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• Route specific HTTP requests through pfSense OpenVPN

  - by DennisQ

  Hi, to start, I have very little knowledge on routes, iptables, etc. That said, here's what I'm trying to accomplish and where I think I'm stumped: Problem: We have an external website which we recently firewalled so it only accepts traffic from our office IP addresses. This works well at the office, but doesn't work for remote access through VPN as we don't route all traffic through OpenVPN. I would rather avoid forcing everyone to route all traffic through just to accommodate this one site. Environment: Main router box is running pfSense. Em0 is internal IP, Em1 is external. Internal net is 10.23.x and VPN is 10.0.8.0/24 I believe what I need to do is add a route to the VPN server config to send all traffic to that IP over the VPN tunnel. I think that part's working, but I don't get a response back, so I'm assuming that I need some NAT config on the VPN server to route the response back over the tunnel? What I've found so far is to try the following, but since this is a pfSense box on FreeBSD, I can't run iptables, etc. Make sure ip forwarding is enabled: echo 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward Setup NAT back out: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.8.0/24 -o em0 -j MASQUERADE Am I on the right path, and if so how do I accomplish this through pfSense UI or FreeBSD CLI? Thanks!

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• Skype performance in IPSEC VPN

  - by dunxd

  I've been challenged to "improve Skype performance" for calls within my organisation. Having read the Skype IT Administrators Guide I am wondering whether we might have a performance issue where the Skype Clients in a call are all on our WAN. The call is initiated by a Skype Client at our head office, and terminated on a Skype Client in a remote office connected via IPSEC VPN. Where this happens, I assume the trafficfrom Client A (encrypted by Skype) goes to our ASA 5510, where it is furtehr encrypted, sent to the remote ASA 5505 decrypted, then passed to Client B which decrypts the Skype encryption. Would the call quality benefit if the traffic didn't go over the VPN, but instead only relied on Skype's encryption? I imagine I could achieve this by setting up a SOCKS5 proxy in our HQ DMZ for Skype traffic. Then the traffic goes from Client A to Proxy, over the Skype relay network, then arrives at Cisco ASA 5505 as any other internet traffic, and then to Client B. Is there likely to be any performance benefit in doing this? If so, is there a way to do it that doesn't require a proxy? Has anyone else tackled this?

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• How to avoid intrusion detection/anti spoofing issue on a sonicwall TZ series FW

  - by Ian

  We have a sonicwall tz series FW with two internet service providers connected. One of the providers has a wireless service which works a bit like an ethernet switch in that we have an ip with a /24 subnet and the gateway is .1. All other clients on the same subnet (say 195.222.99.0) have the same .1 gateway - this is important, read on. Some of our clients are also on the same subnet. Our config: X0 : Lan X1 : 89.90.91.92 X2 : 195.222.99.252/24 (GW 195.222.99.1) X1 and X2 are not connected, other than both being connected to the public Internet. Client config: X1 : 195.222.99.123/24 (GW 195.222.99.1) What fails, what works: Traffic 195.222.99.123 (client) <- 89.90.91.92 (X1) : Spoof alert Traffic 195.222.99.123 (client) <- 195.222.99.252 (X1) : OK - no spoof alert I have several clients with IPs in the 195.222.99.0 range and all provoke identical alerts. This is the alert I see on the FW: Alert Intrusion Prevention IP spoof dropped 195.222.99.252, 21475, X1 89.90.91.92, 80, X1 MAC address: 00:12:ef:41:75:88 Anti-spoofing is switched off on my FW (network-mac-ip-anti-spoofing - config for each interface) for all ports I can provoke the alerts by telneting to a port on X1 from the clients. You can't argue with the logic - this is suspicious traffic. X1 is receiving traffic with a source IP which corresponds to X2s subnet. Anyone know how can I tell the FW that packets with a src subnet of 195.222.99.0 can legitimately appear on X1? I know whats going wrong, I've seen the same thing before, but with higher end FWs you can avoid this with a few extra rules. I can't see how to do this here. And before you ask why we're using this service provider - they give us 3ms (yep 3ms, thats not an error) delay between routers.

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• Error applying iptables rules using iptables-restore

  - by John Franic

  Hi I'm using Ubuntu 9.04 on a VPS. I'm getting an error if I apply a iptables rule. Here is what I have done. 1.Saved the existing rules iptables-save /etc/iptables.up.rules Created iptables.test.rules and add some rules to it nano /etc/iptables.test.rulesnano /etc/iptables.test.rules This is the rules I added *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i ! lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22- j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT After editing when I try to apply the rules by iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules I get the following error iptables-restore: line 42 failed Line 42 is COMMIT and I comment that out I get iptables-restore: COMMIT expected at line 43 I'm not sure what is the problem, it is expecting COMMIT but if COMMIT is there it's giving error. Could it be due to the fact i'm usin a VPS?My provider using OpenVZ for virtualizaton.

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• How can I get my routers to forward ports correctly?

  - by Giffyguy

  My network currently looks like this (simplified): Note that Router #2 is connected to the LAN interface of Router #1. This should be familiar to anyone who has seen a standard static-IP setup with an additional firewall for a residence or other small building. Router #1 is actually my cable gateway, but since it is a fully functional router/firewall, I am going to refer to it as a router. Now, I need to open various ports in both firewalls for incoming communication to my server - port 80 is a good example. So I've opened up port 80 in Router #2, and so far all incoming traffic at the public IP X.X.X.129 is being routed correctly. The problem is that I also need my server to respond to incoming traffic at the public IP X.X.X.130 on the WAN interface of Router #1. Naturally, I can't just tell Router #1 to forward port 80 to another public IP. Port forwarding is only supported when the traffic is being directed to the LAN subnet. I am willing to restructure my network topology if required, with the following conditions: Router #1 cannot have its WAN IP reassigned - X.X.X.130 is mandatory. Router #1 cannot be moved or disconnected from the cloud. The server cannot be given a second IP address. I would prefer the server to have a private IP address - e.g. 10.0.0.10 I'd like to keep Router #2, but it can have a private IP - e.g. 10.0.1.10 Following these rules, I need to get my server to receive incoming traffic on port 80 from both public IP addresses. Does anyone on SU know if this is possible? So far my only theories have been to set up a static route on either router, or to somehow combine my two subnets into a single subnet.

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• Request bursting from web application Load Tests

  - by MaseBase

  I'm migrating our web and database hosting to a new environment on all new machines. I've recently performed a Load Test using WAPT to generate load from multiple distributed clients. The server has plenty of room to handle the traffic load, but I'm seeing an odd pattern of incoming traffic during the load tests. Here is the gist of our setup: Firewall server running MS Forefront TMG 2010 on Win 2k8 server Request routing done by IIS Application Request Routing on firewall machine Web server is a Hyper-V VM on the Database server (which is the host OS) These machines are hefty with dual-CPU's with six cores (12 total procs) Web server running IIS 7.5 Web applications built in ASP.NET 2.0, with 1 ISAPI filter (Url Rewrite) in front What I'm seeing during the load tests is that the requests all come through in bursts. Even though I have 7 different distributed clients sending traffic loads, the requests come through about 300-500 requests at a time. The performance monitor shows nearly all of the counters moving through this pattern, where a burst of requests comes in the req/sec jumps to 70, the queued requests jumps to 500, the current requests jumps up, the CPU jumps up, everything. Then once it's handled that group of requests, it has a lull for nearly 10 seconds where nearly nothing is happening. 0-5 req/sec, 0 queued requests, minimal CPU usage. Then after 10 seconds of inactivity, another burst comes through, spiking all of the counters once again. What I can't figure out is why the requests are coming through in bursts when I know that the load being generated is not sent that way, especially considering the various load-generating clients sending traffic all in different intervals with random think time's between each request. Is there something in the layers between Hyper-V or perhaps in the hardware which might cause this coalesce of requests together? Here is what i'm looking at, the highlighted metric is Requests/sec, but the others critical counter go with it: Requests Queued (which I'd obviously like to keep as close to 0 as possible). Any ideas on this?

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• How to handle server failure in an n-tier architecture?

  - by andy

  Imagine I have an n-tier architecture in an auto-scaled cloud environment with say: a load balancer in a failover pair reverse proxy tier web app tier db tier Each tier needs to connect to the instances in the tier below. What are the standard ways of connecting tiers to make them resilient to failure of nodes in each tier? i.e. how does each tier get the IP addresses of each node in the tier below? For example if all reverse proxies should route traffic to all web app nodes, how could they be set up so that they don't send traffic to dead web app nodes, and so that when new web app nodes are brought online they can send traffic to it? I could run an agent that would update all the configs to all the nodes, but it seems inefficient. I could put an LB pair between each tier, so the tier above only needs to connect to the load balancers, but how do I handle the problem of the LBs dying? This just seems to shunt the problem of tier A needing to know the IPs of all nodes in tier B, to all nodes in tier A needing to know the IPs of all LBs between tiers A and B. For some applications, they can implement retry logic if they contact a node in the tier below that doesn't respond, but is there any way that some middleware could direct traffic to only live nodes in the following tier? If I was hosting on AWS I could use an ELB between tiers, but I want to know how I could achieve the same functionality myself. I've read (briefly) about heartbeat and keepalived - are these relevant here? What are the virtual IPs they talk about and how are they managed? Are there still single points of failure using them?

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• Inter-VLAN Malicious Code Scanning

  - by Jackthedog

  I am trying to find an inbuilt solution on a Cisco Catayst 3750X Switch to scan all traffic routed from one VLAN to another for malicious code. The situation is that we currently have a development environment which is currently being redesigned to upgrade the network infrastructure to use the 3750X switches to manage server and workstation connectivity as well as inter-VLAN routing. We also have another system that is responsible for taking the builds created on the development environment and imaging various HDDs. Because these are two separate systems, we have a requirement in the workplace to anti-virus scan any data transferred between these systems. This is done by copying the data from the originating system to external USB HDD, scanning in a standalone workstation and then copying the data on to the receiving system. As you can imagine this is extremely tedious and impractical most of the time... (I don't make the rules). Anyway, with this redesign going on, we would like to join the imaging system to the network infrastructure of the development system, keeping separation by the use of VLANs and restricting traffic by using ACLs. As we still have the requirement to scan all traffic I would like to configure some sort of malicious code scanning when ever traffic is routed between these VLANs. I am aware I could install a separate in-line IPS/IDS device, however both systems will be using multiple ports on the switch (obviously), and we won't be able to put a device on each port. I would would prefer not to add additional hardware if the 3750x switch is capable of doing the job. Is anyone aware of any Cisco solution that I could use here, that ideally can be incorporated into the 3750x switch? Thanks in advance.

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• Connect to Postgres remotely, open port 5432 for Postgres in iptables

  - by Victor

  I am trying to connect to Postgres remotely but I need to open port 5432 in iptables. My current iptables configuration is as follows: *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT What would I have to add in iptables to open the port? I'm trying to install phppgadmin on a different server to access the postgres database. Thank you.

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• Hyper-V Virtual Machine Networking issues related to Max Ethernet Frame Size

  - by Goatmale

  I fixed an issue today earlier today but i'm interested in learning WHY it worked. We set up a new Hyper-V virtual machine only to discover that HTTP traffic wasn't working. HTTPS, pings, everything else was working fine. After months of prodding around I took a shot in the dark. On the Hyper-V host server, the physical NIC card had an advanced setting of "Max Ethernet Frame Size" set to 1500. After setting this setting to 1514 the issue was fixed. Alternatively, setting this to 1512 did not solve the issue; 1514 is the magic number. My best guess it that when this setting was set to 1500 it was allowing incoming pings because the data payload was a lot smaller of say, HTTP traffic. As far as HTTPS traffic, I read about something called "Path MTU discovery" which i'm going to assume why is HTTPs traffic was getting through fine, albeit slower. Looking at this post, people agree that 1518 is the max total frame size. Why didn't I need to change this to 1518 instead of 1514 bytes? Why is the default frame size 1500 if that's the max size of the Ethernet payload and not the max size.

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• How to populate RRD database with CPU and MEM usage data?

  - by Tomaszs

  I have a Lighttpd server (on Centos) and would like to display 4 graphs: lighttpd traffic, lighttpd requests per second, CPU usage and MEM usage. I've set place for rrd database for lighttpd config like this: rrdtool.binary = "/usr/bin/rrdtool" rrdtool.db-name = "/var/www/lighttpd.rrd" And put into my WWW cgi-bin sh file that gets data from lighttpd RRD file and creates graphs of traffic and requests per second like this: #!/bin/sh RRDTOOL=/usr/bin/rrdtool OUTDIR=//var/www/graphs INFILE=/var/www/lighttpd.rrd OUTPRE=lighttpd-traffic WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=100 DISP="-v bytes --title TrafficWebserver \ DEF:binraw=$INFILE:InOctets:AVERAGE \ DEF:binmaxraw=$INFILE:InOctets:MAX \ DEF:binminraw=$INFILE:InOctets:MIN \ DEF:bout=$INFILE:OutOctets:AVERAGE \ DEF:boutmax=$INFILE:OutOctets:MAX \ DEF:boutmin=$INFILE:OutOctets:MIN \ CDEF:bin=binraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binmax=binmaxraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binmin=binminraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binminmax=binmaxraw,binminraw,- \ CDEF:boutminmax=boutmax,boutmin,- \ AREA:binmin#ffffff: \ STACK:binmax#f00000: \ LINE1:binmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:binmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:bin#efb71d:incoming \ GPRINT:bin:MIN:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bin:AVERAGE:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bin:MAX:%.2lf \ AREA:boutmin#ffffff: \ STACK:boutminmax#00f000: \ LINE1:boutmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:boutmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:bout#a0a735:outgoing \ GPRINT:bout:MIN:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bout:AVERAGE:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bout:MAX:%.2lf \ " $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-hour.png -a PNG --start -14400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-day.png -a PNG --start -86400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-month.png -a PNG --start -2592000 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT OUTPRE=lighttpd-requests DISP="-v req --title RequestsperSecond -u 1 \ DEF:req=$INFILE:Requests:AVERAGE \ DEF:reqmax=$INFILE:Requests:MAX \ DEF:reqmin=$INFILE:Requests:MIN \ CDEF:reqminmax=reqmax,reqmin,- \ AREA:reqmin#ffffff: \ STACK:reqminmax#00f000: \ LINE1:reqmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:reqmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:req#00a735:requests" $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-hour.png -a PNG --start -14400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-day.png -a PNG --start -86400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-month.png -a PNG --start -2592000 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT Basically it's not my script, i get it from somewhere from the internet. Now i would like to do the same for CPU usage and MEM usage. I don't like to use any additional packages! As you can see lighttpd populates lighttpd.rrd file with traffic data and requests per second. Now i would like to the system to populate second rrd file with CPU and MEM usage, so i can add to sh file code to generate graphs for this data. How can I populate RRD file with CPU and MEM usage data? Please, NO THIRD-PARTY tools !

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• iptables-restore: line 1 failed

  - by Doug

  Hello, I am new to servers, and I was following this guide and it failed on the first command instructed. Could anyone give me a hand? http://wiki.debian.org/iptables ~ZORO~:/etc# iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules iptables-restore: line 1 failed Edit: iptables.test.rules ~ZORO~:/etc# cat /etc/iptables.test.rules *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i ! lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You could modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections for script kiddies # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Now you should read up on iptables rules and consider whether ssh access # for everyone is really desired. Most likely you will only allow access from certain IPs. # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls (access via 'dmesg' command) -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy: -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT

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• WEP/WPA/WPA2 and wifi sniffing

  - by jcea

  Hi, I know that WEP traffic can be "sniffed" by any user of the WIFI. I know that WPA/WPA2 traffic is encrypted using a different link key for each user, so they can't sniff traffic... unless they capture the initial handshake. If you are using a PSK (preshared key) schema, then you recover the link key trivially from this initial handshake. If you don't know the PSK, you can capture the handshake and try to crack the PSK by bruteforce offline. Is my understanding correct so far?. I know that WPA2 has AES mode and can use "secure" tokens like X.509 certificates and such, and it is said to be secure against sniffing because capturing the handshake doesn't help you. So, is WPA2+AES secure (so far) against sniffing, and how it actually works?. That is, how is the (random) link key negociated?. When using X.509 certificates or a (private and personal) passphrase. Do WPA/WPA2 have other sniffer-secure modes beside WPA2+AES? How is broadcast traffic managed to be received by all the WIFI users, if each has a different link key?. Thanks in advance! :).

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• iSCSI performance questions

  - by RyanLambert

  Hi everyone, apologies for the long-winded post in advance... Attempting to troubleshoot some iSCSI sluggishness on a brand new vSphere deployment (still in test). Layout is as such: 3 VSphere hosts, each with 2x 10GB NICs plugged into a pair of Nexus 5020s with a 10gig back-to-back between them. NICs are port-channeled in an active/active redundant fashion (using vPC-mac pinning for those of you familiar with N1KV) Both NICs carry service console, vmotion, iSCSI, and guest traffic. iSCSI is on a single subnet/single VLAN that is not routed through our IP network (strictly layer2) Had this been a 1gig deployment, we probably would have split the iSCSI traffic off onto separate NICs, but the price/port gets rather ridiculous when you start throwing 4+ NICs to a server in a 10gigabit infrastructure, and I'm not really convinced it's necessary. Open to dialogue/tech facts re: this, though. At this point even a single VM guest will boot slowly to iSCSI storage (EMC CX4 on the same Nexus 5020 10gig switches), and restores of VMs from iSCSI take about twice as long as we'd expect them to. Our server folks mentioned that if we split the iSCSI off onto its own NIC, performance seems significantly better. From a network perspective, I've run through the variables I can think of (port configuration errors, MTU problems, congestion etc.) and I'm coming up dry. There really is no other traffic on these hosts other than the very specific test being performed at the time. Important thing to note is that guest traffic works just fine... it seems storage is the only thing affected by whatever gremlin exists. Concluding that we're not 'overutilizing' the network infrastructure since we're doing hardly anything, I'm just looking for some helpful tips/ideas we can use to resolve this... preferably without hurling extra 10gig NICs that are going to sit around 10% utilization while we've got 70+% left on our others.

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• nginx: dump HTTP requests for debugging

  - by Alexander Gladysh

  Ubuntu 10.04.2 nginx 0.7.65 I see some weird HTTP requests coming to my nginx server. To better understand what is going on, I want to dump whole HTTP request data for such queries. (I.e. dump all request headers and body somewhere I can read them.) Can I do this with nginx? Alternatively, is there some HTTP server that allows me to do this out of the box, to which I can proxy these requests by the means of nginx? Update: Note that this box has a bunch of normal traffic, and I would like to avoid capturing all of it on low level (say, with tcpdump) and filtering it out later. I think it would be much easier to filter good traffic first in a rewrite rule (fortunately I can write one quite easily in this case), and then deal with bogus traffic only. And I do not want to channel bogus traffic to another box just to be able to capture it there with tcpdump. Update 2: To give a bit more details, bogus request have parameter named (say) foo in their GET query (the value of the parameter can differ). Good requests are guaranteed not to have this parameter ever. If I can filter by this in tcpdump or ngrep somehow — no problem, I'll use these.

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• Privacy, VPN and routers

  - by user123189

  Ever since this ACTA push-up the things are starting to heat up around torrents and privacy. I am using Tribler now, but this is not secure enough for me. Not enough privacy. I've been using in the past a swedish VPN PPTP connection. What I observed is that, when the VPN connection was down, Internet traffic wasn't cut off, rather the downloads were continuing, this time with my real IP, wearing off my protection. 1st : How to enforce a VPN connection that will cut all traffic when down? That is, the moment the connection is down, all internet traffic should cease as if I'd pull the network plug out. 2nd: Is PPTP good enough or should I ask for SSTP or IKEV2 ? 3rd: Should I disable IPv6 ? Is VPN no longer private if I keep IPv6 active? I 'heard some stuff' about dual vpn routers to be able to improve privacy; but nothing more about how to configure one for such a task. 4th: Is there any kind of "black box" hardware equipment that can be used in hiding IP, encrypting traffic and so on ?

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• Setting up vsftpd, hangs on list command

  - by Victor

  I installed vsftpd and configured it. When I try to connect to the ftp server using Transmit, it manages to connect but hangs on Listing "/" Then, I get a message stating: Could not retrieve file listing for “/”. Control connection timed out. Does it have anything to do with my iptables? My rules are as listed: *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT

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• Encrypting peer-to-peer application with iptables and stunnel

  - by Jonathan Oliver

  I'm running legacy applications in which I do not have access to the source code. These components talk to each other using plaintext on a particular port. I would like to be able to secure the communications between the two or more nodes using something like stunnel to facilitate peer-to-peer communication rather than using a more traditional (and centralized) VPN package like OpenVPN, etc. Ideally, the traffic flow would go like this: app@hostA:1234 tries to open a TCP connection to app@hostB:1234. iptables captures and redirects the traffic on port 1234 to stunnel running on hostA at port 5678. stunnel@hostA negotiates and establishes a connection with stunnel@hostB:4567. stunnel@hostB forwards any decrypted traffic to app@hostB:1234. In essence, I'm trying to set this up to where any outbound traffic (generated on the local machine) to port N forwards through stunnel to port N+1, and the receiving side receives on port N+1, decrypts, and forwards to the local application at port N. I'm not particularly concerned about losing the hostA origin IP address/machine identity when stunnel@hostB forwards to app@hostB because the communications payload contains identifying information. The other trick in this is that normally with stunnel you have a client/server architecture. But this application is much more P2P because nodes can come and go dynamically and hard-coding some kind of "connection = hostN:port" in the stunnel configuration won't work.

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• Windows Server 2003 IPSec Tunnel Connected, But Not Working (Possibly NAT/RRAS Related)

  - by Kevinoid

  Configuration I have setup a "raw" IPSec tunnel between a Windows Server 2003 (SBS) machine and a Netgear FVG318 according to the instructions in Microsoft KB816514. The configuration is as follows (using the same conventions as the article): NetA | SBS2003 | FVG318 | NetB 10.0.0.0/24 | 216.x.x.x | 69.y.y.y | 10.0.254.0/24 Both the Main Mode and Quick Mode Security Associations are successfully completed and appear in the IP Security Monitor. I am also able to ping the SBS2003 server on its private address from any computer on NetB. The Problem Any traffic sent from a computer on NetA to NetB, or from SBS2003 to NetB (excluding ICMP Ping responses), is sent out on the public network interface outside the IPSec tunnel (no encryption or header authentication, as if the tunnel were not there). Pings sent from a computer on NetB to a computer on NetA successfully reach computers on NetA, but the responses are silently discarded by SBS2003 (they do not go out in the clear and do not generate any encrypted traffic). Possible Solutions Incorrect Configuration I could have mistyped something, somewhere, or KB816514 could be incorrect in some way. I have tried very hard to eliminate the first option. Have re-created the configuration several times, tried tweaking and adjusting all the settings I could without success (most prevent the SA from being established). NAT/RRAS I have seen multiple posts elsewhere suggesting that this could be due to interaction between NAT and the IPSec filters. Possibly the NetA private addresses get rewritten to 216.x.x.x before being compared with the Quick Mode IPSec filters and don't get tunneled because of the mismatch. In fact, The Cable Guy article from June 2005 "TCP/IP Packet Processing Paths" suggests that this is the case, (see step 2 and 4 of the Transit Traffic path). If this is the case, is there a way to exclude NetA-NetB traffic from NAT? Any thoughts, ideas, suggestions, and/or comments are appreciated.

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• Offloading backups to secondary network

  - by user1467163

  I'm trying to solve a problem- Currently, we are constantly backing up and have no budget for additional servers. Our production network is still a 10/100 and handles voip, SQL plus our backup traffic, and I'd like to offload the backup traffic onto a secondary network- all of our servers have secondary NIC's that are not in use, and all support gigabit (Our switching hardware does not- a topic for another day). I'd like to move my backups off the production network, but I am having a hard time getting the computers to communicate. I am using a Netgear GS724T switch for the backup network- Chosen for cost and because I have used them extensively on networks saturated with ghosting traffic, so I know it's up to the task. I have defined a VLAN, with ports that are not members of any other VLAN. All traffic is untagged on the VLAN. I have set the servers with 192.168.1.10 and 192.168.1.11 addresses, 255.255.255.0 netmask and I have tried a blank GW, using the local IP of the server 192.168.1.whatever address, and I have tried using the switch's production-side IP as the GW. The machines cannot find each other. DNS addresses are blank because I am going purely by IP for now... Any ideas how to get these machines to talk? they are Windows machines, running Server 2008R2 and 2003R2. Thanks!

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• iptables: How to combine DNAT and SNAT to use a secondary IP address?

  - by Que_273

  There are lots of questions on here about iptables DNAT/SNAT setups but I haven't found one that solves my current problem. I have services bound to the IP address of eth0 (e.g. 192.168.0.20) and I also have a IP address on eth0:0 (192.168.0.40) which is shared with another server. Only one server is active, so this alias interface comes and goes depending on which server is active. In order to get traffic accepted by the service a DNAT rule is used to change the destination IP. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.40 -p udp --dport 7100 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.0.20 I also wish all outbound traffic from this service to appear to come from the shared IP, so that return responses will work in the event of a active-standby failover. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p udp --sport 7100 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.0.40 My problem is that the SNAT rule is not always run. Inbound traffic causes a connection tracking entry like this. [root]# conntrack -L -p udp udp 17 170 src=192.168.0.185 dst=192.168.0.40 sport=7100 dport=7100 src=192.168.0.20 dst=192.168.0.185 sport=7100 dport=7100 [ASSURED] mark=0 secmark=0 use=2 which means the POSTROUTING chain is not run and outbound traffic leaves with the real IP address as the source. I am thinking I can set up a NOTRACK rule in the raw table to prevent conntracking for this port number, but is there a better or more efficient way to make this work? Edit - Alternative question: Is there a way (in CentOS/Linux) to have an interface that can be bound to but not used, such that it can be attached to the network or detached when a shared IP address is swapped between servers?

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• Allow SFTP in iptables

  - by Kevin Orriss

  I have just purchased a VPS from linode and am going through the setup guide. I have everything running (apache2, php, mysql etc) but I am being denied access via SFTP when using fileZilla to upload a file. Now this is my second time installing the server as I missed a section out the first time. I was able to connect to my server through SFTP on filezilla the first time and the thing I missed out was adding a new user and editing the iptables in the firewall. So it would seem that the guide I have been following has blocked SFTP but allowed SSH. Here is the iptables file: *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT All I would like is a line I need to put in there which allows SFTP over port 22. Thank you for reading this.

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• How much free memory should I have on my webserver?

  - by neanderslob

  I have a webserver that's currently hosting two Wordpress sites and some java-based collaboration software. The server has 2G of memory and is currently using about 1.8G of the available memory. Right now what's on here is pretty much a pilot project that's getting negligible traffic so I think it's pretty clear that I'll be needing more memory. I was wondering, if I was to release it, how I might anticipate my memory needs based on the traffic it gets. I've poked around on Google and what I've found has been a bit tenuous. Is there a good heuristic that one should use when calculating memory demands as a function of the base (no traffic) load on the server? For reference, the output of free -m can be seen below: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1832 215 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1832 215 Swap: 0 0 0 To me this looks like actual memory used and isn't an illusion due to caching or anything else. I figure the demands of my collaboration software will have to be experimentally tested so here's free -m without that software running: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1109 938 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1109 938 Swap: 0 0 0 My plan B to figure this out is to add a bunch of swap space to the server, give it some traffic and adjust according the the amount that swap gets used. I was just wondering if anyone had a good rule of thumb to estimate how much memory I should plan on in advance...or if what I'm thinking is nuts. Many thanks in advance (I'm really quite new to this).

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• LDAPS being redirected to 389

  - by Ikkoras

  We're trying to perform an LDAPS bind to a server which blocks 389 with a firewall so all traffic must travel over 636. In our test lab we're connecting to a test ldap (located on the same server) which does not have this firewall so both ports are exposed. Running ldp.exe on the test server we generate the trace below which seems to suggest that it is successfully binding over 636. However if we monitor the traffic with wireshark all the traffic is being sent to 389 with no attempt to even contact 636. Other tools will bind only with SSL on 636 or without SSL on 389 whjich seems to suggest it is behaving correctly but Wireshark shows 389. Only the test server we are using RawCap to capture the local loopback traffic. Any ideas? 0x0 = ldap_unbind(ld); ld = ldap_sslinit("WIN-GF49504Q77T.test.com", 636, 1); Error 0 = ldap_set_option(hLdap, LDAP_OPT_PROTOCOL_VERSION, 3); Error 0 = ldap_connect(hLdap, NULL); Error 0 = ldap_get_option(hLdap,LDAP_OPT_SSL,(void*)&lv); Host supports SSL, SSL cipher strength = 128 bits Established connection to WIN-GF49504Q77T.test.com. Retrieving base DSA information... Getting 1 entries: Dn: (RootDSE)

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• Configuring iptables rules for HAProxy and others

  - by MLister

  I have the following relevant settings for HAProxy: defaults log global mode http option httplog option dontlognull retries 3 option redispatch maxconn 500 contimeout 5s clitimeout 15s srvtimeout 15s frontend public bind *:80 option http-server-close option http-pretend-keepalive option forwardfor # ACLs ... I have three backends (including a Nginx server) configured in HAProxy, all listening on different ports of 127.0.0.1. And my iptables config is this: *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT My questions are: Would the above iptables config work with the settings/options in my HAProxy config? I am also runnning a postgres and a redis server on the same machine, what settings do I need to adjust for these two to enable them work with iptables?

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