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• Connecting a 2560x1440 display to a laptop?

  - by tjollans

  Having read Jeff Atwood's blog post on Korean 27" IPS LCDs, I've been wondering to what extent these are useful in a notebook + large display situation. I own a Lenovo Thinkpad Edge E320 with 2nd gen. integrated Intel graphics. According to the spec from Intel, this should support HDMI version 1.4, and, using DisplayPort, resolutions up to 2560x1600. HDMI version 1.4 supports resolutions up to 4096×2160, however, according to c't (German), the HDMI interface used with Intel chips only supports 1920x1200. The same goes for the DVI output - dual-link DVI-D, apparently, is not supported by Intel. It would appear that my laptop cannot digitally drive this kind of resolution. Now what about other laptops? According to the article in c't above, AMD's integrated graphics chips have the same limitation as Intel's. NVIDIA graphics cards, apparently, only offer resolutions up to 1900x1200 over HDMI out of the box, but it's possible, when using Linux at least, to trick the driver into enabling higher resolutions. Is this still true? What's the situation on Windows and OSX? I found no information on whether discrete AMD chips support ultra-high resolutions over HDMI. Owners of laptops with (Mini) DisplayPort / Thunderbolt won't have any issues with displays this large, but if you're planning to go for a display with dual-link DVI-D input only (like the Korean ones), you're going to need an adapter, which will set you back something like €70-€100 (since the protocols are incompatible). The big question mark in this equation is VGA: a lot of laptops have it, and I don't see any reason to think this resolution is not supported by the hardware (an oft-quoted figure appears to be 2048x1536@75Hz, so 2560x1440@60Hz should be possible, right?), but are the drivers likely to cause problems? Perhaps more critically, you'd need a VGA to dual-link DVI-D adapter that converts analog to digital signals. Do these exist? How good are they? How expensive are they? Is there a performance penalty involved? Please correct me if I'm wrong on any points. In summary, what are the requirements on a laptop to drive an external LCD at 2560x1440, in particular one that supports dual-link DVI-D only, and what tools and adapters can be used to lower the bar?

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• How can I centralise MySQL data between 3 or more geographically separate servers?

  - by Andy Castles

  To explain the background to the question: We have a home-grown PHP application (for running online language-learning courses) running on a Linux server and using MySQL on localhost for saving user data (e.g. results of tests taken, marks of submitted work, time spent on different pages in the courses, etc). As we have students from different geographic locations we currently have 3 virtual servers hosted close to those locations (Spain, UK and Hong Kong) and users are added to the server closest to them (they access via different URLs, e.g. europe.domain.com, uk.domain.com and asia.domain.com). This works but is an administrative nightmare as we have to remember which server a particular user is on, and users can only connect to one server. We would like to somehow centralise the information so that all users are visible on any of the servers and users could connect to any of the 3 servers. The question is, what method should we use to implement this. It must be an issue that that lots of people have encountered but I haven't found anything conclusive after a fair bit of Googling around. The closest I have seen to solutions are: something like master-master replication, but I have read so many posts suggesting that this is not a good idea as things like auto_increment fields can break. circular replication, this sounded perfect but to quote from O'Reilly's High Performance MySQL, "In general, rings are brittle and best avoided" We're not against rewriting code in the application to make it work with whatever solution is required but I am not sure if replication is the correct thing to use. Thanks, Andy P.S. I should add that we experimented with writes to a central database and then using reads from a local database but the response time between the different servers for writing was pretty bad and it's also important that written data is available immediately for reading so if replication is too slow this could cause out-of-date data to be returned. Edit: I have been thinking about writing my own rudimentary replication script which would involve something like having each user given a server ID to say which is his "home server", e.g. users in asia would be marked as having the Hong Kong server as their own server. Then the replication scripts (which would be a PHP script set to run as a cron job reasonably frequently, e.g. every 15 minutes or so) would run independently on each of the servers in the system. They would go through the database and distribute any information about users with the "home server" set to the server that the script is running on to all of the other databases in the system. They would also need to suck new information which has been added to any of the other databases on the system where the "home server" flag is the server where the script is running. I would need to work out the details and build in the logic to deal with conflicts but I think it would be possible, however I wanted to make sure that there is not a correct solution for this already out there as it seems like it must be a problem that many people have already come across.

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• Slow Memcached: Average 10ms memcached `get`

  - by Chris W.

  We're using Newrelic to measure our Python/Django application performance. Newrelic is reporting that across our system "Memcached" is taking an average of 12ms to respond to commands. Drilling down into the top dozen or so web views (by # of requests) I can see that some Memcache get take up to 30ms; I can't find a single use of Memcache get that returns in less than 10ms. More details on the system architecture: Currently we have four application servers each of which has a memcached member. All four memcached members participate in a memcache cluster. We're running on a cloud hosting provider and all traffic is running across the "internal" network (via "internal" IPs) When I ping from one application server to another the responses are in ~0.5ms Isn't 10ms a slow response time for Memcached? As far as I understand if you think "Memcache is too slow" then "you're doing it wrong". So am I doing it wrong? Here's the output of the memcache-top command: memcache-top v0.7 (default port: 11211, color: on, refresh: 3 seconds) INSTANCE USAGE HIT % CONN TIME EVICT/s GETS/s SETS/s READ/s WRITE/s cache1:11211 37.1% 62.7% 10 5.3ms 0.0 73 9 3958 84.6K cache2:11211 42.4% 60.8% 11 4.4ms 0.0 46 12 3848 62.2K cache3:11211 37.5% 66.5% 12 4.2ms 0.0 75 17 6056 170.4K AVERAGE: 39.0% 63.3% 11 4.6ms 0.0 64 13 4620 105.7K TOTAL: 0.1GB/ 0.4GB 33 13.9ms 0.0 193 38 13.5K 317.2K (ctrl-c to quit.) ** Here is the output of the top command on one machine: ** (Roughly the same on all cluster machines. As you can see there is very low CPU utilization, because these machines only run memcache.) top - 21:48:56 up 1 day, 4:56, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.06, 0.05 Tasks: 70 total, 1 running, 69 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.3%st Mem: 501392k total, 424940k used, 76452k free, 66416k buffers Swap: 499996k total, 13064k used, 486932k free, 181168k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 6519 nobody 20 0 384m 74m 880 S 1.0 15.3 18:22.97 memcached 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:38.03 ksoftirqd/0 1 root 20 0 24332 1552 776 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.56 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0 5 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 kworker/u:0 6 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 7 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.62 watchdog/0 8 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper ...output truncated...

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• RAID 50 24Port Fast Writes Slow Reads - Ubuntu

  - by James

  What is going on here?! I am baffled. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 57.0948 s, 735 MB/s serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs of=/dev/null bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 116.189 s, 361 MB/s OF NOTE: My RAID50 is 3 sets of 8 disks. - This might not be the best config for SPEED. OS: Ubuntu 12.04.1 x64 Hardware Raid: RocketRaid 2782 - 24 Port Controller HardDriveType: Seagate Barracuda ES.2 1TB Drivers: v1.1 Open Source Linux Drivers. So 24 x 1TB drives, partitioned using parted. Filesystem is ext4. I/O scheduler WAS noop but have changed it to deadline with no seemingly performance benefit/cost. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo gdisk -l /dev/sdb GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.1 Partition table scan: MBR: protective BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT. Disk /dev/sdb: 41020686336 sectors, 19.1 TiB Logical sector size: 512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): 95045EC6-6EAF-4072-9969-AC46A32E38C8 Partition table holds up to 128 entries First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41020686302 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 5062589 sectors (2.4 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 41015625727 19.1 TiB 0700 primary To me this should be working fine. I can't think of anything that would be causing this other then fundamental driver errors? I can't seem to get much/if any higher then the 361MB a second, is this hitting the "SATA2" link speed, which it shouldn't given it is a PCIe2.0 card. Or maybe some cacheing quirk - I do have Write Back enabled. Does anyone have any suggestions? Tests for me to perform? Or if you require more information, I am happy to provide it! This is a video fileserver for editing machines, so we have a preference for FAST reads over writes. I was just expected more from RAID 50 and 24 drives together... EDIT: (hdparm results) serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing cached reads: 17458 MB in 2.00 seconds = 8735.50 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 884 MB in 3.00 seconds = 294.32 MB/sec EDIT2: (config details) Also, I am using a RAID block size of 256K. I was told a larger block size is better for larger (in my case large video) files. EDIT3: (Bonnie++ Results. Would love some guidance with this!)

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• Is it possible to configure a CDN so that it will step out of the way for a subset of regional IPs?

  - by rwired

  We have a website which targets customers in China, both expat and local Chinese. We have an ICP license which allows us to host in a datacenter inside China. Internet in China is actually as fast as anywhere else (faster than most places actually), so long as the content is served-up within the boundaries of the Great-Firewall. Anything that crosses the wall is horribly slow. The problem is that most expats have some sort of VPN installed so that they can access all the blocked stuff. What this means is that when they access our site, the traffic first has to go out of China through the firewall to their VPN, and then back in. The performance is terrible, worse than if we were just hosting outside of China directly (which we used to do before the ICP was issued). So I want to use a global CDN to mirror the site automatically, but I only want to deliver the content via the CDN if the user's request IP address is outside of China. Inside China I would like the content to be served by our own server. I also want to be careful with the domain names. We currently use www.xxx.com and www.xxx.cn for language selection purposes, as these perform well in SEO on Google (which the expats use), and Baidu (which the locals use). If possible I would like to avoid having one domain on the outside, and the other on the inside since not all expats use a VPN, and some Chinese speakers also use VPNs. Also some of our legitimate customers in both languages are from outside of China. I also don't want to resort to using something like www2.xxx.com/cn for the outside connection if at all possible, since I have worries about duplicate content and canonical URLs ruining our SEO (unless you know of a quick fix for that). CDNs I'm considering are: Google PageSpeed, CloudFlare, Amazon CloudFront. None of which have datacenters inside China. I have complete control of the .com DNS zone records, but the .cn zones are under the control of the domain issuing body in China. I'm not sure at this time if they would allow even a CNAME to point to an IP outside of China (although I don't see why not). They no longer allow outside registrars like they used to.

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• Why does Ubuntu 9.10 hang during boot at "Booting processor 1 APIC 0x1 ip 0x6000"?

  - by BraeburnDev

  I recently installed a new copy of Ubuntu 9.10 (Kernel 2.6.31-14) on to my Hp Pavilion dv6t, so I can setup a Linux development environment. The install went flawlessly and I proceeded with Ubuntu's udate manager's long list of updates (292 in all). I also setup a swap file and activated a Nvidia 185 driver for the Nvidia 260m GPU on the machine. After all this was done I restarted the computer and booted into Ubuntu this time with a newer 2.6.31-19 Kernel which was installed from the update manager. During booth the computer hung at this point: Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013136] Performance Counters: Nehalem/Corei7 events, Intel PMU driver. Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013141] ... version: 3 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013142] ... bit width: 48 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013144] ... generic counters: 4 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013146] ... value mask: 0000ffffffffffff Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013147] ... max period: 000000007fffffff Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013149] ... fixed-purpose counters: 3 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.013151] ... counter mask: 000000070000000f Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.015539] ACPI: Core revision 20090521 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.052264] Setting APIC routing to flat Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.052639] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.152580] CPU0: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU Q 720 @ 1.60GHz stepping 05 Feb 24 14:23:12 braeburn-laptop kernel: [ 0.270845] Booting processor 1 APIC 0x1 ip 0x6000 I can post a full kern.log of this boot process if requested. Hopefully this is enough information to go on. I should add that I'm still new to configuring and running a Linux OS although I know enough basic command line usage to do software development. This is my attempt to become more familiar with Linux and manage my own system. I'd like to get some insight on the nature of this system hang, what the problem is and how to resolve it. At this point I can scrap the install if I broke something, but my intuition says this is an issue with the kernel recognizing the correct hardware configuration for my system, or perhaps this is an issue with the APIC drivers managing Nehalem's new power management capabilities? Thanks for looking at this issue and providing feed back.

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• External USB HD issues with a twist (works on Windows7 but not XP)

  - by Eruditass

  I have this older external USB HD, 160 GB. I was using it to copy my Steam games to another computer. On the source computer, Windows 7 64-bit, everything worked fine. Drive reported no errors, had no hiccups, etc. Plugging it into the Windows XP 32-bit computer, it worked fine for looking through the files, moving files around on it (no real reading/writing, just modifying the filesystem table). However, when copying files from it to my internal HD, after a couple seconds to tens of minutes (seemingly random times), the USB device becomes unrecognized and it reports a delayed write error. Events in system log go like this, chronologically: (number times displayed)xSource (Event ID): "message" 2xdisk (51): An error was detected on device \Device\Harddisk1\D during a paging operation. 1xftdisk (57): The system failed to flush data to the transaction log. Corruption may occur. 1xApplication popup (26): Windows - Delayed Write Failed : Windows was unable to save all the data for the file E:\$Mft. The data has been lost. This error may be caused by a failure of your computer hardware or network connection. Please try to save this file elsewhere. 1xntfs (50): {Delayed Write Failed} Windows was unable to save all the data for the file . The data has been lost. This error may be caused by a failure of your computer hardware or network connection. Please try to save this file elsewhere. These repeat for a while, then there is 10+ disk messages or ftdisk messages. Other notes: This occurs on random files at random times. This problem cannot be replicated on the Windows 7 source machine when copying from the HD to a different location on its local disk chkdsk /f was run and found no errors. chkdsk /f/r has the delayed write issue. drive was set to quick removal. Setting to performance in device manager yielded same result I am not writing anything to the USB external drive, so I am not sure why there is even a delayed write error (writing file access times?) local Windows XP was chkdsk'd without problems Windows XP machine has no problems with other USB HD's Various USB ports were attempted Rebooting did not help Occurs with SyncToy as well as windows explorer SMART status is good on both local drive and the external one Lack of gaming is making me cranky

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• 64-bit linux kernel only seeing 3 of 4GB after upgrade...

  - by Blaine

  Hey everyone. I am running Ubuntu 9.04 64-bit on my macbook. I had 2GB of ram before, and everything ran great. I just upgraded to 2x2GB (4GB), but my system only sees 3GB of it. OS X, which I am dual booting, sees all 4GB. Also, my video performance is incredibly lacking. Before the upgrade my compiz benchmark was full at 80fps, and now it is at 22fps with very choppy window dragging. Has anyone ever heard of this on a 64-bit kernel? I just don't quite understand what could be the issue. 10$ uname -a Linux macbook 2.6.28-15-generic #49-Ubuntu SMP Tue Aug 18 19:25:34 UTC 2009 x86_64 GNU/Linux $ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2953 1031 1921 0 114 427 -/+ buffers/cache: 489 2463 Swap: 7812 0 7812 9$ lsmod Module Size Used by i915 77960 2 drm 123232 3 i915 binfmt_misc 18572 1 ppdev 16904 0 btusb 21784 2 bridge 63776 0 stp 11140 1 bridge bnep 22912 2 vboxnetadp 109356 0 vboxnetflt 116972 0 vboxdrv 1721612 1 vboxnetflt uvcvideo 69640 0 compat_ioctl32 18304 1 uvcvideo videodev 45184 2 uvcvideo,compat_ioctl32 v4l1_compat 23940 2 uvcvideo,videodev lp 19588 0 parport 49584 2 ppdev,lp snd_hda_intel 557492 3 snd_pcm_oss 52352 0 snd_mixer_oss 24960 1 snd_pcm_oss snd_pcm 99464 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm_oss arc4 10240 2 snd_seq_dummy 11524 0 ecb 11392 2 snd_seq_oss 41984 0 snd_seq_midi 15744 0 snd_rawmidi 33920 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq_midi_event 16512 2 snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi snd_seq 66272 6 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event ath9k 310584 0 snd_timer 34064 2 snd_pcm,snd_seq snd_seq_device 16276 5 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq mac80211 251528 1 ath9k iTCO_wdt 21712 0 iTCO_vendor_support 12420 1 iTCO_wdt joydev 20992 0 video 29204 0 snd 78920 15 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_seq_oss,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device applesmc 37700 0 output 11648 1 video soundcore 16800 1 snd pcspkr 11136 0 cfg80211 43680 1 mac80211 appletouch 19972 0 isight_firmware 11520 0 input_polldev 12688 1 applesmc intel_agp 39408 1 snd_page_alloc 18704 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm led_class 13064 2 ath9k,applesmc hid_apple 15872 0 usbhid 47040 0 ohci1394 42164 0 ieee1394 108288 1 ohci1394 sky2 63364 0 fbcon 49792 0 tileblit 11264 1 fbcon font 17024 1 fbcon bitblit 14464 1 fbcon softcursor 10368 1 bitblit Some information from dmesg: [ 795.820163] ACPI: EC: GPE storm detected, transactions will use polling mode [ 1762.709516] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 1763.078130] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 2362.760889] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 2416.352084] ACPI: EC: missing confirmations, switch off interrupt mode. [ 3718.721095] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 3719.108914] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 4318.773266] [drm:i915_getparam] *ERROR* Unknown parameter 6 [ 9513.813066] CE: hpet increasing min_delta_ns to 15000 nsec [ 9693.815684] npviewer.bin[6736]

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• How can I troubleshoot Virtualbox port forwarding from Windows guest to OSX host not working?

  - by joe larson

  There are a plethora of questions about virtual box port forwarding problems but none with my specific details. I have a Windows install living in Virtual Box, hosted within OSX. I've got several webservers running on localhost on different ports within the Windows install. I cannot for the life of me get port forwarding to work so I can access those webservers from OSX. My settings look like this (yes I have a NAT adapter): And in my vbox configuration file the relavent portion looks like this: <NAT> <DNS pass-domain="true" use-proxy="false" use-host-resolver="false"/> <Alias logging="false" proxy-only="false" use-same-ports="false"/> <Forwarding name="RLPWeb" proto="1" hostport="7084" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="7084"/> <Forwarding name="UtilWeb" proto="1" hostport="4040" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="4040"/> <Forwarding name="WCARLP" proto="1" hostport="8084" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="8084"/> <Forwarding name="WCAUtil" proto="1" hostport="4848" guestip="127.0.0.1" guestport="4848"/> </NAT> I've turned off the Windows firewall to ensure it is not interfering, and I am not running a firewall on OSX. Anyway, when I attempt to go to for example http://127.0.0.1:4040/ on any of my OSX browsers, it will eventually time out. The log file for this VM shows that it is correctly reading the settings and implying it's doing the right thing here: 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 4848 => guest port 4848 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 8084 => guest port 8084 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 4040 => guest port 4040 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.286 NAT: set redirect TCP host port 7084 => guest port 7084 @ 127.0.0.1 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'LOADING' to 'SUSPENDED'. 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'SUSPENDED' to 'RESUMING'. 00:00:08.290 Changing the VM state from 'RESUMING' to 'RUNNING'. 00:00:08.337 Display::handleDisplayResize(): uScreenId = 0, pvVRAM=000000012017d000 w=1834 h=929 bpp=32 cbLine=0x1CA8, flags=0x1 00:00:09.139 AIOMgr: Host limits number of active IO requests to 16. Expect a performance impact. 00:00:13.454 NAT: DHCP offered IP address 10.0.2.15 I've tried setting the Host IP to 127.0.0.1, and I've tried setting Guest IP blank and also 10.0.2.15. None of these seem to help. What else can I look at to troubleshoot this issue? Details of setup: OSX 10.6.8 Windows 7 Professional 64bit VirtualBox 4.1.2

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• mounting ext4 fs with block size of 65536

  - by seaquest

  I am doing some benchmarking on EXT4 performance on Compact Flash media. I have created an ext4 fs with block size of 65536. however I can not mount it on ubuntu-10.10-netbook-i386. (it is already mounting ext4 fs with 4096 bytes of block sizes) According to my readings on ext4 it should allow such big block sized fs. I want to hear your comments. root@ubuntu:~# mkfs.ext4 -b 65536 /dev/sda3 Warning: blocksize 65536 not usable on most systems. mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) mkfs.ext4: 65536-byte blocks too big for system (max 4096) Proceed anyway? (y,n) y Warning: 65536-byte blocks too big for system (max 4096), forced to continue Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=65536 (log=6) Fragment size=65536 (log=6) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 19968 inodes, 19830 blocks 991 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 1 block group 65528 blocks per group, 65528 fragments per group 19968 inodes per group Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (1024 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. root@ubuntu:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sda3 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 4cf3f507-e7b4-463c-be11-5b408097099b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 19968 Block count: 19830 Reserved block count: 991 Free blocks: 18720 Free inodes: 19957 First block: 0 Block size: 65536 Fragment size: 65536 Blocks per group: 65528 Fragments per group: 65528 Inodes per group: 19968 Inode blocks per group: 78 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sat Feb 5 14:39:55 2011 Last mount time: n/a Last write time: Sat Feb 5 14:40:02 2011 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: 37 Last checked: Sat Feb 5 14:39:55 2011 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Thu Aug 4 14:39:55 2011 Lifetime writes: 70 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: afb5b570-9d47-4786-bad2-4aacb3b73516 Journal backup: inode blocks root@ubuntu:~# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda3 /mnt/ mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda3, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so

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• kvm and qemu host: Is there a limit for max CPUs (Ubuntu 10.04)?

  - by Valentin

  Today we encountered a really strange behaviour on two identical kvm and qemu hosts. The host systems each have 4 x 10 Cores, which means that 40 physical cores are displayed as 80 within the operating system (Ubuntu Linux 10.04 64 Bit). We started a Windows 2003 32 Bit VM (1 CPU, 1 GB RAM, we changed those values multiple times) on one of the nodes and noticed that it took 15 minutes until the boot process began. During those 15 minutes, a black screen is shown and nothing happens. libvirt and the host system show that the qemu-kvm process for the guest is almost idling. stracing this process only shows some FUTEX entries, but nothing special. After those 15 minutes, the Windows VM suddenly starts booting and the Windows logo occurs. After a few seconds, the VM is ready to be used. The VM itself is very performant, so this is no performance issue. We tried to pin the CPUs with the virsh and taskset tools, but this only made things worse. When we boot the Windows VM with a Linux Live CD there is also a black screen for several minutes, but not as long as 15. When booting another VM on this host (Ubuntu 10.04) it also has the black screen problem, and also here the black screen is only shown for 2-3 minutes (instead of 15). So, summerinzing this: Each guest on each of those identical nodes suffers from idling a few minutes after being started. After a few minutes, the boot process suddenly starts. We have observed that the idling time happens right after the bios of the guest was initialized. One of our employees had the idea to limit the amount of CPUs with maxcpus=40 (because of 40 physical cores existing) within Grub (kernel parameter) and suddenly the "black-screen-idling"-behaviour disappeared. Searching the KVM and Qemu mailing lists, the internet, forums, serverfault and other various sites for known bugs etc. showed no useful results. Even asking in the dev IRC channels brought no new ideas. The people there recommend us to use CPU pinning, but as stated before it didn't help. My question is now: Is there a sort of limit of CPUs for a qemu or kvm host system? Browsing the source code of those two tools showed that KVM would send a warning if your host has more than 255 CPUs. But we are not even scratching on that limit. Some stuff about the host system: 3.0.0-20-server kvm 1:84+dfsg-0ubuntu16+0.14.0+noroms+0ubuntu4 kvm-pxe 5.4.4-7ubuntu2 qemu-kvm 0.14.0+noroms-0ubuntu4 qemu-common 0.14.0+noroms-0ubuntu4 libvirt 0.8.8-1ubuntu6 4 x Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E7-4870 @ 2.40GHz, 10 Cores

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• Best RAID setup for multimedia fileserver?

  - by Mr. Schwabe

  I'm building a fileserver for my small office. We do film and multimedia design. Only 3 clients connected. The server is primarily for local access to graphic assets and video files. I'm looking for advice on hardware and software required. Particularly for the RAID. I have the following objectives: A) merged capacity I'd like all other systems to access the data as a single mapped network drive that has an initial capacity of 10 TB. So perhaps 5x 2TB drives (plus mirror drives for redundancy). B) easy way to increase capacity Thinking long term, I'd like to 'easily' add more drives to the array for a potential two or three fold increase in capacity. So theoretically it could get upto a 30 TB raid array consisting of maybe 15x 2 TB drives of capacity (plus mirror drives for redundancy). C) maximum fault tolerance I want at least 1 mirror drive per capacity drive (in laymen's terms). So if I start with 10 TB / 5x 2TB of capacity, I suppose I would need another another 5x 2TB drives to be mirrors. So 10 drives total. But I'd also like potential for even more redundancy; with upto 2 additional mirrors per 'capacity drive' (and to be able to add them to the array anytime with ease). D) easy way to monitor drive health I'd like an intuitive interface for managing the raid and monitoring drive health The other systems accessing this network drive will be running Windows, but also the odd Ubuntu and MacOS system as well. Are these objectives attainable? What type of RAID setup do you recommend? What hardware will be required? Also what OS do you think this system should be running? Does it really matter? I'm no network admin - just a long time Windoze user, without much Linux experience. That said, I'm not opposed to a Linux solution if it's easy enough and more practical than a Windows OS for this server. Or maybe something such as Openfiler. Budget should hit the sweet spot for value and performance (hence my preference to use 2TB drives). The biggest focus is storage; aside from that the system just needs to keep the drives running optimally with perhaps 2 or 3 clients accessing / writing files at any given time. The hardware quote would start with something like 10x 2TB WD Caviar Blacks; about $1900 for the storage + $x for remaining parts. http://ncix.com/products/index.php?sku=42775&vpn=WD2001FASS&manufacture=Western%20Digital%20WD Your advice is appreciated, thanks!

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• Lag spikes at full CPU usage, maybe video card

  - by Roberts

  I am posting this thread in hurry so few things may be missed (I will update tomorrow). My PC specs: Motherboard Name - Gigabyte GA-945PL-S3 CPU Type - DualCore Intel Core 2 Duo E4300, 1800 MHz (9 x 200) OS - Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate OS Kernel Type - 32-bit OS Version - 6.1.7601 I bougth a new video card one month ago. GeForce 210. I didn't have any problems. I wanted to overclock it, in other words: "Play with it". So I installed Gigabyte EasyBoost from CD and overclocked the GPU 590 + 110 mhz, memory to max to 960mhz from 800mhz. Benchmarks showed a little bit bigger score. Then I overclocked shader clock from 1405 to [..] (don't remeber really). So I was playing Modern Warfare 2 when off sudden computer froze when I wanted to select team, I was afk before that. I had to reset CMOS. After that I had problems with Skype: unread messages and no sound. Then I figured it out that when ever I open EasyBoost - Skype starts to glitch again. Now I use EVGA Precission X. Now after a month, I cleaned computer and closed the case, it was open all the time. I started to overclock GPU clock only (just a bit) because there was no problems that would stop me. So sometimes on heavy CPU load graphics starts to lag. Dragging a window is painful to watch too. Sometimes the screen freezes for 5 to 10 seconds (I can see that hard disk activity is maximal). You may say that CPU fault it is, isn't it? But sometimes lag spikes starts randomly when CPU load is at maximum. All 3 benchmark softwares (PerformanceTest, NovaBench and MSI Kombustor) shows that performance of my video card has dropped about 25%. BUT! CPU score is lower too. I ignored these problems but when I refreshed Windows Experience Index I was shocked. Month before (in latvian language but not so hard to understand): Now (upgraded RAM): This happened when I tried to capture Minecraft with Fraps on underclocked GPU to 580mhz (def: 590mhz): All drivers are up to date. Average CPU temperature from 55°C to 75°C (at 70°C sometimes starts these lag spikes). Video card's tempratures are from 45°C to 60°C (very hard to reach 60°C). So my hope is that the video card is fine, cause this card is very new and I want to upgrade CPU anyways. Aplogies for my mistakes in vocabulary (I am trying to type this as fast I can).

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• Unable to delete all partitions on flash drive using Windows 7 OS??

  - by irrational John

  Recently I purchased an ADATA C802 8GB flash drive. Since the drive was new I decided to run some of the HD Tune Pro (v4.50) performance tests on it, mostly just for the heck of it. To avoid accidently destroying data HD Tune refuses to write to a drive unless there are no partitions on the drive. If you do attempt to write to a drive with partitions, it posts the message "Writing is disabled. To enable writing please remove all partitions." As you would expect, the ADATA came formatted with a single primary FAT32 partition in the Master Boot Record. But a number of unexpected things happened when I attempted to delete that partition. The first thing I tried was to use the Windows 7 (64-bit) Disk Management tool (diskmgmt.msc) to delete the partition. It would not let me. The context menu choice to delete that volume was not available. Next I opened up a command prompt window with Admin authority and ran diskpart. Diskpart deleted the volume for me. However, when I attempted to run an HD Tune write test on the drive I still got the "Writing is disabled" message. Huh??? So I fired up a utility I have which allows viewing drives at the sector level and verified that the partition table in the Master Boot Record was empty. No partitions. Yet HD Tune still thought there were partitions on the drive? So why was I still getting the "Writing is disabled" message from HD Tune Pro? And why wouldn't the Windows 7 Disk Management tool let me change the partitions on this drive. After doing the above, I plugged the ADATA into my MacBook. I was then able to format it as either a GPT or MBR partitioned drive with no problems. I am not looking for suggestions on how to format this drive. I can do that. What I do not understand and was hoping I might get insight into is why this drive behaves so strangely under Windows 7? And BTW, what's up with HD Tune Pro? BTW, if I plug the drive I formatted on my MacBook back into my Windows 7 64-bit system I still run into road blocks with the Disk Management tool. For example, I cannot delete all the GPT partitions on the ADATA so I can convert it into an MBR drive. I following Microsoft's instructions, the instructions just do not work with this ADATA flash drive. Anyone know what's up with this? It makes no sense to me. Has something changed in Windows 7 (Vista)??

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• mysqld crashes on any statement

  - by ??iu

  I restarted my slave to change configuration settings to skip reverse hostname lookup on connecting and to enable the slow query log. I edited /etc/my.cnf making only these changes, then restarted mysqld with /etc/init.d/mysql restart All appeared to be well but when I connect to msyqld remotely or locally though it connects okay a slight problem is that mysqld crashes whenever you try to issue any kind of statement. The client looks like: Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.1.31-1ubuntu2-log Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer. mysql> show tables; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 1 Current database: mydb ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on 'xx.xx.xx.xx' (61) ERROR: Can't connect to the server ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on 'xx.xx.xx.xx' (61) ERROR: Can't connect to the server ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away Bus error The mysqld error log looks like: 101210 16:35:51 InnoDB: Error: (1500) Couldn't read the MAX(job_id) autoinc value from the index (PRIMARY). 101210 16:35:51 InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 140245598570832 in file handler/ha_innodb.cc line 2595 InnoDB: Failing assertion: error == DB_SUCCESS InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap. InnoDB: Submit a detailed bug report to http://bugs.mysql.com. InnoDB: If you get repeated assertion failures or crashes, even InnoDB: immediately after the mysqld startup, there may be InnoDB: corruption in the InnoDB tablespace. Please refer to InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/forcing-recovery.html InnoDB: about forcing recovery. 101210 16:35:51 - mysqld got signal 6 ; This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that this binary or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built, or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware. We will try our best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed, something is definitely wrong and this may fail. key_buffer_size=16777216 read_buffer_size=131072 max_used_connections=3 max_threads=600 threads_connected=3 It is possible that mysqld could use up to key_buffer_size + (read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size)*max_threads = 1328077 K bytes of memory Hope that's ok; if not, decrease some variables in the equation. thd: 0x18209220 Attempting backtrace. You can use the following information to find out where mysqld died. If you see no messages after this, something went terribly wrong... stack_bottom = 0x7f8d791580d0 thread_stack 0x20000 /usr/sbin/mysqld(my_print_stacktrace+0x29) [0x8b4f89] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_segfault+0x383) [0x5f8f03] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f902a76a080] /lib/libc.so.6(gsignal+0x35) [0x7f90291f8fb5] /lib/libc.so.6(abort+0x183) [0x7f90291fabc3] /usr/sbin/mysqld(ha_innobase::open(char const*, int, unsigned int)+0x41b) [0x781f4b] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handler::ha_open(st_table*, char const*, int, int)+0x3f) [0x6db00f] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table_from_share(THD*, st_table_share*, char const*, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, st_table*, bool)+0x57a) [0x64760a] /usr/sbin/mysqld [0x63f281] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, st_mem_root*, bool*, unsigned int)+0x626) [0x641e16] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST**, unsigned int*, unsigned int)+0x5db) [0x6429cb] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_normal_and_derived_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, unsigned int)+0x1e) [0x642b0e] /usr/sbin/mysqld(mysqld_list_fields(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, char const*)+0x22) [0x70b292] /usr/sbin/mysqld(dispatch_command(enum_server_command, THD*, char*, unsigned int)+0x146d) [0x60dc1d] /usr/sbin/mysqld(do_command(THD*)+0xe8) [0x60dda8] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_one_connection+0x226) [0x601426] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f902a7623ba] /lib/libc.so.6(clone+0x6d) [0x7f90292abfcd] Trying to get some variables. Some pointers may be invalid and cause the dump to abort... thd->query at 0x18213c70 = thd->thread_id=3 thd->killed=NOT_KILLED The manual page at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/crashing.html contains information that should help you find out what is causing the crash. 101210 16:35:51 mysqld_safe Number of processes running now: 0 101210 16:35:51 mysqld_safe mysqld restarted InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles! 101210 16:35:54 InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally! InnoDB: Starting crash recovery. InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files... InnoDB: Restoring possible half-written data pages from the doublewrite InnoDB: buffer... 101210 16:35:56 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 456 143528628 101210 16:35:56 [Warning] 'user' entry 'root@PSDB102' ignored in --skip-name-resolve mode. 101210 16:35:56 [Warning] Neither --relay-log nor --relay-log-index were used; so replication may break when this MySQL server acts as a slave and has his hostname changed!! Please use '--relay-log=mysqld-relay-bin' to avoid this problem. 101210 16:35:56 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events 101210 16:35:56 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '5.1.31-1ubuntu2-log' socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' port: 3306 (Ubuntu) 101210 16:36:11 InnoDB: Error: (1500) Couldn't read the MAX(job_id) autoinc value from the index (PRIMARY). 101210 16:36:11 InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 139955151501648 in file handler/ha_innodb.cc line 2595 InnoDB: Failing assertion: error == DB_SUCCESS InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap. InnoDB: Submit a detailed bug report to http://bugs.mysql.com. InnoDB: If you get repeated assertion failures or crashes, even InnoDB: immediately after the mysqld startup, there may be InnoDB: corruption in the InnoDB tablespace. Please refer to InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/forcing-recovery.html InnoDB: about forcing recovery. 101210 16:36:11 - mysqld got signal 6 ; This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that this binary or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built, or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware. We will try our best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed, something is definitely wrong and this may fail. key_buffer_size=16777216 read_buffer_size=131072 max_used_connections=1 max_threads=600 threads_connected=1 It is possible that mysqld could use up to key_buffer_size + (read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size)*max_threads = 1328077 K bytes of memory Hope that's ok; if not, decrease some variables in the equation. thd: 0x18588720 Attempting backtrace. You can use the following information to find out where mysqld died. If you see no messages after this, something went terribly wrong... stack_bottom = 0x7f49d916f0d0 thread_stack 0x20000 /usr/sbin/mysqld(my_print_stacktrace+0x29) [0x8b4f89] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_segfault+0x383) [0x5f8f03] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f4c8a73f080] /lib/libc.so.6(gsignal+0x35) [0x7f4c891cdfb5] /lib/libc.so.6(abort+0x183) [0x7f4c891cfbc3] /usr/sbin/mysqld(ha_innobase::open(char const*, int, unsigned int)+0x41b) [0x781f4b] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handler::ha_open(st_table*, char const*, int, int)+0x3f) [0x6db00f] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table_from_share(THD*, st_table_share*, char const*, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, st_table*, bool)+0x57a) [0x64760a] /usr/sbin/mysqld [0x63f281] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, st_mem_root*, bool*, unsigned int)+0x626) [0x641e16] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST**, unsigned int*, unsigned int)+0x5db) [0x6429cb] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_normal_and_derived_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, unsigned int)+0x1e) [0x642b0e] /usr/sbin/mysqld(mysqld_list_fields(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, char const*)+0x22) [0x70b292] /usr/sbin/mysqld(dispatch_command(enum_server_command, THD*, char*, unsigned int)+0x146d) [0x60dc1d] /usr/sbin/mysqld(do_command(THD*)+0xe8) [0x60dda8] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_one_connection+0x226) [0x601426] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f4c8a7373ba] /lib/libc.so.6(clone+0x6d) [0x7f4c89280fcd] Trying to get some variables. Some pointers may be invalid and cause the dump to abort... thd->query at 0x18599950 = thd->thread_id=1 thd->killed=NOT_KILLED The manual page at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/crashing.html contains information that should help you find out what is causing the crash. 101210 16:36:11 mysqld_safe Number of processes running now: 0 101210 16:36:11 mysqld_safe mysqld restarted The config is [mysqld_safe] socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock nice = 0 [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table innodb_buffer_pool_size=10G innodb_log_buffer_size=4M innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 innodb_thread_concurrency=8 skip-slave-start server-id=3 # # * IMPORTANT # If you make changes to these settings and your system uses apparmor, you may # also need to also adjust /etc/apparmor.d/usr.sbin.mysqld. # user = mysql pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock port = 3306 basedir = /usr datadir = /DB2/mysql tmpdir = /tmp skip-external-locking # # Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on # localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure. #bind-address = 127.0.0.1 # # * Fine Tuning # key_buffer = 16M max_allowed_packet = 16M thread_stack = 128K thread_cache_size = 8 # This replaces the startup script and checks MyISAM tables if needed # the first time they are touched myisam-recover = BACKUP max_connections = 600 #table_cache = 64 #thread_concurrency = 10 # # * Query Cache Configuration # query_cache_limit = 1M query_cache_size = 32M # skip-federated slow-query-log skip-name-resolve Update: I followed the instructions as per http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html and set innodb_force_recovery = 4 and the logs are showing a different error but the behavior is still the same: 101210 19:14:15 mysqld_safe mysqld restarted 101210 19:14:19 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 456 143528628 InnoDB: !!! innodb_force_recovery is set to 4 !!! 101210 19:14:19 [Warning] 'user' entry 'root@PSDB102' ignored in --skip-name-resolve mode. 101210 19:14:19 [Warning] Neither --relay-log nor --relay-log-index were used; so replication may break when this MySQL server acts as a slave and has his hostname changed!! Please use '--relay-log=mysqld-relay-bin' to avoid this problem. 101210 19:14:19 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events 101210 19:14:19 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '5.1.31-1ubuntu2-log' socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' port: 3306 (Ubuntu) 101210 19:14:32 InnoDB: error: space object of table mydb/__twitter_friend, InnoDB: space id 1602 did not exist in memory. Retrying an open. 101210 19:14:32 InnoDB: error: space object of table mydb/access_request, InnoDB: space id 1318 did not exist in memory. Retrying an open. 101210 19:14:32 InnoDB: error: space object of table mydb/activity, InnoDB: space id 1595 did not exist in memory. Retrying an open. 101210 19:14:32 - mysqld got signal 11 ; This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that this binary or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built, or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware. We will try our best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed, something is definitely wrong and this may fail. key_buffer_size=16777216 read_buffer_size=131072 max_used_connections=1 max_threads=600 threads_connected=1 It is possible that mysqld could use up to key_buffer_size + (read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size)*max_threads = 1328077 K bytes of memory Hope that's ok; if not, decrease some variables in the equation. thd: 0x1753c070 Attempting backtrace. You can use the following information to find out where mysqld died. If you see no messages after this, something went terribly wrong... stack_bottom = 0x7f7a0b5800d0 thread_stack 0x20000 /usr/sbin/mysqld(my_print_stacktrace+0x29) [0x8b4f89] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_segfault+0x383) [0x5f8f03] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f7cbc350080] /usr/sbin/mysqld(ha_innobase::innobase_get_index(unsigned int)+0x46) [0x77c516] /usr/sbin/mysqld(ha_innobase::innobase_initialize_autoinc()+0x40) [0x77c640] /usr/sbin/mysqld(ha_innobase::open(char const*, int, unsigned int)+0x3f3) [0x781f23] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handler::ha_open(st_table*, char const*, int, int)+0x3f) [0x6db00f] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table_from_share(THD*, st_table_share*, char const*, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, st_table*, bool)+0x57a) [0x64760a] /usr/sbin/mysqld [0x63f281] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_table(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, st_mem_root*, bool*, unsigned int)+0x626) [0x641e16] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST**, unsigned int*, unsigned int)+0x5db) [0x6429cb] /usr/sbin/mysqld(open_normal_and_derived_tables(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, unsigned int)+0x1e) [0x642b0e] /usr/sbin/mysqld(mysqld_list_fields(THD*, TABLE_LIST*, char const*)+0x22) [0x70b292] /usr/sbin/mysqld(dispatch_command(enum_server_command, THD*, char*, unsigned int)+0x146d) [0x60dc1d] /usr/sbin/mysqld(do_command(THD*)+0xe8) [0x60dda8] /usr/sbin/mysqld(handle_one_connection+0x226) [0x601426] /lib/libpthread.so.0 [0x7f7cbc3483ba] /lib/libc.so.6(clone+0x6d) [0x7f7cbae91fcd] Trying to get some variables. Some pointers may be invalid and cause the dump to abort... thd->query at 0x1754d690 = thd->thread_id=1 thd->killed=NOT_KILLED The manual page at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/crashing.html contains information that should help you find out what is causing the crash.

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• load-causing processes disappearing from "top" ps -o pcpu shows bogus numbers

  - by Alec Matusis

  I administer a large number of servers, and I have this problem only with Ubuntu 10.04 LTS: I run a server under normal load (say load average 3.0 on an 8-core server). The "top" command shows processes taking certain % of CPU that cause this load average: say PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 11008 mysql 20 0 25.9g 22g 5496 S 67 76.0 643539:38 mysqld ps -o pcpu,pid -p11008 %CPU PID 53.1 11008 , everything is consistent. The all of the sudden, the process causing the load average disappears from "top", but the process continues to run normally (albeit with a slight performance decrease), and the system load average becomes somewhat higher. The output of ps -o pcpu becomes bogus: # ps -o pcpu,pid -p11008 %CPU PID 317910278 1587 This happened to at least 5 different severs (different brand new IBM System X hardware), each running different software: one httpd 2.2, one mysqld 5.1, and one Twisted Python TCP servers. Each time the kernel was between 2.6.32-32-server and 2.6.32-40-server. I updated some machines to 2.6.32-41-server, and it has not happened on those yet, but the bug is rare (once every 60 days or so). This is from an affected machine: top - 10:39:06 up 73 days, 17:57, 3 users, load average: 6.62, 5.60, 5.34 Tasks: 207 total, 2 running, 205 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 11.4%us, 18.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 66.3%id, 4.3%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 74341464k total, 71985004k used, 2356460k free, 236456k buffers Swap: 3906552k total, 328k used, 3906224k free, 24838212k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 805 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 3 0.0 1493:09 fct0-worker 982 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 1 0.0 111:35.05 fioa-data-groom 914 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 884:42.71 fct1-worker 1068 root 20 0 19364 1496 1060 R 0 0.0 0:00.02 top Nothing causing high load is showing on top, but I have two highly loaded mysqld instances on it, that suddenly show crazy %CPU: #ps -o pcpu,pid,cmd -p1587 %CPU PID CMD 317713124 1587 /nail/encap/mysql-5.1.60/libexec/mysqld and #ps -o pcpu,pid,cmd -p1624 %CPU PID CMD 2802 1624 /nail/encap/mysql-5.1.60/libexec/mysqld Here are the numbers from # cat /proc/1587/stat 1587 (mysqld) S 1212 1088 1088 0 -1 4202752 14307313 0 162 0 85773299069 4611685932654088833 0 0 20 0 52 0 3549 27255418880 5483524 18446744073709551615 4194304 11111617 140733749236976 140733749235984 8858659 0 552967 4102 26345 18446744073709551615 0 0 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 the 14th and 15th numbers according to man proc are supposed to be utime %lu Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in user mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK). This includes guest time, guest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see below), so that applications that are not aware of the guest time field do not lose that time from their calculations. stime %lu Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK). On a normal server, these numbers are advancing, every time I check the /proc/PID/stat. On a buggy server, these numbers are stuck at a ridiculously high value like 4611685932654088833, and it's not changing. Has anyone encountered this bug?

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• serving mp3s to mobile devices is flooding nginx with partial requests

  - by drumfire

  I am serving mp3s with a minimalistic nginx server. What I see in my log files is that there are a lot of requests, in particular from AppleCoreMedia and sometimes Android useragents, that flood the server with short requests. Sometimes they keep requesting to download the same partial content for a very long time; sometimes more than an hour. For example: "GET /somefile.mp3 HTTP/1.1" 206 33041 "AppleCoreMedia/1.0.0.9B206 (iPhone; U; CPU OS 5_1_1 like Mac OS X; en_us)" "GET /somefile.mp3 HTTP/1.1" 206 33041 "AppleCoreMedia/1.0.0.9B206 (iPhone; U; CPU OS 5_1_1 like Mac OS X; en_us)" "GET /somefile.mp3 HTTP/1.1" 206 33041 "AppleCoreMedia/1.0.0.9B206 (iPhone; U; CPU OS 5_1_1 like Mac OS X; en_us)" [...] I also get a lot, but not as much, of these: "-" 400 0 "-" "-" 400 0 "-" The IP addresses are always from clients that start downloading shortly after that request, usually they have roughly the same UserAgent as in the first example. emphasized text I have enabled server throttling and connection limits in nginx to limit the huge amount of log entries from equivalent IPs at least somewhat. There was a performance issue when I saw the same behaviour on the previous server that used Apache. I installed nginx on a better server then moved the site. When Apache could not handle more connections from the increasing number of clients effectively that server was ddossed. There was no bandwidth issue with already connected clients and I don't know if the already connected clients were using more than one connection at a time. Please tell me: Are clients that appear to get stuck on a download a Bad Thing™ I heard people say their mobile bandwidth use was much higher than they could account for. I'm thinking this type of client behaviour can account for that. And costs us more bandwidth too. Which up to date alternatives exist out there that can handle serving this type of data better than plain HTTP? Useful general insights for someone who just came into this field straight out of the late 90s. :-)

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• Adaptec 5805 not recognized after reboot

  - by Rakedko ShotGuns

  After rebooting the system, the controller is not recognized. It only works if the computer is shut down and turned off. I have recently updated the firmware to "Adaptec RAID 5805 Firmware Build 18948". How do I fix the problem? Configuration summary --------------------------- 1. Server name.....................raid_test Adaptec Storage Manager agent...7.31.00 (18856) Adaptec Storage Manager console.7.31.00 (18856) Number of controllers...........1 Operating system................Windows Configuration information for controller 1 ------------------------------------------------------- Type............................Controller Model...........................Adaptec 5805 Controller number...............1 Physical slot...................2 Installed memory size...........512 MB Serial number...................8C4510C6C9E Boot ROM........................5.2-0 (18948) Firmware........................5.2-0 (18948) Device driver...................5.2-0 (16119) Controller status...............Optimal Battery status..................Charging Battery temperature.............Normal Battery charge amount (%).......37 Estimated charge remaining......0 days, 16 hours, 12 minutes Background consistency check....Disabled Copy back.......................Disabled Controller temperature..........Normal (40C / 104F) Default logical drive task priority High Performance mode................Dynamic Number of logical devices.......1 Number of hot-spare drives......0 Number of ready drives..........0 Number of drive(s) assigned to MaxCache cache0 Maximum drives allowed for MaxCache cache8 MaxCache Read Cache Pool Size...0 GB NCQ status......................Enabled Stay awake status...............Disabled Internal drive spinup limit.....0 External drive spinup limit.....0 Phy 0...........................No device attached Phy 1...........................No device attached Phy 2...........................No device attached Phy 3...........................1.50 Gb/s Phy 4...........................No device attached Phy 5...........................No device attached Phy 6...........................No device attached Phy 7...........................No device attached Statistics version..............2.0 SSD Cache size..................0 Pages on fetch list.............0 Fetch list candidates...........0 Candidate replacements..........0 69319...........................31293 Logical device..................0 Logical device name............. RAID level......................Simple volume Data space......................148,916 GB Date created....................09/19/2012 Interface type..................Serial ATA State...........................Optimal Read-cache mode.................Enabled Preferred MaxCache read cache settingEnabled Actual MaxCache read cache setting Disabled Write-cache mode................Enabled (write-back) Write-cache setting.............Enabled (write-back) Partitioned.....................Yes Protected by hot spare..........No Bootable........................Yes Bad stripes.....................No Power Status....................Disabled Power State.....................Active Reduce RPM timer................Never Power off timer.................Never Verify timer....................Never Segment 0.......................Present: controller 1, connector 0, device 0, S/N 9RX3KZMT Overall host IOs................99075 Overall MB......................4411203 DRAM cache hits.................71929 SSD cache hits..................0 Uncached IOs....................29239 Overall disk failures...........0 DRAM cache full hits............71929 DRAM cache fetch / flush wait...0 DRAM cache hybrid reads.........3476 DRAM cache flushes..............-- Read hits.......................0 Write hits......................0 Valid Pages.....................0 Updates on writes...............0 Invalidations by large writes...0 Invalidations by R/W balance....0 Invalidations by replacement....0 Invalidations by other..........0 Page Fetches....................0 0...............................0 73..............................10822 8...............................3 46138...........................4916 27184...........................15226 20875...........................323 16982...........................1771 1563............................5317 1948............................2969 Serial attached SCSI ----------------------- Type............................Disk drive Vendor..........................Unknown Model...........................ST3160815AS Serial Number...................9RX3KZMT Firmware level..................3.AAD Reported channel................0 Reported SCSI device ID.........0 Interface type..................Serial ATA Size............................149,05 GB Negotiated transfer speed.......1.50 Gb/s State...........................Optimal S.M.A.R.T. error................No Write-cache mode................Write back Hardware errors.................0 Medium errors...................0 Parity errors...................0 Link failures...................0 Aborted commands................0 S.M.A.R.T. warnings.............0 Solid-state disk (non-spinning).false MaxCache cache capable..........false MaxCache cache assigned.........false NCQ status......................Enabled Phy 0...........................1.50 Gb/s Power State.....................Full rpm Supported power states..........Full rpm, Powered off 0x01............................113 0x03............................98 0x04............................99 0x05............................100 0x07............................83 0x09............................75 0x0A............................100 0x0C............................99 0xBB............................100 0xBD............................100 0xBE............................61 0xC2............................39 0xC3............................69 0xC5............................100 0xC6............................100 0xC7............................200 0xC8............................100 0xCA............................100 Aborted commands................0 Link failures...................0 Medium errors...................0 Parity errors...................0 Hardware errors.................0 SMART errors....................0 End of the configuration information for controller 1

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• Kernel-mode Authentication: 401 errors when accessing site from remote machines

  - by CJM

  I have several Classic ASP sites that use Integrated Windows Authentication and Kerberos delegation. They work OK on the live servers (recently moved to a Server 2008/IIS7 servers), but do not work fully on my development PC or my development server. The IIS on both machines were configured through an IIS web deployment tool package which was exported from an old machine; the deployment didn't work perfectly, and I had to tinker a bit to get the sites working. When accessing the apps locally on either machine, they work fine; when accessing from another machine, the user is prompted by a username/password dialog, and regardless of what you enter, ultimately it results in a 401 (Unauthorised) error. I've tried comparing the configuration of these machines against similar live servers (that all work fine), and they seem generally comparable (given that none of the live servers are yet on IIS7.5 (Windows 7/Server 2008 R2). These applications run in a common application pool which uses a special domain user as it's identity - this user has similar permissions on the live and development machines. On IIS6 platforms, to enable kerberos delegation, I needed to set up some SPNs for this user, and they are still in place (even though I don't believe they are needed any longer for IIS7+ due to kernel-mode authentication), Furthermore, this account is enabled for Kerberos delegation in Active Directory, as is each machine I am dealing with. I'm considering the possibility that the deployment might have made changes/failed to make changes to the IIS configuration thus causing this problem. Perhaps a complete rebuild (minus another web deployment attempt) would solve the problem, but I'd rather fix (thus understand) the current problem. Any ideas so far? I've just had another attempt at fixing this issue, and I've made some progress, but I don't have a complete fix...yet. I've discovered that if I access the sites via IP address (than via NetBIOS name), I get the same dialog, except that it accepts my credentials and thus the application works - not quite a fix, but a useful step. More interestingly, I discovered that if I disable Kernel-mode authentication (in IIS Manager Website Authentication Advanced Settings), the applications work perfectly. My foggy understanding is that this is effectively working in the pre-IIS7 way. A reasonable short-term solution, but consider the following explicit advice from IIS on this issue: By default, IIS enables kernel-mode authentication, which may improve authentication performance and prevent authentication problems with application pools configured to use a custom identity. As a best practice, do not disable this setting if Kerberos authentication is used in your environment and the application pool is configured to use a custom identity. Clearly, this is not the way my applications should be working. So what is the issue?

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• Why doesn't video run smoothly on my laptop anymore?

  - by andygrunt

  This might be an impossible question to answer remotely but I figure there may be some common causes that people can suggest so I think it's worth asking... Video no longer plays smoothly on my laptop. It used to but not for a while now. For example, playing a video on YouTube is pretty typical: I press play (making sure it's not on HD or even HQ) and the video buffers a little then starts to play. At first it plays fine then the video starts to stutter, turning into a slideshow while the sound continues to play smoothly. If I try playing the same video on my Playstation 3 (which is linked to the same network) it plays smoothly so it can't be the connection. Another example is streaming DivX videos. Again, I wait while it buffers and it starts but very soon, instead of a slideshow, this time the video just plays slowly while the sound continues as normal (instantly getting out of sync). Even if I let the video fully load before pressing play (i.e. it's no longer streaming), it still behaves the same way. I can even let it load 100% then save the file to hard disk and use VLC player to view it, and the same thing happens. I'm using an old laptop running Windows XP. For the past several years it's been connected to the router via Wi-Fi but in the past few days I've changed that to a network cable (like my PS3) but that hasn't helped. Yes, I regularly install various bits and pieces of software but nothing that I can identify as being the cause. So, are there known causes of this sort of behaviour and if so, what can I do to fix it? Thanks. Update to answer a few questions... Laptop Spec' (note: video has played back fine for the majority of time I've had the laptop) Toshiba Satellite 1900-603 (possibly called something else outside the UK) Intel Pentium 4 2.2 Ghz Processor Originally had 512Mb memory but recently doubled that to 1 Gig of memory Graphics: ATI Mobility Radeon 16Mb DDR VRAM Windows XP SP3 (Home edition) Over the years I've done several things to speed it up (disabling indexing etc) and am generally happy with the performance. I also regularly have a clear out of old software (if for no other reason than the laptop only has a 40Gb hard disk) and use CCleaner and Glary Utilities to strip out much of the crap from my system. Also recently (after doubling the memory), I've tried a few new things which might be likely candidates for slowing the video down such as Rocketdock, Jingle keyboard (which gives an old style 'clacky' typewriter sound when I type - love it), SugarSync, Taskbar Shuffle. However, the video doesn't play smoothly even when I try quit all these apps.

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• Radeon HD4850 serious issues when using DirectX 10

  - by ricsmania

  Hello, I have a problem with my video card. Whenever I run a DirectX 10 game, it works for a few seconds (10 or so) and then starts displaying nothing but big polygons. I have tested this with Crysis and Resident Evil 5, both have the same problems. The same games running under DirectX 9 work fine, except for some small black squares once in a while. I have the following specs: Asus P7P55D LE Intel Core i5 750 Sapphire Radeon HD4850 1GB 2x2GB Patriot Viper II Sector 5, DDR3 1600 MHz OCZ Stealth X Stream 500SXS 500W At first I thought it could be the video card overheating (it has stock cooling), but the game crashes even when it's running at 50 degrees C, and it's never been higher than 70. I also thought it could be the PSU, but as far as I know 500W is enough for this computer, especially because I haven't overclocked anything. My OS is Windows 7 X64 and I am using Catalyst 10.10, but I have also tried many older versions with no success. I don't think there is a problem with the card itself, or else it wouldn't run DirectX 9 games I believe. I have spent many hours searching for a solution but I couldn't, so any help is appreciated. Thank you. EDIT: I did some further investigation about the problem, and it seems taspeotis was right, it might be related to memory. I slightly underclocked the memory from 993 to 965 MHz and the problem went away completely. Both the black squares using DirectX 9 and the weird polygons using DirectX 10. I was using RE DirectX 10 Benchmark, as it consistently crashed around the same point, and now I can play the full benchmark with no artifacts at all. Unfortunately, the underclock has an obvious hit in performance. Although it's not critical, it's definitely noticeable. So, if the video memory test software showed no erros, but the card needs an underclock to work, what might be the problem? Temperature? Voltage? By the way, I couldn't find what the default voltage for this card is. And what is a good software to try and increase it? I tried Ati Tray Tools but it has a bug that increases the clock speed dramatically whenever I change something in the Overclock tab, so I'm afraid it might fry my card. Worst case scenario, if I don't find I solution I will try to slightly increase the GPU clock to compensate for the memory clock. Thank you again.

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• Vista stuck at "Shutting down..." screen. Any way to get verbose logging?

  - by CapBBeard

  Hi all, My home machine has been running fine for about 3 years, no problems at all. Within the last couple of weeks it's had real trouble trying to shut down. It'll get so far and then just sit there at the "Shutting down..." screen for hours. I've left it overnight, I've tried in safe mode, all to no avail. These days, I just wait for the disk activity to finish up and then hold the power button to turn it off. Feels dirty as, especially because there's a RAID involved! The hardware itself is in pretty good shape and of decent spec; Core 2 Quad, 4GB RAM, 1TB RAID 1+0, so it's not quite like a 7 year old PC coming to end of life! In the last month, hardware hasn't changed except for a new monitor. Admittedly I haven't tried unplugging the monitor but I've never heard of that preventing a shutdown. I might give it a whirl later I guess, as a last resort. I've uninstalled old apps, done updates, checked the event log, looked in device manager, uninstalled all non-present devices, disabled various non-critical devices (imaging, audio etc), unplugged peripherals, stopped non-essential services, unplugged the network, disabled the network adapter entirely, ran chkdsk, verified my RAID, the list goes on. But not a single lead. I'm pretty stumped. It could be hardware, but I have no other evidence to suggest so; when the PC is running, it runs fine. Temperatures are good, gaming is smooth as always, disk performance is fine. Event log even makes it look like the shutdown was completed (gets to the point where the event log service stops). In fact, the PC doesn't appear to realise that I cut the power to it. So my question is, does anyone know if there is a way I can get some verbose output (or a log) from shutdown to give me some idea of what is causing the issue? I'm guessing it's stuck unloading some app/driver but it would be good to get some specifics! Unless anyone has any other ideas? I suspect a reinstall would resolve the issue, however I'm looking to get a new PC built in the next month or so, and the reinstall is going to be quite a big job so I'd rather just wait until then if it comes to that. Would still be nice to get this sorted in the mean time though. Cheers!

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• How to rate-limit concurrent sessions with nginx or haproxy?

  - by bantic

  I'm currently using nginx to reverse-proxy requests from web clients that are doing long-polling to an upstream. Since we're doing long polling (as opposed to websockets), when a client connects it will make multiple http connections to the server in serial, re-establishing a connection every time the server sends it some data (or timing out and re-establishing if the server has nothing to say for 10 seconds). What I'd like to do is limit the number of concurrent web clients. Since the clients are constantly making new HTTP requests instead of keeping a single request open, it's a little tricky to count the total number of web clients (because it's not the same as total number of concurrently connected http clients). The method I've come up with is to track http requests by the originating IP address, and store the IP address somewhere with a TTL of 20 seconds. If a request comes in whose IP isn't recognized, then we check the total number of unexpired stored IP addresses; if that's less than the maximum then we allow this request through. And if a request comes in with an IP address that we can find in the look-up table that hasn't yet expired, then it is allowed through as well. All requests that are allowed through have their IPs added to the table (if not there before) and the TTL refreshed to 20 seconds again. I had actually whipped something together that worked correctly this way using nginx along with the Redis 2.0 Nginx Module (and the nginx lua module to simplify the conditional branching), using redis to store my IP addresses with a TTL (the SETEX command), and checking the table size with the DBSIZE command. This worked but the performance was horrible. nginx and redis ended up using lots of cpu and the machine could only handle a very small number of concurrent requests. The new stick-table and tracking counters that were added to Haproxy in version 1.5 (via a commission from serverfault) seem like they might be ideal to implement exactly this sort of rate limiting, because the stick-table can track IP addresses and automatically expire entries. However, I don't see an easy way to get a total count of the unexpired entries in the stick table, which would be necessary to know the number of connected web clients. I'm curious if anyone has any suggestions, for nginx or haproxy or even for something else not mentioned here that I haven't thought of yet.

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• What the best way to achieve RPO of zero and lowest possible RTO (less than 15 minutes) with SQL 2008 R2?

  - by Adrian Hope-Bailie

  We are running a payments (EFT transaction processing) application which is processing high volumes of transactions 24/7 and are currently investigating a better way of doing DB replication to our disaster recovery site. Our current and previous strategies have included using both DoubleTake and Redgate to replicate data to a warm stand-by. DoubleTake is the supported solution from the payments software vendor however their (DoubleTake's) support in South Africa is very poor. We had a few issues and simply couldn't ever resolve them so we had to give up on DoubleTake. We have been using Redgate to manually read the data from the primary site (via queries) and write to the DR site but this is: A bad solution Getting the software vendor hot and bothered whenever we have support issues as it has a tendency to interfere with the payment application which is very DB intensive. We recently upgraded the whole system to run on SQL 2008 R2 Enterprise which means we should probably be looking at using some of the built-in replication features. The server has 2 fairly large databases with a mixture of tables containing highly volatile transactional data and pretty static configuration data. Replication would be done over a WAN link to a separate physical site and needs to achieve the following objectives. RPO: Zero loss - This is transactional data with financial impact so we can't lose anything. RTO: Tending to zero - The business depends on our ability to process transactions every minute we are down we are losing money I have looked at a few of the other questions/answers but none meet our case exactly: SQL Server 2008 failover strategy - Log shipping or replication? How to achieve the following RTO & RPO with logshipping only using SQL Server? What is the best of two approaches to achieve DB Replication? My current thinking is that we should use mirroring but I am concerned that for RPO:0 we will need to do delayed commits and this could impact the performance of the primary DB which is not an option. Our current DR process is to: Stop incoming traffic to the primary site and allow all in-flight transaction to complete. Allow the replication to DR to complete. Change network routing to route to DR site. Start all applications and services on the secondary site (Ideally we can change this to a warmer stand-by whereby the applications are already running but not processing any transactions). In other words the DR database needs to, as quickly as possible, catch up with primary and be ready for processing as the new primary. We would then need to be able to reverse this when we are ready to switch back. Is there a better option than mirroring (should we be doing log-shipping too) and can anyone suggest other considerations that we should keep in mind?

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• Synchronize the same set of files to 2 different locations with 2 different programs for 2 different purposes

  - by Hedgetrimmer

  Because of stupid questionable IT policies at my not-to-be-named place of occupation, I have been (and will be, for the forseeable future) carrying on an external hard drive a unison-synchronized copy of all of my documents and code, including code which resides in some of my "dotfiles" and other code which resides in ~/bin (things I've made are there because ~/bin is in my $PATH) along with some cruft generated (and to be generated) by conscript and its related "giter8" templating system for Scala project boilerplates. Despite this, I do use a symlinking program to store all of my important dotfiles in a subdirectory. Thanks to that somewhat complicated setup, I have resorted to making a directory full of symlinks to every directory (or file, as is the case with stuff under ~/bin) that I want synchronized, and then follow = True is in my unison profile. It happens to be that this collection of odds and ends—plus an automatically-generated text file containing every package installed on my system—is everything under ~ that needs to be backed up to a remote (rsync-over-ssh) host with client-side encryption and signing from GPG. I already believe that duplicity is the most appropriate program to do that. What isn't as clear-cut is how to make duplicity use the exact same set of files when it runs a backup; it would be simple if duplicity would follow symlinks, but it does not and the manpage lists no option for enabling any such behavior. Comparing unison's file selection algorithm to duplicity's, I don't think I can write a program that could compute a ruleset for one program given one for the other. For the record, I would rather not keep the symlinks manually synchronized with duplicity file-selection rules, as they can change thanks to the above-mentioned complications regarding ~/bin. I don't think running duplicity on the external hard disk is such a good idea either; I usually keep that hard disk unmounted and unplugged in case of a power failure or other physical problem with the computer, plus I'm not sure about duplicity's performance given that: the hard disk is NTFS-formatted in order to be useable at my Windows-imprisoned place of occupation. despite being a USB 3.0 disk, my computer has no USB 3.0 ports so it acts as a USB 2.0 disk. How can I have duplicity (or is there a better program that I have overlooked?) back up the exact same set of files that is bidirectionally synchronized with my external hard disk?

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