down the pros and cons of using the following languages? C++ (with opencv + gsl + svmlib + other libraries) vs Matlab (with all its toolboxes) vs python (with the imcomplete opencv bindings + numpy + scipy + matplotlib). Are there computer vision PhD/postgrad students here who are using only C++ (with all its availabe libraries including opencv) without even needing to resort to Matlab or python? In other words, given the current existing computer vision or machine learning libraries, is C++ alone sufficient for fast prototyping of ideas? If you're currently using Java or C# for your postgrad work, can you list down the reasons why they should be used and how they compare to other languages in terms of available libraries? What is the de facto vision/machine learning programming language and its associated libraries used in your university research group? Thanks in advance.

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  • Python: How to read huge text file into memory

    - by asmaier
    I'm using Python 2.6 on a Mac Mini with 1GB RAM. I want to read in a huge text file $ ls -l links.csv; file links.csv; tail links.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 user user 469904280 30 Nov 22:42 links.csv links.csv: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators 4757187,59883 4757187,99822 4757187,66546 4757187,638452 4757187,4627959 4757187,312826 4757187,6143 4757187,6141 4757187,3081726 4757187,58197 So each line in the file consists of a tuple of two comma separated integer values. I want to read in the whole file and sort it according to the second column. I know, that I could do the sorting without reading the whole file into memory. But I thought for a file of 500MB I should still be able to do it in memory since I have 1GB available. However when I try to read in the file, Python seems to allocate a lot more memory than is needed by the file on disk. So even with 1GB of RAM I'm not able to read in the 500MB file into memory. My Python code for reading the file and printing some information about the memory consumption is: #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import sys infile=open("links.csv", "r") edges=[] count=0 #count the total number of lines in the file for line in infile: count=count+1 total=count print "Total number of lines: ",total infile.seek(0) count=0 for line in infile: edge=tuple(map(int,line.strip().split(","))) edges.append(edge) count=count+1 # for every million lines print memory consumption if count%1000000==0: print "Position: ", edge print "Read ",float(count)/float(total)*100,"%." mem=sys.getsizeof(edges) for edge in edges: mem=mem+sys.getsizeof(edge) for node in edge: mem=mem+sys.getsizeof(node) print "Memory (Bytes): ", mem The output I got was: Total number of lines: 30609720 Position: (9745, 2994) Read 3.26693612356 %. Memory (Bytes): 64348736 Position: (38857, 103574) Read 6.53387224712 %. Memory (Bytes): 128816320 Position: (83609, 63498) Read 9.80080837067 %. Memory (Bytes): 192553000 Position: (139692, 1078610) Read 13.0677444942 %. Memory (Bytes): 257873392 Position: (205067, 153705) Read 16.3346806178 %. Memory (Bytes): 320107588 Position: (283371, 253064) Read 19.6016167413 %. Memory (Bytes): 385448716 Position: (354601, 377328) Read 22.8685528649 %. Memory (Bytes): 448629828 Position: (441109, 3024112) Read 26.1354889885 %. Memory (Bytes): 512208580 Already after reading only 25% of the 500MB file, Python consumes 500MB. So it seem that storing the content of the file as a list of tuples of ints is not very memory efficient. Is there a better way to do it, so that I can read in my 500MB file into my 1GB of memory?

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  • Should I learn Python2 or Python3?

    - by Elena
    Hello everyone, I was thinking in learning a new language and settled for Python. But now that Dive into Python 3 is out, which one should I learn, 2 or 3? I am asking this also considering possible jobs for version 2 or 3. So, what do you think? Thank you!

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  • C++ vs Matlab vs Python as a main language for Computer Vision Research

    - by Hough
    Hi all, Firstly, sorry for a somewhat long question but I think that many people are in the same situation as me and hopefully they can also gain some benefit from this. I'll be starting my PhD very soon which involves the fields of computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning. Currently, I'm using opencv (2.1) C++ interface and I especially like its powerful Mat class and the overloaded operations available for matrix and image operations and seamless transformations. I've also tried (and implemented many small vision projects) using opencv python interface (new bindings; opencv 2.1) and I really enjoy python's ability to integrate opencv, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. But recently, I went back to opencv C++ interface because I felt that the official python new bindings were not stable enough and no overloaded operations are available for matrices and images, not to mention the lack of machine learning modules and slow speeds in certain operations. I've also used Matlab extensively in the past and although I've used mex files and other means to speed up the program, I just felt that Matlab's performance was inadequate for real-time vision tasks, be it for fast prototyping or not. When the project becomes larger and larger, many tasks have to be re-written in C and compiled into Mex files increasingly and Matlab becomes nothing more than a glue language. Here comes the sub-questions: For carrying out research in these fields (machine learning, vision, pattern recognition), what is your main or ideal programming language for rapid prototyping of ideas and testing algorithms contained in papers? For computer vision research work, can you list down the pros and cons of using the following languages? C++ (with opencv + gsl + svmlib + other libraries) vs Matlab (with all its toolboxes) vs python (with the imcomplete opencv bindings + numpy + scipy + matplotlib). Are there computer vision PhD/postgrad students here who are using only C++ (with all its availabe libraries including opencv) without even needing to resort to Matlab or python? In other words, given the current existing computer vision or machine learning libraries, is C++ alone sufficient for fast prototyping of ideas? If you're currently using Java or C# for your research, can you list down the reasons why they should be used and how they compare to other languages in terms of available libraries? What is the de facto vision/machine learning programming language and its associated libraries used in your research group? Thanks in advance. Edit: As suggested, I've opened the question to both academic and non-academic computer vision/machine learning/pattern recognition researchers and groups.

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  • PHP mod rewrite .htaccess file godaddy.com question

    - by max
    I'm new to PHP and i was trying to learn mod rewrite to rewrite my URLs i use godaddy as my hosting company and they say to add the desired code to the body of your .htaccess file how do I mod rewrite my URLs and add it to my .htaccess file? Can some one give me an example of how to do this as well as point me to a good tutorial and or book on how to mod rewrite my URLs?

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  • Stepping over a yield statement

    - by EoghanM
    When in the Python debugger (pdb) I want to step over a yield statement, but hitting (n) for next brings me to the destination of the yield i.e. the consumer of the generator. I want to go to the next line that is executed within the generator. Is there any way to do this? I'm using Python 2.6

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  • How to install python2.6-devel package under CentOs 5

    - by Creotiv
    I need to install mysql-python under python2.6. mysql-python package needs python2.6-devel package that depends on the libpython2.6.so.1.0(64bit) I found on the net some python2.6-devel packages, but can't find libpython2.6 Server architecture is x86_64. Maybe someone have this lib, or know where i can find it. Thanks for help)

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  • Python - wxPython What's wrong?

    - by Wallter
    I am trying to write a simple custom button in wx.Python. My code is as follows,(As a side note: I am relatively new to python having come from C++ and C# any help on syntax and function of the code would be great! - knowing that, it could be a simple error. thanks!) Error Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\Documents\Python2\Button\src\Custom_Button.py", line 10, in <module> class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): File "D:\Documents\Python2\Button\src\Custom_Button.py", line 13, in Custom_Button Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # When the mouse is over File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\wx-2.8-msw-unicode\wx\_gdi.py", line 561, in __init__ _gdi_.Bitmap_swiginit(self,_gdi_.new_Bitmap(*args, **kwargs)) TypeError: String or Unicode type required Main.py class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetStatusText("Program testing custom button overlays") menu = wxMenu() menu.Append(ID_ABOUT, "&About", "More information about this program") menu.AppendSeparator() menu.Append(ID_EXIT, "E&xit", "Terminate the program") menuBar = wxMenuBar() menuBar.Append(menu, "&File"); self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.Button1 = Custom_Button(self, parent, -1, "D:/Documents/Python/Normal.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Clicked.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Over.bmp", "None", wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100)) EVT_MENU(self, ID_ABOUT, self.OnAbout) EVT_MENU(self, ID_EXIT, self.TimeToQuit) def OnAbout(self, event): dlg = wxMessageDialog(self, "Testing the functions of custom " "buttons using pyDev and wxPython", "About", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION) dlg.ShowModal() dlg.Destroy() def TimeToQuit(self, event): self.Close(true) class MyApp(wx.App): def OnInit(self): frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython | Buttons") frame.Show(true) self.SetTopWindow(frame) return true app = MyApp(0) app.MainLoop() Custom Button import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ # The BMP's Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The down BMP Pos_bmp = wx.Point(0,0) # The posisition of the button def __init__(self, parent, NORM_BMP, PUSH_BMP, MOUSE_OVER_BMP, pos, size, text="", id=-1, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor self.Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(MOUSE_OVER_BMP) self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(NORM_BMP) self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(PUSH_BMP) self.Pos_bmp = pos ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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