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• What part of SMF is likely broken by a hard power down?

  - by David Mackintosh

  At one of my customer sites, the local guy shut down their local Solaris 10 x86 server, pulled the power inputs, moved it, and now it won’t start properly. It boots and then presents a prompt which lets you log in. This appears to be single user milestone (or equivalent). Digging into it, I think that SMF isn’t permitting the system to go multi-user. SMF was generating a ton of errors on autofs, after some fooling with it I got it to generate errors on inetd and nfs/client instead. This all tells me that the problem is in some SMF state file or database that needs to be fixed/deleted/recreated or something, but I don’t know what the actual issue is. By “generate errors”, I mean that every second I get a message on the console saying “Method or service exit timed out. Killing contract <#.” This makes interacting with the computer difficult. Running svcs –xv shows the service as “enabled”, in state “disabled”, reason “Start method is running”. Fooling with svcadm on the service does nothing, except confirm that the service is not in a Maintenance state. Logs in /lib/svc/log/$SERVICE just tell you that this loop has been happening once per second. Logs in /etc/svc/volatile/$SERVICE confirm that at boot the service is attempted to start, and immediately stopped, no further entries. Note that system-log isn’t starting because system-log depends on autofs so I have no syslog or dmesg. Googling all these terms ends up telling me how to debug/fix either autofs or nfs/client or inetd or rpc/gss (which was the dependency that SMF was using as an excuse to prevent nfs/client from “starting”, it was claiming that rpc/gss was “undefined” which is incorrect since this all used to work. I re-enabled it with inetadm, but inetd still won’t start properly). But I think that the problem is SMF in general, not the individual services. Doing a restore_repository to the “manifest_import” does nothing to improve, or even detectibly change, the situation. I didn’t use a boot backup because the last boot(s) were not useful. I have told the customer that since the valuable data directories are on a separate file system (which fsck’s as clean so it is intact) we could just re-install solaris 10 on the / partition. But that seems like an awfully windows-like solution to inflict on this problem. So. Any ideas what piece is broken and how I might fix it?

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• Operative systems on SD cards

  - by HisDudeness

  I was getting some wild ideas the last days, like putting some operative systems into SD cards rather than on my hard drive. I'll go further into details now and explain what lead me to consider this probably abominable decision. I am on a laptop (that means I have a native SD-card reader) which is currently running a cross-distro setup, with a bunch of Linux systems (placed in dedicated ext4 logical partitions into a huge extended one) regulated by an unique GRUB. Since today, my laptop haven't even seen any Windows system with binoculars. I was thinking about placing all the os part of my setup into a Secure Digital to save all my 500 Gb Hard Drive for documents, music, videos and so on, and being able to just remove the SD and boot my system into another computer too, as well as having the possibility of booting other systems into mine by just plugging in another SD, without having to keep it constantly placed in my PC. Also, in the remote case in the near future I just wanted to boot Windows 8 in it, I read it causes major boot incompatibility issues with other systems by needing a digital signature in order for them to start. By having it in a removable drive, I could just get rid of it when I'm needing him and switch its card with Linux one, and so not having any obstacles to their boot. Now, my questions are: I know unlikely traditional rotating disk drives, integrated circuits ones have a limited lifespan in terms of cluster rewriting. Is it an obstacle to that kind of usage? I mean, some Ultrabooks are using SSD now, is it the same issue, or there are some differences between Solid State Drives and Secure Digitals in that sense? Maybe having them to store system files which are in fixed positions (making the even-usage of cluster technology useless) constantly being re-read and updated and similar things just gets them soon unserviceable, do it? Second question: are all motherboards and BIOSes able to boot from SDs just like they are from USB pen drives (I mean, provided card reader is USB-connected, isn't it)? Or can't bootloaders like GRUB be installed on SDs working? If they can't, is it a solution installing GRUB to MBR and making boot option pointing to SD? Will it work? Are there any other problems to installing OSs on a Secure Digital?

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• NGiNX performance degrades over time.

  - by Rylea Stark

  So here's the situation, I run a small cluster, Dedicated box for MySQL, and a dedicated PHP-FPM/NGINX box, Nginx talks to php-fpm via socket, As far as i can tell the problem does not lie in php-fpm, it lies somewhere in my configuration. What happens, is the site loads instant for a few moments after starting and slowly starts to degrade to load times of greater than 2 seconds, eventually taking 12 seconds to complete a load, PHP is configured to close a child after 175 requests, and spawn 20 at start and have a max of 60. Not really sure where the bottle neck is, most of my code is optimized and works flawlessly, but these issues with nginx will most likely force me to switch back over to Apache, And I really dont want to do that, NGINX.conf configuration below. user www-data; worker_processes 4; worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 512; multi_accept on; use epoll; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; resolver_timeout 5s; satisfy all; ## Size Limits limit_zone brainbug $binary_remote_addr 5m; client_body_buffer_size 8k; client_header_buffer_size 75M; client_max_body_size 1k; large_client_header_buffers 2 1k; ## Timeouts client_body_timeout 60; client_header_timeout 60; keepalive_timeout 60; send_timeout 60; ## General Options ignore_invalid_headers on; recursive_error_pages on; sendfile on; server_name_in_redirect off; server_tokens off; ## TCP options tcp_nodelay on; #tcp_nopush on; output_buffers 128 512k; gzip on; gzip_http_version 1.0; gzip_comp_level 7; gzip_proxied any; gzip_min_length 0; gzip_buffers 32 32k; gzip_types text/plain text/html text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript image/jpeg image/png image/gif; ## Disable GZIP for MSIE 1-6 gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6].(?!.*SV1)"; ## Set a vary header so downstream proxies don't send cached gzipped content to IE6 gzip_vary on; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; }

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• How to set up a file server in a restricted corporate environment

  - by Emilio M Bumachar

  I work in a big corporation, and the disk space my team gets in the corporate file server is so low, I am considering turning my work PC into a file server. I ask this community for links to tutorials, software suggestions, and advice in general about how to set it up. My machine is an Intel Core2Duo E7500 @ 3GHz, 3 GB of RAM, Running Windows XP Service Pack 3. Upgrading, formatting or installing another OS is out of the question. But I do have Administrator priviledges on the PC, and I can install programs (at least for now). A lot of security software I don't even know about is and must remain installed. But I only need communication whithin the corporate network, which is not restricted. People have usernames (logins) on the corporate network, and I need to use them to restrict access. Simply put, I have a list of logins of team members, and only people in the list should access the files. I have about 150 GB of free disk space. I'm thinking of allocating 100 GB to the team's shared files. I plan monthly backups on machines of co-workers, same configuration. But automation of backups is a nice, unnecessary feature: it's totally acceptable for me to manually copy the contents to a different machine once a month. Uptime is important, as everyone would use these files in their daily work. I have experience as a python and C programmer, but no experience whatsoever as a sysadmin, and almost nothing of my programming experience is network programming. I'm a complete beginner in this. Thanks in advance for any help. EDIT I honestly appreciate all the warnings, I really do, but what I plan to make available is mostly stuff that now is solely on DVDs just for space reasons. It's 'daily work' to read them, but 'daily work write' files will remain on the corporate server. As for the importance of uptime, I think I overstated it: a few outages are OK, it's already an improvement over getting the DVDs. As for policy, my manager is kind of on my side, I will confirm that before making my move. As for getting more space through the proper channels, well, that was Plan A, and it's still on the table... But I don't have much hope. I'm not as "core businees" as I'd like.

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• Automating silent software deployments on Solaris 10

  - by datSilencer

  Hello everyone. Essentially, the question I'd like to ask is related to the automation of software package deployments on Solaris 10. Specifically, I have a set of software components in tar files that run as daemon processes after being extracted and configured in the host environment. Pretty much like any server side software package out there, I need to ensure that a list of prerequisites are met before extracting and running the software. For example: Checking that certain users exists, and they are associated with one or many user groups. If not, then create them and their group associations. Checking that target application folders exist and if not, then create them with preconfigured path values defined when the package was assembled. Checking that such folders have the appropriate access control level and ownership for a certain user. If not, then set them. Checking that a set of environment variables are defined in /etc/profile, pointed to predefined path locations, added to the general $PATH environment variable, and finally exported into the user's environment. Other files include /etc/services and /etc/system. Obviously, doing this for many boxes (the goal in question) by hand can be slow and error prone. I believe a better alternative is to somehow automate this process. So far I have thought about the following options, and discarded them for one reason or another. 1) Traditional shell scripts. I've only troubleshooted these before, and I don't really have much experience with them. These would be my last resort. 2) Python scripts using the pexpect library for analyzing system command output. This was my initial choice since the target Solaris environments have it installed. However, I want to make sure that I'm not reinveting the wheel again :P. 3) Ant or Gradle scripts. They may be an option since the boxes also have java 1.5 enabled, and the fileset abstractions can be very useful. However, they may fall short when dealing with user and folder permissions checking/setting. It seems obvious to me that I'm not the first person in this situation, but I don't seem to find a utility framework geared towards this purpose. Please let me know if there's a better way to accomplish this. I thank you for your time and help.

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• Keep source IP after NAT

  - by John Miller

  Until today I used a cheapy router so I can share my internet connection and keep a webserver online too, while using NAT. Users IP ($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) was fine, I was seeing class A IPs of users. But as traffic grown up everyday, I had to install a Linux Server (Debian) to share my Internet Connection, because my old router couldn't keep the traffic anymore. I shared the internet via IPTABLES using NAT, but now, after forwarding port 80 to my webserver, now instead of seeing real users IP, I see my Gateway IP (Linux Internal IP) as any user IP Address. How to solve this issue? I edited my post, so I can paste the rules I'm currently using. #!/bin/sh #I made a script to set the rules #I flush everything here. iptables --flush iptables --table nat --flush iptables --delete-chain iptables --table nat --delete-chain iptables -F iptables -X # I drop everything as a general rule, but this is disabled under testing # iptables -P INPUT DROP # iptables -P OUTPUT DROP # these are the loopback rules iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT # here I set the SSH port rules, so I can connect to my server iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --sport 513:65535 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 22 --dport 513:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # These are the forwards for 80 port iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -s 0/0 -d xx.xx.xx.xx --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.42.3:80 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -d xx.xx.xx.xx -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.42.3 iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -s 192.168.42.3 --sport 80 -j ACCEPT # These are the forwards for bind/dns iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp -s 0/0 -d xx.xx.xx.xx --dport 53 -j DNAT --to 192.168.42.3:53 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -d xx.xx.xx.xx -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.42.3 iptables -A FORWARD -p udp -s 192.168.42.3 --sport 53 -j ACCEPT # And these are the rules so I can share my internet connection iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0:1 -j ACCEPT If I delete the MASQUERADE part, I see my real IP while echoing it with PHP, but I don't have internet. How to do, to have internet and see my real IP while ports are forwarded too? ** xx.xx.xx.xx - is my public IP. I hid it for security reasons.

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• Problem with several USB devices on Windows XP. How to diagnose USB device?

  - by Lukasz Baran

  Hello All, Recently I've bought some electronic devices (like e.g. Sony Ebook reader PRS-600 or HP PDA IPaq) which are connected to PC using USB ports. These devices have own batteries and they are recharged using USB. However, I am experiencing a problem with Ebook Reader and the similiar thing happens with my PDA (but in this case it's more rare). Sometimes, I am unable to make it start recharging, when it's connected to USB port. The LCD diode on my Reader lights up and the icon in the system tray appears. They both indicate that the device has been connected. However, the device should start recharching and it should appear on Windows XP as a 'explorable' device (just like pendrive it offers some HDDs). None of these happens:( This problem appears on two PCs - desktop and laptop. Both have Windows XP SP3 installed. And what's interesting and surprising to me is the fact that these devices sometimes work without any problems. I mean, I just plug them in and they work properly. Besides that, there are some computers (I have tested a variety of possible conditions) on which the problem does not appear! I am confused and, on the other hand, determined to find out what is the real cause of such strange behavior. Maybe I'm wrong but I always assumed that I'm using deterministic machines, but the described situation makes me feel like I was dreaming:) And that's why I'm asking you here. Are there any tools that could help me diagnose USB ports? Or maybe anyone knows the solution? I have a lot experience with low level programming (mostly from the times of MS-DOS applications), but I'm not an expert when it comes to WinXP technology. If this was a problem with network connection, I would know what to do - I know how to track network traffic, but with USB ports I feel powerless. I have a feeling that the problem may lie in a way WinXP handles USB devices. Personally, I hate auto-discovery and P'n'P features available in Windows. I know that some of may suggest to move to Linux or other *Nix system. Unfortunately, I have to use WinXP in my professional life, so it's rather impossible. Besides that, I don't consider XP as a total disaster. Any help from you will be appreciated!

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• Tool or script to detect moved or renamed files on Linux prior to a backup

  - by Pharaun

  Basically I am searching to see if there exists a tool or script that can detect moved or renamed files so that I can get a list of renamed/moved files and apply the same operation on the other end of the network to conserve on bandwidth. Basically disk storage is cheap but bandwidth isn't, and the problem is that the files often will be reorganized or moved around into a better directory structure thus when you use rsync to do the backup, rsync won't notice that its a renamed or moved file and re-transmission it over the network all over again despite having the same file on the other end. So I am wondering if there exists a script or tool that can record where all the files are and their names, then just prior to a backup, it would rescan and detect moved or renamed files, then I can take that list and re-apply the move/rename operation on the other side. Here's a list of the "general" features of the files: Large unchanging files They can be renamed or moved around [Edit:] These all are good answers, and what I end up doing in the end was looking at all of the answers and will be writing some code to deal with this. Basically what I am thinking/working on now is: Using something like AIDE for the "initial" scan and enable me to keep checksums on the files because they are supposed to never change, so it would aid on detecting corruption. Creating an inotify daemon that would monitor these files/directory and recording any changes relating to renames & moving the files around to a log file. There are some edge cases where inotify might fail to record that something happened to the file system, thus there is a final step of using find to search the file system for files that has a change time latter than the last backup. This has several benefits: Checksums/etc from AIDE to be able to check/make sure that some media did not get corrupt Inotify keeps resource usage low and no need to re-scan the filesystem over and over No need to patch rsync; If I have to patch things I can, but I would prefer to avoid patching things to keep the burden lower, (IE don't need to re-patch everytime there is an update). I've used Unison before and its really nice, however I could've sworn that Unison does keep copies around on the filesystem and that its "archive" files can grow to be rather large?

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• Recognizing Dell EquilLogic with Nagios

  - by user3677595

  EDIT: All firmware and models are compatible, that is why nothing is posted about it. Okay, so there will be a lot here, so please bare with me. I've been working on this now for a few hours (reading manuals and such) so I'm not just coming here right out of the blue. I am working on a PRE-EXISTING Nagios server where there are several other existing plugins and checks running and working. Now I want to add another server there to check so I made the following modifications: First and foremost, I added a file to /usr/local/nagios/libexec named: check_equallogic.sh. The permissions are 755, the same as all others. I have chowned to nagios:nagios and in the listing it shows the Owner as Nagios. I then added a command to the commands.cfg file in \usr\local\nagios\etc\objects that shows the following: # 'check_equallogic' command definition define command{ command_name check_equallogic command_line $USER1$/check_equallogic -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -t $ARG2$ $ARG3$ } Following this, I created a file named equallogic.cfg in the objects directory and it contains (more or less): define host{ use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a template host_name 172.16.50.11 ; The name we're giving to this device alias EqualLogic ; A longer name associated with the device address 172.16.50.11 ; IP address of the device contact_groups admins } Check Equallogic Information define service{ use generic-service host_name 172.16.50.11 service_description General Information check_command check_equallogic!public!info } After ensuring that permissions are okay for all files, I restart the nagios service, no errors. When I go into the WebGUI, I get the following errors AFTER the check runs: (Return code of 127 is out of bounds - plugin may be missing) Extra, probably unrelated problem Furthermore, when I log into the EquilLogic server, under Audit logs I get the following error: Level: AUDIT Time: 26/05/2014 3:59:13 PM Member: ps4100-1 Subsystem: agent Event ID: 22.7.1 SNMP packet validation failed, request received from 172.16.10.11 An snmpwalk receives a timeout, whereas others succeed. I will work on importing the MIBs tomorrow. The reason why I am mentioning it is because I want to make sure that it is only a MIB issue for the SNMP. If it is, then ignore this area. I am entirely unsure of what to do here.

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• I want to virtualize my workstation (Tier 1), Looking for Bare Metal Hypervisor for consumer grade components

  - by Chase Florell

  I find myself in this similar bind at least once a year. The bind whereby I'm either upgrading a motherboard, or an OS hard drive. It drives me crazy to have to reinstall Windows, Visual Studio, all my addins, reconfigure my settings etc... every single time. I have a layout and I like and I want to stick with it. My question is... Is there a Bare Metal Hypervisor on the market that will enable me to virtualize my consumer grade workstation? I really want to avoid Host/Client virtualization. Bare Metal is definitely a better way to go for my needs. Is this a good approach, or am I going to suffer some other undesirable side effects by doing this? Clarification My machine has very limited purposes. My primary use is Visual Studio 2010 Professional where I develop ASP.NET MVC Web Applications. The second piece of software that I use (that's system intensive) is Photoshop CS3. Beyond that, my applications are limited to Outlook, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, LinqPad, and various other (small) apps. Beyond this, I'm considering working on a node.js project and might run ubuntu on the same hypervisor if possible. System Specs: Gigabyte Motherboard Intel i7 920 12 GB Ram basic 500GB 7200RPM HDD for OS 4 VelociRaptors in Raid 1/0 for build disk Dual GTS250 (512MB) Graphics cards (non SLI) for quad monitors On a side note I also wouldn't be opposed to an alternative suggestion if the limitations are too great. I could install the ESXi (or Zen Server) on my box, and build a separate "thin client" to RDP into the virtual machine. It appears as though RDP supports dual monitors. Edit (Dec 9, 2011) It's been nearly a year since I first asked this question. Since then, there have been a lot of great strides in Hypervisor technology... AND MokaFive is now released for corporate use. I'd love to dig into this question a little more and find out if there is a solid BareMetal Hypervisor for workstations running consumer grade components (IE: not Dell, HP, Lenovo, Etc).

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• Postfix issues sending mail to addresses under domain located on server

  - by iamthewit

  I recently installed virtualmin on my nice shiny new rackspace cloud. Everything went seemlessly but I've been having some issues getting emails to send properly. The problem seems to be that the server can not send mail to email addresses where the domain is owned by my server. For example, on my server I run multiple virtual domains, lets call this one test.com. When I run the mail command from shell (mail [email protected]) I get the following back from my maillog: Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/pickup[8737]: DC1131612CC: uid=0 from= Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/cleanup[8769]: DC1131612CC: [email protected] Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/qmgr[8738]: DC1131612CC: [email protected], size=353, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/error[8771]: DC1131612CC: [email protected], relay=none, delay=0, delays=0/0/0/0, dsn=5.0.0, status=bounced (User unknown in virtual alias table) Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/cleanup[8769]: DD07D1612D1: [email protected] Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/bounce[8772]: DC1131612CC: sender non-delivery notification: DD07D1612D1 Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/qmgr[8738]: DD07D1612D1: from=<, size=2268, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/qmgr[8738]: DC1131612CC: removed Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/local[8773]: DD07D1612D1: [email protected], relay=local, delay=0.03, delays=0/0/0/0.03, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (delivered to command: /usr/bin/procmail-wrapper -o -a $DOMAIN -d $LOGNAME) Oct 6 14:55:18 test postfix/qmgr[8738]: DD07D1612D1: removed when I run mail [email protected] the message is sent and received perfectly fine. I'm a bit of a noob when it comes to servers, but I pick things up fairly quickly, so please excuse any incorrect terminology and my general noobiness. Any help would be greatly appreciated, I've been googling for quite a while but I haven't found a solution yet, I'll add a copy of my main.cf file in a response below cheers guys here is the reformatted postconf, do you want the reformatted main.cf file too, or is this enough? alias_database = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes command_directory = /usr/sbin config_directory = /etc/postfix daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfix debug_peer_level = 2 home_mailbox = Maildir/ html_directory = no mailbox_command = /usr/bin/procmail-wrapper -o -a $DOMAIN -d $LOGNAME mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq.postfix manpage_directory = /usr/share/man myhostname = server.test.com newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases.postfix readme_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.3.3/README_FILES sample_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.3.3/samples sender_bcc_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/bcc sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail.postfix setgid_group = postdrop smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual

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• Diff 2 files while ignoring parts of lines

  - by Millianz

  I would like to diff a file system. Currently my bash script prints out the file system recursively into a file (ls -l -R) and diffs it with an expected output. An example for a line in this file would be: drw---- 100000f3 00000400 0 ./foo/ My current diff command is diff "$TEMP_LOG" "$DIFF_FILE_OUT" --strip-trailing-cr --changed-group-format='%' --unchanged-group-format='' "$SubLog" As you can see I ignore additional lines in the current output file, I only care about lines that match with the master output. I now have the problem though that some files may differ in size, or a folder might even have a different name, but due to it's location I know what access rights it should have. For example: Output: ------- 00000000 00000000 528 ./foo/bar.txt Master: ------- 00000000 00000000 200 ./foo/bar.txt Only the size differs here, and it doesn't matter, I would like to just ignore certain parts of the diff, kind of like an ansi c comment. Master: ------- 00000000 00000000 /*200*/ ./foo/bar.txt -- OR -- Master: d------ 00000000 00000000 /*10*/ ./foo//*123123*///*76456546*//bar.txt Output: d------ 00000000 00000000 0 ./foo/asd/sdf/bar.txt And still have it diff correctly. Is this even possible with diff, or will I have to write a custom script for it? Since I'm fairly new to cygwin I might be using the completely wrong tool all together, I'm happy for any suggestions. Update: Taking a step back, here is the general task at hand that I want to achieve. I want to write a script that checks the file system to see if the read/write permissions are set up correctly. The structure of the file system is under my control, so I don't have to worry about it changing too much. Sometimes folders/files might not be present, but if they are their permissions must be checked. For Example assume that the following is a snapshot of the current file system structure drw ./foo drw ./foo/bar -rw ./foow/bar/bar.txt drw ./foo/baz -rw ./foo/baz/baz.txt And this is what the file system structure might dictate, i.e. if these folders / files are present, the permissions must match. drw ./foo drw ./foo/bar -rw ./foo/bar/bar.txt --- ./foo/bar/foobar.txt drw ./foo/baz -rw ./foo/baz/foobaz.txt In this case the file system checked out ok, since all files present match their expected values. The situation becomes more complicated as soon as certain folders might have any arbitrary name, only due to their location I know what their permissions should be. Assume that the directory ./foo/bar in the above example might be such a case, i.e. instead of bar the folder could have any name, but still match the -rw permissions. This seems like a very complicated situation, and I'm not even sure if I can solve it with bash scripting alone. I might have to write an actual application.

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• Second HDD not seen by Windows 7 on Dell Xps l501x

  - by George

  I have a Dell XPS Laptop (l501x). I have replaced the original Seagate 500GB hard drive with an SSD Intel 320 120GB when I first purchased it a year ago. It's been working great. The laptop is booting in about 23 seconds, so the SSD is great. I have an Acronis image created that I came back to every three months just to keep everything clean. The SSD is partitioned with one logical drive for my data. So, recently I thought since I am not using my optical drive often enough to swap it out with a HDD caddy and add my seagate 500gb hard drive. I ordered the caddy placed the HDD in it and now load Windows. It just hangs on the screen that should show the Windows logo. I have tried everything that I know and searched it online. I have uninstalled the SATA controller AHCI and let Windows install it. Still will not boot into windows. I wanted to mention that the Seagate 500GB drive was the one that came with my laptop before I switched to the Intel SSD. As you know Intel has this application called Intel Rapid Technology which loads once in a while and shows the second hard drive, but then, when I restart it hangs again and Windows will not load. As soon as I remove the HDD Caddy and restart it loads Windows fine. I also formated the Seagate 500GB HDD in NTFS and still Windows will not load. When I go into the BIOS it shows the Fixed SSD and also "Sata ODD 500GB" instead of the optical drive but it will not boot into Windows when the HDD caddy is present. There is nothing wrong with the caddy. I have another laptop (Asus) and I installed the HDD caddy and Windows 7 loads without any glitch. I don't get it. I have also flashed the BIOS because Dell had a new version (A08). I also wanted to add that I refreshed Disk Management and the Device Manager and the second drive does not display. At this point I think it's a Windows issue so before I reinstall Windows 7 Home Premium from scratch I wanted to see if there was anything I was missing. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

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• Can you set up a gaming LAN using OpenVPN installed in a VMware guest OS and be playing the game on the host OS?

  - by Coder

  I would like to setup a gaming VPN. Ie. I have some games that work over LAN and would like to play them with people that are not on my LAN. I know I can do this with OpenVPN. My ultimate goal would be to run OpenVPN portably on my host OS and not even need any virtualization. As such i don't want to install it on my host, but i'm fine with running it portably. I'm even fine with temporarily adding registry keys, and then running a .reg file to remove these entries once i'm done. To this effect i have installed OpenVPN on a virtual machine and diffed the registry. I then manually (using a .reg file) added all the keys that seem important on my host OS and copied the installation folder of OpenVPN onto my host machine. Then i try to run openVPN GUI 1.0.3 as a test and it says "Error opening registy for reading (HKLM\SOFTWARE\OpenVPN). OpenVPN is probably not installed". I verified that that key is indeed in the registry with all subkeys and it looks correct. I have tried running the GUI as an administrator and in compatibility mode with no success. I am running Windows 7. If this fails then i would be happy with installing OpenVPN on a virtual machine in VMWare but they key is that i will be running the game installed on my host machine. The first question for this option is if this is even possible. The second is, that I can't get the VM to have internet access if I use bridging but i can if i use NAT. Is it possible to do this game VPN setup with VMWare guest OS running using NAT? Summary of questions: -Is it possible to run openVPN portably and if so what did i miss above? -If it's not possible to run it portably, then can setup a gaming LAN by installing OpenVPN in a guest OS with NAT and how can i do this? -If the above is not possible then can i install OpenVPN in a guest using bridging and if so how can i set this up with a Windows 7 host and Windows XP guest as currently i can't get the guest to be able to access the internet in bridging mode, but it working in NAT mode. -In general is there any good documentation on setting up a gaming LAN with OpenVPN (i am using 2.1.4) as i have never set up a VPN of any sort before so any help would be much appreciated. Thanks!

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• What Sort of Server Setup Am I Likely to Need? - School A/V streaming

  - by DeathMagus

  My prior experience with servers has generally been limited to home file-sharing servers, low-traffic web-servers, and the like. This leaves me with the technical knowledge of how to set up a system, but little experience in terms of scaling said system. My current project, however, has me as the technical lead in setting up a school for online audio and video streaming. The difficulty I'm running into is that I don't quite have the experience to guess what they'll need, and they don't have the experience to tell me - so I've tried to ask as many pertinent questions about what they want to do with their server, and here's what I found out: About 1000 simultaneous users, and hoping to expand (possibly significantly) Both video and audio streaming, at obviously the highest quality possible Support for both live and playlist-based streaming. Probably only one channel, but as it's an educational opportunity, I imagine letting them have a few more wouldn't hurt. No word on whether they're locked into Windows or whether Linux is acceptable. Approximate budget - $7000. It may actually be about $2k less than this, because of a mishap with another technology firm (they ordered a $7000 DV tape deck for some reason, and now the company wants them to pay a 30% restocking fee). The tentative decisions I've already made: I'm planning on using Icecast 2 for my streaming server, fed by VLC Shoutcast encoding. Since the school already has a DMZ set up, I plan on placing the Icecast server in there, and feeding it through their intranet from a simple workstation computer in their studios. This system isn't in any way mission critical - it's an education tool (they're a media magnet school), so I figure redundancy is not worthwhile to them from a cost:benefit perspective. What I don't know is this: How powerful of a server will I need? What is likely to be my major throttle - bandwidth? How can I mitigate that? Will I need anything special for the encoding workstation other than professional video and audio capture cards and a copy of VLC? Are there any other considerations that I'm simply missing? Thanks a lot for any help - if there's more information you need, let me know and I'll tell you all I can.

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• Can Remote Desktop Services be deployed and administered by PowerShell alone, without a Domain in WIndows Server 2012 and 2012 R2?

  - by Warren P

  Windows Server 2008 R2 allowed deployment of Terminal Server (Remote Desktop Services) without a domain, and without any insistence on domains. This was very useful, especially for standalone virtual or cloud deployments of a server that is managed remotely for a remote client who has no need or desire for any ActiveDirectory or Domain features. This has become steadily more and more difficult as Microsoft restricts its technologies further and further in each Windows release. With Windows Server 2012, configuring licensing for Remote Desktop Services, is more difficult when not on a domain, but possible still. With Windows Server 2012 R2 (at least in the preview) the barriers are now severe: The Add/Remove Roles and Features wizard in Windows Server 2012 R2 has a special RDS deployment mode that has a rule that says if you aren't on a domain you can't deploy. It tells you to create or join a domain first. This of course comes in direct conflict with the fact that an Active Directory domain controller should not be the same machine as a terminal server machine. So Microsoft's technology is not such much a Cloud Operating System as a Cluster of Unwanted Nodes, needed to support the one machine I actually WANT to deploy. This is gross, and so I am trying to find a workaround. However if you skip that wizard and just go check the checkboxes in the main Roles/Features wizard, you can deploy the features, but the UI is not there to configure them, and when you go back to the RDS configuration page on the roles wizard, you get a message saying you can not administer your Remote Desktop Services system when you are logged in as a Local-Computer Administrator, because although you have all admin priveleges you could have (in your workgroup based system), the RDS configuration UI will not accept those credentials and let you continue. My question in brief is, can I still somehow, obtain the following end result: I need to allow 10-20 users per system to have an RDS (TS) session. I do not need any of the fancy pants RDS options, unless Microsoft somehow depends on those features being present. I believe I need the "RDS Session Host" as this is the guts of "Terminal Server". Microsoft says it is "full Windows desktop for Remote Desktop Services client. I need to configure licensing so that the Grace Period does not expire leaving my RDS non functional, so this probably means I need a way to configure TS CALs. If all of the above could technically be done with the judicious use of the PowerShell, I am prepared to even consider developing all the PowerShell scripts I would need to do the above. I'm not asking someone to write that for me. What I'm asking is, does anyone know if there is a technical impediment to what I want to do above, other than the deliberate crippling of the 2012 R2 UI for Workgroup users? Would the underlying technologies all still work if I manipulate and control them from a PowerShell script? Obviously a 1 word Yes or No answer isn't that useful to anyone, so the question is really, yes or no, and why? In the case the answer is Yes, then how.

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• Google analytics and multiple independent subdomains

  - by MTilsted

  I need some help trying to setup google analytics correct. Here is my setup: We host sites for multiple customers, and each customer have their own subdomain on our site. So we have customerA.oursite.com and customerB.oursite.com As we add more customers we get more subdomains. We do want to track all data for each customer independent, but I don't want to to create a new google tracking code for each new customer. So my plan is to track all visits with "oursite.com", and then I will create a filter in google Analytics to get data for each specific customer(All visits for a specific subdomain). Is this(One tracking code, and a subdomain filter) the right way to do it? To create a subdomain filter i add a new profile for each customer, and then add a custom filter saying include "Request URI" and fill in "CustomerDomain.oursite.com". Is this the correct way to do it? And a general question about filters: Is it really impossible to create a new filter by applying it to data in an existing profile? I would really like to just collect all the data in one "main" profile and then create subdomain filters as we need them. But it seems that google only apply filters to new incomming data, not existing data. Is this really true? The following is my tracking code. Is '_setDomainName','none' the right thing to do? <script type="text/javascript"> /* Tracking code for qrtown.com */ var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-11584298-10']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'none']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script>

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• MS DPM 2007: Testing the Recovery for a Production Domain

  - by NewToDPM

  Hi everybody! MS DPM 2007 is a new technology in my company, and so am I to the product. We have a classic Microsoft domain with two DCs, Exchange 2007 and a couple Web/MS SQL servers. I have deployed DPM one month ago on the domain, and after fixing the various issues I got with the replicas inconsistence and adapting the schedule and retention range to the server storage pool size, I can say the backup system is working correctly (no errors) as of today. However, there is one problem: we did not attempt to restore from the backups yet, which is a big no-no of course. I'm not sure about the way I should handle this, my main concern being Exchange and the System State of the DCs. From my understanding, DPM can only protect AND restore data on a server which is part of the same domain as the backup server. If I restore the System State (containing Active Directory) and the Exchange Storage Groups on a testing server, I am afraid it would completely disturb the domain functioning (for example, having two primary DCs on the domain). I am thinking about building a second DPM server on a testing separate domain which would mirror the replicas and then restore it on testing servers from this new domain. Is it the right way to handle the data recovery testing? How did you do on your domain when you first deployed DPM? I'd be grateful for any link/documentation or advice. Thank you in advance for your help! EDIT: Two options seem possible so far: i. Create another DC/Exchange server in the alternate location; ii. Create a separate domain in the alternate location and setup a trust between this domain and the production one. The option i is certainly the best but implies setting up a secondary Exchange server, with a dedicated public IP address so that if Exchange #1 dies, we can still send emails with Exchange #2. I don't know how complex this can be and would need to discuss it with my colleagues. The option ii would only fit the testing purposes. My only question regarding this is: if my production and DPM servers are part of domain A, and there is a trust between domains A and B, can I restore a domain A content to any domain B server?

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• Managing hosts and iptables in scalable architecture

  - by hakunin

  Let's say I have a load balancer in front of 3 app servers. Let's say I also have these services available at certain IPs: Postgres server Redis server ElasticSearch server Memcached server 1 Memcached server 2 Memcached server 3 So that's 6 nodes at 6 different IP addresses. Naturally, every one of my 3 app servers needs to talk to these 6 servers above. Then, to make it a bit funkier, I also have 3 worker servers. And each worker also talks to the above 6 servers, but thankfully workers and apps never need to talk to each other. Now's the kicker. Everything is on Digital Ocean VPS. What that means is: you have no private network, no private IPs. You only have separate, random IP address on each machine. You can't mask them or anything. So in order to build a secure environment I would have to configure some iptables. For example: Open app servers be accessed by load balancer server Open redis, ES, PG, and each memcached servers to be accessed by each app's IP and each worker's IP This means that every time I add an app or worker I have to also reconfigure iptables in those above 6 servers to welcome the new app or worker. Is there a way to simplify this type of setup? I was thinking — what if there was a gateway machine between apps/workers and the above 6 machines. This way all the interaction would always happen via the gateway server, and when I add a new app or worker I wouldn't need to teach the 6 servers to let it in. If I went this route, then I'd hope a small 512mb server could handle that perhaps, and there wouldn't be almost any overhead. Or would there? Please help with best way to handle this situation. I would appreciate an answer as concrete as possible. I don't think this is too specific, because this general architecture is very common, and Digital Ocean is becoming increasingly popular. A concrete solution here would be much appreciated by many.

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• Linux Best Practices

  - by Zac

  I'm a life-long Windows developer switching over to Linux for the first time, and I'm starting off with Ubuntu to ease the learning curve. My new laptop will primarily be a development machine: 6GB RAM, 320 GB HD. I'd like there to be 2 non-root users: (a) Development, which will always be me, and (b) Guest, for anyone else. I assume the root user is added by default, like System Administrator in Windows. (1) I'd like to mount /home to its own partition, but how does this work if I have two user accounts (Development and Guest)? Are there 2 separate /home directories, or do they get shared? Is it possible to allocate more space for Development and only a tiny bit of space for Guest in GRUB2? How?!?! (2) I'm assuming that its okay that all of my development tools (Eclipse & plugins, SVN, JUnit, ant, etc.) and Java will end up getting installed in non-/home directories such as /usr and /opt, but that my Eclipse/SVN workspace will live under my /home directory on a separate partition... any problems, issues, concerns with that? (3) As far as partitioning schemes, nothing too complicated, but not plain Jane either: Boot Partition, 512 MB, in case I want to install other OSes Ubuntu & non-/home file system, 187.5 GB Swap Partition, 12 GB = RAM x 2 /home Partition, 120 GB I don't have any bulky media data (I don't have music or video libraries, this is a lean and mean dev machine) so having 320 GB is like winning the lottery and not knowing what to do with all this space. I figured I'd give a little extra space to the OS/FS partition since I'll be running JEE containers locally and doing a lot of file IO, logging and other memory-instensive operations. Any issues, problems, concerns, suggestions? (4) I was thinking about using ext4; seems to have good filestamping without any space ceiling for me to hit. Any other suggestions for a dev machine? (5) I read somewhere that you need to be careful when you install software as the root user, but I can't remember why. What general caveats do I need to be aware of when doing things (installing packages, making system configurations, etc.) as root vs "Development" user? Thanks!

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• SMBfs mounting OK, listing OK, Read KO, smbclient OK

  - by Kwaio

  I've tried to make the title the most meaningfull I could but it still looks ugly. The premises. We are using RHEL3-U8 as OS on most servers here, don't ask me why or suggest to upgrade, it's not on today's schedule. That means kernel used is 2.4.21 I have no access to the remote server, but I know it is a netApp NAS rack. $> smbclient --version Version 3.0.9-1.3E.9 Here is the /etc/fstab line : //NASHOSTNAME/share /mnt/mydir smbfs ro,uid=123,gid=123,workgroup=XXXX,credentials=/somefile 0 0 Here is the following mount output line //NASHOSTNAME/share on /mnt/mydir type smbfs (0) The symptoms. I can list the share without problems, even cd in there. The issue appears if I try to read any file : $> cat /mnt/mydir/fileX.txt cat: /mnt/mydir/fileX.txt: Input/output error In the system logs (/var/log/kernel for example) the following errors appear. Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_open: fileX.txt open failed, result=-5 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_open: fileX.txt open failed, result=-5 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_readpage_sync: fileX.txt open failed, error=-5 The ERRHRD code 0x001F error is "General hardware failure" although it seems samba sometimes uses it for a different purpose, see http://www.ubiqx.org/cifs/SMB.html [Strange behaviour Alert] Additionnal informations : There is another SMB mountpoint on the system pointing to a (linux) host using samba and this one works. What I have tried. I have tried adding debug=4 to the mounting options and remounting the share and the logs still look the same. I have tried to mount the share with smbclient and I am able to fetch files with the get command. Both targets are in the same subnet, so network problem should be out, even if the LAN goes through a VPN with optimizers, MTU has already been decreased to 1450. I can also mount the share through NFS but then the files are all root.root 700 and I need to read them with another user...

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• Can not get sound over hdmi in kubuntu 9.10

  - by user32509

  I have used a hdmi cable to connect my lcd (which is connected with my speakers) with my nvida 275 gtx grafic card. I can not get the sound output to work. The hardware itself is working probably - I tested it under windows. Currently I am running Kubuntu 9.10 64 with Nvidia 190.53. The sound output worked fine before I installed the hdmi connection. (German output - i can change it, if you tell me how :)) aplay -l **** Liste von PLAYBACK Geräten **** Karte 0: Intel [HDA Intel], Gerät 0: ALC889A Analog [ALC889A Analog] Untergeordnete Geräte: 1/1 Untergeordnetes Gerät '0: subdevice #0 Karte 0: Intel [HDA Intel], Gerät 1: ALC889A Digital [ALC889A Digital] Untergeordnete Geräte: 1/1 Untergeordnetes Gerät '0: subdevice #0 aplay -L front:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog Front speakers surround40:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Analog 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers iec958:CARD=Intel,DEV=0 HDA Intel, ALC889A Digital IEC958 (S/PDIF) Digital Audio Output null Discard all samples (playback) or generate zero samples (capture) pulse Playback/recording through the PulseAudio sound server And i disabled mute in kmix an all channels :) Edit: lspci -v ... 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02) Subsystem: Giga-byte Technology Device a022 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 22 Memory at ea400000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [60] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [130] Root Complex Link <?> Kernel driver in use: HDA Intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel ... cat /proc/asound/version Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.20. lsmod | grep snd_hda_intel snd_hda_intel 31880 2 snd_hda_codec 87584 2 snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel snd_pcm 93160 3 snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_pcm_oss snd 77096 16 snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hwdep,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_seq_oss,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device snd_page_alloc 10928 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm I think I am missing the something-hdmi module? Is there such a thing?

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• Why would a process monitoring script use exit 1; on finding no problems?

  - by user568458

  General question: On a Linux (Centos) server, if a process monitoring script run by cron is set to close with exit 1; rather than exit 0; on finding that everything is okay and that no action is needed, is that a mistake? Or are there legitimate reasons for calling exit 1; instead of exit 0; on the "Everything's fine, no action needed" condition? exit 0; on finding no problems seems to me to be more appropriate. But maybe there's something I'm not aware of. For example, maybe there's something specific to Cron? Or maybe there's a convention in process monitoring scripts that 'failure' means 'this script failed to need to fix a problem' (rather than what I would expect which is that exit 1; would mean 'the process being monitored has failed'?) My specific case: I'm looking at a process monitoring script written by my web hosting company. By process monitoring script, I mean a script executed by Cron on a regular basis that checks if an important system process is running, and if it isn't running, takes actions such as mailing an administrator or restarting the process. Here's the (generalised) structure of their script, for a service running on port 8080 (in this case, Apache Tomcat): SERVICE=$(/usr/sbin/lsof -i tcp:8080 | wc -l); if [ $SERVICE != 0 ]; then exit 1; else #take action fi Seems simple enough even for someone with limited knowledge like me, except the exit 1; part seems odd. As I understand it, exit 0; closes a program and signifies to the parent that executed the program that everything is fine, exit n; where n0 and n<127 signifies that there has been some kind of error or problem. Here, their script seems to go against that rule - it calls exit 1; in the condition where everything is fine, and doesn't exit after taking remedial action in the problem condition. To me, this looks like a mistake - but my experience in this area is limited. Are there cases where calling exit 1; in the "Everything's fine, no action needed" condition is more appropriate than calling exit 0;? Or is it a mistake? Wider context is pretty simple. It's a Centos VPS, running Plesk. The script is being called by Cron via Plesk's "Scheduled tasks" Cron manager. There's no custom layer between Cron and this script that would respond in an unusual way to the exit call. It's a fairly average, almost out-of-the box Plesk-managed Centos VPS (in so far as there is such a thing). The process being monitored by this script is Apache Tomcat.

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• What router hardware or software should be used when multiple public IPs are routed into the same LAN?

  - by lcbrevard

  I am looking for recommendations to replace a set of consumer grade (Linksys, Netgear, Belkin) routers with something that can handle more traffic while routing more than one static public IP into the same LAN address space. We have a block of static public IPs, 5 usable, with Comcast Business. Currently four of them are in use for: General office access Web server Mail and DNS servers Download and backup web server for separate business All systems (a mixture of physical and virtual) are in the same LAN address space (10.x.y.0/24) to enable easy access between them inside the office. There are 30 or more systems in use depending on which virtual machines are currently active. We have a mixture of Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris. Currently a separate consumer grade router is used for each of the four static addresses, with its WAN address set to the specific static address and a different gateway address for each: uses 10.x.y.1 - various ports are forwarded to various LAN IPs on systems with gateway 10.x.y.1 uses 10.x.y.254 - port 80 is forwarded to a server with gateway 10.x.y.254 uses 10.x.y.253 - ports for mail and dns are forwarded to a server with gateway 10.x.y.253 uses 10.x.y.252 - ports as needed are forwarded to server with gateway 10.x.y.252 Only router 1. is allowed to serve DHCP and address reservation based on the MAC is used for most of the internal "server" IP addresses so they are at fixed values. [Some are set static due to limitations in the address reservation capabilities of router 1.] And, yes, this really does work! But... I am looking for: better DHCP with more capable address reservation higher capacity so I don't have to periodically power cycle the routers One obvious improvement would be to have a real DHCP server and not use a consumer grade router for that purpose. I am torn between buying a "professional" router such as Cisco or Juniper or Sonic Wall verus learning to configure some spare hardware to perform this function. The price goes up extremely rapidly with capabilities for commercial routers! Worse, some routers require licensing based on the number of clients - a disaster in our environment with so many virtual machines. Sorry for such a long posting but I am getting tired of having to power cycle routers and deal with shifting IP addresses afterwards!

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• Reviews Cheyney Group Marketing: What accounting softwares are available in the market for small businesses?

  - by user225556

  Accounting is the language of business, and good accounting software can save you hundreds of hours at the business equivalent of Berlitz. There's no substitute for an accounting pro who knows the ins and outs of tax law, but today's desktop packages can help you with everything from routine bookkeeping to payroll, taxes, and planning. Each package also produces files that you can hand off to an accountant as needed. Small-business managers have more accounting software options than ever, including subscription Web-based options that don't require their users to install or update software. Many businesses, however--including those that need to track large inventories or client databases, and those that prefer not to entrust their data to the cloud--may be happier with a desktop tool. We looked at three general-purpose, small-business accounting packages: Acclivity AccountEdgePro 2012 (both the product and the company were previously called MYOB), Intuit QuickBooks Premier 2012, and Sage's Sage 50 Complete 2013 (the successor to Peachtree Complete). All three packages offer a solid array of tools for tracking income and expenses, invoicing, managing payroll, and creating reports. These full-featured and highly mature programs don't come cheap. Acclivity AccountEdge Pro, at $299, is the least expensive; and prices climb if you opt to use common time-saving add-ons such as payroll services, or if you add licenses for multiple user accounts. All three are solid on the basics, but they have distinct differences in style and focus. The more you know about your accounting requirements, the more closely you'll want to look at the software you're thinking of buying. Sage 50 Complete should appeal most to people who understand the fine points of accounting and can use the product's many customization features (especially for businesses that manage inventory). QuickBooks works hard to appeal to newbies who need only the basics and might be intimidated by the level of detail and technical language exposed in the other two packages. At the same time, it also has a slew of third-party add-ons that meet specific needs and greatly expand its capabilities. AccountEdge Pro balances accessibility with a strong feature set at an affordable price. It's especially suitable for businesses that need to provide simultaneous access to multiple users.

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