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• Advance DNS - Redirecting Emails to new webhost

  - by Martin

  I am not to sure if this question belongs here but I will surely find out soon enough. I have two web hosts (Not sure why it has been setup this way but it has). I do not want to use the original web host to handle the emails as the Data that we get from them is 500 mb which is already full with hosting the website. The second web host has an unlimited data plan and was created so we could use this host for the email accounts. Now the problem is I have reset the Advance DNS Zone records on both accounts and I am not sure what they were before. (Silly me should have taken a backup of how it was setup before hand I know) Emails were working before and going to the second hosts server now they are going to the first host but it has no email addresses setup for use so all emails are bouncing saying that the address does not exist. Host 1 IP: 192.185.96.110 Host 2 IP: 27.54.88.66 So far I have changed the Advanced DNS Zone record on Host 1 with the following: A Record: mail.australisinstitute.qld.edu.au - 27.54.88.66 I have not made any changes on Host 2 and both hosts have the default MX Records. If I need to provide any more information I can but I just hope someone can decipher what I have said haha. Cheers in advance!

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• How to make a huge ram drive?

  - by Brandon Moore

  At my old job when a report was needed I could sit down with someone and pull up results and get immediate feedback, and then refine my queries and ultimately have the data we needed, in the format we needed within 30-90 minutes. I just started working for a new company with a database containing millions of records and I spent my whole 8 hours making a report that I feel I could have made in less than 2 hours if it were not for the massive amount of data the queries are working with, and the fact that I couldn't ask the person needing the data to sit down with me and give me feedback as I pulled up results as I am used to. So I am trying to think of how we can make the server faster... much faster, so that I can have the same level of productivity I'm used to. One thought that just came to mind is that memory is so cheap these days, and by my calculations I could buy 10 8gig ram sticks for 1000 bucks. What I have never heard of though is a device that would let me combine these into a huge ram drive. So I'd like to know if any such device exists, and if not what is the largest ram drive I could realistically make and how would I go about doing so? EDIT: To you guys who are saying the database shema needs to be analyzed... you can't make a query such as "Select f1, f2, f3, etc from SomeTable" run any faster by normalizing or indexing the table. What I'm talking about IS ABSOLUTELY a need for improved performance at the hardware level. I am used to having results come back to me in a few seconds, not a few minutes or much less a half an hour. Maybe that's what you guys are used to who have 100 billion record tables and you feel like that's fast, but I'm looking for results back from tables with about 10 million records to come back to me withing less than half a minute TOPS.

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• Curios: What makes CPUs better than others? [closed]

  - by Zizma

  I have been wondering about this for a long while now and was hoping someone here could answer it pretty easily. If I was looking for the most powerful CPU what should I really be looking at? There are so many different parameters of a CPU and I am wanting to know what each thing does and what really matters. Basically this: What is the deal with cores? If I take using optimized applications out of the mix would it theoretically better to get quad core 1.0GHz CPU or a 1 core 4 GHz CPU? Also, what is the difference between maybe an Sandy Bridge CPU versus an Ivy Bridge CPU? If they both were had the same clock speed and number of cores would the Ivy Bridge perform better? Does an older Xeon with an equal clock speed and number of cores to a new i7 really perform worse/slower? Does size matter? Why would I go with a 22nm CPU over a 32nm when the size difference is so trivial? What about the cache? When does the cache come into play with performance?

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• Linksys router cannot change default password

  - by Jessica M.

  My wireless internet suddenly stopped working today. I have Windows 7 and Lindsys WRT54G router. I tried to log into the Linksys setup router page by typing in www.192.168.1.1 into firefox and it prompted me for a username and password as usual. The problem is when i tried to enter my regular username and password it did not work. I finally solved my problem when I came across this post here and the very last post solved my problem. It suggested I try username: root / password: admin. For some reason the username and password has been changed. When i tried username: root / password: admin , it worked and allowed me to get into the Linksys setup page. The problem is I can't change the username or password anymore. Every time I want to log into my Linksys setup page I have to enter username: root / password: admin. I can't change the "WPA shared key" (password). For the security settings I selected WPA2Personal + AES. Also the post said "If the firmware was upgraded to non-linksys firmware - the default will be different" . The problem is I didn't update anything and I'm worried that someone installed a virus or something or somehow changed the firmware on my router. How did I get non-Linksys firmware on my router? EDIT: I figured out how to change the password when I log into the Lynksys setup page. Administration -- Management -- password. I still don't understand if my router firmware was changed or who changed it or if it happened by mistake.

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• How to achieve the following RTO & RPO with logshipping only using SQL Server?

  - by Jimmy Chandra

  Trying to come up with viable backup restore & logshipping solution for achieving the following: 15 minutes Recovery Point Objective (no more than 15 minutes data loss at any time) 5 minutes Recovery Time Objective (must be able to get the db up and running back by 5 minutes) Considering using logshipping only (which I think is kind of pushing it, but I want to know if anyone else know how to achieve this). Some other info for consideration: Using 40 Gbit / sec fiber channel between the primary and disaster recovery (DRC) sites The sites are about 600 km apart. At close of business, the amount of data generated is predicted to be about 150 MB/sec. Log backup is planned for every 5 min. Doing some rough calculation I came up w/ the following numbers: 40 Gbit / sec = 5 MB / sec @ 100% network efficiency. 5 MB / sec = 300 MB / min. @ 300 MB / min, the total amount of data that can be transfer considering the 5min RTO is about 1.5GB, but that will left no time for the actual backup and restore, so if we cut it down to 3min logshipping time, which equals to ~900 MB over 3 minutes at 100% network efficiency, that will left about 1 min backup time and 1 minute restore time. Currently don't have any information if the system being used is capable of restoring 900 MB in 1 min, but assume it can. for COB scenario... 150 MB/sec, and considering the 3 min logshipping time, which should equal to about 27 GB of data over 3 mins...??? I think this is where the SLA will break... since there is no way to transfer 27 GB of data over a 40Gbit/sec line in 3 min. Can I get someone else opinion? I am thinking database mirroring might be a better answer for this...

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• Hardware, network infrastructure for runnng gaming server nd on VirtualGL

  - by archer

  Foud nice project VirtualGL (http://www.virtualgl.org/). Tried to run 3D fames (EVE Online, Prototype) on server and display the output on thin client using 100Mbps network. Server: Gentoo Linux on AMD Phoenom II x6 3.4Gz, 8GB RAM, 2x NVIDIA 9800 GTX in single session with display resulution 1024x768 on client. Performance is very promising. Going to increase network speed to 1Gbps (using either Ethernet or Fiber) and run 5-6 clients simultenously. My questions are: a) what would be better for network - 1Gbps Ethernet or Fiber (clients are distributed in max 20m around server)? Is that a must to use managed switch for better network performance? b) Should I increase number of video cards to put in SLI on server (going to use Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 which has 6 PCIExpress slots [2 x4, 2 x8 and 2 x16]). Will it impact performance significantly. If I need to increase the number of video cards - what would be better - put 2 banks of video cards with 3 in bank using SLI, or 3 banks with 2 in the bank? Would linux recognize that and properly use all banks of video cards? c) any suggestions on good thin clients supporting 1920x1080 HDMI video and 1Gbps network I understand that my questions can't be answered clearly (unless someone already managed to use this kind of stuff ;)) although any suggestions would be very helpful.

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• Single application through OpenVPN tunnel (Debian Lenny)

  - by mikael

  I'm using Debian Lenny and I want to tunnel rtorrent only through a OpenVPN tunnel. I have a tunnel running, the config file looks like this: client dev tun proto udp remote openvpn.xxx.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca /etc/openvpn/xxx/keys/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/xxx/keys/client.crt key /etc/openvpn/xxx/keys/client.key tls-auth /etc/openvpn/xxx/keys/tls.key 1 ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 auth-user-pass script-security 3 reneg-sec 0 My idea is that I could run a sockd proxy internally that redirects traffic to the openvpn tunnel. I could use the *nix "proxifier" application "tsocks" to make it possible for rtorrent to connect through that proxy (as rtorrent doesn't support proxies). I have trouble configuring sockd as my IP inside the VPN changes every time I connect. This is a config file someone said would help: http://ircpimps.org/sockd.conf As my IP changes at each connect I don't know what to put in that config file. I have no control over the host side config file. Any help wanted. Any other method is very welcome.

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• Juniper NetScreen NS-5GT traffic monitoring

  - by blah

  I've done casual research into the subject and am truly dismayed at the lack of compatible tools for such a simple task. Maybe someone can provide assistance. We have a NetScreen NS-5GT in the office. I need to be able to get a glance of current traffic per endpoint -- I think the equivalent of 'get sessions' with byte counts/rates. I don't care about bars, graphs, and reports. Something as simple as a classic software firewall display would be perfect. I can't shell out money on something real like SolarWinds products, so a free solution is essential. I'm willing to do a little work but refuse to program something from scratch. It's not prudent right now for me to install a hub or otherwise mess around physically. There must be something out there I can use, maybe in combination. I don't believe I'm asking too much. Specific answers only please, e.g. monitoring software you know will actually work with this antiquated device. I've read about general approaches to the broader problem dozens of times already.

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• MacBook Pro - Aquamacs - spell check

  - by peggy Li

  I have tried to use spell check for aquamac. I highlighted a region of the text. Then clicked Edit, then spell check region. I got the error message: Error : No word lists can be found for the language "en_US". Then I went to the website to download the following dictionaries: CocoAspell : I just clicked the download button. It was reported that the download was successful. However, when I tested it and highlighted a text region and clicked spell check. The same error message came out. Do I need to pull the downloaded .pkg to a certain place, such as the application folder, before I opened the .pkg? Or what else do I need to do make it work? I also downloaded the base package Aspell (for Intel) and the pre-built dictionaries as (as the instruction of the website), just the same way as point 1. I still got the same error message. Again, Do I need to pull the downloaded .pkg to a certain place, such as the application folder, before I opened the .pkg? Or what else do I need to do make it work? I would be greatly appreciated if someone could give me some help? Peggy Li

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• PGB Multipath & return routes

  - by Dennis van der Stelt

  I'm probably a complete n00b concerning serverfault related questions, but our IT department makes a bold statement I wish to verify. I've searched the internet, but can find nothing related to my question, so I come here. We have Threat Management Gateway 2010 and we used to just route the request to IIS and it contained the ip address so we could see where it was coming from. But now they turned on "Requests apear to come the TMG server" so ip addresses aren't forwarded anymore. Every request has the ip of the TMG server. Now the idea behind this is that because of multipath bgp routes, the incoming request goes over RouteA, but the acknowledgement messages could return over RouteB. The claim is that because the request doesn't come from the first known source, our proxy, but instead from IIS, some smart routers at the visitor of our websites don't recognize the acknowledgement message and filter it out. In other words, the response never arrives. Again, this is the claim. But I cannot find ANY resources on the internet that support this claim. I do read about pgb multipath, but more in the case that there are alternative routes when the fastest route fails for some reason. So is the claim completely bogus or is there (some) truth to it? Can someone explain or point me to resources? Thanks in advance!

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• Brick-level backup and restore with exchange 2007

  - by V. Romanov

  In the company I'm working for, we use exchange 2007 and backup it using netbackup. The backup is a daily complete backup of the information store and the direct corollary of this is that restores are hell. We need to restore the entire information store (over 80 gb), somehow merge it back with the original store, which causes problems. Alternatively, we tried using QUEST software to emulate exchange and restore mails from the emulation. However, this proved unreliable. The main problem with this entire situation is that we have to restore the whole information store and walk it through the restore process manually, and its quite absurd to be forced spend more than a day restoring even one erased email. (we have erased mail retention, but sometimes we need to restore older mail). in comparison, back in the day of XCH2003 and backupexec 12, we had complete brick level backup and restore at the push of a button. I've spoken to one of our chief sysadmins who claimed that the official response from microsoft to this issue was - "sorry guys, no brick level backup in XCH2007" which sounds ridiculous to me. Can someone shed some light on the situation? How do you backup your exchange2007 stores? Can you restore a single email quickly? A mailbox, perhaps?

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• OpenLDAP Authentication UID vs CN issues

  - by user145457

  I'm having trouble authenticating services using uid for authentication, which I thought was the standard method for authentication on the user. So basically, my users are added in ldap like this: # jsmith, Users, example.com dn: uid=jsmith,ou=Users,dc=example,dc=com uidNumber: 10003 loginShell: /bin/bash sn: Smith mail: [email protected] homeDirectory: /home/jsmith displayName: John Smith givenName: John uid: jsmith gecos: John Smith gidNumber: 10000 cn: John Smith title: System Administrator But when I try to authenticate using typical webapps or services like this: jsmith password I get: ldapsearch -x -h ldap.example.com -D "cn=jsmith,ou=Users,dc=example,dc=com" -W -b "dc=example,dc=com" Enter LDAP Password: ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49) But if I use: ldapsearch -x -h ldap.example.com -D "uid=jsmith,ou=Users,dc=example,dc=com" -W -b "dc=example,dc=com" It works. HOWEVER...most webapps and authentication methods seem to use another method. So on a webapp I'm using, unless I specify the user as: uid=smith,ou=users,dc=example,dc=com Nothing works. In the webapp I just need users to put: jsmith in the user field. Keep in mind my ldap is using the "new" cn=config method of storing settings. So if someone has an obvious ldif I'm missing please provide. Let me know if you need further info. This is openldap on ubuntu 12.04. Thanks, Dave

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• Unknown user in terminal

  - by Giles B

  Im having a strange problem with the terminal in OS X. When I open the terminal the username at the command prompt is: unknown-04-0c-ce-e3-0d-c2: ~ I can't pinpoint when this first started or why unfortunately. I usually use iTerm for web development purposes but this also occurs in the normal OS X Terminal app. Any ideas/help would be really appreciated. Thanks Update: Thanks to @fayadfami and @aliasgar for the correct answers and steering me in the right direction. Also this forum post helped http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=152407 The extract from the right post: Having run into the exact same issue myself, and having come across this thread while attempting to figure it out, I thought I'd post the answer. OS X is initially setting your hostname to what's set for your Computer Name in Sharing; however, if you're set up for DHCP and you match a current lease on your DHCP server (i.e., match the IP address of another recent user), OS X will then set your hostname to whatever the DHCP server currently has for that lease. This freaked me out incredibly at first, as I had just reformatted (having just purchased my first Mac and wanting to see how the installer worked) and knew I had not yet changed the Computer Name in Sharing -- yet my system hostname at the Terminal prompt was indeed changed to what I had previously set, pre-format. I grepped around, not finding the name anywhere save log entries; I thought either the format didn't actually properly wipe everything, or I was losing my mind. Finally I logged into my router (it's a Linksys WRT54GS running OpenWRT), and found the hostname in the current leases file. I then manually set my Mac's IP to something different, and volia! -- the hostname was back to what I expected. I hope this helps save someone from the same paranoia I went through.

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• Alternatives to ntbackup

  - by Chris J

  Is anyone aware of any good (for a given value of "good") alternatives to ntbackup? There's a few quirks with ntbackup that I still find odd, and occasionally (and for no obvious reason) ntbackup just doesn't back up - usually complaining about that the wrong tape's inserted even though it's been told to just use the tape that's in the drive regardless. I've experiemented with cygwin's tar and cpio and Win32 ports of these utilities, but I've not had any luck getting them to see the tape device (so if someone does use these utilities to write to a tape device, also be interested to know how). Essentially all I'm looking for is a reliable program that I can tell to back-up a list of locations to the tape, and not to care about anything like formatting tapes, or sticking volume labels on them (and conversely then makes it fairly straightforward to restore off as well). On the flip-side, I don't want something that will attempt to manage our tapes. Don't get me wrong here -- ntbackup can do the job, but its quirks are making look at possible alternatives. Any suggestions? If it's open source, even better.

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• Kernel hacking methodology - how to find out where to hack the linux kernel

  - by Flavius

  I have a throw-away cheap laptop I'd like to twiddle around, a Thinkpad SL 500. What bothers me are two leds, the one for wireless connectivity, and the one for hibernation, which don't light up at all, although they're functional, I've tried it on windows. So I would like to write a kernel driver for them, nothing big, it just looks like a good idea to play around with the kernel. My question is what methodology should I follow systematically to find out what devices are responsible for those leds (in general, not necessarily specific to my hardware), and what drivers are responsible for the other two leds that work, bluetooth and the battery indicator? And when I say methodology, I really mean the methodology, step by step, with reasons for each step, like in the answer I've gave to someone else over here: What does && mean in void *p = &&abc; I am profficient at fgrepping through big code repositories, using static code analysers & co, but I think my lack of hardware knowledge hinders me on this problem. PS: I'm using ArchLinux, so almost the latest kernel version.

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• Outlook Shared Address book and contact not displaying

  - by user224061

  We have a shared Exchange addressbook with distribution email groups. When someone connects to the shared addressbook, composes an email to a group, the email distribution list is empty, then the distribution list is expanded. In troubleshooting, I noticed that when we expand the distribution list to view the recipients, most of the recipients are missing and only semicolons appear. CLICK HERE FOR IMAGE Further troubleshooting, I notice that when I open the distribution list with my Outlook client and click on the Update Now icon, and then go to create the email then when I expand the group the email addresses now appear. CLICK HERE FOR IMAGE Now, my Outlook profile is a cached profile. The shared contact list that I pulled the distribution list from is an online/non-cached shared contact list. What I also found is that if I switched my Outlook client to be online only(not cached) the share address book lists appear properly when expanded. Is there any way to make this list appear correctly without having to click on update now for each and every distribution list in the shared contacts list we have on the server? I would really prefer that every time one wants to use this shared contact list, they do not have o click the update not button or switch from cached mode to make this work. T.I.A

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• SSL setup: UCC or wildcard certificates?

  - by quanza

  I've scoured the web for a clear and concise answer to my SSL question, but to no avail. So here goes: I have a web-service requiring SSL support for authentication pages. The root-level domain does not have the "www" - i.e., secure://domain.com - but localized pages use "language-code.domain.com", i.e. secure://ja.domain.com So I need at least a wildcard SSL certificate that supports secure://*.domain.com However, we also have a public sandbox environment at sandbox.domain.com, which we also need to support under localized domains - so secure://ja.sandbox.domain.com needs to also work. The previous admin managed to purchase a wildcard SSL certificate for .domain.com, but with a Subject Alternative Name for "domain.com". So, I'm thinking of trying to get a wildcard certificate with SANs defined as "domain.com" and ".*.domain.com". But now I'm getting confused because there seem to be separate SAN certificates, also called UCC certificates. Can someone clarify whether it's possible to get a wildcard certificate with additional SAN fields, and ultimately what the best way is to support: secure://domain.com secure://.domain.com secure://.*.domain.com with the fewest (and cheapest!) number of SSL certificates? Thanks!

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• (Mac Intel) HP PS driver prints in B&W from Adobe Reader after installing Cannon PS driver

  - by JohnB

  I have a unique problem that leaves me at a loss as to where to start troubleshooting. We have three Macs we use for graphics, two of which are PowerPC and one which is Intel. They are set up to print to an HP 5500dn, but occasionally this printer gets tied up with a massive print job, so I installed the PS driver (iR-PSv1.81MacOSX) for the Cannon C3200 Printer/copier on each of the machines. Both of the PowerPC Macs installed without issue, but the Intel Mac exhibits strange behavior: I've confirmed that while the Cannon driver is installed (whether or not the Cannon is set up for printing in print settings), the HP 5500dn will print in color from Safari, but only prints in black and white from Adobe Reader. The Cannon printer itself has not exhibited any strange behavior As soon as the Cannon driver is uninstalled, the HP 5500dn prints in color from Adobe Reader again. We run a network of Windows PCs, and the 'Mac room' mostly takes care of itself, so we don't have any experienced Mac administrators onsite. The Cannon is capable of Appletalk, but the PS driver seemed easier to work with (and Appletalk is currently disable on the Cannon. I'm not against using the Appletalk compatible drivers, but I would rather use the PS driver if at all possible - I don't want to open up the proverbial can of worms. If someone has any clues or suggestions that would help troubleshoot this problem, I would be grateful. I've already done some googling, but due to the obscure nature of this problem, I haven't been very successful. I don't like to create multiple threads on multiple sites, but I'm posting here due to Chopper3's suggestion on my post on ServerFault (http://serverfault.com/questions/135349/mac-intel-hp-ps-driver-prints-in-bw-from-adobe-reader-after-installing-cannon)

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• Default Gateway solution on NAT'd network (best options)

  - by kwiksand

  I've recently changed a network from a bunch of machines exposed to the net on a network to a more security conscious Firewall-fronted network with a DMZ for public services. Everything's mostly working perfectly now, but I've got the old problem of NAT Loopback where a machine within the LAN wants to access a public service via the public/external IP. I've solved this problem previously in a small/SOHO environment simply using NAT loopback features of the router in use or a simple iptables rule to do the same, but I want to make sure I make the most resilient choice with the least concern. It seems I can: Use iptables as I've said to DNAT and MASQUERADE the change source/destination so the connection works correctly i.e iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -d ip.of.eth0.here -p tcp --dport 8080 -j DNAT --to 192.168.0.201:8080 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp --dport 8080 -d 192.168.0.201 -j MASQUERADE Use split DNS, with internal mappings for public IP's Potentially do some route nastyness by setting the Default Gateway to use a different externally exposed IP to then come back in the public route (messy) Someone mentioned putting the Default Gateway within the DMZ as well (on serverfault), but I can't find the post again. I'm sure this is a common issue for many with NAT'd networks, but I've not really seen the perfect solve all when it comes to fixing this problem. What is your opinion?

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• I am unable to run a client/server program in php

  - by sibi

  This is the program I am trying to run: $host = "127.0.0.1"; $port = 25003; // don't timeout! set_time_limit(0); // create socket $socket = socket_create(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0) or die("Could not create socket\n"); // bind socket to port $result = socket_bind($socket, $host, $port) or die("Could not bind to socket\n"); // start listening for connections $result = socket_listen($socket, 3) or die("Could not set up socket listener\n"); // accept incoming connections // spawn another socket to handle communication $spawn = socket_accept($socket) or die("Could not accept incoming connection\n"); // read client input $input = socket_read($spawn, 1024) or die("Could not read input\n"); // clean up input string $input = trim($input); echo "Client Message : ".$input; // reverse client input and send back $output = strrev($input) . "\n"; socket_write($spawn, $output, strlen ($output)) or die("Could not write output\n"); // close sockets socket_close($spawn); socket_close($socket); I enabled the PHP_socket option in WAMP but still I keep getting errors like unable to bind. Can someone please help me out?

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• SQLRelay MySQL compatibility layer in php-cgi.

  - by sybreon

  I am investigating the use of sqlrelay as a middle-layer between an application that uses MySQL with a PostgreSQL backend. I assume that this is something that it can do to ease backend migration. But for the moment, I am just experimenting with a MySQL application accessing a MySQL backend through the sqlrelay layer. app => sqlrelay lib => mysql client lib => tcp => mysql server I followed the instructions for the MySQL drop-in replacement and it works. I can connect to the backend MySQL server using both sqlrsh and mysql client application. It will work for most MySQL applications by using LD_PRELOAD with the compatibility layer library. The instructions recommend re-compiling php to support it. I would prefer not doing something so drastic. They also recommend setting the LD_PRELOAD for apachectl as a method for the apache/php stack. However, this does not work with lighttpd/php-cgi. I have wrapped php-cgi with a shell script that sets LD_PRELOAD before running the cgi script. LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libmysql50sqlrelay-0.39.4.so.1 /usr/bin/php5-cgi $@ I can see LD_PRELOAD correctly set in phpinfo() but the cgi scripts all fail and are unable to connect to the database. According to the mysql client, the compatibility library should report itself as a 5.0.0 client but the phpinfo module reports itself as the actual 5.0.51a client library used. This means that the compatibility library was not used. Is there someone who has had some success doing something similar?

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• How can I make Cygwin open a new window each time I use a Window 7 keyboard shortcut?

  - by Michael Gundlach

  [Update: The short answer is, if an application in the 3rd thing on your taskbar, press WindowsKey+Shift+3 to open a new instance. Hooray!] I have Chrome and Cygwin on my taskbar. Chrome's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-C (as set through right clicking the icon and putting Ctrl-Alt-C into Chrome - Properties - Shortcut Key). Cygwin's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-T. When I press Ctrl-Alt-C, I get a new Chrome window. Great! It's as if I had shift-clicked on the Chrome icon. When I press Ctrl-Alt-T, I get a Cygwin window the first time, but after that I just get focused on the Cygwin window. As if I had simply clicked on the Cygwin icon and not shift-clicked. As if Cygwin wasn't able to have more than one instance open. I can still shift-click the icon to get more instances. I've tried with different keys than Ctrl-Alt-T and got the same behavior. Strangely, I've twice managed to get it into a state (via just clearing and setting the shortcut key over and over) where a shortcut WOULD open multiple instances -- but it was Ctrl-Alt-G both times, which doesn't make sense to my brain which has been trained to use Ctrl-Alt-T for years. Ctrl-Alt-G usually behaves just as poorly as Ctrl-Alt-T, except for the two times when magically it started behaving properly. So I'm thinking this is a Windows 7 bug (which has existed since Windows XP at least), but I'm hoping someone knows something I don't :)

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• Why should one have a secondary DNS server?

  - by Sam Levin

  I'm very confused. I basically understand how DNS works. Here's an example that helps illustrate what I'm having trouble understanding. Right now, I run a small web-server. I use my provider's DNS manager, so I don't have a DNS server hosted on the machine. Let's say for a second, that I don't use my host's DNS, and I decide to set up a DNS server on my server. Hypothetical scenario: my server (entire) server goes down - DNS included. Why do I need backup DNS? If the server is down, who cares if the DNS server is down too, considering that even if I had DNS up (it wasn't on the crashed server), it wouldn't be able to forward requests anyway since the server would be down? Is the point of having secondary DNS, to be able to change the IP addresses that your DNS server points to, so if your webserver was down, you could redirect traffic to a backup? How would you switch to the secondary provider, in the event that your main DNS provider becomes unavailable? Is a backup DNS system basically up all the time? How is it configured? Is it just an exact clone of the DNS server you would have on your server? Do they run simultaneously? Hopefully someone can see what I'm hung up on, and provide some guidance. Thanks

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• Best way to 'harden' embedded ext4 file server against unexpected loss of power?

  - by Jeremy Friesner

  Hi all, First, a little background: my company makes an audio streaming device that is a headless, rack-mounted Linux box with a couple of SSDs attached. Each SSD is formatted with ext4. The users can connect to the system using Samba/CIFS to upload new audio files or access existing ones. There is also custom software for streaming out audio over the network. This is all fine. The only problem is that the users are audio people, not computer people, and see the system as a 'black box', not as a computer. Which means that at the end of the day, they aren't going to ssh in to the box and enter "/sbin/shutdown -h"; they are just going to cut power to the rack and leave, and expect things to still work properly the next day. Since ext4 has journalling, journal checksumming, etc, this mostly works. The only time it doesn't work is when someone uploads a new file via Samba and then cuts power to the system before the uploaded data has been fully flushed to the disk. In that case, they come in the next day and find that their new file has been truncated or is missing entirely, and are unhappy. My question is, what is the best way to avoid this problem? Is there a way to get smbd to call "sync" at the end of every upload? (Performance on uploads isn't so important, since they only happen occasionally). Or is there a way to tell ext4 to automatically flush within a few seconds of any change to a file? (Again, performance can be sacrificed for safety here) Should I set a particular write-ordering mode, activate barriers, etc?

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• Can I have 2Gbit over 1Gbit Nics

  - by Daniel

  So this really baffles me. Apparently because 1Gbit can transmit data in both directions simultaneously it should be possible to get 2Gbit of data transfer on a single NIC (1Gbit flow seend and 1Gbit receive). People claim that because 1Gbit is full-duplex (almost always) it is exactly 2Gbit in total. My intuition and electrical background tells me that something is not right here 4 twisted pairs 250Mbit capacity each gives 1Gbit. Unless it is really possible to transfer data in both directions simultaneously. I did a test with iperf. Ubuntu server 12.04 <-- MacBook Pro. Both with decent CPU speed. Tested speed of connection individually and on Mac I can see 112MB/s regardless which direction data is going. On Ubuntu with vnstat and ifstat I got 970Mbit speeds. Now, launching iperf in server mode on both machines at the same time and sending data using 2 iperf clients shows that I'm for example on Ubuntu box sending at 600Mbit, and receiving 350Mbit. which adds up to pretty much 1Gbit link. So to me there is no magical 2Gbit. Can someone confirm that or tell why I'm wrong? Another thing that confuses me i the fact that e.g. 24-port switch has for example: Throughput»up»to:»50.6Mpps Switching»capacity:»68Gbps Switch»fabric»speed:»88Gbps Which would suggest thay can handle 2GBit per port.

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