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  • Explanation of command to uppercase the first letter of a file

    - by hazielquake
    Hi I'm trying to learn to rename files with the command line, and after browsing around a lot of pages I finally found a command that uppercases the first letter of a file, but the problem is that I want to understand the meaning of each command. The command is: for i in *; do new=echo "$i" | sed -e 's/^./\U&/'; mv "$i" "$new";done I understand the 'for' kinda... but not the 'echo' or '`' and especially the sed command. if someone has a little patience to explain the meaning of each thing that'd be awesome! Thanks!

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  • Accidental Extract Location - How to Clean Up?

    - by Gordon
    Sometimes I will do a command such as unzip tons_of_files.zip And I will forget to put a -d to point to a subdirectory. This causes the current folder to get filled with tons of files that are intermixed with the existing files. What is the best way to remove all these new files and/or move them to a new directory? I want to avoid having to manually examine the directory and determine if the file was part of the archive or was already present.

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  • NTP configuration not recognized?

    - by Eugene S
    I'm trying to configure NTP on my machine but it seems that the parameters I set are not being read by the system. Below is my /etc/ntp.conf file. (I applied the most basic configuration to eliminate other issues) server 10.45.68.47 server 127.0.0.1 After I set the above configuration, I restart the ntpd process by doing the following: service ntpd restart And then I get the following output: Shutting down ntpd: [ OK ] ntpd: Synchronizing with time server: [FAILED] Starting ntpd: [ OK ] Moreover, I can see the following in /var/etc/messages: Apr 2 10:54:07 hsystem1a ntpd[21067]: ntpd exiting on signal 15 Apr 2 10:54:07 hsystem1a ntpdate[21537]: can't find host ntpServer1 Apr 2 10:54:07 hsystem1a ntpdate[21537]: can't find host ntpServer2 Apr 2 10:54:07 hsystem1a ntpdate[21537]: no servers can be used, exiting So it seems that the ntpServer1 and the ntpServer2 are being read from somewhere instead of the IPs I configured in /etc/ntp.conf. NOTE: I done init 6 on the machine just in case. Thanks!

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  • vim: remove previous code indentation and convert to another

    - by ramgorur
    I have a c project with multiple files (more than 100), the codes are written in Whitesmiths style, but I want to change them into K&R style indentation. Is it possible to do using vim in an automated way ? For example I have a emacs-lisp script to achieve this -- (progn (find-file "{}") (mark-whole-buffer) (setq indent-tabs-mode nil) (untabify (point-min) (point-max)) (indent-region (point-min) (point-max) nil) (save-buffer)) I was wondering if there is a similar trick that could be done with vim.

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  • create symlink to another machine

    - by microchasm
    Hi, I have 2 machines. Both running CentOS. Box1 is webserver with apache, php. Box2 is mysql, and file storage. The files will only be accessible from Box1 within the webapp. I'd like to somehow create a symlink or somesuch on box1 to a folder on box2 where uploaded files can be stored and retrieved. Security in mind, what would be the best way to go about linking these 2 boxes up in a transparent (to apache) way? NB: the boxes are connected directly to each other via a crossover cable; no lan access to box2. Much thanks!

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  • Why is 'grep -i' so slow? How to do it faster for ASCII?

    - by Vi.
    Consider: $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 '[Dd][eE][sS][cC][eE][nN][dD] ?[Ff][rR][oO][mM]' real 0m0.438s $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 'descend ?from' -i real 0m11.294s Both search case insensitively. Why is the -i version so slow? How do I make grep -i fast without entering things like [iI][nN] [tT][hH][iI][sS] [wW][aA][Yy]? For example, perl -ne 'print if /descend ?from/i' works fast, but '-B 5' is not as trivial to implement as in grep (as well as other options).

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  • In Bash, how can I obtain the directory path from the previous command's last argument

    - by Beaming Mel-Bin
    I frequently have to do this. For example: $ vim /etc/pam.d/sudo $ vim /etc/pam.d/sudo-i $ cd /etc/pam.d/ # Figure I should just go to the directory Now, is there a way I could obtain the directory of the last argument when it's a file path? I'm asking this cause I recently became aware of the $_ variable that has become useful. Was wondering if there's some other commandline fu that might come in handy.

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  • Migrating to ssh key authentication; implications of adding sbin's to users $PATH

    - by ancillary
    I'm in the process of migrating to key's for authentication on my CentOS boxes. I have it all set up and working, but was a bit taken aback when I noticed service (and other things) didn't work the way I was accustomed to. Even after su'ing to root, still had to call the full path for it to work (which I assume to be expected/normal behavior). I also assume this is because there are different $PATH's for root (what I was using and am used to) and the newly created, key-using user. Specifically, I noticed the sbin's of the world missing from the user path. If I were to add those paths (/sbin/,/usr/sbin/,/usr/local/sbin) to a profile.d .sh script for this new key-loving user, would: I be opening up the system in ways I shouldn't be? I be doing something I needn't do save for reasons of laziness? I create other potential problems? Thanks.

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  • Creating ip alias on bonded interface ie. bond0:1

    - by bobothechimp
    System: HP Proliant DL360 G5 running CentOS 5.4 Bonded interface is working fine for a long time. I just went to add an alias the way I always have on a regular interface, and on first check it works (pinging on the local box) but it is not accessable from outside (iptables is turned off). In addition with this setup the normal network response started to decline, hanging for around a minute before I could get a prompt on login. Here are my config files: [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth1 DEVICE=eth1 BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0 DEVICE=bond0 BONDING_OPTS="mode=1 miimon=100" BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes NETWORK=10.2.1.0 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 IPADDR=10.2.1.11 USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0:1 DEVICE=bond0:1 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes NETWORK=10.2.1.0 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 IPADDR=10.2.1.12 USERCTL=no any thoughts?

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  • Pass parameters to a script securely

    - by codeholic
    What is the best way to pass parameters to a forked script securely? E. g. passing parameters through command line operands is not secure, since someone who has an account on the host can run ps and see them. Unnamed pipe is quite secure, as far as I understand, isn't it? I mean, passing parameters to STDIN of the forked process. What about passing parameters in environment vars? Is it secure? What about passing parameters by other means I didn't mention?

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  • SSMTP to forward root@localhost mail

    - by Redconnection
    I would like to forward mail that gets sent root@localhost on multiple servers to our company admin account (e-mail is hosted on gmail) I have installed ssmtp on centos 5.5 via yum and configured it. i've also changed the last line in /etc/aliases to reflect where mail to root should go to. I've then tried sending mail to root - this gets delivered without a problem (mail -v root) I've also tried sending mail to root@localhost - this is not delivered to the specified gmail account.

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  • Input traffic shaping

    - by whitequark
    I know that I can shape output traffic with tc or a similar tool. However, I want to shape the input traffic now—actually, I want to prioritize downloading of files of certain type through a slow lossy connection. I know the reason tc can only shape output traffic: the host itself has no direct control over the amount of input traffic. On the other hand, TCP has some measures built in it which prevent the TCP traffic from overflowing a slow connection. So, can I mangle something in TCP header so that the remote host will think my connection is slower than it thinks? Suppose that I am able to set the corresponding mark on both types of connections with iptables. Is there any way to reduce the input bandwidth of connections of first type, but only if connections of second type are present?

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  • Weird nfs performance: 1 thread better than 8, 8 better than 2!

    - by Joe
    I'm trying to determine the cause of poor nfs performance between two Xen Virtual Machines (client & server) running on the same host. Specifically, the speed at which I can sequentially read a 1GB file on the client is much lower than what would be expected based on the measured network connection speed between the two VMs and the measured speed of reading the file directly on the server. The VMs are running Ubuntu 9.04 and the server is using the nfs-kernel-server package. According to various NFS tuning resources, changing the number of nfsd threads (in my case kernel threads) can affect performance. Usually this advice is framed in terms of increasing the number from the default of 8 on heavily-used servers. What I find in my current configuration: RPCNFSDCOUNT=8: (default): 13.5-30 seconds to cat a 1GB file on the client so 35-80MB/sec RPCNFSDCOUNT=16: 18s to cat the file 60MB/s RPCNFSDCOUNT=1: 8-9 seconds to cat the file (!!?!) 125MB/s RPCNFSDCOUNT=2: 87s to cat the file 12MB/s I should mention that the file I'm exporting is on a RevoDrive SSD mounted on the server using Xen's PCI-passthrough; on the server I can cat the file in under seconds ( 250MB/s). I am dropping caches on the client before each test. I don't really want to leave the server configured with just one thread as I'm guessing that won't work so well when there are multiple clients, but I might be misunderstanding how that works. I have repeated the tests a few times (changing the server config in between) and the results are fairly consistent. So my question is: why is the best performance with 1 thread? A few other things I have tried changing, to little or no effect: increasing the values of /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_low_thresh and /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_high_thresh to 512K, 1M from the default 192K,256K increasing the value of /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default and /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max to 1M from the default of 128K mounting with client options rsize=32768, wsize=32768 From the output of sar -d I understand that the actual read sizes going to the underlying device are rather small (<100 bytes) but this doesn't cause a problem when reading the file locally on the client. The RevoDrive actually exposes two "SATA" devices /dev/sda and /dev/sdb, then dmraid picks up a fakeRAID-0 striped across them which I have mounted to /mnt/ssd and then bind-mounted to /export/ssd. I've done local tests on my file using both locations and see the good performance mentioned above. If answers/comments ask for more details I will add them.

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  • moving files and directories between two machine, via a third, preserving permissions and usernames

    - by Jarmund
    The situation is as follows: Machine A has a file repository accessible via rsync Machine B needs the above mentioned files with all permissions and ownerships intact (including groups etc) Machine C has access to both A and B, but has a completely different set of users. Normally, i would just rsync everything over, directly between A and B, but due to severely limited bandwidth at the moment, i need something different, as rsync times out after building the list of the 430 files (49Mb uncompressed... can be compressed down to ~7Mb). What i've tried so far: rsync everything over from A to C, tar it, copy the tarball over, and then untar it, however, this messes up the ownership and/or the permissions. To rsync it from A to C, i run this command: rsync --numeric-ids --password-file=/root/rsync_pwd_file -oaPvu rsync://[email protected]/portal_2/ ./portal_2/ ...and from the looks of things, they do end up on C with the correct ownerships/permissions/flags/everything (not 100% sure, though.. are there any more switches i can throw in there? did i miss something?) copying the tarball over is simple enough (slow as a one-legged turtle due to the bandwidth, but it checksums out alright) What i'm unsure of is the flags and switches for creating and extracting the tarball, so could someone please provide the full commands for creating a tarball from /root/portal_2 on machine C (with everything intact) and extracting the tarball into /var/ex/portal_2 on machine B? ? Also, are there any other approaches worth mentioning that could allow me to perform this? I have root access to A and C, whereas i only have rsync access to B. PS: I'm running rsync v2.6.9 on machine B, and unfortunately i do not have the oportunity to upgrade to v3

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  • Which ports for IPSEC/LT2P?

    - by Matt
    I have a firewall/router (not doing NAT). I've googled and seen conflicting answers. It seems UDP 500 is the common one. But the others are confusing. 1701, 4500. And some say I need to also allow gre 50, or 47, or 50 & 51. Ok, which ports are the correct ones for IPSec/L2TP to work in a routed environment without NAT? i.e. I want to use the built in windows client to connect to a VPN behind this router/firewall.

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  • Is there such a thing as a persistent ram drive?

    - by Linus
    I have a laptop with a LAMP setup. The HDD is slow, which causes my unit tests to run slowly. I was wondering whether I could mount the web root the mysql database on some kind of ramdisk. From what I have read of ramdisks, they are non-persistent. Is there anyway to create a ramdisk that writes changes to an area of the hdd when shutting down and re-mounts the ramdisk on bootup?

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  • What is the best way to handle the multitude of different logs created all around the place?

    - by Low Kian Seong
    I run a few applications which creates their own logs. Then I run cron scripts on the same server to do importing of data for my app. When these cron errors out, the default is it sends emails to the user that runs the cron job. There are just too many places that I need to check the logs and mails for stuff that might have potentially went wrong. My question is, what is the best way to do this or even better is like a log parser application which will go through all the system logs when something really goes wrong instead of me having to go through it daily?

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  • File/folder Write/Delete wise, is my server secure?

    - by acidzombie24
    I wanted to know if someone got access to my server by using a nonroot account, how much damage can he do? After i su someuser I used this command to find all files and folders that are writeable. find / -writable >> list.txt Here is the result. Its most /dev/something and /proc/something and these /var/lock /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock /var/tmp /var/lib/php5 Is my system secure? /var/tmp makes sense but i am unsure why this user has write access to those folders. Should i change them? stat /var/lib/php5 gives me 1733 which is odd. Why write access? why no read? is this some kind of weird use of a temp file?

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  • Ubunt doesn't mount one of my NTFS disks

    - by Jader Dias
    There is a mountable /dev/sda NTFS formatted (Windows disk) There is no /dev/sdb when I ls /dev (NTFS Data disk) There is a /dev/sdc which is another disk of the same model, (Ubuntu disk) I can see that Ubuntu detected this unmountable disk in the Disk Utility It states incorrectly it is unpartioned and a RAID volume. (it previously was RAID0 setup with /dev/sdc but now it is a simple volume, no RAID whatsoever) When I boot Windows 7, it uses this unmountable disk without a glitch The problem happens in both IDE and AHCI modes Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx

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  • How can a driver change the kernel page table?

    - by Naruto
    I am encountering an issue with kernel memory. When my driver finishes running, the other processes in kernel fail to run, for example, I run ls, the command crashes the kernel with error "Corrupted page table" at a specified address. I do not know whether the page table of my driver relates to the page table of other process. How can my driver changes the page table of the other processes? And how the driver of a process relates to the kernel page table? As I know when the driver runs, it will be switched to kernel context. Kernel has its own page table and the driver has it own one. What is the relation among the kernel page table, the page table of my driver and the page table of the other processes when it runs in kernel context?

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  • In a php script making /coderoot refer to /var/webroot/coderoot?

    - by Josh
    We are migrating a server and have modified the architecture slightly so that instead of /var/coderoot we now have /var/webroot/coderoot - I realize I could do a scripted find and replace, but I would rather have full unmodified reverse compatibility, or if that's unreasonable lets just say for theories sake. I tried using a symmlink ln -s /var/coderoot /var/webroot/coderoot but attempting to include a file in the code root using /var/coderoot/file does not work. I also tried using mod_alias with ScriptAlias and Alias. Neither worked. Is there anyway to do this?

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  • mpstat on slackware 13.0 shows no utilization

    - by conartist6
    As the title says, the mpstat command, executed on Slack 13.0 continuously shows almost no processor utilization of any sort. In fact none of the output ever seems to change at all. The system is dual processor board with two hyperthreaded P4 Xeons. Any ideas? 08:50:06 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s 08:50:06 PM all 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.56 1510.46 08:50:06 PM 0 0.50 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 99.33 11.90 08:50:06 PM 1 0.32 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.64 0.00 08:50:06 PM 2 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.58 0.00 08:50:06 PM 3 0.29 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.68 0.00 This is, literally, the only output I can get from the program. No values change ever.

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