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  • fsarchiver utility in order to make restore

    - by jennifer
    hi all I use the fsarchiver in order to make restore as the following link: http://www.icewalkers.com/Linux/Software/535640/fsarchiver.html command: fsarchiver restfs /tmp/backup/c0d0p2.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 its fail on: [errno=22, Invalid argument]: oper_restore.c#213,extractar_restore_attr_xattr(): xattr:lsetxattr(/racoon,security.selinux) failed Statistics for filesystem 0 please help what is it: errno=22 ???

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  • Is it possible to re-order Cygwin tabs in Conemu

    - by Ashutosh Jindal
    I can re-order 'cmd' tabs in Conemu ( as per Is that possible to reorder tabs in ConEmu?), but the WinAltLeft and WinAltRight shortcuts do not work if the tab has a Cygwin shell in it. I have tried various combinations of hotkey modifiers but none of them seem to work with the Cygwin shell. This is problematic because most of the tabs in my ConEmu have Cygwin shells. I open a Cygwin shell using the following command: C:\cygwin\bin\mintty.exe -i /Cygwin-Terminal.ico -

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  • iTunes 9 not sorting albums by track order consistently

    - by joshhunt
    I have my iTunes library set to sort by music by Artist, then album (). For most of my albums this will also sort the albums in the correct track listing order (using the track number tag). Except for one album: As you can see, "The Boy Who Knew Too Much" seems to sort erratically. Why is this happening and how can I fix it?

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  • Windows Server 2008 firewall rules order problem

    - by vnuk
    I have one rule that opens FTP port for all connections. I have second rule that blocks ALL connections on ALL protocols for some IP's. However, connections from those IP's that are blocked can still connect to FTP port because that rule obviously takes preccedence. How can I make this work, because I do not see how can I adjust order of rules on Windows Firewall.

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  • Alternate Out of Order TCP Packets problem

    - by Sunil
    I am having a network of windows and embedded nodes connected on a series of cisco switch. I have been seeing some serious network problems from few days. Used wireshark to capture the network trace and see every alternate tcp packets being marked as "out of order". Any pointers on how to troubleshoot this problem?

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  • Automated Syslog Error Solution Finder

    - by Dru
    Any automated syslog solution finding frameworks? I want my central syslog server to email a list of problems, their severity and suggested solutions. There have been several questions about centralising system logs and alternative log analysis systems, but I don't get the impression that any of them help with issue resolution. A little background: At work I am now literally doing the work of two people, and both jobs have expanded beyond their initial frameworks. It is not so bad as I have helpers, but they are little more than smart monkeys. While one of my predecessors [I have two, that is how I know I have the jobs of two people] set-up logwatch to email its results out, my monkeys don't have the skills necessary to identify unimportant data. This has caused all of them, and myself sadly, to setup email filters and ignore the whole thing until something goes "bang". It would be handy to have someone else tell them what is important, what is connected, and to suggest a few ways to resolve the issue (I could train then to research the solution first, ha!). My reading of the Splunk and Octopussy sites indicates that I still need to bring my own highly trained monkey to the party. Which I am several years from having.

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  • One dns server in different subnets

    - by hofmeister
    I have installed a small Linux server; the server is in a different subnet as the internet hosts. I added a route to my nat router to create a connection between both subnets. In both subnets I use an extra dhcp Server. Subnet A: 192.168.0.0/26 Subnet B: 192.168.1.0/26 Router: 192.168.0.1, Server in A: 192.168.0.62, Server in B: 192.168.1.62 internet ____ nat router ___ (Sub A)___ internet hosts | |____(Sub B)___ other hosts I could ping every host. Also the hosts which are connected to the subnet b, has internet connection. But sadly I have a problem with the dns server. I use the dnsServer from my nat router, I set the dns Server for subnet b to the ip 192.168.0.1, but every dns entries are equal with the hostname from my linux server. Example if the hostname from the server is test Test 192.168.0.62 //Server subnet a Test-2 192.168.1.62 //Server subnet b Test-2-2 192.168.1.1 //host a Test-2-2-2 192.168.1.2 //host b Any idea what went wrong? The internet dns resolution works fine.

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  • Automated Syslog Error Solution Finder

    - by Dru
    Any automated syslog solution finding frameworks? I want my central syslog server to email a list of problems, their severity and suggested solutions. There have been several questions about centralising system logs and alternative log analysis systems, but I don't get the impression that any of them help with issue resolution. A little background: At work I am now literally doing the work of two people, and both jobs have expanded beyond their initial frameworks. It is not so bad as I have helpers, but they are little more than smart monkeys. While one of my predecessors [I have two, that is how I know I have the jobs of two people] set-up logwatch to email its results out, my monkeys don't have the skills necessary to identify unimportant data. This has caused all of them, and myself sadly, to setup email filters and ignore the whole thing until something goes "bang". It would be handy to have someone else tell them what is important, what is connected, and to suggest a few ways to resolve the issue (I could train then to research the solution first, ha!). My reading of the Splunk and Octopussy sites indicates that I still need to bring my own highly trained monkey to the party. Which I am several years from having.

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  • Linux boot - stop the kernel switching to a new framebuffer mode clearing output

    - by Avio
    I'm working on an embedded system (based onUbuntu 12.04 LTS) and I'm customizing its kernel. I'm having some problem with upstart, mountall and plymouth. Nothing unsolvable I suppose, but the real problem is that I can't diagnose properly what's going on because the kernel (or maybe plymouth) changes the video mode in the middle of the boot process. This completely wipes entire lines of log and prevents any debugging of kernel misconfigurations. My Grub2 config seems to be ok with: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="acpi=force noplymouth" GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768x32 GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=keep Here is some relevant output of lspci: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Mobile 945GSE Express Memory Controller Hub (rev 03) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 945GSE Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03) 00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/GMS/GME, 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03) And here is the relevant portion of my kernel configuration: CONFIG_AGP=y CONFIG_AGP_INTEL=y CONFIG_VGA_ARB=y CONFIG_VGA_ARB_MAX_GPUS=16 CONFIG_DRM=y CONFIG_DRM_KMS_HELPER=y CONFIG_DRM_I915=y CONFIG_DRM_I915_KMS=y CONFIG_VIDEO_OUTPUT_CONTROL=y CONFIG_FB=y CONFIG_FB_BOOT_VESA_SUPPORT=y CONFIG_FB_CFB_FILLRECT=y CONFIG_FB_CFB_COPYAREA=y CONFIG_FB_CFB_IMAGEBLIT=y CONFIG_FB_MODE_HELPERS=y CONFIG_FB_VESA=y CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_LCD_SUPPORT=y CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_CLASS_DEVICE=y CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE=y CONFIG_VGACON_SOFT_SCROLLBACK=y CONFIG_VGACON_SOFT_SCROLLBACK_SIZE=640 CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE=y CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE=y CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE_DETECT_PRIMARY=y CONFIG_FONT_8x8=y CONFIG_FONT_8x16=y CONFIG_LOGO=y CONFIG_LOGO_LINUX_MONO=y CONFIG_LOGO_LINUX_VGA16=y CONFIG_LOGO_LINUX_CLUT224=y Every other custom/stock kernel boot fine with that Grub2 config. What I would like to have is a single flow of messages on a single console (retaining one screen resolution) from the bootup logo till the login prompt. Does anybody know what I have to tweak to achieve this?

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  • AA doesn't work due to monitor?

    - by MikeQ
    I have a monitor (with TV tuner - Philips 221T1SB), native resolution of 1920x1080, but there is an Overscan in Catalyst. It says from left to right '10%' and '0%', if i set it (all the way to the left) on 10%, i get screen with black borders (you know what i mean), but if i set it to 0%, i get a filled monitor. It does make sense, but why the hell is there such an option? I never had any AA issues before, but now, with this monitor, here they go. I can't find any solution, i have only one lead = overscan, or pretty much anything with the CCC settings. Yes, i almost forgot. After a bit of trying to configure the monitor with remote, i found there is a PC channel option, few other channels, and then a HDMI option. I have monitor through HDMI, but why i get black screen when i select the PC channel? That might be another problem. I tried almost everything. Please guys, give me a hand. I don't want jaggies! CPU: Intel I5-750 @4,0GHz RAM: Corsair Vengeance 8GB 1600MHz GPU: AMD Gigabyte HD 7950 Windforce @1100/1400, 1,174V Motherboard: ASUS P7P55D-E EVO

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  • Is "If a method is re-used without changes, put the method in a base class, else create an interface" a good rule-of-thumb?

    - by exizt
    A colleague of mine came up with a rule-of-thumb for choosing between creating a base class or an interface. He says: Imagine every new method that you are about to implement. For each of them, consider this: will this method be implemented by more than one class in exactly this form, without any change? If the answer is "yes", create a base class. In every other situation, create an interface. For example: Consider the classes cat and dog, which extend the class mammal and have a single method pet(). We then add the class alligator, which doesn't extend anything and has a single method slither(). Now, we want to add an eat() method to all of them. If the implementation of eat() method will be exactly the same for cat, dog and alligator, we should create a base class (let's say, animal), which implements this method. However, if it's implementation in alligator differs in the slightest way, we should create an IEat interface and make mammal and alligator implement it. He insists that this method covers all cases, but it seems like over-simplification to me. Is it worth following this rule-of-thumb?

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  • BAD ARCHIVE MIRROR using PXE BOOT method

    - by omkar
    i m trying to automatically install UBUNTU on a client PC by using the method of PXE BOOT method....my Objectives are below:- i m following the steps given in this link installation using PXE BOOT 1:-the server will have a KICKSTART config file which contains the parameters for the OS installation and the files which are required for the OS installations. 2:-the client will have to detect this configuration along with the setup files and complete the installation without any input from the user. In my server i have installed DHCP3-server,Apache2 and TFTP for helping me with the installation. i have nearly achieved my first objective,i m able to boot my client using the files stored in the server,but during the installation stage it is asking me to "CHOOSE A MIRROR of UBUNTU ARCHIVE".i gave the server's IP address and the path in the server where the files are located but then too its giving me error "BAD ARCHIVE MIRROR". so is it possible that instead of downloading all the files from the internet and storing them on my disk , can i use the files which comes with the UBUNTU-CD, and how to store this files in what format (should i zip them ) on the disk. secondly i am also generating the ks.cfg which i wanted to give to the client for automatic installation of the OS ,so how should the configuration file be given to the installation process.

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  • TakeWhile and SkipWhile method in LINQ

    - by vik20000in
     In my last post I talked about how to use the take and the Skip keyword to filter out the number of records that we are fetching. But there is only problem with the take and skip statement. The problem lies in the dependency where by the number of records to be fetched has to be passed to it. Many a times the number of records to be fetched is also based on the query itself. For example if we want to continue fetching records till a certain condition is met on the record set. Let’s say we want to fetch records from the array of number till we get 7. For this kind of query LINQ has exposed the TakeWhile Method.     int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };     var firstNumbersLessThan6 = numbers.TakeWhile(n => n < 7);   In the same way we can also use the SkipWhile statement. The skip while statement will skip all the records that do not match certain condition provided. In the example below we are skiping all those number which are not divisible by 3. Remember we could have done this with where clause also, but SkipWhile method can be useful in many other situation and hence the example and the keyword.     int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };     var allButFirst3Numbers = numbers.SkipWhile(n => n % 3 != 0); Vikram

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  • Adding Vertices to a dynamic mesh via Method Call

    - by Raven Dreamer
    I have a C# Struct with a static method, "Get Shape" which populates a List with the vertices of a polyhedron. Method Signature: public static void GetShape(Block b, int x, int y, int z, List<Vector3> vertices, List<int> triangles, List<Vector2> uvs, List<Vector2> uv2s) Adding directly to the vertices list (via vertices.Add(vector3) ), the code works as expected, and the new polyhedron appears when I trigger the method. However, I want to do some processing on the vertices I'm adding (a rotation), and the most sensible way I can think to do that is by creating a separate list of Vector3s, and then combining the lists when I'm done. However, vertices.AddRange(newVerts) does not add the shape to the mesh, nor does a foreach loop with verts.Add(vertices[i]). And this is before I've added in any of the processing! I have a feeling this might stem from passing the list of vertices in as a parameter, rather than returning a list and then adding to the vertices in the calling object, but since I'm filling 4 lists, I was trying to avoid having to create a data struct to return all four at once. Any ideas? The working version of the method is reprinted below, in full: public static void GetShape(Block b, int x, int y, int z, List<Vector3> vertices, List<int> triangles, List<Vector2> uvs, List<Vector2> uv2s) { //List<Vector3> vertices = new List<Vector3>(); int l_blockShape = b.blockShape; int l_blockType = b.blockType; //CheckFace checks if the block is empty //if this block is empty, don't draw anything. int vertexIndex; //only y faces need to be hidden. //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegZFace) == BlockShape.NegZFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //XY Z+1 face //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosZFace) == BlockShape.PosZFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZY face //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegXFace) == BlockShape.NegXFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZY X+1 face // if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosXFace) == BlockShape.PosXFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZX face if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegYFace) == BlockShape.NegYFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZX + 1 face if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosYFace) == BlockShape.PosYFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y+1 , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y+1 , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y+1 , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y+1 , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } }

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  • Optimization ended up in casting an object at each method call

    - by Aybe
    I've been doing some optimization for the following piece of code : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color); } After profiling it about 70% of the time spent was in getting a context for drawing and disposing it. I ended up sketching the following overload : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color, BitmapContext bitmapContext) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color, bitmapContext); } Until here no problems, all the user has to do is to pass a context and performance is really great as a context is created/disposed one time only (previously it was a thousand times per second). The next step was to make it generic in the sense it doesn't depend on a particular framework for rendering (besides .NET obvisouly). So I wrote this method : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color, IDisposable bitmapContext) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color, (BitmapContext)bitmapContext); } Now every time a line is drawn the generic context is casted, this was unexpected for me. Are there any approaches for fixing this design issue ? Note : _bitmap is a WriteableBitmap from WPF BitmapContext is from WriteableBitmapEx library DrawLineBresenham is an extension method from WriteableBitmapEx

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  • What is the ideal length of a method?

    - by iPhoneDeveloper
    In object-oriented programming, there is no exact rule on the maximum length of a method , but I still found these two qutes somewhat contradicting each other, so I would like to hear what you think. In Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship, Robert Martin says: The first rule of functions is that they should be small. The second rule of functions is that they should be smaller than that. Functions should not be 100 lines long. Functions should hardly ever be 20 lines long. and he gives an example from Java code he sees from Kent Beck: Every function in his program was just two, or three, or four lines long. Each was transparently obvious. Each told a story. And each led you to the next in a compelling order. That’s how short your functions should be! This sounds great, but on the other hand, in Code Complete, Steve McConnell says something very different: The routine should be allowed to grow organically up to 100-200 lines, decades of evidence say that routines of such length no more error prone then shorter routines. And he gives a reference to a study that says routines 65 lines or long are cheaper to develop. So while there are diverging opinions about the matter, is there a functional best-practice towards determining the ideal length of a method for you?

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  • MatheMagics - Guess My Age - Method 2

    - by PointsToShare
    © 2011 By: Dov Trietsch. All rights reserved MatheMagic – Guess My Age – Method 2 The Mathemagician stands on the stage and asks an adult to do the following: ·         Do the next few steps on your calculator, or the calculator in your phone, or even on a piece of paper. ·         Do it silently! Don’t tell me the results until I ask for them directly ·         Multiply your age by 2. ·         Add 7 to the result ·         Multiply the result by 5. ·         Tell me the result. I will nonetheless immediately tell you what your age is. How do I do this? Let’s do the algebra. Let A denote your age (2A + 7) 5 = 10A + 35 so it is of the 3 digit form XY5 Now make two numbers out of the result - The last digit and the number before it. The Last digit is obviously 5, the other 2 (or 3 for a centenarian) and this number is the age + 3. Example: I am 76 years old and here is what happens when I do the steps 76 x 2 = 152 152 + 7 = 159 159 x 5 = 795 This is made of 79 and 5. And … 79 – 3 = 76 A note to the socially aware mathemagician – it is safer to do it with a man. The chances of a veracious answer are much, much higher! The trick may be accomplished on any 2 or 3 digit number, not just one’s age, but if you want to know your date’s age, it’s a good way to elicit it. That’s All Folks PS for more Ageless “Age” mathemagics go to www.mgsltns.com/games.htm and also here: http://geekswithblogs.net/PointsToShare/archive/2011/11/15/mathemagics---guess-my-age-method-1.aspx

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  • Should you create a class within a method?

    - by Amndeep7
    I have made a program using Java that is an implementation of this project: http://nifty.stanford.edu/2009/stone-random-art/sml/index.html. Essentially, you create a mathematical expression and, using the pixel coordinate as input, make a picture. After I initially implemented this in serial, I then implemented it in parallel due to the fact that if the picture size is too large or if the mathematical expression is too complex (especially considering the fact that I made the expression recursively), it takes a really long time. During this process, I realized that I needed two classes which implemented the Runnable interface as I had to put in parameters for the run method, which you aren't allowed to do directly. One of these classes ended up being a medium sized static inner class (not large enough to make an independent class file for it though). The other though, just needed a few parameters to determine some indexes and the size of the for loop that I was making run in parallel - here it is: class DataConversionRunnable implements Runnable { int jj, kk, w; DataConversionRunnable(int column, int matrix, int wid) { jj = column; kk = matrix; w = wid; } public void run() { for(int i = 0; i < w; i++) colorvals[kk][jj][i] = (int) ((raw[kk][jj][i] + 1.0) * 255 / 2.0); increaseCounter(); } } My question is should I make it a static inner class or can I just create it in a method? What is the general programming convention followed in this case?

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  • Dependency Injection and method signatures

    - by sunwukung
    I've been using YADIF (yet another dependency injection framework) in a PHP/Zend app I'm working on to handle dependencies. This has achieved some notable benefits in terms of testing and decoupling classes. However,one thing that strikes me is that despite the sleight of hand performed when using this technique, the method names impart a degree of coupling. Probably not the best example -but these methods are distinct from ... say the PEAR Mailer. The method names themselves are a (subtle) form of coupling //example public function __construct($dic){ $this->dic = $dic; } public function example(){ //this line in itself indicates the YADIF origin of the DIC $Mail= $dic->getComponent('mail'); $Mail->setBodyText($body); $Mail->setFrom($from); $Mail->setSubject($subject); } I could write a series of proxies/wrappers to hide these methods and thus promote decoupling from , but this seems a bit excessive. You have to balance purity with pragmatism... How far would you go to hide the dependencies in your classes?

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  • Fraud Detection with the SQL Server Suite Part 1

    - by Dejan Sarka
    While working on different fraud detection projects, I developed my own approach to the solution for this problem. In my PASS Summit 2013 session I am introducing this approach. I also wrote a whitepaper on the same topic, which was generously reviewed by my friend Matija Lah. In order to spread this knowledge faster, I am starting a series of blog posts which will at the end make the whole whitepaper. Abstract With the massive usage of credit cards and web applications for banking and payment processing, the number of fraudulent transactions is growing rapidly and on a global scale. Several fraud detection algorithms are available within a variety of different products. In this paper, we focus on using the Microsoft SQL Server suite for this purpose. In addition, we will explain our original approach to solving the problem by introducing a continuous learning procedure. Our preferred type of service is mentoring; it allows us to perform the work and consulting together with transferring the knowledge onto the customer, thus making it possible for a customer to continue to learn independently. This paper is based on practical experience with different projects covering online banking and credit card usage. Introduction A fraud is a criminal or deceptive activity with the intention of achieving financial or some other gain. Fraud can appear in multiple business areas. You can find a detailed overview of the business domains where fraud can take place in Sahin Y., & Duman E. (2011), Detecting Credit Card Fraud by Decision Trees and Support Vector Machines, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2011 Vol 1. Hong Kong: IMECS. Dealing with frauds includes fraud prevention and fraud detection. Fraud prevention is a proactive mechanism, which tries to disable frauds by using previous knowledge. Fraud detection is a reactive mechanism with the goal of detecting suspicious behavior when a fraudster surpasses the fraud prevention mechanism. A fraud detection mechanism checks every transaction and assigns a weight in terms of probability between 0 and 1 that represents a score for evaluating whether a transaction is fraudulent or not. A fraud detection mechanism cannot detect frauds with a probability of 100%; therefore, manual transaction checking must also be available. With fraud detection, this manual part can focus on the most suspicious transactions. This way, an unchanged number of supervisors can detect significantly more frauds than could be achieved with traditional methods of selecting which transactions to check, for example with random sampling. There are two principal data mining techniques available both in general data mining as well as in specific fraud detection techniques: supervised or directed and unsupervised or undirected. Supervised techniques or data mining models use previous knowledge. Typically, existing transactions are marked with a flag denoting whether a particular transaction is fraudulent or not. Customers at some point in time do report frauds, and the transactional system should be capable of accepting such a flag. Supervised data mining algorithms try to explain the value of this flag by using different input variables. When the patterns and rules that lead to frauds are learned through the model training process, they can be used for prediction of the fraud flag on new incoming transactions. Unsupervised techniques analyze data without prior knowledge, without the fraud flag; they try to find transactions which do not resemble other transactions, i.e. outliers. In both cases, there should be more frauds in the data set selected for checking by using the data mining knowledge compared to selecting the data set with simpler methods; this is known as the lift of a model. Typically, we compare the lift with random sampling. The supervised methods typically give a much better lift than the unsupervised ones. However, we must use the unsupervised ones when we do not have any previous knowledge. Furthermore, unsupervised methods are useful for controlling whether the supervised models are still efficient. Accuracy of the predictions drops over time. Patterns of credit card usage, for example, change over time. In addition, fraudsters continuously learn as well. Therefore, it is important to check the efficiency of the predictive models with the undirected ones. When the difference between the lift of the supervised models and the lift of the unsupervised models drops, it is time to refine the supervised models. However, the unsupervised models can become obsolete as well. It is also important to measure the overall efficiency of both, supervised and unsupervised models, over time. We can compare the number of predicted frauds with the total number of frauds that include predicted and reported occurrences. For measuring behavior across time, specific analytical databases called data warehouses (DW) and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) systems can be employed. By controlling the supervised models with unsupervised ones and by using an OLAP system or DW reports to control both, a continuous learning infrastructure can be established. There are many difficulties in developing a fraud detection system. As has already been mentioned, fraudsters continuously learn, and the patterns change. The exchange of experiences and ideas can be very limited due to privacy concerns. In addition, both data sets and results might be censored, as the companies generally do not want to publically expose actual fraudulent behaviors. Therefore it can be quite difficult if not impossible to cross-evaluate the models using data from different companies and different business areas. This fact stresses the importance of continuous learning even more. Finally, the number of frauds in the total number of transactions is small, typically much less than 1% of transactions is fraudulent. Some predictive data mining algorithms do not give good results when the target state is represented with a very low frequency. Data preparation techniques like oversampling and undersampling can help overcome the shortcomings of many algorithms. SQL Server suite includes all of the software required to create, deploy any maintain a fraud detection infrastructure. The Database Engine is the relational database management system (RDBMS), which supports all activity needed for data preparation and for data warehouses. SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) supports OLAP and data mining (in version 2012, you need to install SSAS in multidimensional and data mining mode; this was the only mode in previous versions of SSAS, while SSAS 2012 also supports the tabular mode, which does not include data mining). Additional products from the suite can be useful as well. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) is a tool for developing extract transform–load (ETL) applications. SSIS is typically used for loading a DW, and in addition, it can use SSAS data mining models for building intelligent data flows. SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is useful for presenting the results in a variety of reports. Data Quality Services (DQS) mitigate the occasional data cleansing process by maintaining a knowledge base. Master Data Services is an application that helps companies maintaining a central, authoritative source of their master data, i.e. the most important data to any organization. For an overview of the SQL Server business intelligence (BI) part of the suite that includes Database Engine, SSAS and SSRS, please refer to Veerman E., Lachev T., & Sarka D. (2009). MCTS Self-Paced Training Kit (Exam 70-448): Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 Business Intelligence Development and Maintenance. MS Press. For an overview of the enterprise information management (EIM) part that includes SSIS, DQS and MDS, please refer to Sarka D., Lah M., & Jerkic G. (2012). Training Kit (Exam 70-463): Implementing a Data Warehouse with Microsoft® SQL Server® 2012. O'Reilly. For details about SSAS data mining, please refer to MacLennan J., Tang Z., & Crivat B. (2009). Data Mining with Microsoft SQL Server 2008. Wiley. SQL Server Data Mining Add-ins for Office, a free download for Office versions 2007, 2010 and 2013, bring the power of data mining to Excel, enabling advanced analytics in Excel. Together with PowerPivot for Excel, which is also freely downloadable and can be used in Excel 2010, is already included in Excel 2013. It brings OLAP functionalities directly into Excel, making it possible for an advanced analyst to build a complete learning infrastructure using a familiar tool. This way, many more people, including employees in subsidiaries, can contribute to the learning process by examining local transactions and quickly identifying new patterns.

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