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• Efficient way to create/unpack large bitfields in C?

  - by drhorrible

  I have one microcontroller sampling from a lot of ADC's, and sending the measurements over a radio at a very low bitrate, and bandwidth is becoming an issue. Right now, each ADC only give us 10 bits of data, and its being stored in a 16-bit integer. Is there an easy way to pack them in a deterministic way so that the first measurement is at bit 0, second at bit 10, third at bit 20, etc? To make matters worse, the microcontroller is little endian, and I have no control over the endianness of the computer on the other side.

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• Merge two bytes in java/android

  - by Shane

  Hi, I have a frame of 22 bytes. The frame is the input stream from an accelerometer via bluetooth. The acceleromter readings are a 16 bit number split over two bytes. When i try to merge the bytes with buffer[1] + buffer[2], rather than adding the bytes, it just puts the results side by side. so 1+2 = 12. Could someone tell me how to combine these two bytes to obtain the original number. (btw the bytes are sent little endian) Thanks

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• C/C++ - Convert 24-bit signed integer to float

  - by e-t172

  I'm programming in C++. I need to convert a 24-bit signed integer (stored in a 3-byte array) to float (normalizing to [-1.0,1.0]). The platform is MSVC++ on x86 (which means the input is little-endian). I tried this: float convert(const unsigned char* src) { int i = src[2]; i = (i << 8) | src[1]; i = (i << 8) | src[0]; const float Q = 2.0 / ((1 << 24) - 1.0); return (i + 0.5) * Q; } I'm not entirely sure, but it seems the results I'm getting from this code are incorrect. So, is my code wrong and if so, why?

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• C++ Microsoft SAPI: How to set Windows text-to-speech output to a memory buffer?

  - by Vladimir

  Hi all, I have been trying to figure out how to "speak" a text into a memory buffer using Windows SAPI 5.1 but so far no success, even though it seems it should be quite simple. There is an example of streaming the synthesized speech into a .wav file, but no examples of how to stream it to a memory buffer. In the end I need to have the synthesized speech in a char* array in 16 kHz 16-bit little-endian PCM format. Currently I create a temp .wav file, redirect speech output there, then read it, but it seems to be a rather stupid solution. Anyone knows how to do that? Thanks!

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• How do I split up a long value (32 bits) into four char variables (8bits) using C?

  - by Jordan S

  I have a 32 bit long variable, CurrentPosition, that I want to split up into 4, 8bit characters. How would I do that most efficiently in C? I am working with an 8bit MCU, 8051 architectecture. unsigned long CurrentPosition = 7654321; unsigned char CP1 = 0; unsigned char CP2 = 0; unsigned char CP3 = 0; unsigned char CP4 = 0; // What do I do next? Should I just reference the starting address of CurrentPosition with a pointer and then add 8 two that address four times? It is little Endian. ALSO I want CurrentPosition to remain unchanged.

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• Standard (cross-platform) way for bit manipulation

  - by Kiril Kirov

  As are are different binary representation of the numbers (for example, take big/little endian), is this cross-platform: some_unsigned_type variable = some_number; // set n-th bit, starting from 1, // right-to-left (least significant-to most significant) variable |= ( 1 << ( n - 1 ) ); // clear the same bit: variable &= ~( 1 << ( n - 1 ) ); In other words, does the compiler always take care of the different binary representation of the unsigned numbers, or it's platform-specific? And what if variable is signed integral type (for example, int) and its value is zero positive negative? What does the Standard say about this? P.S. And, yes, I'm interesting in both - C and C++, please don't tell me they are different languages, because I know this :) I can paste real example, if needed, but the post will become too long

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• Floating point Endianness?

  - by cake

  Hi I'm writing a client and a server for a realtime offshore simulator, and, as I have to send a lot of data through a socket, I'm using binary data to maximize the ammount of data I can send. I already know about integers endianness, and how to use htonl and ntohl to circumvent endianness issues, but my application, as almost all simulation software, deals with a lot of floats. My question is: Is there some issue of endianness whean dealing with binary formats of floating point numbers? I know that all the machines where my code will run use IEEE implementation of floating points, but is there some endianness issue when dealing with floats? Since I only have access to machines with the same endian, I cannot test this by myself. So, I'll be glad if someone can help me with this. Thanks in advance.

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• Is the use of union in this matrix class completely safe?

  - by identitycrisisuk

  Unions aren't something I've used that often and after looking at a few other questions on them here it seems like there is almost always some kind of caveat where they might not work. Eg. structs possibly having unexpected padding or endian differences. Came across this in a math library I'm using though and I wondered if it is a totally safe usage. I assume that multidimensional arrays don't have any extra padding and since the type is the same for both definitions they are guaranteed to take up exactly the same amount of memory? template<typename T> class Matrix44T { ... union { T M[16]; T m[4][4]; } m; }; Are there any downsides to this setup? Would the order of definition make any difference to how this works?

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• PHP Variable Encryption

  - by NCoder

  I have the following code that creates an encryption in PHP: $password = "helloworld"; $passwordupper = strtoupper($password); $passwordencode = mb_convert_encoding($passwordupper, 'UTF-16LE'); $passwordsha1 = hash("SHA1", $passwordencode); $passwordbase64 = base64_encode($passwordsha1); The instructions I have from the system I'm trying to connect to states: The encoding process for passwords is: first convert to uppercase, then Unicode it in little-endian UTF 16, then SHA1 it then base64 encode it. I think I'm doing something wrong in my code. Any ideas?! Thanks! NCoder

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• How can I convert floating point values in text to binary using Perl?

  - by YoDar

  I have text file looks like that: float a[10] = { 7.100000e+000 , 9.100000e+000 , 2.100000e+000 , 1.100000e+000 , 8.200000e+000 , 7.220000e+000 , 7.220000e+000 , 7.222000e+000 , 1.120000e+000 , 1.987600e+000 }; unsigned int col_ind[10] = { 1 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 }; Now, I want to convert each array (float / unsigned int) to different binary files - big endian type. Binary file for all float values and binary file for all integer values. What is the simple way to do it in Perl, consider I have over 2 millon elements in each array?

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• How to output list of float text to binary file in Perl ?

  - by YoDar

  Hi, I have text file looks like that: float a[10] = { 7.100000e+000 , 9.100000e+000 , 2.100000e+000 , 1.100000e+000 , 8.200000e+000 , 7.220000e+000 , 7.220000e+000 , 7.222000e+000 , 1.120000e+000 , 1.987600e+000 }; unsigned int col_ind[10] = { 1 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 }; Now, I want to convert each array (float / unsigned int) to different binary files - big endian type. Binary file for all float values and binary file for all integer values. What is the simple way to do it in Perl, consider I have over 2 millon elements in each array? Thanks, Yodar.

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• Converting byte[] of binary fixed point to floating point value?

  - by Sean Donohue

  I'm reading some data over a socket. The integral data types are no trouble, the System.BitConverter methods are correctly handling the conversion. (So there are no Endian issues to worry about, I think?) However, BitConverter.ToDouble isn't working for the floating point parts of the data...the source specification is a bit low level for me, but talks about a binary fixed point representation with a positive byte offset in the more significant direction and negative byte offset in the less significant direction. Most of the research I've done has been aimed at C++ or a full fixed-point library handling sines and cosines, which sounds like overkill for this problem. Could someone please help me with a C# function to produce a float from 8 bytes of a byte array with, say, a -3 byte offset?

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• Quickie Guide Getting Java Embedded Running on Raspberry Pi

  - by hinkmond

  Gary C. and I did a Bay Area Java User Group presentation of how to get Java Embedded running on a RPi. See: here. But, if you want the Quickie Guide on how to get Java up and running on the RPi, then follow these steps (which I'm doing right now as we speak, since I got my RPi in the mail on Monday. Woo-hoo!!!). So, follow along at home as I do the same steps here on my board... 1. Download the Win32DiskImager if you are on Windows, or use dd on a Linux PC: https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/0.6/0.6/+download/win32diskimager-binary.zip 2. Download the RPi Debian Wheezy image from here: http://files.velocix.com/c1410/images/debian/7/2012-08-08-wheezy-armel/2012-08-08-wheezy-armel.zip 3. Insert a blank 4GB SD Card into your Windows or Linux PC. 4. Use either Win32DiskImager or Linux dd to burn the unzipped image from #2 to the SD Card. 5. Insert the SD Card into your RPi. Connect an Ethernet cable to your RPi to your network. Connect the RPi Power Adapter. 6. The RPi will boot onto your network. Find its IP address using Windows Wireshark or Linux: sudo tcpdump -vv -ieth0 port 67 and port 68 7. ssh to your RPi: ssh <ip_addr_rpi> -l pi <Password: "raspberry"> 8. Download Java SE Embedded: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/downloads/javase/index.html NOTE: First click accept, then choose the first bundle in the list: ARMv6/7 Linux - Headless EABI, VFP, SoftFP ABI, Little Endian - ejre-7u6-fcs-b24-linux-arm-vfp-client_headless-10_aug_2012.tar.gz 9. scp the bundle from #8 to your RPi: scp <ejre-bundle> pi@<ip_addr_rpi> 10. mkdir /usr/local, untar the bundle from #9 and rename (move) the ejre1.7.0_06 directory to /usr/local/java That's it! You are ready to roll with Java Embedded on your RPi. Hinkmond

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• Cannot get Virtualbox to install properly on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by lopac1029

  I cannot get Virtualbox to install properly on my 12.04. I first went with a manual install for the .deb from the old builds section of the Virtualbox page. That .deb opened up the Software Center and installed. Then I got the error coming up of VT-x/AMD-V hardware acceleration is not available on your system. Your 64-bit guest will fail to detect a 64-bit CPU and will not be able to boot. which I can only assume was due to my Ubuntu version being 32-bit (System Details - Overview - OC type: 32-bit, right?) So I followed these instructions to remove the .deb manually, restarted my laptop, and then FOUND the actual Virtualbox install in the Software Center and installed from that (assuming it would give me the correct version I need for my system) So after all that (and then some), I'm still getting the same error when I connect to my new job's project in Virtualbox. Can anyone point me in the right direction of what to do here? This is the first time I've ever worked with Virtualbox, and no one at this company is using Ubuntu, so I'm on my own here. EDIT: Here is the direct info from running the 2 suggested commands Inspiron-1750-brick:~ $lscpu Architecture: i686 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 2 On-line CPU(s) list: 0,1 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 23 Stepping: 10 CPU MHz: 2100.000 BogoMIPS: 4189.45 L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 2048K Inspiron-1750-brick:~ $cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T6500 @ 2.10GHz stepping : 10 microcode : 0xa07 cpu MHz : 1200.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 0 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 xsave lahf_lm dtherm bogomips : 4189.80 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T6500 @ 2.10GHz stepping : 10 microcode : 0xa07 cpu MHz : 1200.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 1 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 1 initial apicid : 1 fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 xsave lahf_lm dtherm bogomips : 4189.45 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:

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• Unpacking a ZTE ZXV10 H108L router firmware

  - by v3ng3ful

  I binwalked a firmware of a ZTE ZXV10 H108L, and got some encouraging results of uImage uboot, and LZMA compression, as well as a Squashfs 3.0 LZMA compressed filesystem. 256 0x100 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC: 0xE70BCBB9, created: Thu Nov 10 04:54:54 2011, image size: 804172 bytes, Data Address: 0x80002000, Entry Point: 0x80266000, data CRC: 0x6EFE90F1, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS, image type: OS Kernel Image, compression type: lzma, image name: MIPS Linux-2.6.20 320 0x140 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size: 8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 2637958 bytes 851968 0xD0000 Squashfs filesystem, big endian, lzma signature, version 3.0, size: 2543403 bytes, 632 inodes, blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: Thu Nov 10 04:56:12 2011 Now what I did is, to test several portions of the file (320byte-end, 851968byte-end, and many more) using dd, and trying with certain tools to uncompress/unpack the filesystem of the firmware. After some digging I found out the best tool to do this is the firmware_mod_kit, that understands a squashfs-lzma v3 filesystem. Although I ended up really frustrated as unsquashfs-lzma v3 reported a cold "zlib::uncompress failed, unknown error -3". Do you have any ideas? Could it be that, the firmware is corrupted on purpose to discourage attempts like this? Router file Thanks

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• mcelog doesn't fails to start PUIAS 6.4 amd hardware

  - by Predrag Punosevac

  Folks, I am a total Linux n00b. I am trying to deploy mcelog on one of my computing nodes running PUIAS 6.4 (i86_64) [root@lov3 edac]# uname -a Linux lov3.mylab.org 2.6.32-358.18.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Aug 27 22:40:32 EDT 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux a free clone of Red Hat 6.4 on AMD hardware [root@lov3 mcelog]# lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 64 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-63 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 8 Socket(s): 4 NUMA node(s): 8 Vendor ID: AuthenticAMD CPU family: 21 Model: 2 Stepping: 0 CPU MHz: 1400.000 BogoMIPS: 4999.30 Virtualization: AMD-V L1d cache: 16K L1i cache: 64K L2 cache: 2048K L3 cache: 6144K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-7 NUMA node1 CPU(s): 8-15 NUMA node2 CPU(s): 16-23 NUMA node3 CPU(s): 24-31 NUMA node4 CPU(s): 32-39 NUMA node5 CPU(s): 40-47 NUMA node6 CPU(s): 48-55 NUMA node7 CPU(s): 56-63 My mcelog.conf file is more or less default apart of the fact that I would like to run mcelog as a daemon and to log errors. When I start mcelog [root@lov3 mcelog]# mcelog --config-file mcelog.conf AMD Processor family 21: Please load edac_mce_amd module. However the module is present [root@lov3 mcelog]# locate edac_mce_amd.ko /lib/modules/2.6.32-358.18.1.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/edac/edac_mce_amd.ko /lib/modules/2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/edac/edac_mce_amd.ko and loaded [root@lov3 edac]# lsmod | grep mce edac_mce_amd 14705 1 amd64_edac_mod Is there anything that I can do to get mcelog working? The only reference I found is this thread http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos/2012-November/130226.html

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• JVM system time runs faster than HP UNIX OS system time

  - by winston

  Hello I have the following output from a simple debug jsp: Weblogic Startup Since: Friday, October 19, 2012, 08:36:12 AM Database Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:43:44 AM Weblogic JVM Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:45:38 AM Line 1 was a recorded variable during WebLogic webapp startup. Line 2 was output from database query select sysdate from dual; Line 3 was output from java code new Date() I have checked from shell date command that line 2 output conforms with OS time. The output of line 3 was mysterious. I don't know how it comes from Java VM. On another machine with same setting, the same jsp output like this: Weblogic Startup Since: Tuesday, December 11, 2012, 02:29:06 PM Database Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:51:48 AM Weblogic JVM Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:51:50 AM Another machine: Weblogic Startup Since: Monday, December 10, 2012, 05:00:34 PM Database Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:52:03 AM Weblogic JVM Current Time: Wednesday, December 12, 2012, 11:52:07 AM Findings: the pattern shows that the longer Weblogic startup, the larger the discrepancy of OS time with JVM time. Anybody could help on HP JVM? On HP UNIX, NTP was done daily. Anyway here comes the server versions: HP-UX machinex B.11.31 U ia64 2426956366 unlimited-user license java version "1.6.0.04" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0.04-jinteg_28_apr_2009_04_46-b00) Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 11.3-b02-jre1.6.0.04-rc2, mixed mode) WebLogic Server Version: 10.3.2.0 Java properties java.runtime.name=Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment java.runtime.version=1.6.0.04-jinteg_28_apr_2009_04_46-b00 java.vendor=Hewlett-Packard Co. java.vendor.url=http\://www.hp.com/go/Java java.version=1.6.0.04 java.vm.name=Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM java.vm.info=mixed mode java.vm.specification.vendor=Sun Microsystems Inc. java.vm.vendor="Hewlett-Packard Company" sun.arch.data.model=64 sun.cpu.endian=big sun.cpu.isalist=ia64r0 sun.io.unicode.encoding=UnicodeBig sun.java.launcher=SUN_STANDARD sun.jnu.encoding=8859_1 sun.management.compiler=HotSpot 64-Bit Server Compiler sun.os.patch.level=unknown os.name=HP-UX os.version=B.11.31

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• Does the same lame settings (--alt-preset standard) have differrent names?

  - by erikric

  I've always used windows, and therefore EAC to rip my CDs, but since I've started using Ubuntu more often, I decided to try to rip some albums there. I ended up using k3b (since I found it in the Ubuntu Software center. Tried to install RubyRipper first, but when 'sudo apt-get install ' or UDC fails, a Windows user like me is lost) The real question here is about the settings for the lame encoder. I'm used to just writing --alt-preset standard, and everything works like a charm, but the default in k3b look like this: lame -r --bitwidth 16 --little-endian -s 44.1 -h --tt %t --ta %a --tl %m --ty %y --tc %c --tn %n - %f I assume these are some sensible lame settings, and not a malicious perl script (although it looks like it). It seems to me like some of these ought to be there, and that I can not overwrite the whole thing with my good ol' --alt-preset. So, the question is do I need to replace anything, or is -h the same as old --alt-preset? Is it a difference between '--preset standard' and '--alt-preset standard'? And are those the same as -V 2?

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• Lubuntu upgrade to 13.04 killed sound with ALSA. How to troubleshoot?

  - by Sven

  After upgrading to 13.04 from 12.10 Lubuntu lost audio playback after unplugging usb soundcard (Polycom) and plugging it back in. Volume control was gray and leading to pulseaudio mixer (not installed) so I uninstalled the pulseaudio package. I also removed and reinstalled the alsa-base package. After restart I have the alsamixer back everything seemingly as usual(volume 100%, unmute) but every sound program gets me errors no matter what device I select. aplay -L: null Discard all samples (playback) or generate zero samples (capture) pulse PulseAudio Sound Server default:CARD=NVidia HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Default Audio Device sysdefault:CARD=NVidia HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Default Audio Device front:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Front speakers surround40:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers iec958:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Digital IEC958 (S/PDIF) Digital Audio Output hdmi:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, HDMI 0 HDMI Audio Output dmix:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Direct sample mixing device dmix:CARD=NVidia,DEV=1 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Digital Direct sample mixing device dmix:CARD=NVidia,DEV=3 HDA NVidia, HDMI 0 Direct sample mixing device dsnoop:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Direct sample snooping device dsnoop:CARD=NVidia,DEV=1 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Digital Direct sample snooping device dsnoop:CARD=NVidia,DEV=3 HDA NVidia, HDMI 0 Direct sample snooping device hw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Direct hardware device without any conversions hw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=1 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Digital Direct hardware device without any conversions hw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=3 HDA NVidia, HDMI 0 Direct hardware device without any conversions plughw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Analog Hardware device with all software conversions plughw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=1 HDA NVidia, ALC662 rev1 Digital Hardware device with all software conversions plughw:CARD=NVidia,DEV=3 HDA NVidia, HDMI 0 Hardware device with all software conversions default:CARD=Communicator Default Audio Device sysdefault:CARD=Communicator Default Audio Device front:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio Front speakers surround40:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers iec958:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio IEC958 (S/PDIF) Digital Audio Output dmix:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio Direct sample mixing device dsnoop:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio Direct sample snooping device hw:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio Direct hardware device without any conversions plughw:CARD=Communicator,DEV=0 Polycom Communicator, USB Audio Hardware device with all software conversions etc/asound.conf: defaults.ctl.card 1 defaults.pcm.card 1 defaults.pcm.device 1 Following gets same result with both devices. aplay -vv -D front:CARD=NVidia,DEV=0 "Release the Pressure.wav": Playing WAVE 'Release the Pressure.wav' : Signed 16 bit Little Endian, Rate 44100 Hz, Mono aplay: set_params:1087: Channels count non available Guayadeque mp3 playback: AL lib: alsa_open_playback: Could not open playback device 'default': No such file or directory 21:32:14: Error: Gstreamer error 'Configured audiosink playbackbin is not working.' Audacious: ALSA error: snd_mixer_attach failed: No such file or directory. ALSA error: snd_pcm_open failed: No such device. So How do I fix my audio? UPDATE: I removed the usb soundcard and got rid of all alsa config. Everything is working as before the install but it sure feels fragile.

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• How to detect the character encoding of a text file?

  - by Cédric Boivin

  I try to detect which character encoding is used in my file. I try with this code to get the standard encoding public static Encoding GetFileEncoding(string srcFile) { // *** Use Default of Encoding.Default (Ansi CodePage) Encoding enc = Encoding.Default; // *** Detect byte order mark if any - otherwise assume default byte[] buffer = new byte[5]; FileStream file = new FileStream(srcFile, FileMode.Open); file.Read(buffer, 0, 5); file.Close(); if (buffer[0] == 0xef && buffer[1] == 0xbb && buffer[2] == 0xbf) enc = Encoding.UTF8; else if (buffer[0] == 0xfe && buffer[1] == 0xff) enc = Encoding.Unicode; else if (buffer[0] == 0 && buffer[1] == 0 && buffer[2] == 0xfe && buffer[3] == 0xff) enc = Encoding.UTF32; else if (buffer[0] == 0x2b && buffer[1] == 0x2f && buffer[2] == 0x76) enc = Encoding.UTF7; else if (buffer[0] == 0xFE && buffer[1] == 0xFF) // 1201 unicodeFFFE Unicode (Big-Endian) enc = Encoding.GetEncoding(1201); else if (buffer[0] == 0xFF && buffer[1] == 0xFE) // 1200 utf-16 Unicode enc = Encoding.GetEncoding(1200); return enc; } My five first byte are 60, 118, 56, 46 and 49. Is there a chart that shows which encoding matches those five first bytes?

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• Shift count negative or too big error - correct solution?

  - by PeterK

  I have the following function for reading a big-endian quadword (in a abstract base file I/O class): unsigned long long CGenFile::readBEq(){ unsigned long long qT = 0; qT |= readb() << 56; qT |= readb() << 48; qT |= readb() << 40; qT |= readb() << 32; qT |= readb() << 24; qT |= readb() << 16; qT |= readb() << 8; qT |= readb() << 0; return qT; } The readb() functions reads a BYTE. Here are the typedefs used: typedef unsigned char BYTE; typedef unsigned short WORD; typedef unsigned long DWORD; The thing is that i get 4 compiler warnings on the first four lines with the shift operation: warning C4293: '<<' : shift count negative or too big, undefined behavior I understand why this warning occurs, but i can't seem to figure out how to get rid of it correctly. I could do something like: qT |= (unsigned long long)readb() << 56; This removes the warning, but isn't there any other problem, will the BYTE be correctly extended all the time? Maybe i'm just thinking about it too much and the solution is that simple. Can you guys help me out here? Thanks.

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• What is the best way to send structs containing enum values via sockets in C.

  - by Axel

  I've lots of different structs containing enum members that I have to transmit via TCP/IP. While the communication endpoints are on different operating systems (Windows XP and Linux) meaning different compilers (gcc 4.x.x and MSVC 2008) both program parts share the same header files with type declarations. For performance reasons, the structures should be transmitted directly (see code sample below) without expensively serializing or streaming the members inside. So the question is how to ensure that both compilers use the same internal memory representation for the enumeration members (i.e. both use 32-bit unsigned integers). Or if there is a better way to solve this problem... //type and enum declaration typedef enum { A = 1, B = 2, C = 3 } eParameter; typedef enum { READY = 400, RUNNING = 401, BLOCKED = 402 FINISHED = 403 } eState; #pragma pack(push,1) typedef struct { eParameter mParameter; eState mState; int32_t miSomeValue; uint8_t miAnotherValue; ... } tStateMessage; #pragma pack(pop) //... send via socket tStateMessage msg; send(iSocketFD,(void*)(&msg),sizeof(tStateMessage)); //... receive message on the other side tStateMessage msg_received; recv(iSocketFD,(void*)(&msg_received),sizeof(tStateMessage)); Additionally... Since both endpoints are little endian maschines, endianess is not a problem here. And the pack #pragma solves alignment issues satisfactorily. Thx for your answers, Axel

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• detecting pauses in a spoken word audio file using pymad, pcm, vad, etc

  - by james

  First I am going to broadly state what I'm trying to do and ask for advice. Then I will explain my current approach and ask for answers to my current problems. Problem I have an MP3 file of a person speaking. I'd like to split it up into segments roughly corresponding to a sentence or phrase. (I'd do it manually, but we are talking hours of data.) If you have advice on how to do this programatically or for some existing utilities, I'd love to hear it. (I'm aware of voice activity detection and I've looked into it a bit, but I didn't see any freely available utilities.) Current Approach I thought the simplest thing would be to scan the MP3 at certain intervals and identify places where the average volume was below some threshold. Then I would use some existing utility to cut up the mp3 at those locations. I've been playing around with pymad and I believe that I've successfully extracted the PCM (pulse code modulation) data for each frame of the mp3. Now I am stuck because I can't really seem to wrap my head around how the PCM data translates to relative volume. I'm also aware of other complicating factors like multiple channels, big endian vs little, etc. Advice on how to map a group of pcm samples to relative volume would be key. Thanks!

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• Understanding byte order and functions like CFSwapInt32HostToBig

  - by Typeoneerror

  I've got an enumeration in my game. A simple string message with an appended PacketType is being sent with the message (so it knows what to do with the message) over GameKit WIFI connection. I used Apple's GKRocket sample code as a starting point. The code itself is working fantastically; I just want to understand what the line with CFSwapInt32HostToBig is doing. What on earth does that do? and why does it need to do it? My guess is that it's making sure the PacketType value can be converted to an unsigned integer so it can send it reliably, but that doesn't sound all that correct to me. The documentation states "Converts a 32-bit integer from big-endian format to the host’s native byte order." but I don't understand what the means really. typedef enum { PacketTypeStart, // packet to notify games to start PacketTypeRequestSetup, // server wants client info PacketTypeSetup, // send client info to server PacketTypeSetupComplete, // round trip made for completion PacketTypeTurn, // packet to notify game that a turn is up PacketTypeRoll, // packet to send roll to players PacketTypeEnd // packet to end game } PacketType; // .... - (void)sendPacket:(NSData *)data ofType:(PacketType)type { NSLog(@"sendPacket:ofType(%d)", type); // create the data with enough space for a uint NSMutableData *newPacket = [NSMutableData dataWithCapacity:([data length]+sizeof(uint32_t))]; // Data is prefixed with the PacketType so the peer knows what to do with it. uint32_t swappedType = CFSwapInt32HostToBig((uint32_t)type); // add uint to data [newPacket appendBytes:&swappedType length:sizeof(uint32_t)]; // add the rest of the data [newPacket appendData:data]; // Send data checking for success or failure NSError *error; BOOL didSend = [_gkSession sendDataToAllPeers:newPacket withDataMode:GKSendDataReliable error:&error]; if (!didSend) { NSLog(@"error in sendDataToPeers: %@", [error localizedDescription]); } }

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• Cross-platform and language (de)serialization

  - by fwgx

  I'm looking for a way to serialize a bunch of C++ structs in the most convenient way so that the serialization is portable across C++ and Java (at a minimum) and across 32bit/64bit, big/little endian platforms. The structures to be serialized just contain data, i.e. they're pure data objects with no state or behavior. The idea being that we serialize the structs into an octet blob that we can store in a database "generically" and be read out later on. Thus avoiding changing the database whenever a struct changes and also avoiding assigning each data member to a field - i.e. we only want one table to hold everything "generically" as a binary blob. This should make less work for developers and require less changes when structures change. I've looked at boost.serialize but don't think there's a way to enable compatibility with Java. And likewise for inheriting Serializable in Java. If there is a way to do it by starting with an IDL file that would be best as we already have IDL files that describe the structures. Cheers in advance!

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