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• What does /dev/null mean in a shell script?

  - by rishiag

  I've started learning bash scripting by using this guide: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/abs-guide.pdf However I got stuck at the first script: cd /var/log cat /dev/null > messages cat /dev/null > wtmp echo "Log files cleaned up." What do lines 2 and 3 do in Ubuntu (I understand cat)? Is it only for other Linux distributions? After running this script as root, the output I get is Log files cleaned up. But /var/log still contains all the files.

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• Open Terminal with multiple tabs and execute application

  - by user172001

  I am new to linux shell scripting. I want to write a shell script which will open terminal with multiple tabs; it should run rtsp client app in each tab. For this, I have gone through question here in this forum and tried to code like bellow, tab="--tab-with-profile=Default -e " cmd="java RunRTSPClient" for i in 1 2 3 4 5 do # foo="$foo $tab $cmd" done gnome-terminal $foo exit 0 This is running and opens the terminal window with tabs but suddenly it will close. I am not getting any errors.

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• No GUI before login on Ubuntu 14.04

  - by Pablo Chinchilla

  After I installed Ubuntu 14.04 as the only OS on my computer on nomodeset to install the Nvidia drivers for my video card. I installed it and all is working properly. The only problem that I have is that when I turn on my compurter I only see command lines instead of the Ubuntu logo. After that the login screen works in a proper way even with the GUI. I only want to get the Ubuntu logo instead of the command lines. PS: when I turn off my computer, the same thing is repeated.

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• Is it practically useful to decline GUI for a newbie in Ubuntu?

  - by Kifsif

  My Ubuntu is 12.04. I have just started learning Linux and Ubuntu in particular. To remember commands quicker, I'd like to decline GUI. But there are some problems. I don't know where installed programs are to launch them. For example, I have a pdf file. I know that there is a program to view such files. Should it be the case of GUI, I would just click on the pdf-file, and have a look that I use Document Viewer 3.4.0. Then I would like to launch Firefox Web Browser. Even if I know it is installed, how to find the file to be launched using just CLI is a mystery to me. Could you suggest me anything.

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• How do I add more than one command to /etc/rc.local?

  - by Andreas

  I want to add two power saving commands to /etc/rc.local file. This to dissable bluetooth: rfkill block bluetooth And this to reduce screen brightness: echo 3024 > /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/brightness Separately added to /etc/rc.local they work but not both of them together like this: #/bin/sh -e # # rc.local # # This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel. # Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other # value on error. # # In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution # bits. # # By default this script does nothing. echo 3024 > /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/brightness rfkill block bluetooth exit 0 How do I add the two commands to get them properly executed at start-up? Update It turned out to be a timing issue. I fixed it by delaying the execution of the first command thus: (sleep 5; echo 3021 > /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/brightness)&

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• Can't copy file (I/O error) Ubuntu Server

  - by QxQ

  I'm running Ubuntu Server 12.04, and basically found out that a couple of files aren't behaving like they should. The file name is r.-1.-1.mca, and I've tried using this terminal command sudo cp r.-1.-1.mca ../ The hard drive is working/thinking for a while, then spits this back out: cp: reading `r.-1.-1.mca': Input/output error cp: failed to extend `../r.-1.-1.mca': Input/output error I have another file behaving like this. My guess is that these files are corrupt, so I tried running the server in recovery mode and it told me to check the file system. However, it didn't come up with any errors. Is there a way to repair these files so I can use them normally again?

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• What do the various dpkg flags like 'ii' 'rc' mean?

  - by theTuxRacer

  I frequently need to check which packages are installed, and I use the following command: dpkg -l | grep foo which gives the following output Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Cfg-files/Unpacked/Failed-cfg/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Description ii foo <version> <description> What does the ii mean? What other flags are there? How to read the flags? (because the explanation is quite complicated, IMO) Thanks.

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• Best book/source to learn the unix commands

  - by Kraken

  So I was intern at this company wherein they'd use just putty. Now I've never worked with unix commands, apart from the basic , compile code , run C code. But now I would love to know all the things about the unix. Starting off with the commands, from the most basic of all to the decent level. Also, moving forward, how the different folders/files are arranged in a unix (ubuntu is installed on my system) system. I have picked up a couple of books, but they dont seem to help. Can someone suggest a comprehensive book that'll fulfill my needs. Because, working with a GUI on ubuntu does not really give me the real feel of things. Hence I'd want to move on to the terminal instead. Thanks.

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• Upgrade tree to 1.6?

  - by Pureferret

  I'm trying to upgrade my version of tree to 1.6 on ubuntu 12.04. I've d'loaded, ran make and make install in the terminal using the sudo command. ~/tree-1.6.0$ sudo make make: Nothing to be done for `all'. I've already run sudo make here ~/tree-1.6.0$ sudo make install install -d /usr/bin install -d /usr/man/man1 if [ -e tree ]; then \ install -s tree /usr/bin/tree; \ fi install doc/tree.1 /usr/man/man1/tree.1 What's this output though? It's not updated. I've checked the man page, and -du doesn't work. How am I supposed to update tree if not via the terminal?

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• Why did this command ":(){ :|: & };:" make my system lag so bad I had to reboot?

  - by blade19899

  Danger! Do not run this command to "test" it unless you are prepared for a crash and/or force-rebooting your system I was in my Virtualbox running 12.04 trying to compile an app, and while waiting I happened to chance upon a forum where a comment said: Try :(){ :|: & };: Fun, too, and doesn't need root. Without thinking I ran it in my gnome-terminal it made my 12.04 virtualbox lag so badly I had to shut it down. My question is what does this command do? :(){ :|: & };:

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• How do I make apt-get install commands not display every package that is installing?

  - by rajlego

  When I install something on terminal, it often shows me a few things for status. For one, it shows download rate (which is fine). However, when I install something, it can display Unpacking libgranite2:amd64 (0.3.0~r732+pkg64~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package slingshot-launcher. Preparing to unpack .../slingshot-launcher_0.7.6.1+r421+pkg32~ubuntu0.3.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking slingshot-launcher (0.7.6.1+r421+pkg32~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package contractor. Preparing to unpack .../contractor_0.3.1~r136+pkg22~ubuntu0.3.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking contractor (0.3.1~r136+pkg22~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package apport-hooks-elementary. Preparing to unpack .../apport-hooks-elementary_0.1-0~35~saucy1_all.deb ... Unpacking apport-hooks-elementary (0.1-0~35~saucy1) ... Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.13-1) ... Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:amd64 (2.40.0-2) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1) ... Setting up libgranite-common (0.3.0~r732+pkg64~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Setting up libgranite2:amd64 (0.3.0~r732+pkg64~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Setting up slingshot-launcher (0.7.6.1+r421+pkg32~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Setting up contractor (0.3.1~r136+pkg22~ubuntu0.3.1) ... Setting up apport-hooks-elementary (0.1-0~35~saucy1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6) .. I would rather that not show up. I only want to see download rate, not all that other stuff. How do I do this? EDIT: I would also like the jargon to be stored somwehre else if something goes wrong, or for the jargon to just be expanable on terminal.

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• accessing webpages from terminal

  - by August

  Using Ubuntu 12.04 . I know two methods to access the web-pages through terminal . They are lynx & elinkswhen i have tried to use them to access web-pages from terminal i didn't felt any kind of speed improvements . I am not sure whether its a usual thing or my speed (because its slow one ). so which way is the best to access the web-page terminal browsers or GUI browsers? and what else more i can get/lost from text terminals ?

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• Using terminal in hacking way (Xubuntu 10.04)

  - by user1163511

  I am beginner in using terminal in Linux. I have some questions about it. First of all, I want to ask you question out of the issue-What is the name of th Terminal in Xubuntu 10.04(for example- bash or anything like this)? My main question is - Is there any way of using the terminal for hacking (e.g. port scanning, whois, gaining root account and take a look of the file system of the server or another things). I will be very pleased to get answers. Thank you for patience and tolerance!

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• How to get nicer error-messages in this bash-script?

  - by moata_u

  I'm trying to catch any error when run a command in order to write a log-file / report I've tried this code: function valid (){ if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "$var1" ": status : OK" else echo "$var1" ": status : ERROR" fi } function save(){ sed -i "/:@/c connection.url=jdbc:oracle:thin:@$ip:1521:$dataBase" $search var1="adding database ip" valid $var1 sed -i "/connection.username/c connection.username=$name" #$search var1="addning database SID" valid $var1 } save The output looks like this: adding database ip : status : OK sed: no input file But I want it to look like this: adding database ip : status : OK sed: no input file : status : ERROR" or this: adding database ip : status : OK addning database SID : status : ERROR" I've been trying, but it's not working with me. :(

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• What's the difference between set, export and env and when should I use each?

  - by Oli

  Every so often I'll bash out a bash script and it strikes me there are a few ways of setting a variable: key=value env key=value export key=value When you're inside a script or a single command (for instance, I'll often chain a variable with a Wine launcher to set the right Wine prefix) these seem to be completely interchangeable but surely that can't be the case. What's the difference between these three methods and can you give me an example of when I would specifically want to use each one? Definitely related to What is the difference between `VAR=...` and `export VAR=...`? but I want to know how env fits into this too, and some examples showing the benefits of each would be nice too :)

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• Why did the command ":(){ :|: & };:" make my system lag so badly I had to reboot?

  - by blade19899

  Danger! Do not run this command to "test" it unless you are prepared for a crash and/or force-rebooting your system I was in my Virtualbox running 12.04 trying to compile an app, and while waiting I happened to chance upon a forum where a comment said: Try :(){ :|: & };: Fun, too, and doesn't need root. Without thinking I ran it in my gnome-terminal it made my 12.04 virtualbox lag so badly I had to shut it down. My question is what does this command do? :(){ :|: & };:

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• Is there a way to mirror directory changes in Terminator?

  - by Kasisnu

  I'm on Ubuntu 12.04 and am using Terminator as my primary terminal. I like it because it lets me keep a python interpreter and bash terminal open at the same time, in the same view. What is annoying is that I end up moving between directories A LOT, and then I have to do it twice. Is there a way to set up a terminator configuration to do that? To have terminator mirror directory changes. I'm guessing I'm not the only one that finds that frustrating!

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• Getting Started with 12.04 LTS Problems

  - by mark

  Okay previously I used ubuntu 10.04 in Desktops and Loved it! I bought a newer Toshiba Satellite with an i7 CPU, 8GB Ram, 1TB HD, first thing I tried to do was install Ubuntu 9 on it then I found out it was no longer Supported. (I gave my 10.04 disk away) So I tried installing Windows 7 and experienced SO MANY problems, I am going back to try 12.04. Starting all over again. After installing 12.04 Wireless was Detected yet said it was Disabled by a Hardware Switch. Went read through the Message Boards found Solution which was Sudo rf Kill All. Okay all excited I would finally get my Ubuntu to finally work I rushed back to my laptop from the internet cafe, and went looking for the TERMINAL input on my Ubuntu 12.04, and I cannot find the Terminal. If I can't find the TERMINAL how Can I enter any Sudo Stuff? So I guess the first question is Where is the Terminal Located in 12.04? Thank you.

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• How can I make apt-get wait for another instance to finish?

  - by rajagenupula

  Is there any way I can make apt-get wait for the other apt-get (or similar) processes to finish? I know that, generally, apt-get can only one instance at a time and if we try to run apt-get at the same time then we get a message saying that some other process is using it. My question is: how can I make apt-get wait for the other processes to finish and then run? Advantage: No need to type the command apt-get again, it will be automated after the 1st apt-get finishes.

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• Create new terminal commands

  - by sleort

  I recently installed eclipse the manual way. Extracting the file, setting up eclipse.desktop etc. It all works flawlessly. I also know it is possible to install eclipsee using sudo apt-get install eclipse-platform. If I use this method I can use the command eclipse in the terminal, and the program will start. Now the manual way I used does not enable the eclipse-command in the terminal. Instead if I use eclipse-command it asks me to install eclipse from the Softwarecenter (sudo apt-get install eclipse-platform). I wondered if there was some way of setting up a command like this to start eclipse? If so, can I do it for other programs like Apache-Maven mvn-command? I don't want to use "aliases" because I cannot setup and eclipse alias, when "eclipse" is listed in the apt repository. It seems as if only if I install the eclipse from apt-get install I can start eclipse from a single command in the terminal. I appreciate any help, and thanks in advance!

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• Storing and reading file paths from _TCHAR *argv[]

  - by ArsenArsen

  How to convert from _TCHAR* to "" and to keep all : and /? I tried: int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { if(!argv[1]){ std::cout<<"No Variables.\r\n"; system("PAUSE"); return 0; std::exit; } std::cout<<"Path: "<<argv[1]<<"\r\n"; system("PAUSE"); return 0; } But, output is either "No variables." or "Path: C" (when I changed _TCHAR to const char and char) or either "Path: 00038706"

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• How can I redirect the contents of a file to the pastebinit command? [duplicate]

  - by Tim

  This question already has an answer here: How to submit a file to paste.ubuntu.com without graphical interface? 2 answers Whenever I was to store something to show someone here, I run command-with-output | pastebinit. That returns the link to the paste online. For example: echo timtjtim | pastebinit gave me the link paste.ubuntu.com/8010000 Which I can share. How can I do this with a file - for example a log file. Surely I don't have to open - > copy all - > open paste.ubuntu.com -> paste it?

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• Why is the error, dd: /dev/rdisk1bs=1m: Operation not supported, popping up while trying to instal ubuntu on usb?

  - by Jesse S

  I am trying to install ubuntu onto my flash drive using the instructions from the website, http://www.ubuntu.com/download/help/create-a-usb-stick-on-mac-osx , and after step 8, the terminal asks for my password, which it accepts and then pops u this error message, dd: /dev/rdisk1bs=1m: Operation not supported. I have also tried making the last m in that statement capital and then the system does not ask me for my password but the error message still pops up. What is happening and why?

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• Can't get packages after installing Faience

  - by ccrama

  I installed the Faience theme (sudo apt-get install Faience) and it installed fine. Then I tried installing another package and it said this... Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these: The following packages have unmet dependencies: faience : Depends: faenza but it is not going to be installed gnome-shell-extensions-user-theme : Depends: gnome-shell-extensions-common but it is not going to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt-get -f install' with no packages (or specify a solution). Please help :O!

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• "Permission denied" error

  - by user1175807

  Alright so I installed Ubuntu last night and I am very new to everything. Right now I am trying to run a program called JES, (Jython Environment for Students). The instructions tell me to cd to the JES directory I have, so I type cd /home/Programs/JES It takes me to the directory I need to be in, so far so good. Then I have to type in: ./JES.sh And I get this returned to me: bash: ./JES.sh: Permission denied I have very little comprehension of what to do in Terminal or anything of the sort. Any help would be appreciated. I have tried using sudo -l to get permissions but it still persists.

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