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• VPN Connection Causes Internal LAN Connection Loss with Server

  - by sleepisfortheweak

  I've tried configuring basic PPTP VPN at my small business using a number of different tutorials. As far as I can tell, the actual VPN connection worked fine, but upon connecting a client, the Server 'disappears' from the internal LAN. The RRAS service must be stopped before the connection is restored. My Setup: The network is simply a DSL Gateway/Router to the outside functioning as NAT/Firewall/DHCP. The server is a Win Server 2008 machine at fixed IP 192.168.1.200. The server has 1 NIC, so I used the 'custom' option when configuring RRAS. The RRAS settings should be default except that I've disabled ports for connection types I'm not using and reduced PPTP ports to 10. I've also created an address pool and disabled DHCP packet forwarding. The server only functions as a File Share and now a VPN Server. Local LAN computers all have mapped network shares to the server authenticated based on Local User/Group setup on the server. The Problem: The moment a client connects through VPN, the server 'disappears' from the local network. All mapped drives disconnect and there is no response to a ping 192.168.1.200. Even if the client disconnects, the server does not re-appear at that address until the RRAS service is stopped. I've Tried: Using an Address Pool inside and outside the local subnet. Using DCHP Relay Checking Inbound/Outbound filters (none enabled) The fact that nothing I've tried has had any effect, and that I can connect and successfully obtain an IP tells me that it's something more fundamental I'm missing. My gut tells me that it's something to do with the second IP address added by the VPN client somehow taking over the interface or traffic from the local LAN accidently getting routed to the VPN client instead of handled at the server once RRAS has become 'active' when a client connects. Hopefully this may be obvious to someone with real IT experience. I've been doing this a while and almost never been stumped. I'm starting to think it might actually be something tricky since my setup is pretty basic yet refuses to work. I'll be happy to include more info if this doesn't ring any bells right away for anyone. Thanks

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• Mac OSX 10.8 Server DNS Domain Routing

  - by Oldek

  I just cant seem to figure out the logic in how to configure my Mac Server. So I have set up an DNS, which will take the domain and all subdomains and point towards an IP. File: db.mydomain.com (in /var/named/) mydomain.com. 10800 IN SOA mydomain.com. admin.mydomain.com. ( 2012110903 ; serial 3600 ; refresh (1 hour) 900 ; retry (15 minutes) 1209600 ; expire (2 weeks) 86400 ; minimum (1 day) ) 10800 IN NS mydomain.com. 10800 IN A 10.0.1.2 www.mydomain.com. 10800 IN A 10.0.1.2 So I want all of these requests to be requested to the 10.0.1.2 server, as I run 2 servers in my cluster. This one has always handled the requests, and now I want to add a server in between. So the server in between will get all the signals from my router which NAT the trafic coming from outside. So after setting this up and trying to point my port 80 towards my new server which will be the middle point, it doesn't work. Is it even possible to do it this way? First server: Mac Second server: Linux So what I try to achieve once more: 1. User goes to mydomain.com or www.mydomain.com 2. User request gets handled by my first server 3. First server refers to a local server, which is only available locally (it is configured to allow requests on port 80 and handle them) 4. Second server receives signal 5. Second server returns a request (either directly send to user or send through first server, whichever is most secure and configurable) I also want to be able to set up domains that lead to other servers in the future, and some that are only available within the VPN. (If that changes anything) I hope some kind soul could help me with this, it is really cumbersome for my mind to get the logic here. Do I have to configure my other server in any way? /Marcus

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• how can I give openvpn clients access to a dns server (bind9) that is located on the same machine as the openvpn server

  - by lacrosse1991

  I currently have a debian server that is running an openvpn server. I also have a dns server (bind9) that I would like give allow access to by the connected openvpn clients, but I am unsure as of how to do this, I already known how to send dns options to the clients using push "dhcp-option DNS x.x.x.x" but I am just unsure how give the clients access to the dns server that is located on the same machine as the vpn server, so if anyone could point me in the right direction I would really appreciate it. Also in case this would have anything to do with adding rules to iptables, this is my current configuration for iptables # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.14 on Thu Oct 18 22:05:33 2012 *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [3831842:462225238] :INPUT ACCEPT [3820049:461550908] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [1885011:139487044] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [1883834:139415168] -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE COMMIT # Completed on Thu Oct 18 22:05:33 2012 # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.14 on Thu Oct 18 22:05:33 2012 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [45799:10669929] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [45747:10335026] :fail2ban-apache - [0:0] :fail2ban-apache-myadmin - [0:0] :fail2ban-apache-noscript - [0:0] :fail2ban-ssh - [0:0] :fail2ban-ssh-ddos - [0:0] :fail2ban-webserver-w00tw00t - [0:0] -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j fail2ban-apache-myadmin -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j fail2ban-webserver-w00tw00t -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j fail2ban-apache-noscript -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j fail2ban-apache -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 22 -j fail2ban-ssh-ddos -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 22 -j fail2ban-ssh -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A fail2ban-apache -j RETURN -A fail2ban-apache-myadmin -s 211.154.213.122/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-apache-myadmin -s 201.170.229.96/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-apache-myadmin -j RETURN -A fail2ban-apache-noscript -j RETURN -A fail2ban-ssh -s 76.9.59.66/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-ssh -s 64.13.220.73/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-ssh -s 203.69.139.179/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-ssh -s 173.10.11.146/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-ssh -j RETURN -A fail2ban-ssh-ddos -j RETURN -A fail2ban-webserver-w00tw00t -s 217.70.51.154/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-webserver-w00tw00t -s 86.35.242.58/32 -j DROP -A fail2ban-webserver-w00tw00t -j RETURN COMMIT # Completed on Thu Oct 18 22:05:33 2012 also here is my openvpn server configuration port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo user nobody group users persist-key persist-tun status /var/log/openvpn/openvpn-status.log verb 3 push "redirect-gateway def1" push "dhcp-option DNS 213.133.98.98" push "dhcp-option DNS 213.133.99.99" push "dhcp-option DNS 213.133.100.100" client-to-client

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• Re: Help with Boost Grammar

  - by Decmac04

  I have redesigned and extended the grammar I asked about earlier as shown below: // BIFAnalyser.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // // /*============================================================================= Copyright (c) Temitope Jos Onunkun 2010 http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/pg/onun/ Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) =============================================================================*/ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // // B Machine parser using the Boost "Grammar" and "Semantic Actions". // // // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// include include include include include include //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// using namespace std; using namespace boost::spirit; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Semantic Actions // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // namespace { //semantic action function on individual lexeme void do_noint(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); if (str != "NAT1") cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; } //semantic action function on addition of lexemes void do_add(char const*, char const*) { cout << "ADD" << endl; // for(vector::iterator vi = strVect.begin(); vi < strVect.end(); ++vi) // cout << *vi << " "; } //semantic action function on subtraction of lexemes void do_subt(char const*, char const*) { cout << "SUBTRACT" << endl; } //semantic action function on multiplication of lexemes void do_mult(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nMULTIPLY" << endl; } //semantic action function on division of lexemes void do_div(char const*, char const*) { cout << "\nDIVIDE" << endl; } // // vector flowTable; //semantic action function on simple substitution void do_sSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer Tokenizer; boost::char_separator sep(" -+/*:=()",0,boost::drop_empty_tokens); // char separator definition Tokenizer tok(str, sep); Tokenizer::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); pair dependency; //create a pair object for dependencies //create a vector object to store all tokens vector dx; // int counter = 0; // tracks token position for(tok.begin(); tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { dx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } counter = dx.size(); // vector d_hat; //stores set of dependency pairs string dep; //pairs variables as string object // dependency.first = *tok.begin(); vector FV; for(int unsigned i=1; i < dx.size(); i++) { // if(!atoi(dx.at(i).c_str()) && (dx.at(i) !=" ")) { dependency.second = dx.at(i); dep = dependency.first + "|-" + dependency.second + " "; d_hat.push_back(dep); vector<string> row; row.push_back(dependency.first); //push x_hat into first column of each row for(unsigned int j=0; j<2; j++) { row.push_back(dependency.second);//push an element (column) into the row } flowTable.push_back(row); //Add the row to the main vector } } //displays internal representation of information flow table cout << "\n****************\nDependency Table\n****************\n"; cout << "X_Hat\tDx\tG_Hat\n"; cout << "-----------------------------\n"; for(unsigned int i=0; i < flowTable.size(); i++) { for(unsigned int j=0; j<2; j++) { cout << flowTable[i][j] << "\t "; } if (*tok.begin() != "WHILE" ) //if there are no global flows, cout << "\t{}"; //display empty set cout << "\n"; } cout << "***************\n\n"; for(int unsigned j=0; j < FV.size(); j++) { if(FV.at(j) != dependency.second) dep = dependency.first + "|-" + dependency.second + " "; d_hat.push_back(dep); } cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\n*******\nDependency pairs\n*******\n"; for(int unsigned i=0; i < d_hat.size(); i++) cout << d_hat.at(i) << "\n...\n"; cout << "\nSIMPLE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on multiple substitution void do_mSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; //cout << "\nMULTIPLE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on unbounded choice substitution void do_mChoice(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nUNBOUNDED CHOICE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } void do_logicExpr(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //use boost tokenizer to break down tokens typedef boost::tokenizer Tokenizer; boost::char_separator sep(" -+/*=:()<",0,boost::drop_empty_tokens); // char separator definition Tokenizer tok(str, sep); Tokenizer::iterator tok_iter = tok.begin(); //pair dependency; //create a pair object for dependencies //create a vector object to store all tokens vector dx; for(tok.begin(); tok_iter != tok.end(); ++tok_iter) //save all tokens in vector { dx.push_back(*tok_iter ); } for(unsigned int i=0; i cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nPREDICATE\n\n"; } void do_predicate(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nMULTIPLE PREDICATE\n\n"; } void do_ifSelectPre(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); //if cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nPROTECTED SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } //semantic action function on machine substitution void do_machSubst(char const* start, char const* end) { string str(start, end); cout << "PUSH(" << str << ')' << endl; cout << "\nMACHINE SUBSTITUTION\n\n"; } } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Machine Substitution Grammar // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Simple substitution grammar parser with integer values removed struct Substitution : public grammar { template struct definition { definition(Substitution const& ) { machine_subst = ( (simple_subst) | (multi_subst) | (if_select_pre_subst) | (unbounded_choice) )[&do_machSubst] ; unbounded_choice = str_p("ANY") ide_list str_p("WHERE") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst str_p("END") ; if_select_pre_subst = ( ( str_p("IF") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst *( str_p("ELSIF") predicate machine_subst ) !( str_p("ELSE") machine_subst) str_p("END") ) | ( str_p("SELECT") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst *( str_p("WHEN") predicate machine_subst ) !( str_p("ELSE") machine_subst) str_p("END")) | ( str_p("PRE") predicate str_p("THEN") machine_subst str_p("END") ) )[&do_ifSelectPre] ; multi_subst = ( (machine_subst) *( ( str_p("||") (machine_subst) ) | ( str_p("[]") (machine_subst) ) ) ) [&do_mSubst] ; simple_subst = (identifier str_p(":=") arith_expr) [&do_sSubst] ; expression = predicate | arith_expr ; predicate = ( (logic_expr) *( ( ch_p('&') (logic_expr) ) | ( str_p("OR") (logic_expr) ) ) )[&do_predicate] ; logic_expr = ( identifier (str_p("<") arith_expr) | (str_p("<") arith_expr) | (str_p("/:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("/<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("/<<:") arith_expr) | (str_p("<=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) | (str_p("=") arith_expr) ) [&do_logicExpr] ; arith_expr = term *( ('+' term)[&do_add] | ('-' term)[&do_subt] ) ; term = factor ( ('' factor)[&do_mult] | ('/' factor)[&do_div] ) ; factor = lexeme_d[( identifier | +digit_p)[&do_noint]] | '(' expression ')' | ('+' factor) ; ide_list = identifier *( ch_p(',') identifier ) ; identifier = alpha_p +( alnum_p | ch_p('_') ) ; } rule machine_subst, unbounded_choice, if_select_pre_subst, multi_subst, simple_subst, expression, predicate, logic_expr, arith_expr, term, factor, ide_list, identifier; rule<ScannerT> const& start() const { return predicate; //return multi_subst; //return machine_subst; } }; }; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Main program // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int main() { cout << "*********************************\n\n"; cout << "\t\t...Machine Parser...\n\n"; cout << "*********************************\n\n"; // cout << "Type an expression...or [q or Q] to quit\n\n"; string str; int machineCount = 0; char strFilename[256]; //file name store as a string object do { cout << "Please enter a filename...or [q or Q] to quit:\n\n "; //prompt for file name to be input //char strFilename[256]; //file name store as a string object cin strFilename; if(*strFilename == 'q' || *strFilename == 'Q') //termination condition return 0; ifstream inFile(strFilename); // opens file object for reading //output file for truncated machine (operations only) if (inFile.fail()) cerr << "\nUnable to open file for reading.\n" << endl; inFile.unsetf(std::ios::skipws); Substitution elementary_subst; // Simple substitution parser object string next; while (inFile str) { getline(inFile, next); str += next; if (str.empty() || str[0] == 'q' || str[0] == 'Q') break; parse_info< info = parse(str.c_str(), elementary_subst !end_p, space_p); if (info.full) { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing succeeded\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } else { cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; cout << "Parsing failed\n"; cout << "stopped at: " << info.stop << "\"\n"; cout << "\n-------------------------\n"; } } } while ( (*strFilename != 'q' || *strFilename !='Q')); return 0; } However, I am experiencing the following unexpected behaviours on testing: The text files I used are: f1.txt, ... containing ...: debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20 . f2.txt, ... containing ...: debt:=(LoanRequest+outstandingLoan1)*20 || newDebt := loanammount-paidammount || price := purchasePrice + overhead + bb . f3.txt, ... containing ...: yy < (xx+7+ww) . f4.txt, ... containing ...: yy < (xx+7+ww) & yy : NAT . When I use multi_subst as start rule both files (f1 and f2) are parsed correctly; When I use machine_subst as start rule file f1 parse correctly, while file f2 fails, producing the error: “Parsing failed stopped at: || newDebt := loanammount-paidammount || price := purchasePrice + overhead + bb” When I use predicate as start symbol, file f3 parse correctly, but file f4 yields the error: “ “Parsing failed stopped at: & yy : NAT” Can anyone help with the grammar, please? It appears there are problems with the grammar that I have so far been unable to spot.

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• Using LogParser - part 2

  - by fatherjack

  PersonAddress.csv SalesOrderDetail.tsv In part 1 of this series we downloaded and installed LogParser and used it to list data from a csv file. That was a good start and in this article we are going to see the different ways we can stream data and choose whether a whole file is selected. We are also going to take a brief look at what file types we can interrogate. If we take the query from part 1 and add a value for the output parameter as -o:datagrid so that the query becomes LOGPARSER "SELECT top 15 * FROM C:\LP\person_address.csv" -o:datagrid and run that we get a different result. A pop-up dialog that lets us view the results in a resizable grid. Notice that because we didn't specify the columns we wanted returned by LogParser (we used SELECT *) is has added two columns to the recordset - filename and rownumber. This behaviour can be very useful as we will see in future parts of this series. You can click Next 10 rows or All rows or close the datagrid once you are finished reviewing the data. You may have noticed that the files that I am working with are different file types - one is a csv (comma separated values) and the other is a tsv (tab separated values). If you want to convert a file from one to another then LogParser makes it incredibly simple. Rather than using 'datagrid' as the value for the output parameter, use 'csv': logparser "SELECT SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID, CarrierTrackingNumber, OrderQty, ProductID, SpecialOfferID, UnitPrice, UnitPriceDiscount, LineTotal, rowguid, ModifiedDate into C:\Sales_SalesOrderDetail.csv FROM C:\Sales_SalesOrderDetail.tsv" -i:tsv -o:csv Those familiar with SQL will not have to make a very big leap of faith to making adjustments to the above query to filter in/out records from the source file. Lets get all the records from the same file where the Order Quantity (OrderQty) is more than 25: logparser "SELECT SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID, CarrierTrackingNumber, OrderQty, ProductID, SpecialOfferID, UnitPrice, UnitPriceDiscount, LineTotal, rowguid, ModifiedDate into C:\LP\Sales_SalesOrderDetailOver25.csv FROM C:\LP\Sales_SalesOrderDetail.tsv WHERE orderqty > 25" -i:tsv -o:csv Or we could find all those records where the Order Quantity is equal to 25 and output it to an xml file: logparser "SELECT SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID, CarrierTrackingNumber, OrderQty, ProductID, SpecialOfferID, UnitPrice, UnitPriceDiscount, LineTotal, rowguid, ModifiedDate into C:\LP\Sales_SalesOrderDetailEq25.xml FROM C:\LP\Sales_SalesOrderDetail.tsv WHERE orderqty = 25" -i:tsv -o:xml All the standard comparison operators are to be found in LogParser; >, <, =, LIKE, BETWEEN, OR, NOT, AND. Input and Output file formats. LogParser has a pretty impressive list of file formats that it can parse and a good selection of output formats that will let you generate output in a format that is useable for whatever process or application you may be using. From any of these To any of these IISW3C: parses IIS log files in the W3C Extended Log File Format.   NAT: formats output records as readable tabulated columns. IIS: parses IIS log files in the Microsoft IIS Log File Format. CSV: formats output records as comma-separated values text. BIN: parses IIS log files in the Centralized Binary Log File Format. TSV: formats output records as tab-separated or space-separated values text. IISODBC: returns database records from the tables logged to by IIS when configured to log in the ODBC Log Format. XML: formats output records as XML documents. HTTPERR: parses HTTP error log files generated by Http.sys. W3C: formats output records in the W3C Extended Log File Format. URLSCAN: parses log files generated by the URLScan IIS filter. TPL: formats output records following user-defined templates. CSV: parses comma-separated values text files. IIS: formats output records in the Microsoft IIS Log File Format. TSV: parses tab-separated and space-separated values text files. SQL: uploads output records to a table in a SQL database. XML: parses XML text files. SYSLOG: sends output records to a Syslog server. W3C: parses text files in the W3C Extended Log File Format. DATAGRID: displays output records in a graphical user interface. NCSA: parses web server log files in the NCSA Common, Combined, and Extended Log File Formats. CHART: creates image files containing charts. TEXTLINE: returns lines from generic text files. TEXTWORD: returns words from generic text files. EVT: returns events from the Windows Event Log and from Event Log backup files (.evt files). FS: returns information on files and directories. REG: returns information on registry values. ADS: returns information on Active Directory objects. NETMON: parses network capture files created by NetMon. ETW: parses Enterprise Tracing for Windows trace log files and live sessions. COM: provides an interface to Custom Input Format COM Plugins. So, you can query data from any of the types on the left and really easily get it into a format where it is ready for analysis by other tools. To a DBA or network Administrator with an enquiring mind this is a treasure trove. In part 3 we will look at working with multiple sources and specifically outputting to SQL format. See you there!

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• HTG Explains: Are You Using IPv6 Yet? Should You Even Care?

  - by Chris Hoffman

  IPv6 is extremely important for the long-term health of the Internet. But is your Internet service provider providing IPv6 connectivity yet? Does your home network support it? Should you even care if you’re using IPv6 yet? Switching from IPv4 to IPv6 will give the Internet a much larger pool of IP addresses. It should also allow every device to have its own public IP address, rather than be hidden behind a NAT router. IPv6 is Important Long-Term IPv6 is very important for the long-term health of the Internet. There are only about 3.7 billion public IPv4 addresses. This may sound like a lot, but it isn’t even one IP address for each person on the planet. Considering people have more and more Internet-connected devices — everything from light bulbs to thermostats are starting to become network-connected — the lack of IP addresses is already proving to be a serious problem. This may not affect those of us in well-off developed countries just yet, but developing countries are already running out of IPv4 addresses. So, if you work at an Internet service provider, manage Internet-connected servers, or develop software or hardware — yes, you should care about IPv6! You should be deploying it and ensuring your software and hardware works properly with it. It’s important to prepare for the future before the current IPv4 situation becomes completely unworkable. But, if you’re just typical user or even a typical geek with a home Internet connection and a home network, should you really care about your home network just yet? Probably not. What You Need to Use IPv6 To use IPv6, you’ll need three things: An IPv6-Compatible Operating System: Your operating system’s software must be capable of using IPv6. All modern desktop operating systems should be compatible — Windows Vista and newer versions of Windows, as well as modern versions of Mac OS X and Linux. Windows XP doesn’t have IPv6 support installed by default, but you shouldn’t be using Windows XP anymore, anyway. A Router With IPv6 Support: Many — maybe even most — consumer routers in the wild don’t support IPv6. Check your router’s specifications details to see if it supports IPv6 if you’re curious. If you’re going to buy a new router, you’ll probably want to get one with IPv6 support to future-proof yourself. If you don’t have an IPv6-enabled router yet, you don’t need to buy a new one just to get it. An ISP With IPv6 Enabled:  Your Internet service provider must also have IPv6 set up on their end. Even if you have modern software and hardware on your end, your ISP has to provide an IPv6 connection for you to use it. IPv6 is rolling out steadily, but slowly — there’s a good chance your ISP hasn’t enabled it for you yet. How to Tell If You’re Using IPv6 The easiest way to tell if you have IPv6 connectivity is to visit a website like testmyipv6.com. This website allows you to connect to it in different ways — click the links near the top to see if you can connect to the website via different types of connections. If you can’t connect via IPv6, it’s either because your operating system is too old (unlikely), your router doesn’t support IPv6 (very possible), or because your ISP hasn’t enabled it for you yet (very likely). Now What? If you can connect to the test website above via IPv6, congratulations! Everything is working as it should. Your ISP is doing a good job of rolling out IPv6 rather than dragging its feet. There’s a good chance you won’t have IPv6 working properly, however. So what should you do about this — should you head to Amazon and buy a new IPv6-enabled router or switch to an ISP that offers IPv6? Should you use a “tunnel broker,” as the test site recommends, to tunnel into IPv6 via your IPv4 connection? Well, probably not. Typical users shouldn’t have to worry about this yet. Connecting to the Internet via IPv6 shouldn’t be perceptibly faster, for example. It’s important for operating system vendors, hardware companies, and Internet service providers to prepare for the future and get IPv6 working, but you don’t need to worry about this on your home network. IPv6 is all about future-proofing. You shouldn’t be racing to implement this at home yet or worrying about it too much — but, when you need to buy a new router, try to buy one that supports IPv6. Image Credit: Adobe of Chaos on Flickr, hisperati on Flickr, Vox Efx on Flickr     

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• Network outside internal not reaching TMG Forefront 2010 (Hyper-V environment)

  - by Pascal

  Below is my environment: I have 1 physical machine running Windows 2008 R2, with the Hyper-V role. This machine has 3 physical NICs: One for Internet One for Internal Network One for Wireless Network All 3 have their respective Virtual Networks in Hyper-V, and I have an extra Private virutal machine network for a DMZ Network. In one of the virtual machines, I have TMG Forefront 2010 SP1 installed, with all 4 networks available to it. Below is the IPCONFIG /ALL at the firewall: Windows IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : FRW-EXP1-02 Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : exp1.eti.br Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : Yes WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : exp1.eti.br Ethernet adapter Internet: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Virtual Machine Bus Network Adapter #4 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-15-5D-01-06-0E DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::6d05:6033:4cfc:bdf5%15(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 189.100.110.xxx(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.240.0 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : quarta-feira, 5 de janeiro de 2011 11:17:24 Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : quarta-feira, 5 de janeiro de 2011 16:07:02 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 189.100.96.xxx DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 201.6.2.43 DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 436213085 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-6D-75-6F-00-15-5D-01-06-0B DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 201.6.2.163 201.6.2.43 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Ethernet adapter Rede Interna: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Virtual Machine Bus Network Adapter #3 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-15-5D-01-06-0C DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::51ff:4723:ce4c:bbc3%14(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 10.50.75.10(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 352327005 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-6D-75-6F-00-15-5D-01-06-0B DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.50.75.1 10.50.75.2 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Ethernet adapter DMZ: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Virtual Machine Bus Network Adapter #2 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-15-5D-01-06-0A DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::d4c5:75cf:e9aa:73e1%13(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.10.1(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 301995357 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-6D-75-6F-00-15-5D-01-06-0B DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : fec0:0:0:ffff::1%1 fec0:0:0:ffff::2%1 fec0:0:0:ffff::3%1 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Ethernet adapter Wireless: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Virtual Machine Bus Network Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-15-5D-01-06-0B DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::459:8ca6:d02:8da1%11(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.10(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 234886493 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-6D-75-6F-00-15-5D-01-06-0B DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : fec0:0:0:ffff::1%1 fec0:0:0:ffff::2%1 fec0:0:0:ffff::3%1 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled I have the Networks below at Forefront: External: IP addresses external to the Forefront TMG Networks Internal: 10.50.75.0 - 10.50.75.255 Local Host: Perimiter: 192.168.10.0 - 192.168.10.255 Wireless: 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255 In the Networks Rules, I have: 1 => Route => Local Host => All Networks 2 => Route => Quarantined; VPN => Internal 3 => NAT => Internal; VPN => Perimiter 4 => NAT => Internal; Perimiter; Quarantined; VPN; Wireless => External My problem is that I can only communicate with the Internal and External networks. If a ping www.google.com or 10.50.75.21 from the Forefront VM, I get answer backs without a problem. If I try to ping a machine at the Perimiter network or the Wireless network, it doesn't get routed back to Forefront, and it's the default gateway on all Networks. Here as ping samples: PS C:\Users\Administrator.TPB1> ping www.google.com Pinging www.l.google.com [64.233.163.104] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 64.233.163.104: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=58 Reply from 64.233.163.104: bytes=32 time=8ms TTL=58 Ping statistics for 64.233.163.104: Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 2, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 8ms, Maximum = 11ms, Average = 9ms Control-C PS C:\Users\Administrator.TPB1> ping 10.50.75.21 Pinging 10.50.75.21 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.50.75.21: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.50.75.21: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.50.75.21: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.50.75.21: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Ping statistics for 10.50.75.21: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms PS C:\Users\Administrator.TPB1> ping 192.168.10.3 Pinging 192.168.10.3 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.10.1: Destination host unreachable. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Ping statistics for 192.168.10.3: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 1, Lost = 3 (75% loss), PS C:\Users\Administrator.TPB1> The ping to the 192.168.10.3 gets the Destination host unreachable. Below is the ipconfig for the perimiter VM: PS C:\Users\Administrator.Administrator> ipconfig /all Windows IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : app-exp1-02 Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Unkown IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft Virtual Machine Bus Network Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-15-5D-01-06-08 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.10.3 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.10.1 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 201.6.2.163 201.6.2.43 Trying to ping 192.168.10.1 ( the gateway ) from the DMZ machine also does not work. When I use Log & Reports to monitor packets from Wireless network and Perimiter network, I don't get any packets link PING or HTTP that I try to send. But I do get a lot of spoofing messages for NETBIOS broadcasts... it's like Forefront thinks it's coming from a different network, but I don't know why. Please Help! Tks

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• Interesting issue with WCF wsHttpBinding through a Firewall

  - by Marko

  I have a web application deployed in an internet hosting provider. This web application consumes a WCF Service deployed at an IIS server located at my company’s application server, in order to have data access to the company’s database, the network guys allowed me to expose this WCF service through a firewall for security reasons. A diagram would look like this. [Hosted page] --- (Internet) --- |Firewall <Public IP>:<Port-X >| --- [IIS with WCF Service <Comp. Network Ip>:<Port-Y>] link text I also wanted to use wsHttpBinding to take advantage of its security features, and encrypt sensible information. After trying it out I get the following error: Exception Details: System.ServiceModel.EndpointNotFoundException: The message with To 'http://<IP>:<Port>/service/WCFService.svc' cannot be processed at the receiver, due to an AddressFilter mismatch at the EndpointDispatcher. Check that the sender and receiver's EndpointAddresses agree. Doing some research I found out that wsHttpBinding uses WS-Addressing standards, and reading about this standard I learned that the SOAP header is enhanced to include tags like ‘MessageID’, ‘ReplyTo’, ‘Action’ and ‘To’. So I’m guessing that, because the client application endpoint specifies the Firewall IP address and Port, and the service replies with its internal network address which is different from the Firewall’s IP, then WS-Addressing fires the above message. Which I think it’s a very good security measure, but it’s not quite useful in my scenario. Quoting the WS-Addressing standard submission (http://www.w3.org/Submission/ws-addressing/) "Due to the range of network technologies currently in wide-spread use (e.g., NAT, DHCP, firewalls), many deployments cannot assign a meaningful global URI to a given endpoint. To allow these ‘anonymous’ endpoints to initiate message exchange patterns and receive replies, WS-Addressing defines the following well-known URI for use by endpoints that cannot have a stable, resolvable URI. http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing/role/anonymous" HOW can I configure my wsHttpBinding Endpoint to address my Firewall’s IP and to ignore or bypass the address specified in the ‘To’ WS-Addressing tag in the SOAP message header? Or do I have to change something in my service endpoint configuration? Help and guidance will be much appreciated. Marko. P.S.: While I find any solution to this, I’m using basicHttpBinding with absolutely no problem of course.

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• ufw portforwarding to virtualbox guest

  - by user85116

  My goal is to be able to connect using remote desktop on my desktop machine, to windows xp running in virtualbox on my linux server. My setup: server = debian squeeze, 64 bit, with a public IP address (host) virtualbox-ose 3.2.10 (from debian repo) windows xp running inside VBox as a guest; bridged networking mode in VBox, ip = 192.168.1.100 ufw as the firewall on debian, 3 ports are opened: 22 / ssh, 80 / apache, and 3389 for remote desktop My problem: If I try to use remote desktop on my home computer, I am unable to connect to the windows guest. If I first "ssh -X -C" into the debian server, then run "rdesktop 192.168.1.100", I am able to connect without issue. The windows firewall was configured to allow remote desktop connections, and I've even turned it off (as it is redundant here) to see if that was the problem but it made no difference. Since I am able to connect from inside the local subnet, I suspect that I have not setup my debian firewall correctly to handle connections from outside the LAN. Here is what I've done... First my ufw status: ufw status Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- 22 ALLOW Anywhere 80 ALLOW Anywhere 3389 ALLOW Anywhere I edited /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf and added: net/ipv4/ip_forward=1 Edited /etc/default/ufw and added: DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="ACCEPT" Edited /etc/ufw/before.rules and added: # setup port forwarding to forward rdp to windows VM *nat :PREROUTING - [0:0] -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 3389 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.100 -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p udp --dport 3389 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.100 COMMIT # Don't delete these required lines, otherwise there will be errors *filter <snip> Restarted the firewall etc., but no connection. My log files on the debian host show this (my public ip address was removed for this posting but it is correct in the actual log): Feb 6 11:11:21 localhost kernel: [171991.856941] [UFW AUDIT] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27518 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Feb 6 11:11:21 localhost kernel: [171991.856963] [UFW ALLOW] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27518 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Feb 6 11:11:24 localhost kernel: [171994.856701] [UFW AUDIT] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27519 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Feb 6 11:11:24 localhost kernel: [171994.856723] [UFW ALLOW] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27519 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Feb 6 11:11:30 localhost kernel: [172000.856656] [UFW AUDIT] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27520 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Feb 6 11:11:30 localhost kernel: [172000.856678] [UFW ALLOW] IN=eth0 OUT=eth0 SRC=aaa.bbb.ccc.dd DST=192.168.1.100 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45 ID=27520 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=54201 DPT=3389 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Although this is the current setup / configuration, I've also tried several variations of this; I thought maybe the ISP would be blocking 3389 for some reason and tried using different ports, but again there was no connection. Any ideas...? Did I forget to modify some file somewhere?

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• Integrating HP Systems Insight Manager into an existing environment

  - by ewwhite

  I'm working with an environment that spans multiple data centers/sites and consists primarily of HP ProLiant servers (G5-G7) running Linux. The mix is 30% RHEL/CentOS, the rest are Gentoo :(. I also have a few dozen virtual machines running back-office and Windows servers on VMWare ESX hosts. I run OpenNMS to pull SNMP data from the various server nodes and networking devices. While OpenNMS works wonderfully for up/down, thresholds and notifications, it's native handling of traps is a little rough and the graphs are not particularly pretty. I use Orca/RRD graphs for performance trending and nice graphs. I'm tasked with inventorying the environment and wanted to come up with a clean way to organize server information. Since my environment is mostly HP, I've been playing with HP Systems Insight Manager as a way to extract server data and to deploy HP health/monitoring packages and firmware. The Gentoo systems eventually have to be converted to CentOS, so getting a quick assessment of what hardware is where would be great. Although I've read through a few hundred pages of HP manuals, I'm having a difficult time understanding how to get HP SIM to do what I want, though. My main problems are: I have about 40 subnets to deal with; 98% connected with private lines to facilities across the globe. I don't want to initiate an HP SIM discovery only to pull back every piece of intermediate networking hardware and equipment from all of the locations. I'd like this to focus on the servers. I have OpenNMS configured to accept traps. I don't want HP SIM to duplicate that effort. It seems like the built-in software deployment tool wants to overwrite the trapsink parameters for the systems it encounters during discovery. I have about 10 administrative username/password combinations in use across this infrastructure. Is there a more efficient way to get HP SIM to do the discovery or break discovery into manageable chunks? In terms of general workflow, do people typically install the HP Management Agents during the initial OS deployment (e.g. kickstart post script) or afterwards from HP SIM? Is HP SIM too thick/fat to be an inventory tool? I can't tell if it's meant to be used standalone or alongside other monitoring products. Since the majority of the systems I'm trying to track are those running Gentoo (in order to plan the move to CentOS), is there any way for HP SIM to extract system model information from them ( like dmidecode)? I have systems here where I may have an SSH key established, but not direct user or login access. Is there a way for me to import an SSH private/public key pair into HP SIM to reach out to the servers that can't accept standard credentials? There are a handful of sites where I have inconsistent access or have a double-NAT situation. I may be able to poke a server, but it may not be able to find its way back to the management system. Is there a workaround for this? The certificate configuration for HP SIM seems complicated. What is the preferred setup for trust between systems? I'd also appreciate any notes or recommendations to using this product. Or if there's a better way to do this, I'd like to know.

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• Port forwarding DD-WRT

  - by Pawel

  Hi, I'am runing locally service on port 81 (192.168.1.101) I would like to access server from outside MY.WAN.IP.ADDR:81. Everything is working fine on my local network, However can't access it from outside. Below iptables rules on the router. I am using dd-wrt and asus rt-n16 (everything is setup through standard port range forwarding in dd-wrt ) It might be something obvious, but I don't have any experience with routing. Any help will be really appreciated. Thanks. #iptables -t nat -vnL Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 1285 packets, 148K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 3 252 DNAT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 MY.WAN.IP.ADDR to:192.168.1.1 5 300 DNAT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 MY.WAN.IP.ADDR tcp dpt:81 to:192.168.1.101 0 0 DNAT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 MY.WAN.IP.ADDR udp dpt:81 to:192.168.1.101 298 39375 TRIGGER 0 -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 MY.WAN.IP.ADDR TRIGGER type:dnat match:0 relate:0 Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 7 packets, 433 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 747 91318 SNAT 0 -- * vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 to:MY.WAN.IP.ADDR 0 0 RETURN 0 -- * br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 PKTTYPE = broadcast Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 86 packets, 5673 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination # iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:webcache DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:https DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:69 DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:telnet DROP tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:telnet Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere TCPMSS tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp flags:SYN,RST/SYN TCPMSS clamp to PMTU lan2wan 0 -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED logaccept tcp -- anywhere pawel-ubuntu tcp dpt:81 logaccept udp -- anywhere pawel-ubuntu udp dpt:81 TRIGGER 0 -- anywhere anywhere TRIGGER type:in match:0 relate:0 trigger_out 0 -- anywhere anywhere logaccept 0 -- anywhere anywhere state NEW Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_1 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_10 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_2 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_3 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_4 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_5 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_6 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_7 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_8 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain advgrp_9 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_1 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_10 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_2 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_3 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_4 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_5 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_6 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_7 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_8 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain grp_9 (0 references) target prot opt source destination Chain lan2wan (1 references) target prot opt source destination Chain logaccept (3 references) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT 0 -- anywhere anywhere Chain logdrop (0 references) target prot opt source destination DROP 0 -- anywhere anywhere Chain logreject (0 references) target prot opt source destination REJECT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp reject-with tcp-reset Chain trigger_out (1 references) target prot opt source destination #iptables -vnL FORWARD Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 130 packets, 5327 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 15 900 ACCEPT 0 -- br0 br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 390 20708 TCPMSS tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x06/0x02 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU 182K 130M lan2wan 0 -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 179K 129M ACCEPT 0 -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 logaccept tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.101 tcp dpt:81 0 0 logaccept udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.101 udp dpt:81 0 0 TRIGGER 0 -- vlan2 br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 TRIGGER type:in match:0 relate:0 2612 768K trigger_out 0 -- br0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 2482 762K logaccept 0 -- br0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW

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• Initial Cisco ASA 5510 Config

  - by Brendan ODonnell

  Fair warning, I'm a but of a noob so please bear with me. I'm trying to set up a new ASA 5510. I have a pretty simple set up with one /24 on the inside NATed to a DHCP address on the outside. Everything on the inside works and I can ping the outside interface from external devices. No matter what I do I can't get anything internal to route across the border to the outside and back. To try and eliminate ACL issues as a possibility I added permit any any rules to the incoming access lists on the inside and outside interfaces. I'd appreciate any help I can get. Here's the sh run. : Saved : ASA Version 8.4(3) ! hostname gateway domain-name xxx.local enable password xxx encrypted passwd xxx encrypted names ! interface Ethernet0/0 nameif outside security-level 0 ip address dhcp setroute ! interface Ethernet0/1 nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 10.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet0/2 shutdown no nameif no security-level no ip address ! interface Ethernet0/3 shutdown no nameif no security-level no ip address ! interface Management0/0 nameif management security-level 100 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 management-only ! ftp mode passive dns domain-lookup inside dns server-group DefaultDNS name-server 10.x.x.x domain-name xxx.local same-security-traffic permit inter-interface same-security-traffic permit intra-interface object network inside-network subnet 10.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 object-group protocol TCPUDP protocol-object udp protocol-object tcp access-list outside_access_in extended permit ip any any access-list inside_access_in extended permit ip any any pager lines 24 logging enable logging buffered informational logging asdm informational mtu management 1500 mtu inside 1500 mtu outside 1500 no failover icmp unreachable rate-limit 1 burst-size 1 icmp permit any inside icmp permit any outside no asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 ! object network inside-network nat (any,outside) dynamic interface access-group inside_access_in in interface inside access-group outside_access_in in interface outside timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout pat-xlate 0:00:30 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 timeout sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 sip-invite 0:03:00 sip-disconnect 0:02:00 timeout sip-provisional-media 0:02:00 uauth 0:05:00 absolute timeout tcp-proxy-reassembly 0:01:00 timeout floating-conn 0:00:00 dynamic-access-policy-record DfltAccessPolicy user-identity default-domain LOCAL aaa authentication ssh console LOCAL aaa authentication http console LOCAL http server enable http 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 management http 10.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 inside http authentication-certificate management http authentication-certificate inside no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact snmp-server enable traps snmp authentication linkup linkdown coldstart warmstart telnet timeout 5 ssh 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 management ssh 10.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 inside ssh timeout 5 ssh version 2 console timeout 0 dhcp-client client-id interface outside dhcpd address 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.254 management dhcpd enable management ! threat-detection basic-threat threat-detection statistics access-list no threat-detection statistics tcp-intercept webvpn username xxx password xxx encrypted ! class-map inspection_default match default-inspection-traffic ! ! policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map parameters message-length maximum client auto message-length maximum 512 policy-map global_policy class inspection_default inspect dns preset_dns_map inspect ftp inspect h323 h225 inspect h323 ras inspect rsh inspect rtsp inspect esmtp inspect sqlnet inspect skinny inspect sunrpc inspect xdmcp inspect sip inspect netbios inspect tftp inspect ip-options inspect icmp ! service-policy global_policy global prompt hostname context no call-home reporting anonymous Cryptochecksum:fe19874e18fe7107948eb0ada6240bc2 : end no asdm history enable

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• Pfsense 2.1 OpenVPN can't reach servers on the LAN

  - by Lucas Kauffman

  I have a small network set up like this: I have a Pfsense for connecting my servers to the WAN, they are using NAT from the LAN - WAN. I have an OpenVPN server using TAP to allow remote workers to be put on the same LAN network as the servers. They connect through the WAN IP to the OVPN interface. The LAN interface also servers as the gateway for the servers to get internet connection and has an IP of 10.25.255.254 The OVPN Interface and the LAN interface are bridged in BR0 Server A has an IP of 10.25.255.1 and is able to connect the internet Client A is connecting through the VPN and is assigned an IP address on its TAP interface of 10.25.24.1 (I reserved a /24 within the 10.25.0.0/16 for VPN clients) Firewall currently allows any-any connection OVPN towards LAN and vice versa Currently when I connect, all routes seem fine on the client side: Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 300.300.300.300 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.25.0.0 10.25.255.254 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0 10.25.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 0.0.0.0 300.300.300.300 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 I can ping the LAN interface: root@server:# ping 10.25.255.254 PING 10.25.255.254 (10.25.255.254) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=7.65 ms 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=7.49 ms 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=7.69 ms 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=4 ttl=64 time=7.31 ms 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=5 ttl=64 time=7.52 ms 64 bytes from 10.25.255.254: icmp_req=6 ttl=64 time=7.42 ms But I can't ping past the LAN interface: root@server:# ping 10.25.255.1 PING 10.25.255.1 (10.25.255.1) 56(84) bytes of data. From 10.25.255.254: icmp_seq=1 Redirect Host(New nexthop: 10.25.255.1) From 10.25.255.254: icmp_seq=2 Redirect Host(New nexthop: 10.25.255.1) I ran a tcpdump on my em1 interface (LAN interface which has the IP of 10.25.255.254) tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on em1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 08:21:13.449222 IP 10.25.24.1 > 10.25.255.1: ICMP echo request, id 23623, seq 10, length 64 08:21:13.458211 ARP, Request who-has 10.25.255.1 tell 10.25.24.1, length 28 08:21:14.450541 IP 10.25.24.1 > 10.25.255.1: ICMP echo request, id 23623, seq 11, length 64 08:21:14.458431 ARP, Request who-has 10.25.255.1 tell 10.25.24.1, length 28 08:21:15.451794 IP 10.25.24.1 > 10.25.255.1: ICMP echo request, id 23623, seq 12, length 64 08:21:15.458530 ARP, Request who-has 10.25.255.1 tell 10.25.24.1, length 28 08:21:16.453203 IP 10.25.24.1 > 10.25.255.1: ICMP echo request, id 23623, seq 13, length 64 So traffic is reaching the LAN interface, but it's not getting passed it. But no answer from the 10.25.255.1 host. I'm not sure what I'm missing.

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• Openswan ipsec transport tunnel not going up

  - by gparent

  On ClusterA and B I have installed the "openswan" package on Debian Squeeze. ClusterA ip is 172.16.0.107, B is 172.16.0.108 When they ping one another, it does not reach the destination. /etc/ipsec.conf: version 2.0 # conforms to second version of ipsec.conf specification config setup protostack=netkey oe=off conn L2TP-PSK-CLUSTER type=transport left=172.16.0.107 right=172.16.0.108 auto=start ike=aes128-sha1-modp2048 authby=secret compress=yes /etc/ipsec.secrets: 172.16.0.107 172.16.0.108 : PSK "L2TPKEY" 172.16.0.108 172.16.0.107 : PSK "L2TPKEY" Here is the result of ipsec verify on both machines: root@cluster2:~# ipsec verify Checking your system to see if IPsec got installed and started correctly: Version check and ipsec on-path [OK] Linux Openswan U2.6.28/K2.6.32-5-amd64 (netkey) Checking for IPsec support in kernel [OK] NETKEY detected, testing for disabled ICMP send_redirects [OK] NETKEY detected, testing for disabled ICMP accept_redirects [OK] Checking that pluto is running [OK] Pluto listening for IKE on udp 500 [OK] Pluto listening for NAT-T on udp 4500 [FAILED] Checking for 'ip' command [OK] Checking for 'iptables' command [OK] Opportunistic Encryption Support [DISABLED] root@cluster2:~# This is the end of the output of ipsec auto --status: 000 "cluster": 172.16.0.108<172.16.0.108>[+S=C]...172.16.0.107<172.16.0.107>[+S=C]; prospective erouted; eroute owner: #0 000 "cluster": myip=unset; hisip=unset; 000 "cluster": ike_life: 3600s; ipsec_life: 28800s; rekey_margin: 540s; rekey_fuzz: 100%; keyingtries: 0 000 "cluster": policy: PSK+ENCRYPT+COMPRESS+PFS+UP+IKEv2ALLOW+lKOD+rKOD; prio: 32,32; interface: eth0; 000 "cluster": newest ISAKMP SA: #1; newest IPsec SA: #0; 000 "cluster": IKE algorithm newest: AES_CBC_128-SHA1-MODP2048 000 000 #3: "cluster":500 STATE_QUICK_R0 (expecting QI1); EVENT_CRYPTO_FAILED in 298s; lastdpd=-1s(seq in:0 out:0); idle; import:admin initiate 000 #2: "cluster":500 STATE_QUICK_I1 (sent QI1, expecting QR1); EVENT_RETRANSMIT in 13s; lastdpd=-1s(seq in:0 out:0); idle; import:admin initiate 000 #1: "cluster":500 STATE_MAIN_I4 (ISAKMP SA established); EVENT_SA_REPLACE in 2991s; newest ISAKMP; lastdpd=-1s(seq in:0 out:0); idle; import:admin initiate 000 Interestingly enough, if I do ike-scan on the server here's what happens: Doesn't seem to take my ike settings into account root@cluster1:~# ike-scan -M 172.16.0.108 Starting ike-scan 1.9 with 1 hosts (http://www.nta-monitor.com/tools/ike-scan/) 172.16.0.108 Main Mode Handshake returned HDR=(CKY-R=641bffa66ba717b6) SA=(Enc=3DES Hash=SHA1 Auth=PSK Group=2:modp1024 LifeType=Seconds LifeDuration(4)=0x00007080) VID=4f45517b4f7f6e657a7b4351 VID=afcad71368a1f1c96b8696fc77570100 (Dead Peer Detection v1.0) Ending ike-scan 1.9: 1 hosts scanned in 0.008 seconds (118.19 hosts/sec). 1 returned handshake; 0 returned notify root@cluster1:~# I can't tell what's going on here, this is pretty much the simplest config I can have according to the examples.

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• How to access remote lan machines through a ipsec / xl2ptd vpn (maybe iptables related)

  - by Simon

  I’m trying to do the setup of a IPSEC / XL2TPD VPN for our office, and I’m having some problems accessing the remote local machines after connecting to the VPN. I can connect, and I can browse Internet sites trough the VPN, but as said, I’m unable to connect or even ping the local ones. My Network setup is something like this: INTERNET eth0 ROUTER / VPN eth2 LAN These are some traceroutes behind the VPN: traceroute to google.com (173.194.78.94), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets 1 192.168.1.80 (192.168.1.80) 74.738 ms 71.476 ms 70.123 ms 2 10.35.192.1 (10.35.192.1) 77.832 ms 77.578 ms 77.865 ms 3 10.47.243.137 (10.47.243.137) 78.837 ms 85.409 ms 76.032 ms 4 10.47.242.129 (10.47.242.129) 78.069 ms 80.054 ms 77.778 ms 5 10.254.4.2 (10.254.4.2) 86.174 ms 10.254.4.6 (10.254.4.6) 85.687 ms 10.254.4.2 (10.254.4.2) 85.664 ms traceroute to 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets 1 * * * 2 *traceroute: sendto: No route to host traceroute: wrote 192.168.1.3 52 chars, ret=-1 *traceroute: sendto: Host is down traceroute: wrote 192.168.1.3 52 chars, ret=-1 * traceroute: sendto: Host is down 3 traceroute: wrote 192.168.1.3 52 chars, ret=-1 *traceroute: sendto: Host is down traceroute: wrote 192.168.1.3 52 chars, ret=-1 These are my iptables rules: iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # allow lan to router traffic iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -i eth2 -j ACCEPT # ssh iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT # vpn iptables -A INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p ah -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 500 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 4500 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 1701 -j ACCEPT # dns iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE # logging iptables -I INPUT 5 -m limit --limit 1/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # block all other traffic iptables -A INPUT -j DROP And here are some firewall log lines: Dec 6 11:11:57 router kernel: [8725820.003323] iptables denied: IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=192.168.1.81 DST=192.168.1.3 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=255 ID=62174 PROTO=UDP SPT=61910 DPT=53 LEN=40 Dec 6 11:12:29 router kernel: [8725852.035826] iptables denied: IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=192.168.1.81 DST=224.0.0.1 LEN=44 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=1 ID=15344 PROTO=UDP SPT=56329 DPT=8612 LEN=24 Dec 6 11:12:36 router kernel: [8725859.121606] iptables denied: IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=192.168.1.81 DST=224.0.0.1 LEN=44 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=1 ID=11767 PROTO=UDP SPT=63962 DPT=8612 LEN=24 Dec 6 11:12:44 router kernel: [8725866.203656] iptables denied: IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=192.168.1.81 DST=224.0.0.1 LEN=44 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=1 ID=11679 PROTO=UDP SPT=57101 DPT=8612 LEN=24 Dec 6 11:12:51 router kernel: [8725873.285979] iptables denied: IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=192.168.1.81 DST=224.0.0.1 LEN=44 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=1 ID=39165 PROTO=UDP SPT=62625 DPT=8612 LEN=24 I’m pretty sure that the problem should be related with iptables, but after trying a lot of different confs, I was unable to find the right one. Any help will be greetly appreciated ;). Kind regards, Simon. EDIT: This is my route table: default 62.43.193.33.st 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 62.43.193.32 * 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.1.81 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0

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• DNS lookups failing somewhere between firewall and router

  - by TessellatingHeckler

  we have a setup of ADSL line - Cisco 837 ADSL router - Zyxel ZyWall 35 firewall/NAT - Switch == Intel load balanced NICS in a server. It has been fine for years, suddenly DNS resolution stopped working on the server. No changes that I know of, so I can't work backwards from there. It was configured with the ISP's DNS servers, neither network device does DNS relaying. Wireshark shows the request go out but nothing comes back. The server networking stack seems OK though, because if we query an internal DNS server on a remote site, that works. I can logon to the Cisco, and DNS resolves OK from the command line. I can logon to the ZyWall, and DNS does not resolve from the command line. So the problem seems to be the firewall, patch cable or router, yes? On the router: interface Ethernet0 ip address aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd 255.255.255.ddd ip tcp adjust-mss 1450 hold-queue 100 out On the firewall: DNS server set to 8.8.8.8 (Google's), DNS traffic allowed LAN-WAN. What else should I look for? Update: Following This guide I've got traffic logging on the Cisco. I have also got access to a public DNS server which I can run tcpdump on to see things from the other side. And as per the below comments, I've tested with Dig and see that DNS over TCP works, and over UDP does not. Currently: DNS request from the server using TCP shows up in the firewall log, and in the Cisco log, and in tcpdump on the DNS server, the answer comes back, it works fine. DNS request from the server using UDP shows up in the firewall log, and in the Cisco log, does NOT show in tcpdump on the DNS server, times out. DNS request from the cisco (using UDP) does show up in tcpdump on the DNS server, answer received, works fine. Ping requests from the server and the cisco to the DNS server show up in tcpdump on the DNS server. DNS request from the server using UDP does show up on the firewall. Summary: TCP seems fine throughought. UDP works over the ADSL and to the Cisco, and it works from the server to the Cisco, but it doesn't cross the Cisco properly, it seems. I did see the Cisco showing as connected at 10Mb/full-duplex internally, and the firewall showing as 100Mb/full-duplex externally. I have forced the firewall to 10Mb and rebooted both devices. That seemed to help get UDP traffic (server-firewall-cisco) instead of (server-firewall), but did not fix it. Update: Sanitized Cisco config: version 12.2 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec service password-encryption ! hostname cisco ! logging queue-limit 100 enable secret 5 {password} enable password 7 {password} ! ip subnet-zero ip domain name example.org ip name-server {nameserver_IP} ! ! ip audit notify log ip audit po max-events 100 no ftp-server write-enable ! interface Ethernet0 ip address {Inside_public_IP} 255.255.255.248 ip tcp adjust-mss 1460 hold-queue 100 out ! interface ATM0 no ip address no atm ilmi-keepalive pvc 0/38 encapsulation aal5mux ppp dialer dialer pool-member 1 ! dsl operating-mode auto ! interface Dialer1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp dialer pool 1 dialer idle-timeout 0 dialer persistent no cdp enable ppp chap hostname {ADSL_Username} ppp chap password 7 {ADSL_Password} ! ip classless ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Dialer1 no ip http server no ip http secure-server ! access-list 23 permit {IP} dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit no cdp run snmp-server enable traps tty ! {con, vty} end

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• VirtualBox - Public Static IP for a Debian Guest on a Dedicated Server

  - by user86296

  Goal: I want to run a Debian-squeeze-Guest in VirtualBox and it's own public static ip. I found tons of threads about this topic, but all in all I'm now trying for 10 hours (reading the manual, the forums, trying to learn about networking concepts & commands) to give a Guest his own public static ip (so that the Guest is similar to a vServer you can order from a hosting company), but wasn't able to. Since I'm a big noob as far as networking stuff is concerned, I'm probably doing something wrong.(please bear with me :-) ) Situation: VirtualBox 4.0.10 (headless no gui) is running on a dedicated Debian-Server, the Guest OS is Debian as well. The server has a static ip and I ordered an additional ip for a VM. Problem description: Upto now I was able to use NAT to access the VM from the outside and to setup an internal network between several Guests and all of this worked very well. When setting NIC 1 to bridged and configuring a public static ip on the guest, the guest was unpingable. (neither from outside, nor from the host) I could connect to the guest via the internal network, from another vm, though. ( VBoxManage controlvm VMGuest nic1 bridged eth0 ) ( configuration attempt of static-ip on the guest '/etc/network/interfaces' is below) Please let me know what I'm doing wrong, or what I can try to get it to work, or if you need more info. I think I've read that with a current VirtualBox-version for bridged networking no special host-configuration is necessary, is that accurate, or might that be the problem? Additional Info Info I got from the hosting company about the additional IP Please note that you can use the IP address only for this server. IP: 46.4.xx.xx Gateway: 46.4.xx.xx Mask: 255.255.255.248 VBoxManage showvminfo VMGuest |less ... NIC 1: MAC: 080027D72F7B, Attachment: Bridged Interface 'eth0', Cable connected: on, Trace: off (file: none), Type: 82540EM, Reported speed: 0 Mbps, Boot priority: 0 NIC 2: MAC: 080027B03B75, Attachment: Internal Network 'InternalNet1', Cable connected: on, Trace: off (file: none), Type: Am79C973, Reported speed: 0 Mbps, Boot priority: 0 NIC 3: disabled (...rest is disabled) cat /etc/network/interfaces on the Host-machine # Loopback device: auto lo iface lo inet loopback # device: eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 46.4.xx.xx broadcast 46.4.xx.xx netmask 255.255.255.224 gateway 46.4.xx.xx post-up mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0 # default route to access subnet up route add -net 46.4.xx.xx netmask 255.255.255.224 gw 46.4.xx.xx eth0 cat /etc/network/interfaces on the Guest-VM # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface allow-hotplug eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 46.4.xx.xx netmask 255.255.255.248 gateway 46.4.xx.xx auto eth1 iface eth1 inet dhcp ifconfig -a on the Guest shows the correct static ip for eth0 but the Guest is unreachable "over eth0" eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:d7:2f:7b inet addr:46.4.xx.xx Bcast:46.4.xx.xx Mask:255.255.255.248 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fed7:2f7b/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:21 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:69 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1260 (1.2 KiB) TX bytes:3114 (3.0 KiB) eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:b0:3b:75 inet addr:192.168.10.3 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feb0:3b75/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:142 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:92 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:15962 (15.5 KiB) TX bytes:14540 (14.1 KiB) Interrupt:16 Base address:0xd240 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:123 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:123 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:25156 (24.5 KiB) TX bytes:25156 (24.5 KiB)

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• KVM + Cloudmin + IpTables

  - by Alex

  I have a KVM virtualization on a machine. I use Ubuntu Server + Cloudmin (in order to manage virtual machine instances). On a host system I have four network interfaces: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ ifconfig br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 inet addr:192.168.0.253 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1278:d2ff:feec:1638/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:589337 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:334357 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:753652448 (753.6 MB) TX bytes:43385198 (43.3 MB) br1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet addr:192.168.10.1 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:16995 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13309 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2059264 (2.0 MB) TX bytes:1763980 (1.7 MB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:610558 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:332382 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:769477564 (769.4 MB) TX bytes:44360402 (44.3 MB) Interrupt:20 Memory:fe400000-fe420000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) TX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) tap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:17821 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13703 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:2370468 (2.3 MB) TX bytes:1782356 (1.7 MB) br0 is connected to a real network, br1 is used to create a private network shared between guest systems. Now I need to configure iptables for network access. First of all I allow ssh sessions on port 8022 on the host system, then I allow all connections in state RELATED, ESTABLISHED. This is working ok. I install another system as guest, it's IP address is 192.168.10.2, and now I have two problems: I want to allow the access from this host to the outside world, cannot accomplish this. I can ssh from the host. I want to be able to ssh to the guest from the outside world using 8023 port. Cannot accomplish this. Full iptables configuration is following: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables --list [sudo] password for ebadmin: Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:8022 ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables -t nat --list Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DNAT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp spt:8023 to:192.168.10.2:22 Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination The worst of all is that I don't know how to interpret iptables logs. I don't see the final decision of the firewall. Need help urgently.

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• Simple Cisco ASA 5505 config issue

  - by Ben Sebborn

  I have a Cisco ASA setup with two interfaces: inside: 192.168.2.254 / 255.255.255.0 SecLevel:100 outside: 192.168.3.250 / 255.255.255.0 SecLevel: 0 I have a static route setup to allow PCs on the inside network to access the internet via a gateway on the outside interface (3.254): outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.254 This all works fine. I now need to be able to access a PC on the outside interface (3.253) from a PC on the inside interface on port 35300. I understand I should be able to do this with no problems, as I'm going from a higher security level to a lower one. However I can't get any connection. Do I need to set up a seperate static route? Perhaps the route above is overriding what I need to be able to do (is it routing ALL traffic through the gateway?) Any advice on how to do this would be apprecaited. I am configuring this via ASDM but the config can be seen as below: Result of the command: "show running-config" : Saved : ASA Version 8.2(5) ! hostname ciscoasa domain-name xxx.internal names name 192.168.2.201 dev.xxx.internal description Internal Dev server name 192.168.2.200 Newserver ! interface Ethernet0/0 switchport access vlan 2 ! interface Ethernet0/1 ! interface Ethernet0/2 ! interface Ethernet0/3 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/4 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/5 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/6 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/7 shutdown ! interface Vlan1 nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 192.168.2.254 255.255.255.0 ! interface Vlan2 nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 192.168.3.250 255.255.255.0 ! ! time-range Workingtime periodic weekdays 9:00 to 18:00 ! ftp mode passive clock timezone GMT/BST 0 clock summer-time GMT/BDT recurring last Sun Mar 1:00 last Sun Oct 2:00 dns domain-lookup inside dns server-group DefaultDNS name-server Newserver domain-name xxx.internal same-security-traffic permit inter-interface object-group service Mysql tcp port-object eq 3306 object-group protocol TCPUDP protocol-object udp protocol-object tcp access-list inside_access_in extended permit ip any any access-list outside_access_in remark ENABLES OUTSDIE ACCESS TO DEV SERVER! access-list outside_access_in extended permit tcp any interface outside eq www time-range Workingtime inactive access-list outside_access_in extended permit tcp host www-1.xxx.com interface outside eq ssh access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any any eq www access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any any eq https access-list inside_access_in_1 remark Connect to SSH services access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any any eq ssh access-list inside_access_in_1 remark Connect to mysql server access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any host mysql.xxx.com object-group Mysql access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any host mysql.xxx.com eq 3312 access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit object-group TCPUDP host Newserver any eq domain access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit icmp any any access-list inside_access_in_1 remark Draytek Admin access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 eq 4433 access-list inside_access_in_1 remark Phone System access-list inside_access_in_1 extended permit tcp any 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 eq 35300 log disable pager lines 24 logging enable logging asdm warnings logging from-address [email protected] logging recipient-address [email protected] level errors mtu inside 1500 mtu outside 1500 ip verify reverse-path interface inside ip verify reverse-path interface outside ipv6 access-list inside_access_ipv6_in permit tcp any any eq www ipv6 access-list inside_access_ipv6_in permit tcp any any eq https ipv6 access-list inside_access_ipv6_in permit tcp any any eq ssh ipv6 access-list inside_access_ipv6_in permit icmp6 any any icmp unreachable rate-limit 1 burst-size 1 icmp permit any outside no asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 global (outside) 1 interface nat (inside) 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 static (inside,outside) tcp interface www dev.xxx.internal www netmask 255.255.255.255 static (inside,outside) tcp interface ssh dev.xxx.internal ssh netmask 255.255.255.255 access-group inside_access_in in interface inside control-plane access-group inside_access_in_1 in interface inside access-group inside_access_ipv6_in in interface inside access-group outside_access_in in interface outside route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.254 10 route outside 192.168.3.252 255.255.255.255 192.168.3.252 1 timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 timeout sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 sip-invite 0:03:00 sip-disconnect 0:02:00 timeout sip-provisional-media 0:02:00 uauth 0:05:00 absolute timeout tcp-proxy-reassembly 0:01:00 timeout floating-conn 0:00:00 dynamic-access-policy-record DfltAccessPolicy aaa authentication telnet console LOCAL aaa authentication enable console LOCAL

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• hostapd running on Ubuntu Server 13.04 only allows single station to connect when using wpa

  - by user450688

  Problem Only a single station can connect to hostapd at a time. Any single station can connect (W8, OSX, iOS, Nexus) but when two or more hosts are connected at the same time the first client loses its connectivity. However there are no connectivity issues when WPA is not used. Setup Linux (Ubuntu server 13.04) wireless router (with separate networks for wired WAN, wired LAN, and Wireless LAN. iptables-save output: *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 -o p4p1 -j MASQUERADE -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.1.0/24 -o p4p1 -j MASQUERADE COMMIT *mangle :PREROUTING ACCEPT [13:916] :INPUT ACCEPT [9:708] :FORWARD ACCEPT [4:208] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [9:3492] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [13:3700] COMMIT *filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [9:3492] -A INPUT -i p4p1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i p4p1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i wlan0 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i p4p1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i lo -j ACCEPT COMMIT /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf #Wireless Interface interface=wlan0 driver=nl80211 ssid=<removed> hw_mode=g channel=6 max_num_sta=15 auth_algs=3 ieee80211n=1 wmm_enabled=1 wme_enabled=1 #Configure Hardware Capabilities of Interface ht_capab=[HT40+][SMPS-STATIC][GF][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][RX-STBC12] #Accept all MAC address macaddr_acl=0 #Shared Key Authentication wpa=1 wpa_passphrase=<removed> wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK wpa_pairwise=CCMP rsn_pairwise=CCMP ###IPad Connectivevity Repair ieee8021x=0 eap_server=0 Wireless Card #lshw output product: RT2790 Wireless 802.11n 1T/2R PCIe vendor: Ralink corp. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: mon.wlan0 version: 00 serial: <removed> width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list logical wireless ethernet physical configuration: broadcast=yes driver=rt2800pci driverversion=3.8.0-25-generic firmware=0.34 ip=10.0.1.254 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn #iw list output Band 1: Capabilities: 0x272 HT20/HT40 Static SM Power Save RX Greenfield RX HT20 SGI RX HT40 SGI RX STBC 2-streams Max AMSDU length: 3839 bytes No DSSS/CCK HT40 Maximum RX AMPDU length 65535 bytes (exponent: 0x003) Minimum RX AMPDU time spacing: 2 usec (0x04) HT RX MCS rate indexes supported: 0-15, 32 TX unequal modulation not supported HT TX Max spatial streams: 1 HT TX MCS rate indexes supported may differ Frequencies: * 2412 MHz [1] (27.0 dBm) * 2417 MHz [2] (27.0 dBm) * 2422 MHz [3] (27.0 dBm) * 2427 MHz [4] (27.0 dBm) * 2432 MHz [5] (27.0 dBm) * 2437 MHz [6] (27.0 dBm) * 2442 MHz [7] (27.0 dBm) * 2447 MHz [8] (27.0 dBm) * 2452 MHz [9] (27.0 dBm) * 2457 MHz [10] (27.0 dBm) * 2462 MHz [11] (27.0 dBm) * 2467 MHz [12] (disabled) * 2472 MHz [13] (disabled) * 2484 MHz [14] (disabled) Bitrates (non-HT): * 1.0 Mbps * 2.0 Mbps (short preamble supported) * 5.5 Mbps (short preamble supported) * 11.0 Mbps (short preamble supported) * 6.0 Mbps * 9.0 Mbps * 12.0 Mbps * 18.0 Mbps * 24.0 Mbps * 36.0 Mbps * 48.0 Mbps * 54.0 Mbps max # scan SSIDs: 4 max scan IEs length: 2257 bytes Coverage class: 0 (up to 0m) Supported Ciphers: * WEP40 (00-0f-ac:1) * WEP104 (00-0f-ac:5) * TKIP (00-0f-ac:2) * CCMP (00-0f-ac:4) Available Antennas: TX 0 RX 0 Supported interface modes: * IBSS * managed * AP * AP/VLAN * WDS * monitor * mesh point software interface modes (can always be added): * AP/VLAN * monitor valid interface combinations: * #{ AP } <= 8, total <= 8, #channels <= 1 Supported commands: * new_interface * set_interface * new_key * new_beacon * new_station * new_mpath * set_mesh_params * set_bss * authenticate * associate * deauthenticate * disassociate * join_ibss * join_mesh * set_tx_bitrate_mask * set_tx_bitrate_mask * action * frame_wait_cancel * set_wiphy_netns * set_channel * set_wds_peer * Unknown command (84) * Unknown command (87) * Unknown command (85) * Unknown command (89) * Unknown command (92) * testmode * connect * disconnect Supported TX frame types: * IBSS: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * managed: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * AP: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * AP/VLAN: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * mesh point: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * P2P-client: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * P2P-GO: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 * Unknown mode (10): 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0 Supported RX frame types: * IBSS: 0x40 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 * managed: 0x40 0xd0 * AP: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 * AP/VLAN: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 * mesh point: 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 * P2P-client: 0x40 0xd0 * P2P-GO: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 * Unknown mode (10): 0x40 0xd0 Device supports RSN-IBSS. HT Capability overrides: * MCS: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff * maximum A-MSDU length * supported channel width * short GI for 40 MHz * max A-MPDU length exponent * min MPDU start spacing Device supports TX status socket option. Device supports HT-IBSS.

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• How Hacker Can Access VPS CentOS 6 content?

  - by user2118559

  Just want to understand. Please, correct mistakes and write advices Hacker can access to VPS: 1. Through (using) console terminal, for example, using PuTTY. To access, hacker need to know port number, username and password. Port number hacker can know scanning open ports and try to login. The only way to login as I understand need to know username and password. To block (make more difficult) port scanning, need to use iptables configure /etc/sysconfig/iptables. I followed this https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-setup-a-basic-ip-tables-configuration-on-centos-6 tutorial and got *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [87:4524] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [77:4713] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [77:4713] COMMIT *mangle :PREROUTING ACCEPT [2358:200388] :INPUT ACCEPT [2358:200388] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [2638:477779] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [2638:477779] COMMIT *filter :INPUT DROP [1:40] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [339:56132] -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG NONE -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp ! --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -m state --state NEW -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG -j DROP -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 11.111.11.111/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 11.111.11.111/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT COMMIT Regarding ports that need to be opened. If does not use ssl, then seems must leave open port 80 for website. Then for ssh (default 22) and for ftp (default 21). And set ip address, from which can connect. So if hacker uses other ip address, he can not access even knowing username and password? Regarding emails not sure. If I send email, using Gmail (Send mail as: (Use Gmail to send from your other email addresses)), then port 25 not necessary. For incoming emails at dynadot.com I use Email Forwarding. Does it mean that emails “does not arrive to VPS” (before arriving to VPS, emails are forwarded, for example to Gmail)? If emails does not arrive to VPS, then seems port 110 also not necessary. If use only ssl, must open port 443 and close port 80. Do not understand regarding port 3306 In PuTTY with /bin/netstat -lnp see Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 992/mysqld As understand it is for mysql. But does not remember that I have opened such port (may be when installed mysql, the port is opened automatically?). Mysql is installed on the same server, where all other content. Need to understand regarding port 3306 2. Also hacker may be able access console terminal through VPS hosting provider Control Panel (serial console emergency access). As understand only using console terminal (PuTTY, etc.) can make “global” changes (changes that can not modify with ftp). 3. Hacker can access to my VPS exploiting some hole in my php code and uploading, for example, Trojan. Unfortunately, faced situation that VPS was hacked. As understand it was because I used ZPanel. On VPS ( \etc\zpanel\panel\bin) ) found one php file, that was identified as Trojan by some virus scanners (at virustotal.com). Experimented with the file on local computer (wamp). And appears that hacker can see all content of VPS, rename, delete, upload etc. From my opinion, if in PuTTY use command like chattr +i /etc/php.ini then hacker could not be able to modify php.ini. Is there any other way to get into VPS?

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• i cant ping to my DMZ zone from the local inside PC

  - by Big Denzel

  HI everybody. Can anyone please help me on the following issue. I got a Cisco Asa 5520 configured at my network. I cant ping to my DMZ interface from a local inside network PC. so the only way a ping the DMZ is right from the Cisco ASA firewall, there i can pint to all 3 interfaces, Inside, Outside and DMZ,,,, But no PC from the Inside Network can access the DMZ. Can please any one help? I thank you all in advance Bellow is my Cisco ASA 5520 Firewall show run; ASA-FW# sh run : Saved : ASA Version 7.0(8) ! hostname ASA-FW enable password encrypted passwd encrypted names dns-guard ! interface GigabitEthernet0/0 description "Link-To-GW-Router" nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 41.223.156.109 255.255.255.248 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 description "Link-To-Local-LAN" nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 10.1.4.1 255.255.252.0 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 description "Link-To-DMZ" nameif dmz security-level 50 ip address 172.16.16.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/3 shutdown no nameif no security-level no ip address ! interface Management0/0 description "Local-Management-Interface" no nameif no security-level ip address 192.168.192.1 255.255.255.0 ! ftp mode passive access-list OUT-TO-DMZ extended permit tcp any host 41.223.156.107 eq smtp access-list OUT-TO-DMZ extended permit tcp any host 41.223.156.106 eq www access-list OUT-TO-DMZ extended permit icmp any any log access-list OUT-TO-DMZ extended deny ip any any access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq pop3 access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq smtp access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq ssh access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq telnet access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq https access-list inside extended permit udp any any eq domain access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq domain access-list inside extended permit tcp any any eq www access-list inside extended permit ip any any access-list inside extended permit icmp any any access-list dmz extended permit ip any any access-list dmz extended permit icmp any any access-list cap extended permit ip 10.1.4.0 255.255.252.0 172.16.16.0 255.255.25 5.0 access-list cap extended permit ip 172.16.16.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.4.0 255.255.25 2.0 no pager logging enable logging buffer-size 5000 logging monitor warnings logging trap warnings mtu outside 1500 mtu inside 1500 mtu dmz 1500 no failover asdm image disk0:/asdm-508.bin no asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 global (outside) 1 interface nat (inside) 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 static (dmz,outside) tcp 41.223.156.106 www 172.16.16.80 www netmask 255.255.255 .255 static (dmz,outside) tcp 41.223.156.107 smtp 172.16.16.25 smtp netmask 255.255.2 55.255 static (inside,dmz) 10.1.0.0 10.1.16.0 netmask 255.255.252.0 access-group OUT-TO-DMZ in interface outside access-group inside in interface inside access-group dmz in interface dmz route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 41.223.156.108 1 timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 timeout mgcp-pat 0:05:00 sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 timeout uauth 0:05:00 absolute http server enable http 10.1.4.0 255.255.252.0 inside no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact snmp-server enable traps snmp authentication linkup linkdown coldstart crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 28800 crypto ipsec security-association lifetime kilobytes 4608000 telnet timeout 5 ssh timeout 5 console timeout 0 management-access inside ! ! match default-inspection-traffic ! ! policy-map global_policy class inspection_default inspect dns maximum-length 512 inspect ftp inspect h323 h225 inspect h323 ras inspect netbios inspect rsh inspect rtsp inspect skinny inspect esmtp inspect sqlnet inspect sunrpc inspect tftp inspect sip inspect xdmcp ! service-policy global_policy global Cryptochecksum: : end ASA-FW# Please Help. Big Denzel

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• Load average is have been high over some period

  - by user111196

  We have a dedicated MySQL server and below is the a snapshot of the top. The load average has been staying at nearly 100 for an hour plus ready. top - 20:54:28 up 7:31, 2 users, load average: 83.08, 96.88, 106.23 Tasks: 278 total, 2 running, 274 sleeping, 2 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu0 : 18.8%us, 10.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 70.9%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu1 : 51.2%us, 4.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 44.2%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu2 : 9.0%us, 10.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 80.6%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu3 : 18.8%us, 7.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 73.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu4 : 7.8%us, 8.8%sy, 0.0%ni, 83.4%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu5 : 10.3%us, 8.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 81.4%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu6 : 6.2%us, 7.5%sy, 0.0%ni, 86.2%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu7 : 6.2%us, 6.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 87.3%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu8 : 8.8%us, 10.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 80.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu9 : 63.7%us, 4.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 12.2%id, 0.0%wa, 4.3%hi, 15.2%si, 0.0%st Cpu10 : 9.2%us, 10.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 80.6%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu11 : 17.3%us, 5.9%sy, 0.0%ni, 76.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu12 : 8.0%us, 8.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 83.3%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu13 : 10.9%us, 7.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 81.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu14 : 6.2%us, 6.9%sy, 0.0%ni, 86.9%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu15 : 4.8%us, 6.1%sy, 0.0%ni, 89.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 33009800k total, 23174396k used, 9835404k free, 120604k buffers Swap: 35061752k total, 0k used, 35061752k free, 16459540k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3341 mysql 20 0 14.3g 4.6g 4240 S 417.8 14.5 1673:51 mysqld 24406 root 20 0 15008 1292 876 R 0.3 0.0 0:00.19 top 1 root 20 0 4080 852 608 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.92 init 2 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 migration/0 4 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.29 ksoftirqd/0 5 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 6 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:03.21 migration/1 7 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.07 ksoftirqd/1 8 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/1 9 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.17 migration/2 10 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 ksoftirqd/2 11 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/2 12 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 migration/3 13 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 ksoftirqd/3 14 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/3 15 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.10 migration/4 16 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 ksoftirqd/4 17 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/4 18 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.35 migration/5 We have also tried to run this command. What else command can help us diagnose the exact problem of this high load? netstat -nat |grep 3306 | awk '{print $6}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n 1 LISTEN 1 SYN_RECV 410 ESTABLISHED 964 TIME_WAIT Output of vmstat 1: ---------------memory--------------- --swap-- --io-- --system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 2 0 0 12978936 30944 15172360 0 0 259 3 184 265 6 6 77 12 0

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• Building an OpenStack Cloud for Solaris Engineering, Part 1

  - by Dave Miner

  One of the signature features of the recently-released Solaris 11.2 is the OpenStack cloud computing platform.  Over on the Solaris OpenStack blog the development team is publishing lots of details about our version of OpenStack Havana as well as some tips on specific features, and I highly recommend reading those to get a feel for how we've leveraged Solaris's features to build a top-notch cloud platform.  In this and some subsequent posts I'm going to look at it from a different perspective, which is that of the enterprise administrator deploying an OpenStack cloud.  But this won't be just a theoretical perspective: I've spent the past several months putting together a deployment of OpenStack for use by the Solaris engineering organization, and now that it's in production we'll share how we built it and what we've learned so far.In the Solaris engineering organization we've long had dedicated lab systems dispersed among our various sites and a home-grown reservation tool for developers to reserve those systems; various teams also have private systems for specific testing purposes.  But as a developer, it can still be difficult to find systems you need, especially since most Solaris changes require testing on both SPARC and x86 systems before they can be integrated.  We've added virtual resources over the years as well in the form of LDOMs and zones (both traditional non-global zones and the new kernel zones).  Fundamentally, though, these were all still deployed in the same model: our overworked lab administrators set up pre-configured resources and we then reserve them.  Sounds like pretty much every traditional IT shop, right?  Which means that there's a lot of opportunity for efficiencies from greater use of virtualization and the self-service style of cloud computing.  As we were well into development of OpenStack on Solaris, I was recruited to figure out how we could deploy it to both provide more (and more efficient) development and test resources for the organization as well as a test environment for Solaris OpenStack.At this point, let's acknowledge one fact: deploying OpenStack is hard.  It's a very complex piece of software that makes use of sophisticated networking features and runs as a ton of service daemons with myriad configuration files.  The web UI, Horizon, doesn't often do a good job of providing detailed errors.  Even the command-line clients are not as transparent as you'd like, though at least you can turn on verbose and debug messaging and often get some clues as to what to look for, though it helps if you're good at reading JSON structure dumps.  I'd already learned all of this in doing a single-system Grizzly-on-Linux deployment for the development team to reference when they were getting started so I at least came to this job with some appreciation for what I was taking on.  The good news is that both we and the community have done a lot to make deployment much easier in the last year; probably the easiest approach is to download the OpenStack Unified Archive from OTN to get your hands on a single-system demonstration environment.  I highly recommend getting started with something like it to get some understanding of OpenStack before you embark on a more complex deployment.  For some situations, it may in fact be all you ever need.  If so, you don't need to read the rest of this series of posts!In the Solaris engineering case, we need a lot more horsepower than a single-system cloud can provide.  We need to support both SPARC and x86 VM's, and we have hundreds of developers so we want to be able to scale to support thousands of VM's, though we're going to build to that scale over time, not immediately.  We also want to be able to test both Solaris 11 updates and a release such as Solaris 12 that's under development so that we can work out any upgrade issues before release.  One thing we don't have is a requirement for extremely high availability, at least at this point.  We surely don't want a lot of down time, but we can tolerate scheduled outages and brief (as in an hour or so) unscheduled ones.  Thus I didn't need to spend effort on trying to get high availability everywhere.The diagram below shows our initial deployment design.  We're using six systems, most of which are x86 because we had more of those immediately available.  All of those systems reside on a management VLAN and are connected with a two-way link aggregation of 1 Gb links (we don't yet have 10 Gb switching infrastructure in place, but we'll get there).  A separate VLAN provides "public" (as in connected to the rest of Oracle's internal network) addresses, while we use VxLANs for the tenant networks. One system is more or less the control node, providing the MySQL database, RabbitMQ, Keystone, and the Nova API and scheduler as well as the Horizon console.  We're curious how this will perform and I anticipate eventually splitting at least the database off to another node to help simplify upgrades, but at our present scale this works.I had a couple of systems with lots of disk space, one of which was already configured as the Automated Installation server for the lab, so it's just providing the Glance image repository for OpenStack.  The other node with lots of disks provides Cinder block storage service; we also have a ZFS Storage Appliance that will help back-end Cinder in the near future, I just haven't had time to get it configured in yet.There's a separate system for Neutron, which is our Elastic Virtual Switch controller and handles the routing and NAT for the guests.  We don't have any need for firewalling in this deployment so we're not doing so.  We presently have only two tenants defined, one for the Solaris organization that's funding this cloud, and a separate tenant for other Oracle organizations that would like to try out OpenStack on Solaris.  Each tenant has one VxLAN defined initially, but we can of course add more.  Right now we have just a single /24 network for the floating IP's, once we get demand up to where we need more then we'll add them.Finally, we have started with just two compute nodes; one is an x86 system, the other is an LDOM on a SPARC T5-2.  We'll be adding more when demand reaches the level where we need them, but as we're still ramping up the user base it's less work to manage fewer nodes until then.My next post will delve into the details of building this OpenStack cloud's infrastructure, including how we're using various Solaris features such as Automated Installation, IPS packaging, SMF, and Puppet to deploy and manage the nodes.  After that we'll get into the specifics of configuring and running OpenStack itself.

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• Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 10 &ndash; In Depth TCP/IP Networking

  - by MarkPearl

  After reading this section you should be able to Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation Explain the differences between public and private TCP/IP networks Describe protocols used between mail clients and mail servers, including SMTP, POP3, and IMAP4 Employ multiple TCP/IP utilities for network discovery and troubleshooting Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks The following sections explain how network and host information in an IPv4 address can be manipulated to subdivide networks into smaller segments. Subnetting Subnetting separates a network into multiple logically defined segments, or subnets. Networks are commonly subnetted according to geographic locations, departmental boundaries, or technology types. A network administrator might separate traffic to accomplish the following… Enhance security Improve performance Simplify troubleshooting The challenges of Classful Addressing in IPv4 (No subnetting) The simplest type of IPv4 is known as classful addressing (which was the Class A, Class B & Class C network addresses). Classful addressing has the following limitations. Restriction in the number of usable IPv4 addresses (class C would be limited to 254 addresses) Difficult to separate traffic from various parts of a network Because of the above reasons, subnetting was introduced. IPv4 Subnet Masks Subnetting depends on the use of subnet masks to identify how a network is subdivided. A subnet mask indicates where network information is located in an IPv4 address. The 1 in a subnet mask indicates that corresponding bits in the IPv4 address contain network information (likewise 0 indicates the opposite) Each network class is associated with a default subnet mask… Class A = 255.0.0.0 Class B = 255.255.0.0 Class C = 255.255.255.0 An example of calculating  the network ID for a particular device with a subnet mask is shown below.. IP Address = 199.34.89.127 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Resultant Network ID = 199.34.89.0 IPv4 Subnetting Techniques Subnetting breaks the rules of classful IPv4 addressing. Read page 490 for a detailed explanation Calculating IPv4 Subnets Read page 491 – 494 for an explanation Important… Subnetting only applies to the devices internal to your network. Everything external looks at the class of the IP address instead of the subnet network ID. This way, traffic directed to your network externally still knows where to go, and once it has entered your internal network it can then be prioritized and segmented. CIDR (classless Interdomain Routing) CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. In CIDR conventional network class distinctions do not exist, a subnet boundary can move to the left, therefore generating more usable IP addresses on your network. A subnet created by moving the subnet boundary to the left is known as a supernet. With CIDR also came new shorthand for denoting the position of subnet boundaries known as CIDR notation or slash notation. CIDR notation takes the form of the network ID followed by a forward slash (/) followed by the number of bits that are used for the extended network prefix. To take advantage of classless routing, your networks routers must be able to interpret IP addresses that don;t adhere to conventional network class parameters. Routers that rely on older routing protocols (i.e. RIP) are not capable of interpreting classless IP addresses. Internet Gateways Gateways are a combination of software and hardware that enable two different network segments to exchange data. A gateway facilitates communication between different networks or subnets. Because on device cannot send data directly to a device on another subnet, a gateway must intercede and hand off the information. Every device on a TCP/IP based network has a default gateway (a gateway that first interprets its outbound requests to other subnets, and then interprets its inbound requests from other subnets). The internet contains a vast number of routers and gateways. If each gateway had to track addressing information for every other gateway on the Internet, it would be overtaxed. Instead, each handles only a relatively small amount of addressing information, which it uses to forward data to another gateway that knows more about the data’s destination. The gateways that make up the internet backbone are called core gateways. Address Translation An organizations default gateway can also be used to “hide” the organizations internal IP addresses and keep them from being recognized on a public network. A public network is one that any user may access with little or no restrictions. On private networks, hiding IP addresses allows network managers more flexibility in assigning addresses. Clients behind a gateway may use any IP addressing scheme, regardless of whether it is recognized as legitimate by the Internet authorities but as soon as those devices need to go on the internet, they must have legitimate IP addresses to exchange data. When a clients transmission reaches the default gateway, the gateway opens the IP datagram and replaces the client’s private IP address with an Internet recognized IP address. This process is known as NAT (Network Address Translation). TCP/IP Mail Services All Internet mail services rely on the same principles of mail delivery, storage, and pickup, though they may use different types of software to accomplish these functions. Email servers and clients communicate through special TCP/IP application layer protocols. These protocols, all of which operate on a variety of operating systems are discussed below… SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) The protocol responsible for moving messages from one mail server to another over TCP/IP based networks. SMTP belongs to the application layer of the ODI model and relies on TCP as its transport protocol. Operates from port 25 on the SMTP server Simple sub-protocol, incapable of doing anything more than transporting mail or holding it in a queue MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) The standard message format specified by SMTP allows for lines that contain no more than 1000 ascii characters meaning if you relied solely on SMTP you would have very short messages and nothing like pictures included in an email. MIME us a standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ascii character sets within an email message. MIME identifies each element of a mail message according to content type. MIME does not replace SMTP but works in conjunction with it. Most modern email clients and servers support MIME POP (Post Office Protocol) POP is an application layer protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server POP3 relies on TCP and operates over port 110 With POP3 mail is delivered and stored on a mail server until it is downloaded by a user Disadvantage of POP3 is that it typically does not allow users to save their messages on the server because of this IMAP is sometimes used IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) IMAP is a retrieval protocol that was developed as a more sophisticated alternative to POP3 The single biggest advantage IMAP4 has over POP3 is that users can store messages on the mail server, rather than having to continually download them Users can retrieve all or only a portion of any mail message Users can review their messages and delete them while the messages remain on the server Users can create sophisticated methods of organizing messages on the server Users can share a mailbox in a central location Disadvantages of IMAP are typically related to the fact that it requires more storage space on the server. Additional TCP/IP Utilities Nearly all TCP/IP utilities can be accessed from the command prompt on any type of server or client running TCP/IP. The syntaxt may differ depending on the OS of the client. Below is a list of additional TCP/IP utilities – research their use on your own! Ipconfig (Windows) & Ifconfig (Linux) Netstat Nbtstat Hostname, Host & Nslookup Dig (Linux) Whois (Linux) Traceroute (Tracert) Mtr (my traceroute) Route

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