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  • What ways are there to edit a function in R?

    - by Tal Galili
    Let's say we have the following function: foo <- function(x) { line1 <- x line2 <- 0 line3 <- line1 + line2 return(line3) } And that we want to change the second line to be: line2 <- 2 How would you do that? One way is to use fix(foo) And change the function. Another way is to just write the function again. Is there another way? (Remember, the task was to change just the second line)

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  • PHP - Use isset inside function not working..?

    - by pnichols
    I have a PHP script that when loaded, check first if it was loaded via a POST, if not if GET['id'] is a number. Now I know I could do this like this: if(isset($_GET['id']) AND isNum($_GET['id'])) { ... } function isNum($data) { $data = sanitize($data); if ( ctype_digit($data) ) { return true; } else { return false; } } But I would like to do it this way: if(isNum($_GET['id'])) { ... } function isNum($data) { if ( isset($data) ) { $data = sanitize($data); if ( ctype_digit($data) ) { return true; } else { return false; } } else { return false; } } When I try it this way, if $_GET['id'] isn't set, I get a warning of undefined index: id... It's like as soon as I put my $_GET['id'] within my function call, it sends a warning... Even though my function will check if that var is set or not... Is there another way to do what I want to do, or am I forced to always check isset then add my other requirements..??

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  • Function callers in C?

    - by thyrgle
    So I was wondering how they work. To explain what I mean by a "function caller" a good example of what I mean would be glutTimerFunc, it is able to take in a function as a parameter and call it even with it not knowing it is declared. How is it doing this?

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  • When parsing XML with jquery, how can we pass the current node from within each() to another functio

    - by Johusa
    Say we have an XML document with many book nodes... When parsing XML with jquery, how can i pass the current node from each() iteration to another function that will do some stuff until something is reached and then go back to the previous function (passing along the current node from this function back to the first function)? Here something more descriptive (this is just an example out of my head, not accurate): function MyParser(x1,x2,dom) { // if i am called by anotherFunction(thisNode) proceed from the passed node dom.find('book').each(function() { var Letter = thisNode.find(author).charAt(0); if(x1 == Letter) { // print everything till the next letter (x2) anotherFunction(thisNode) } } } function anotherFunction(x2,thisNode) { //continue parsing here until you reached x2 //when x2 is reached, return to previous function passing again the current node }

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  • class T in c++ (your definition)

    - by JohnWong
    The one advantage of using class T in c++ is to reduce the time to redefine data types in a function, if those data types are defined in other function, for example, in int main. template <class T> void showabs(T number) { if (number < 0 ) number = -number; cout << number << endl; return 0; } int main() { int num1 = -4; float num2 = -4.23f; showabs(num1); showabs(num2); return 0; } So in this case, without class T, for each data type, we have to add its corresponding data-type condition, that is, another set of if statement for int, and another one for float. Am I correct?

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  • Can I use a method as a lambda?

    - by NewAlexandria
    I have an interface the defines a group of conditions. it is one of several such interfaces that will live with other models. These conditions will be called by a message queue handler to determine completeness of an alert. All the alert calls will be the same, and so I seek to DRY up the enqueue calls a bit, by abstracting the the conditions into their own methods (i question if methods is the right technique). I think that by doing this I will be able to test each of these conditions. class Loan module AlertTriggers def self.included(base) base.extend LifecycleScopeEnqueues # this isn't right Loan::AlertTriggers::LifecycleScopeEnqueues.instance_method.each do |cond| class << self def self.cond ::AlertHandler.enqueue_alerts( {:trigger => Loan.new}, cond ) end end end end end module LifecycleScopeEnqueues def student_awaiting_cosigner lambda { |interval, send_limit, excluding| excluding ||= '' Loan.awaiting_cosigner. where('loans.id not in (?)', excluding.map(&:id) ). joins(:petitions). where('petitions.updated_at > ?', interval.days.ago). where('petitions.updated_at <= ?', send_limit.days.ago) } end end I've considered alternatives, where each of these methods act like a scope. Down that road, I'm not sure how to have AlertHandler be the source of interval, send_limit, and excluding, which it passes to the block/proc when calling it.

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  • Count, inner join

    - by Urosh
    I have two tables: DRIVER (Driver_Id,First name,Last name,...) PARTICIPANT IN CAR ACCIDENT (Participant_Id,Driver_Id-foreign key,responsibility-yes or no,...) Now, I need to find out which driver participated in accident where responsibility is 'YES', and how many times. I did this: Select Driver_ID, COUNT (Participant.Driver_ID)as 'Number of accidents' from Participant in car accident where responsibility='YES' group by Driver_ID order by COUNT (Participant.Driver_ID) desc But, I need to add drivers first and last name from the first table(using inner join, I suppose). I don't know how, because it is not contained in either an aggregate function or the GROUP BY clause. Please help :)

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  • Are Objective-C function names stored in text?

    - by thyrgle
    I don't remember where I heard about it, (I think I was searching up on how selectors worked and it ended up not being exactly the same as a callback function) and I can't confirm it. But more importantly than that, is there a way I could get a list of the function names from another application?

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  • What are the useful UNIX functions that MS doesn't implement? And why? [closed]

    - by prosseek
    When programming with Python, I came across some functions that are not implemented on Windows. os.fork() may be one of them. UNIX came before WinNT, so the WinNT developers (most notably Dave Cutler) must knew about the features and functions of the UNIX. But, to me, it seems that MS didn't like UNIX so much that they mistakenly/intentionally skipped or distorted some of the useful UNIX functions/features; i.e. /abc/def in UNIX, \abc\def in Windows as an easy example. And when I read the Windows System Programming book, I felt uncomfortable as the Windows system functions seem nothing more than a tweak from UNIX. (I might be wrong.) What are those functions/features that MS OSes don't have, but UNIX origninated? Is there any reason for this? Do they just want to differentiate from UNIX world? Or do they think some of the UNIX functions are unnecessary? Is Windows a tweak from UNIX? Or, is there any great OS features that were invented in MS to make Windows better than UNIX?

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  • Python - calculate multinomial probability density functions on large dataset?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I originally intended to use MATLAB to tackle this problem but the inbuilt functions has limitations that do not suit my goal. The same limitation occurs in NumPy. I have two tab-delimited files. The first is a file showing amino acid residue, frequency and count for an in-house database of protein structures, i.e. A 0.25 1 S 0.25 1 T 0.25 1 P 0.25 1 The second file consists of quadruplets of amino acids and the number of times they occur, i.e. ASTP 1 Note, there are 8,000 such quadruplets. Based on the background frequency of occurence of each amino acid and the count of quadruplets, I aim to calculate the multinomial probability density function for each quadruplet and subsequently use it as the expected value in a maximum likelihood calculation. The multinomial distribution is as follows: f(x|n, p) = n!/(x1!*x2!*...*xk!)*((p1^x1)*(p2^x2)*...*(pk^xk)) where x is the number of each of k outcomes in n trials with fixed probabilities p. n is 4 four in all cases in my calculation. I have created three functions to calculate this distribution. # functions for multinomial distribution def expected_quadruplets(x, y): expected = x*y return expected # calculates the probabilities of occurence raised to the number of occurrences def prod_prob(p1, a, p2, b, p3, c, p4, d): prob_prod = (pow(p1, a))*(pow(p2, b))*(pow(p3, c))*(pow(p4, d)) return prob_prod # factorial() and multinomial_coefficient() work in tandem to calculate C, the multinomial coefficient def factorial(n): if n <= 1: return 1 return n*factorial(n-1) def multinomial_coefficient(a, b, c, d): n = 24.0 multi_coeff = (n/(factorial(a) * factorial(b) * factorial(c) * factorial(d))) return multi_coeff The problem is how best to structure the data in order to tackle the calculation most efficiently, in a manner that I can read (you guys write some cryptic code :-)) and that will not create an overflow or runtime error. To data my data is represented as nested lists. amino_acids = [['A', '0.25', '1'], ['S', '0.25', '1'], ['T', '0.25', '1'], ['P', '0.25', '1']] quadruplets = [['ASTP', '1']] I initially intended calling these functions within a nested for loop but this resulted in runtime errors or overfloe errors. I know that I can reset the recursion limit but I would rather do this more elegantly. I had the following: for i in quadruplets: quad = i[0].split(' ') for j in amino_acids: for k in quadruplets: for v in k: if j[0] == v: multinomial_coefficient(int(j[2]), int(j[2]), int(j[2]), int(j[2])) I haven'te really gotten to how to incorporate the other functions yet. I think that my current nested list arrangement is sub optimal. I wish to compare the each letter within the string 'ASTP' with the first component of each sub list in amino_acids. Where a match exists, I wish to pass the appropriate numeric values to the functions using indices. Is their a better way? Can I append the appropriate numbers for each amino acid and quadruplet to a temporary data structure within a loop, pass this to the functions and clear it for the next iteration? Thanks, S :-)

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  • How to include a PHP generated XML file into flash vars, while ALSO passing through the current php functions into it?

    - by Sam
    Hello Given situation: In webpage.php the flashscript is calling a flash script with a flashvar: the playlist file which is a PHP generated XML file: playlist.php, it does that well so long as there are no extra functions in there. Now, in that XML-format playlistfile there needs to be a special function, besides the usual echo("");, namely the very special echo __(""); function that is already declared in webpage.php which needs to do something with the paragraphs residing within that xml file. However, currently the retrieved file misses the function echo __();and says "no such function declared in that xml-format [playlist.php] file". The php functions that are currently included at the very top of webpage.php somehow do not pass-through-the necessary functions into the playlist file for it to recognise how to handle it, in order for that playlist to get those necessary functions working. Apparently these are not passed through automatically/properly when residing in the flashvars?? Cause the echo __(""); works fine when called within webpage.php or via a normal php include(""); if those functions are in a different php file. But not working from the playlist.php file. Any ideas why/what is going on here? I appreciate your clues for this prob +1. Thanks very much. WEBPAGE.PHP the webpage, has at the top an include with functions: <?php include (functions.php); ?> // function that know what to do with echo __("paragraph") <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> run( 'play', 'true', 'loop', 'true', 'flashvars', 'xmlFile=/incl/playlist.php', // <<<< !! 'wmode', 'transparent', 'allowScriptAccess','sameDomain', ); </script> <noscript> <object classid="blabla"> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="sameDomain" /> <param name="movie" value="/movies/movie.swf" /> <param name="flashvars" value="xmlFile=/incl/playlist.php" /> // <<< !! <embed src="/movies/movies.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"/> </object> </noscript> PLAYLIST.PHP The PHP generated XML file which is retrieved into the webpage as flash variable (see above) <?php echo ('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'); echo ('<songs>'); echo ('<song version="1. "') . __("boom blue blow bell bowl") . ('/>'); echo ('<song version="2. "') . __("ball bail beam bike base") . ('/>'); echo ('</songs>'); ?>

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  • How is dependency inversion related to higher order functions?

    - by Gulshan
    Today I've just seen this article which described the relevance of SOLID principle in F# development- F# and Design principles – SOLID And while addressing the last one - "Dependency inversion principle", the author said: From a functional point of view, these containers and injection concepts can be solved with a simple higher order function, or hole-in-the-middle type pattern which are built right into the language. But he didn't explain it further. So, my question is, how is the dependency inversion related to higher order functions?

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  • How to use javascript functions, defined in some external *.js file in browser's javascript console?

    - by Dmytro Tsiniavsky
    I would like to know is it possible to save some, for example,simplemath.js file with function ADD(a, b) { return a + b; } simple function, run opera's or some other browser's javascript console, include somehow this (simplemath.js) file, call ADD(2, 5), and get a result in console or execute javascript code on current web page and manipulate with it's content. How can I do that? How can I use javascript functions from external files in web-browser's javascript console?

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  • Why do programming languages allow shadowing/hiding of variables and functions?

    - by Simon
    Many of the most popular programming languges (such as C++, Java, Python etc.) have the concept of hiding / shadowing of variables or functions. When I've encountered hiding or shadowing they have been the cause of hard to find bugs and I've never seen a case where I found it necessary to use these features of the languages. To me it would seem better to disallow hiding and shadowing. Does anybody know of a good use of these concepts?

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  • What are the functions of modern game publishers? [closed]

    - by ApoorvaJ
    According to the Wikipedia page on Video game publishers, they are responsible for "their product's manufacturing and marketing, including market research and all aspects of advertising." From what I've read, they also arrange for the development funding. In the following questions, I'm asking about AAA, indie and mobile publishers: Do today's publishers fulfill any other functions? Is there any good reading material on these topics?

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  • For a Javascript library, what is the best or standard way to support extensibility

    - by Michael Best
    Specifically, I want to support "plugins" that modify the behavior of parts of the library. I couldn't find much information on the web about this subject. But here are my ideas for how a library could be extensible. The library exports an object with both public and "protected" functions. A plugin can replace any of those functions, thus modifying the library's behavior. Advantages of this method are that it's simple and that the plugin's functions can have full access to the library's "protected" functions. Disadvantages are that the library may be harder to maintain with a larger set of exposed functions and it could be hard to debug if multiple plugins are involved (how to know which plugin modified which function?). The library provides an "add plugin" function that accepts an object with a specific interface. Internally, the library will use the plugin instead of it's own code if appropriate. With this method, the internals of the library can be rearranged more freely as long as it still supports the same plugin interface. This could also support having different plugin interfaces to modify different parts of the library. A disadvantage of this method is that the plugins may have to re-implement code that is already part of the library since the library's internal functions are not exported. The library provides a "set implementation" function that accepts an object inherited from a specific base object. The library's public API calls functions in the implementation object for any functionality that can be modified and the base implementation object includes the core functionality, with both external (to the API) and internal functions. A plugin creates a new implementation object, which inherits from the base object and replaces any functions it wants to modify. This combines advantages and disadvantages of both the other methods.

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  • Process arbitrarily large lists without explicit recursion or abstract list functions?

    - by Erica Xu
    This is one of the bonus questions in my assignment. The specific questions is to see the input list as a set and output all subsets of it in a list. We can only use cons, first, rest, empty?, empty, lambda, and cond. And we can only define exactly once. But after a night's thinking I don't see it possible to go through the arbitrarily long list without map or foldr. Is there a way to perform recursion or alternative of recursion with only these functions?

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  • Is it good practice to use functions just to centralize common code?

    - by EpsilonVector
    I run across this problem a lot. For example, I currently write a read function and a write function, and they both check if buf is a NULL pointer and that the mode variable is within certain boundaries. This is code duplication. This can be solved by moving it into its own function. But should I? This will be a pretty anemic function (doesn't do much), rather localized (so not general purpose), and doesn't stand well on its own (can't figure out what you need it for unless you see where it is used). Another option is to use a macro, but I want to talk about functions in this post. So, should you use a function for something like this? What are the pros and cons?

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