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  • Algorithm for procedural city generation?

    - by Zove Games
    I am planning on making a (simple) procedural city generator using Java. I need ideas on whan algorithm to use for the layout, and the actual buildings. The city will mostly have skyscrapers, not really much complex stuff. For the layout I already have a simple algorithm implemented: Create a Map with java.awt.Point keys and Integer values. Fill it with all the points in the city's bounds with the value as -1 (unnassigned) Shuffle the map, and assign the 1st 10 of the keys IDs (from 1-10) Loop until all points have IDs: Loop though all points: Assign points next to an assigned point IDs of the point next to them, if 2 or more points border the point, then randomly choose which ID the point will get. You will end up with 10 random regions. Make roads bordering these regions. Fill the inside of each region with a randomly spaced and randomly rotated grid PROBLEM: This is not the fastest way to do it. What algorithm should I use for the layout. And what should I use to make each building's design? I don't even know how I'm going to do that yet (fractals maybe). I just need some ideas, not actual code.

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  • Facing a character towards the mouse

    - by ratata
    I'm trying to port a simple 2d top down shooter game from C++(Allegro) to Java and i'm having problems with rotating my character. Here's the code i used in c++ if (keys[A]) RotateRight(player, degree); if (keys[D]) RotateLeft(player, degree); void RotateLeft(Player& player, float& degree) { degree += player.rotatingSpeed; if ( degree >= 360 ) degree = 0; } void RotateRight(Player& player, float& degree) { degree -= player.rotatingSpeed; if ( degree <= 0) degree = 360; } And this is what i have in render section: al_draw_rotated_bitmap(player.image, player.frameWidth / 2, player.frameHeight / 2, player.x, player.y, degree * 3.14159 / 180, 0); Instead of using A-D keys i want to use mouse this time. I've been searching since last night and came up to few sample codes however noone of them worked. For example this just made my character to circle around the map: int centerX = width / 2; int centerY = height / 2; double angle = Math.atan2(centerY - mouseY, centerX - mouseX) - Math.PI / 2; ((Graphics2D)g).rotate(angle, centerX, centerY); g.fillRect(...); // draw your rectangle Any help is much appreciated.

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  • ERROR #342: DEVICE_SHADER_LINKAGE_SEMANTICNAME_NOT_FOUND

    - by Telanor
    I've stared at this for at least half an hour now and I cannot figure out what directx is complaining about. I know this error normally means you put float3 instead of a float4 or something like that, but I've checked over and over and as far as I can tell, everything matches. This is the full error message: D3D11: ERROR: ID3D11DeviceContext::DrawIndexed: Input Assembler - Vertex Shader linkage error: Signatures between stages are incompatible. The input stage requires Semantic/Index (COLOR,0) as input, but it is not provided by the output stage. [ EXECUTION ERROR #342: DEVICE_SHADER_LINKAGE_SEMANTICNAME_NOT_FOUND ] This is the vertex shader's input signature as seen in PIX: // Input signature: // // Name Index Mask Register SysValue Format Used // -------------------- ----- ------ -------- -------- ------ ------ // POSITION 0 xyz 0 NONE float xyz // NORMAL 0 xyz 1 NONE float // COLOR 0 xyzw 2 NONE float The HLSL structure looks like this: struct VertexShaderInput { float3 Position : POSITION0; float3 Normal : NORMAL0; float4 Color: COLOR0; }; The input layout, from PIX, is: The C# structure holding the data looks like this: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] public struct PositionColored { public static int SizeInBytes = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(PositionColored)); public static InputElement[] InputElements = new[] { new InputElement("POSITION", 0, Format.R32G32B32_Float, 0), new InputElement("NORMAL", 0, Format.R32G32B32_Float, 0), new InputElement("COLOR", 0, Format.R32G32B32A32_Float, 0) }; Vector3 position; Vector3 normal; Vector4 color; #region Properties ... #endregion public PositionColored(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector4 color) { this.position = position; this.normal = normal; this.color = color; } public override string ToString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(base.ToString()); sb.Append(" Position="); sb.Append(position); sb.Append(" Color="); sb.Append(Color); return sb.ToString(); } } SizeInBytes comes out to 40, which is correct (4*3 + 4*3 + 4*4 = 40). Can anyone find where the mistake is?

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  • Best database setup for one click games

    - by ewizard
    I am building a one click game website/mobile app, and I am debating between using MySQL and MongoDB for the backend. The way I have been exploring it is with a NodeJS/Express/Angular/Passport/MongoDB stack - I have also implemented Socket.io. I have gotten to the point where I am sending data from the flash game to the server (NodeJS). The only data that needs to be sent is basic user information, the players score at the end of each game, and some x,y positions for each players game (for anti-cheating). It seems like MySQL would work fine, but as I am already using MongoDB - are there any major drawbacks to continuing to work with MongoDB on this project?

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  • How to implement time traveling into a game?

    - by Billy
    I was wondering how to implement time travel into a game. Nothing super complex, just time-reversal like what's in Braid, where the user can rewind/fast forward time by 30 seconds or whatever. I searched around the web a lot, but my results usually referred to using time as in like "it's 3:00" or a timer and such. The only thing I could think of was using 2 arrays, one for the player's x position and the other for the player's y position, and then iterating through those arrays and placing the character at that position as they rewind/fast forward time. Could that work? If it would work, how large would the array have to be and how often should I store the player's x and y? If it doesn't work, what else could I try? Thanks in advance!

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  • Android loading screens blocking, good practice?

    - by Oren
    I've noticed many (if not all) android games don't support the "back" button functionality during their loading screens. Which leads to some frustrating moments when a user accidentally starts up the game and has to wait for the long loading stage to end in order to close it. So my questions are: 1) Why is that ? Is there a good reason to avoid something like asynchronous loading (or some other solution to this problem) in android games ? 2) If there is no good reason not to support this functionality, what would be the best way to accomplish it ?

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  • External classes positions don't work?

    - by SystemNetworks
    I have an external class which reads the user's mouse clicks. I gave a position where the user have to click, and when the user clicks on that position, it would turn my boolean "mouse" to true. But when I connect that to my game(state based) class, it does not work. Here's the code: External class public void UI(Input input, GameContainer gc, float posX, float posY) { int x = Mouse.getX(); int y = Mouse.getY(); if(posX<=100 && posY<=100) { if(Mouse.isButtonDown(1)) { mouse = true; } } } Game class(main) public void update(GameContainer gc, StateBasedGame sbg, int delta) throws SlickException { int x = Mouse.getX(); int y = Mouse.getY(); civ.UI(input, gc, x,y); } The problem is when I click my mouse at posX<=100 && posY<=100. It does not work.

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  • Predicted target location

    - by user3256944
    I'm having an issue with calculating the predicted linear angle a projectile needs to move in to intersect a moving enemy ship for my 2D game. I've tried following the document here, but what I've have come up with is simply awful. protected Vector2 GetPredictedPosition(float angleToEnemy, ShipCompartment origin, ShipCompartment target) { // Below obviously won't compile (document wants a Vector, not sure how to get that from a single float?) Vector2 velocity = target.Thrust - 25f; // Closing velocity (25 is example projectile velocity) Vector2 distance = target.Position - origin.Position; // Range to close double time = distance.Length() / velocity.Length(); // Time // Garbage code, doesn't compile, this method is incorrect return target.Position + (target.Thrust * time); } I would be grateful if the community can help point out how this is done correctly.

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  • Open Source Analysis

    - by BluFire
    There are a lot of code in open source projects, looking at all of the code is time consuming and can be confusing to a novice like me. Are there any sections of open-source projects that should be focused on? What should I focus on when I look at code? I'm asking this in general because if I ask this specifically, the question will only apply in one or two projects rather than an entire group of projects ranging in different types of games and difficulty.

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  • Game State / Screen Management

    - by Ashylnn Mac
    What's the best way to handle game states / screens? My problem is this: PlayGameScreen adds a new InventoryGameScreen to the game during it's update. This immediately adds InventoryGameScreen to the array of GameScreens. That's throwing an exception when iterating over the array that the contents of the array have changed. Should I have two more arrays, like screensToBeAdded and screensToBeRemoved and do all the processing for them at the end of the game loop after drawing all the other screens?

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  • How to handle jumping up a slope in a runner game?

    - by you786
    In an 2D endless runner, what should happen when the player is running "too fast" up a slope and jumps? For example, in a "normal" case: .O. . __..O_____ . / . / O/ _/ If he is moving to the right slowly enough, he will jump upwards and land on the flat part of the surface. However, if he is moving too fast, the jump will have no effect as his forward motion will bring him back in contact with the slope before he can get high enough to pass over it. When the speed is sufficiently high, there will effectively be no jump. _________ / .O/ O/ _/ Are there any known ways to solve this issue? I know it's physically correct*, but are there techniques that other games use to overcome this in a reasonable manner? As a last resort I'll have to just remove all slopes that are too slanted. *If you constrain the player to never jumping backwards.

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  • C# Rendering Engine for Roguelike [closed]

    - by Haedrian
    I'm trying my hand at designing a roguelike, and I need a pretty simple 2D rendering engine that works with C# Its as simple as it gets, I want to be able to drop sprites somewhere on a grid, with some sort of menus/text on the side; that sort of thing. The (very complicated) game itself would be decoupled from the interface I've looked into a number of engines and they all seem to be very complicated/support much more things than I need. Right now I'm planning on making my own using either XNA or OpenTK - but I was wondering whether anyone has any suggestions for less-complicated rendering engines which might make my job easier. Thanks.

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  • Spherical harmonics lighting interpolation

    - by TravisG
    I want to use hardware filtering to smooth out colors in texels of a texture when I'm accessing texels at coordinates that are not directly at the center of the texel, the catch being that the texels store 2 bands of spherical harmonics coefficients (=4 coefficients), not RGBA intensity values. Can I just use hardware filtering like that (GL_LINEAR with and without mip mapping) without any considerations? In other terms: If I were to first convert the coefficients back to intensity representations, than manually interpolate between two intensities, would the resulting intensity be the same as if I interpolated between the coefficient vectors directly and then converted the interpolated result to intensities?

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  • Can there be an Environment that Reacts to Weather changes in-game?

    - by The415
    Just to be straightforward, I am completely new to many aspects of coding and am searching for different specs and guidelines to aid me on my journey to crafting a wonderful game in Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4. I had some recent thoughts about the possibility of creating an environment in a game that interacts with weather (Rain, Snow, Storms) Is it possible to make an environment that can simulate weather changes in a game? I wrote notes on this for weeks now. I was thinking that an increase on environments occlusion maps was necessary for creating the effect of rain on windows, as well as making a flowing liquid surface on windows that is only visible in rain. I was also considering the idea of additive bump-maps on meshes for snow, to simulate accumulation. Are these elements dynamic in Unreal 4? Can I implement them?

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  • How to optimize a box2d simulation in action game?

    - by nathan
    I'm working on an action game and i use box2d for physics. The game use a tiled map. I have different types of body: Static ones used for tiles Dynamic ones for player and enemies Actually i tested my game with ~150 bodies and i have a 60fps constantly on my computer but not on my mobile (android). The FPS drop as the number of body increase. After having profiled the android application, i saw that the World.step took around 8ms in CPU time to execute. Here are few things to note: Not all the world is visible on screen, i use a scrolling system Enemies are constantly moving toward the player so there is alaways to force applied to their body Enemies need to collide between each others Enemies collide with tiles I also now that i can active/desactive or sleep/awake bodies. Considering the fact that only a part of the enemies are possibly displayed on screen, is there any optimizations i can do to reduce the execution time of box2d simulation? I found a guy trying an optimization based on distance of enemies from the player (link). But i seems like he just desactives far bodies (in my case, i could desactive bodies that are not visible). But my enemies need to move even when they are not visible on screen, and applying forces will not workd on inactive bodies. Should i play with sleeping bodies here? Also, enemies are composed by two fixtures and are constantly colliding with each others and with tiles but i really never need to get notified about that. Is there anything i can do to optimize this kind of scenario? Finally, am i wrong to try to run simulation at 60FPS on mobile and should i try to make it run at 30FPS?

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  • As a indie, how to protect your game?

    - by user16829
    As a indie, you might not work in a company. And you may have a great game idea and you feel it gonna be a big success. When you released your game. How do you protect it as your own creation? So that someone also can't steal the title and publish a "sequel" e.g. Your-Game-Name 2,3,4. Or even produce by-products like Angry Birds but without your permission. So how we can prevent these from happening by legal methods. Like copyrights, trademarks? If a professional can fill us those info, it will be great.

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  • How to prevent one account from unlocking products on other devices using Apple StoreKit?

    - by reapz
    We are currently wrapping up a free-to-play game on iOS in which you can purchase non-consumable products. We have been discussing this case internally and are not quite sure what the best practices are as this is our first title. For example, if a user downloads our app, and makes some purchases. These can be restored should the app ever be deleted and reinstalled as long as the user uses the same Apple ID. What is to stop him from making a fake Apple account, purchasing items and then posting this account on the web allowing everyone to get the items for free? That is obviously a worst case situation. But a smaller case would be a user unlocking items for his friends. We do not want this to be an always online game but have considered doing a check on startup if there is internet available. If the currently logged in account doesn't own the products do we lock them again? Probably not because people may simply sign into the device with different Game Center logins at which point we don't want to constantly lock and unlock items. At some point we will be adding multiplayer at which point we can definately do a check with the currently logged in account. This is because A, they will be online when attempting multiplayer, and B, they will want to use their own account for multiplayer. Unfortunately we aren't quite ready for this yet. Has anyone tackled this issue. Are we overthinking here?

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  • The true cost to get my XNA game on XBox?

    - by Fëanor
    There seem to be many hurdles to get ones game onto Xbox, so far I have uncovered: You need Visual Studio (once your game becomes commercial you cannot use Express - but have to pay for professional). $1000+ You then buy a XBox to find you also need a harddrive - so buy a Xbox harddrive too. $400 You need to buy XBox Gold LIVE subscription. $70 You need to buy AppHub Creators Club subscription $100 Then after all that I cannot even find the place on my XBox to download Indie games?!!! Seriously WTF - after doing all this I could have come proficient in WebGL and done it all for free... Before I go all the way down this path (hole) are there any other hidden hurdels before I can publish my game? UPDATE: "Indie Games are not available in Australia, due to the requirement for all games to be rated by the Australian Classification Board, and the prohibitive expenses involved."....... im going to have to break something....

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  • How to determine which cells in a grid intersect with a given triangle?

    - by Ray Dey
    I'm currently writing a 2D AI simulation, but I'm not completely certain how to check whether the position of an agent is within the field of view of another. Currently, my world partitioning is simple cell-space partitioning (a grid). I want to use a triangle to represent the field of view, but how can I calculate the cells that intersect with the triangle? Similar to this picture: The red areas are the cells I want to calculate, by checking whether the triangle intersects those cells. Thanks in advance. EDIT: Just to add to the confusion (or perhaps even make it easier). Each cell has a min and max vector where the min is the bottom left corner and the max is the top right corner.

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  • Should I be using a game engine?

    - by Kyle
    I'm an experienced programmer, but I'm completely new to making games. I'm thinking of making an iPhone game that is similar to a 2d tower defense type game. In the web programming world, it would be a big waste of time to make a website without using some sort of web framework (eg ruby on rails). Is that the same for making games? Do people mostly use some sort of framework/game engine for making a game? If so, what are the popular ones for iOS?

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  • b2Body moves without stopping

    - by SentineL
    I got a quite strange bug. It is difficult to explain it in two words, but i'll try to do this in short. My b2Body has restitution, friction, density, mass and collision group. I controlling my b2Body via setting linear velocity to it (called on every iteration): (void)moveToDirection:(CGPoint)direction onlyHorizontal:(BOOL)horizontal { b2Vec2 velocity = [controlledObject getBody]-GetLinearVelocity(); double horizontalSpeed = velocity.x + controlledObject.acceleration * direction.x; velocity.x = (float32) (abs((int) horizontalSpeed) < controlledObject.runSpeed ? horizontalSpeed : controlledObject.maxSpeed * direction.x); if (!horizontal) { velocity.y = velocity.y + controlledObject.runSpeed * direction.y; } [controlledObject getBody]->SetLinearVelocity(velocity); } My floor is static b2Body, it has as restitution, friction, density, mass and same collision group in some reason, I'm setting b2Body's friction of my Hero to zero when it is moving, and returning it to 1 when he stops. When I'm pushing run button, hero runs. when i'm releasing it, he stops. All of this works perfect. On jumping, I'm setting linear velocity to my Hero: (void)jump { b2Vec2 velocity = [controlledObject getBody]->GetLinearVelocity(); velocity.y = velocity.y + [[AppDel cfg] getHeroJumpVlelocity]; [controlledObject getBody]->SetLinearVelocity(velocity); } If I'll run, jump, and release run button, while he is in air, all will work fine. And here is my problem: If I'll run, jump, and continue running on landing (or when he goes from one static body to another: there is small fall, probably), Hero will start move, like he has no friction, but he has! I checked this via beakpoints: he has friction, but I can move left of right, and he will never stop, until i'll jump (or go from one static body to another), with unpressed running button. I allready tried: Set friction to body on every iteration double-check am I setting friction to right fixture. set Linear Damping to Hero: his move slows down on gugged moveing. A little more code: I have a sensor and body fixtures in my hero: (void) addBodyFixture { b2CircleShape dynamicBox; dynamicBox.m_radius = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroRadius]; b2FixtureDef bodyFixtureDef; bodyFixtureDef.shape = &dynamicBox; bodyFixtureDef.density = 1.0f; bodyFixtureDef.friction = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroFriction]; bodyFixtureDef.restitution = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroRestitution]; bodyFixtureDef.filter.categoryBits = 0x0001; bodyFixtureDef.filter.maskBits = 0x0001; bodyFixtureDef.filter.groupIndex = 0; bodyFixtureDef.userData = [NSNumber numberWithInt:FIXTURE_BODY]; [physicalBody addFixture:bodyFixtureDef]; } (void) addSensorFixture { b2CircleShape sensorBox; sensorBox.m_radius = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroRadius] * 0.95; sensorBox.m_p.Set(0, -[[AppDel cfg] getHeroRadius] / 10); b2FixtureDef sensor; sensor.shape = &sensorBox; sensor.filter.categoryBits = 0x0001; sensor.filter.maskBits = 0x0001; sensor.filter.groupIndex = 0; sensor.isSensor = YES; sensor.userData = [NSNumber numberWithInt:FIXTURE_SENSOR]; [physicalBody addFixture:sensor]; } Here I'm tracking is hero in air: void FixtureContactListener::BeginContact(b2Contact* contact) { // We need to copy out the data because the b2Contact passed in // is reused. Squirrel *squirrel = (Squirrel *)contact->GetFixtureB()->GetBody()->GetUserData(); if (squirrel) { [squirrel addContact]; } } void FixtureContactListener::EndContact(b2Contact* contact) { Squirrel *squirrel = (Squirrel *)contact->GetFixtureB()->GetBody()->GetUserData(); if (squirrel) { [squirrel removeContact]; } } here is Hero's logic on contacts: - (void) addContact { if (contactCount == 0) [self landing]; contactCount++; } - (void) removeContact { contactCount--; if (contactCount == 0) [self flying]; if (contactCount <0) contactCount = 0; } - (void)landing { inAir = NO; acceleration = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroRunAcceleration]; [sprite stopAllActions]; (running ? [sprite runAction:[self runAction]] : [sprite runAction:[self standAction]]); } - (void)flying { inAir = YES; acceleration = [[AppDel cfg] getHeroAirAcceleration]; [sprite stopAllActions]; [self flyAction]; } here is Hero's moving logic: - (void)stop { running = NO; if (!inAir) { [sprite stopAllActions]; [sprite runAction:[self standAction]]; } } - (void)left { [physicalBody setFriction:0]; if (!running && !inAir) { [sprite stopAllActions]; [sprite runAction:[self runAction]]; } running = YES; moveingDirection = NO; [bodyControls moveToDirection:CGPointMake(-1, 0) onlyHorizontal:YES]; } - (void)right { [physicalBody setFriction:0]; if (!running && !inAir) { [sprite stopAllActions]; [sprite runAction:[self runAction]]; } running = YES; moveingDirection = YES; [bodyControls moveToDirection:CGPointMake(1, 0) onlyHorizontal:YES]; } - (void)jump { if (!inAir) { [bodyControls jump]; } } and here is my update method (called on every iteration): - (void)update:(NSMutableDictionary *)buttons { if (!isDead) { [self updateWithButtonName:BUTTON_LEFT inButtons:buttons whenPressed:@selector(left) whenUnpressed:@selector(stop)]; [self updateWithButtonName:BUTTON_RIGHT inButtons:buttons whenPressed:@selector(right) whenUnpressed:@selector(stop)]; [self updateWithButtonName:BUTTON_UP inButtons:buttons whenPressed:@selector(jump) whenUnpressed:@selector(nothing)]; [self updateWithButtonName:BUTTON_DOWN inButtons:buttons whenPressed:@selector(nothing) whenUnpressed:@selector(nothing)]; [sprite setFlipX:(moveingDirection)]; } [self checkPosition]; if (!running) [physicalBody setFriction:[[AppDel cfg] getHeroFriction]]; else [physicalBody setFriction:0]; } - (void)updateWithButtonName:(NSString *)buttonName inButtons:(NSDictionary *)buttons whenPressed:(SEL)pressedSelector whenUnpressed:(SEL)unpressedSelector { NSNumber *buttonNumber = [buttons objectForKey:buttonName]; if (buttonNumber == nil) return; if ([buttonNumber boolValue]) [self performSelector:pressedSelector]; else [self performSelector:unpressedSelector]; } - (void)checkPosition { b2Body *body = [self getBody]; b2Vec2 position = body->GetPosition(); CGPoint inWorldPosition = [[AppDel cfg] worldMeterPointFromScreenPixel:CGPointMake(position.x * PTM_RATIO, position.y * PTM_RATIO)]; if (inWorldPosition.x < 0 || inWorldPosition.x > WORLD_WIDGH / PTM_RATIO || inWorldPosition.y <= 0) { [self kill]; } }

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  • DirectCompute information

    - by N0xus
    I've been trying to make use of the GPU as part of a project of mine. I've looked into both CUDA and OpenCL, but the lack of information showing you how to introduce these into a project is shocking. Even their dedicated forum groups are dead. So now, I'm looking into DirectCompute. From what I can tell, it's simply a new type of shader file that makes use of HLSL. My question is this, does my program (aside from being DirectX 10 / 11 ) need its structure changed? I mean, is it simply a case of creating the CS file, setting in the project like I would any other shader, and watch the magic happen? Any information on this would be appreciated.

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  • Moving an object using its velocity on a closed curve

    - by Futaro
    I want that an object follows a path, in Peggle game there are some pegs that have movement in a closed path. How can i get the same result? I guess that I can use parametric curve but I need use the velocity and not the position (x, y). I use NAPE and I have this in my gameloop: //circunference angle = angle + 1*(Math.PI / 180); movableBall.position.x = radius * Math.cos(angle)+ h; movableBall.position.y = radius * Math.sin(angle)+ k; it's works but I can not control the velocity, each movableBall must have its own velocity. Besides, from docs of NAPE:"Setting the position of a body is equivalent to simply teleporting the body; for instance moving a kinematic body by position is not the way to go about things.." I want to use: movableBall.velocity.x =?? movableBall.velocity.y = ?? The final idea is to follow others paths like the Lemniscate of Bernoulli. Thanks!

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  • Client-side prediction for FPS

    - by newprogrammer
    People that understand client-side prediction and client-side interpolation, I have a question: When I play the game Team Fortress 2, and type cl_predict 1 into the developer's console, it enables client-side prediction. The also says "6 predictable entities reinitialized". It says this regardless of how many players are on the server, which makes sense, because other players are not predictable entities. I thought client-side prediction was only for the movement of the player. Are there other entities that the client can provide prediction for?

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  • Accounting for waves when doing planar reflections

    - by CloseReflector
    I've been studying Nvidia's examples from the SDK, in particular the Island11 project and I've found something curious about a piece of HLSL code which corrects the reflections up and down depending on the state of the wave's height. Naturally, after examining the brief paragraph of code: // calculating correction that shifts reflection up/down according to water wave Y position float4 projected_waveheight = mul(float4(input.positionWS.x,input.positionWS.y,input.positionWS.z,1),g_ModelViewProjectionMatrix); float waveheight_correction=-0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; projected_waveheight = mul(float4(input.positionWS.x,-0.8,input.positionWS.z,1),g_ModelViewProjectionMatrix); waveheight_correction+=0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; reflection_disturbance.y=max(-0.15,waveheight_correction+reflection_disturbance.y); My first guess was that it compensates for the planar reflection when it is subjected to vertical perturbation (the waves), shifting the reflected geometry to a point where is nothing and the water is just rendered as if there is nothing there or just the sky: Now, that's the sky reflecting where we should see the terrain's green/grey/yellowish reflection lerped with the water's baseline. My problem is now that I cannot really pinpoint what is the logic behind it. Projecting the actual world space position of a point of the wave/water geometry and then multiplying by -.5f, only to take another projection of the same point, this time with its y coordinate changed to -0.8 (why -0.8?). Clues in the code seem to indicate it was derived with trial and error because there is redundancy. For example, the author takes the negative half of the projected y coordinate (after the w divide): float waveheight_correction=-0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; And then does the same for the second point (only positive, to get a difference of some sort, I presume) and combines them: waveheight_correction+=0.5*projected_waveheight.y/projected_waveheight.w; By removing the divide by 2, I see no difference in quality improvement (if someone cares to correct me, please do). The crux of it seems to be the difference in the projected y, why is that? This redundancy and the seemingly arbitrary selection of -.8f and -0.15f lead me to conclude that this might be a combination of heuristics/guess work. Is there a logical underpinning to this or is it just a desperate hack? Here is an exaggeration of the initial problem which the code fragment fixes, observe on the lowest tessellation level. Hopefully, it might spark an idea I'm missing. The -.8f might be a reference height from which to deduce how much to disturb the texture coordinate sampling the planarly reflected geometry render and -.15f might be the lower bound, a security measure.

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