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• Mechanize form submit not going to the correct response page, no errors as to why. Something I'm doing?

  - by Zack Shapiro

  I threw this all in one controller for testing purposes. My code fills out the form correctly for adding a new address to your Amazon account. There are two buttons that submit this form, one takes you to add a new address which is what I don't want, and the other is just a Save & Continue input/image. When I submit the form via that button, as I do below, the form is still on the page, filled out as I have with my code. Inspecting the page titles, they're the same. There are no discernible errors that Mechanize or Amazon spit back. Any ideas? class AmazonCrawler def initialize @agent = Mechanize.new do |agent| agent.user_agent_alias = 'Mac Safari' agent.follow_meta_refresh = true agent.redirect_ok = true end end def login # login_url = "https://www.amazon.com/ap/signin?_encoding=UTF8&openid.assoc_handle=usflex&openid.claimed_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.identity=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.mode=checkid_setup&openid.ns=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0&openid.ns.pape=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fextensions%2Fpape%2F1.0&openid.pape.max_auth_age=0&openid.return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fcss%2Fhomepage.html%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ref_%3Dgno_yam_ya" login_url = "https://www.amazon.com/gp/css/account/address/view.html?ie=UTF8&ref_=ya_add_address&viewID=newAddress" @agent.get(login_url) form = @agent.page.forms.first form.email = "[email protected]" form.radiobuttons.first.value = "0" form.radiobuttons.last.check form.password = "my_password" dashboard = @agent.submit(form) end end class UsersController < ApplicationController def index response = AmazonCrawler.new.login form = response.forms[1] # fill out form form.enterAddressFullName == "Your Name" form.enterAddressAddressLine1 = "123 Main Street" form.enterAddressAddressLine2 = "Apartment 34" form.enterAddressCity = "San Francisco" form.enterAddressStateOrRegion = "CA" form.enterAddressPostalCode = "94101" form.enterAddressPhoneNumber = "415-555-1212" form.AddressType = "RES" new_response = form.submit( form.button_with(value: /Save.*Continue/) ) end end

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• receiving signal: EXC_BAD_ACCESS in web service call function

  - by murali

  I'm new to iPhone development. I'm using xcode 4.2. When I click on the save button, I'm getting values from the html page and my web service is processing them, and then I get the error: program received signal: EXC_BAD_ACCESS in my web service call function. Here is my code: NSString *val=[WebviewObj stringByEvaluatingJavaScriptFromString:@"save()"]; NSLog(@"return value:: %@",val); [adict setObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%i",userid5] forKey:@"iUser_Id" ]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:0] forKey:@"vImage_Url"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:1] forKey:@"IGenre_Id"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:2] forKey:@"vTrack_Name"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:3] forKey:@"vAlbum_Name"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:4] forKey:@"vMusic_Url"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:5] forKey:@"iTrack_Duration_min"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:6] forKey:@"iTrack_Duration_sec"]; [adict setObject:[[val componentsSeparatedByString:@","]objectAtIndex:7] forKey:@"vDescription"]; NSLog(@"dict==%@",[adict description]); NSString *URL2= @"http://184.164.156.55/Music/Track.asmx/AddTrack"; obj=[[UrlController alloc]init]; obj.URL=URL2; obj.InputParameters = adict; [obj WebserviceCall]; obj.delegate= self; //this is my function..it is working for so many function calls -(void)WebserviceCall{ webData = [[NSMutableData alloc] init]; NSMutableURLRequest *urlRequest = [[ NSMutableURLRequest alloc ] initWithURL: [ NSURL URLWithString: URL ] ]; NSString *httpBody = @""; for(id key in InputParameters) { if([httpBody length] == 0){ httpBody=[httpBody stringByAppendingFormat:@"&%@=%@",key,[InputParameters valueForKey:key]]; } else{ httpBody=[httpBody stringByAppendingFormat:@"&%@=%@",key,[InputParameters valueForKey:key]]; } } httpBody = [httpBody stringByAppendingFormat:httpBody];//Here i am getting EXC_BAD_ACCESS [urlRequest setHTTPMethod: @"POST" ]; [urlRequest setHTTPBody:[httpBody dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]]; [urlRequest setValue:@"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" forHTTPHeaderField:@"content-type"]; NSURLConnection *theConnection = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:urlRequest delegate:self]; } Can any one help me please? thanks in advance

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• In Rails, how to respect :scope when using validates_uniqueness_of in an embedded object form?

  - by mkirk

  I have a Book model, which has_many Chapters (which belong_to a Book). I want to ensure uniqueness of Chapter titles, but only within the scope of a single book. The catch is that the form for creating chapters is embedded in the Book model's form (The Book model accepts_nested_attributes_for :chapters). Within the Chapter model: validates_uniqueness_of( :chapter_title, :scope = :book_id, :case_sensitive = false, :message = "No book can have multiple chapters with the same title.") However, when I submit the Book creation form (which also includes multiple embedded Chapter forms), if the chapter title exists in another chapter for a different book, I fail the validation test. Book.create( :chapters => [ Chapter.new(:title => "Introduction"), Chapter.new(:title => "How to build things") => Book 1 successfully created Book.create( :chapters => [ Chapter.new(:title => "Introduction"), Chapter.new(:title => "Destroy things") => Book 2 fails to validate second_book = Book.create( :chapters => [ Chapter.new(:title => "A temporary Introduction title"), Chapter.new(:title => "Destroy things") => Book 2 succesfully created second_book.chapters[0].title= "Introduction" => success second_book.chapters.save => success second_book.save => success Can anyone shed some light on how to do this? Or why it's happening?

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• Change object on client side or on server side

  - by Polina Feterman

  I'm not sure what is the best practice. I have some big and complex objects (NOT flat). In that object I have many related objects - for example Invoice is the main class and one of it's properties is invoiceSupervisor - a big class by it's own called User. User can also be not flat and have department property - also an object called Department. For example I want create new Invoice. First way: I can present to client several fields to fill in. Some of them will be combos that I will need to fill with available values. For example available invoiceSupervisors. Then all the chosen values I can send to server and on server I can create new Invoice and assign all chosen values to that new Invoice. Then I will need to assign new supervisor I will pull the chosen User by id that user picked up on server from combobox. I might do some verification on the User such as does the user applicable to be invoice supervisor. Then I will assign the User object to invoiceSupervisor. Then after filling all properties I will save the new invoice. Second way: In the beginning I can call to server to get a new Invoice. Then on client I can fill all chosen values , for example I can call to server to get new User object and then fill it's id from combobox and assign the User as invoiceSupervisor. After filling the Invoice object on client I can send it to server and then the server will save the new invoice. Before saving server can run some validations as well. So what is the best approach - to make the object on client and send it to server or to collect all values from client and to make a new object on server using those values ?

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• How to properly manage a complex DB structure?

  - by errr

  Let's say you have several systems using the same DB - each uses several schemes (sometimes same as the other). This structure of these schemes is somewhat very big and complicated. Now, how could you possibly manage such scheme structure? Obviously using some sort of "configuration" - the simplest would be SQL scripts, but a more reasonable solution would be XMLs which can be easily converted into SQL, or some other readable solution (for example, JPA's XMLs or Annotations). This solution though, causes a problem where you can't really tell if your configuration matches the structure of the DB schemes exactly. You can't say if those two are synchronized. Why wouldn't they? Well, in such big structure there are going to be many changes, and you won't always remember to save/commit your configuration after you've altered the schemes, or maybe you did save/commit it, but eventually didn't altered anything in the schemes and forgot to undo the changes to the configuration. More than that, another problem (not caused by the configuration, but isn't addressed by it either) is versioning. I don't see any good way of managing the DB schemes versions (say our last alteration makes 3 systems crash - not good, how to "rollback"?). And thoughts? thx.

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• PHP foreach help

  - by sea_1987

  Hello I have an array that looks like this, Array ( [cfi_title] => Mr [cfi_firstname] => Firstname [cfi_surname] => Lastname [cfi_email] => [email protected] [cfi_subscribe_promotional] => [cfi_tnc] => [friendsName] => Array ( [0] => Firstname 1 [1] => Firstname 2 [2] => Firstname 3 ) [friendsEmail] => Array ( [0] => [email protected] [1] => [email protected] [2] => [email protected] ) [submit_form] => Submit ) My dilema is I need to save the values from the friendsName and friendsEmail arrays into a database, I know I can loop through them but how can I send the matching data, for example I need to save [friendsName][0] and friendsEmail][0] on the same row of database? I know I need to use a foreach but I just cannot figure out the logic.

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• [Django] One single page to create a Parent object and its associated child objects

  - by ahmoo

  Hi all, This is my very first post on this awesome site, from which I have been finding answers to a handful of challenging questions. Kudos to the community! I am new to the Django world, so am hoping to find help from some Django experts here. Thanks in advance. Item model: class Item(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) ItemImage model: class ItemImage(models.Model): image = models.ImageField(upload_to=get_unique_filename) item = models.ForeignKey(Item, related_name='images') As you can tell from the model definitions above, every Item object can have many ItemImage objects. My requirements are as followings: A single web page that allows users to create a new Item while uploading the images associated with the Item. The Item and the ItemImages objects should be created in the database all together, when the "Save" button on the page is clicked. I have created a variable in a custom config file, called NUMBER_OF_IMAGES_PER_ITEM. It is based on this variable that the system generates the number of image fields per item. Questions: What should the forms and the template be like? Can ModelForm be used to achieve the requirements? For the view function, what do I need to watch out other than making sure to save Item before ItemImage objects?

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• strange doctrine update problem

  - by larryzhao

  Hi, guys, I have a simple table like following: class SnookerCurrentInfo extends Doctrine_Record { public function setTableDefinition() { $this->hasColumn('current_frame_id', 'integer', 4, array('notnull' => 'false')); $this->hasColumn('current_player_id', 'integer', 4, array('notnull' => 'false')); $this->hasColumn('current_score1', 'integer', 4, array('notnull' => 'false')); $this->hasColumn('current_score2', 'integer', 4, array('notnull' => 'false')); } public function setUp(){ $this->setTableName('snooker_current_info'); } } and I would like to keep only one entry in this table. So every time the value is changed I read the entry with id = 1 out and change the object and execute save. like the following: $info = Doctrine::getTable('SnookerCurrentInfo')->find(1); $info->current_frame_id = $jsonInfo['current_frame_id']; $info->current_player_id = $jsonInfo['current_player_id']; $info->current_score1 = $jsonInfo['current_score1']; $info->current_score2 = $jsonInfo['current_score2']; $info->save(); but the strange thing is, I try to make it clear. Let's say at first, the entry is (30, 1, 1, 0) and I switch player, so update the entry to (30, 2, 1, 0). and I switch the player back again, so the entry should be updated to (30, 1, 1, 0), but this is not affected to the database!! In the database, the entry still remains as (30, 2, 1, 0)!!!! But if after (30, 2, 1, 0), I update the score to (30, 2, 1, 1) and then switch the player back (30, 1, 1, 1) then this is ok. What's that? How should I deal with it? Thanks for a lot helping, really urgent!!

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• Saving information in the IO System

  - by djTeller

  Hi Kernel Gurus, I need to write a kernel module that simulate a "multicaster" Using the /proc file system. Basically it need to support the following scenarios: 1) allow one write access to the /proc file and many read accesses to the /proc file. 2) The module should have a buffer of the contents last successful write. Each write should be matched by a read from all reader. Consider scenario 2, a writer wrote something and there are two readers (A and B), A read the content of the buffer, and then A tried to read again, in this case it should go into a wait_queue and wait for the next message, it should not get the same buffer again. I need to keep a map of all the pid's that already read the current buffer, and in case they try to read again and the buffer was not changed, they should be blocked until there is a new buffer. I'm trying to figure it there is a way i can save that info without a map. I heard there are some redundant fields inside the I/O system the I can use to flag a process if it already read the current buffer. Can someone give me a tip where should i look for that field ? how can i save info on the current process without keeping a "map" of pid's and buffers ? Thanks!

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• How to synchronize access to many objects

  - by vividos

  I have a thread pool with some threads (e.g. as many as number of cores) that work on many objects, say thousands of objects. Normally I would give each object a mutex to protect access to its internals, lock it when I'm doing work, then release it. When two threads would try to access the same object, one of the threads has to wait. Now I want to save some resources and be scalable, as there may be thousands of objects, and still only a hand full of threads. I'm thinking about a class design where the thread has some sort of mutex or lock object, and assigns the lock to the object when the object should be accessed. This would save resources, as I only have as much lock objects as I have threads. Now comes the programming part, where I want to transfer this design into code, but don't know quite where to start. I'm programming in C++ and want to use Boost classes where possible, but self written classes that handle these special requirements are ok. How would I implement this? My first idea was to have a boost::mutex object per thread, and each object has a boost::shared_ptr that initially is unset (or NULL). Now when I want to access the object, I lock it by creating a scoped_lock object and assign it to the shared_ptr. When the shared_ptr is already set, I wait on the present lock. This idea sounds like a heap full of race conditions, so I sort of abandoned it. Is there another way to accomplish this design? A completely different way?

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• When using a repository is it possible for a type to return a Func that the repository uses to test for existing entities?

  - by Scott Rickman

  For example given a Factory with a method public static T Save<T>(T item) where T : Base, new() { /* item.Id == Guid.Empty therefore item is new */ if (item.Id == Guid.Empty && repository.GetAll<T>(t => t.Name == item.Name)) { throw new Exception("Name is not unique"); } } how do I create a property of Base (say MustNotAlreadyExist) so that I can change the method above to public static T Save<T>(T item) where T : Base, new() { /* item.Id == Guid.Empty therefore item is new */ if (item.Id == Guid.Empty && repository.GetAll<T>(t.MustNotAlreadyExist)) { throw new Exception("Name is not unique"); } } public class Base { ... public virtual Expression<Func<T, bool>> MustNotAlreadyExist() { return (b => b.Name == name); /* <- this clearly doesn't work */ } } and then how can I override MustNotAlreadyExist in Account : Base public class Account : Base { ... public override Expression<Func<T, bool>> MustNotAlreadyExist() { return (b => b.Name == name && b.AccountCode == accountCode); /* <- this doesn't work */ } ... }

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• Hibernate Relationship Mapping/Speed up batch inserts

  - by manyxcxi

  I have 5 MySQL InnoDB tables: Test,InputInvoice,InputLine,OutputInvoice,OutputLine and each is mapped and functioning in Hibernate. I have played with using StatelessSession/Session, and JDBC batch size. I have removed any generator classes to let MySQL handle the id generation- but it is still performing quite slow. Each of those tables is represented in a java class, and mapped in hibernate accordingly. Currently when it comes time to write the data out, I loop through the objects and do a session.save(Object) or session.insert(Object) if I'm using StatelessSession. I also do a flush and clear (when using Session) when my line count reaches the max jdbc batch size (50). Would it be faster if I had these in a 'parent' class that held the objects and did a session.save(master) instead of each one? If I had them in a master/container class, how would I map that in hibernate to reflect the relationship? The container class wouldn't actually be a table of it's own, but a relationship all based on two indexes run_id (int) and line (int). Another direction would be: How do I get Hibernate to do a multi-row insert?

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• What is the best way to create a running integer id on the AppEngine data storage?

  - by Freed

  For various reasons, I need a unique running integer id for my entities stored on the Google AppEngine. The automatically generated key sort of has this behaviour, but it doesn't start from 1 (or 0) and doesn't guarantee that the generated integer part will come from a continuous sequence. What would be the best way to efficiently implement this on AppEngine? Is there any support from the storage system? To add to the complexity, I might need to do this over entities from different entity groups, meaning I can't just get the highest id right now and save an entity with the next id in a transaction. Might memcache be the way to go..? Edit: I havn't yet implemented this, but to clarify on the memcache idea. I know memcache is unreliable, but in practice it probably won't lose data "too often" to hurt performance. Basically, I would have a memcache entry for the last used id, update it (somehow atomically) whenever I create a new entity and use that id. In the case of memcache not having a value for this entry, I'd get the highest id so far by doing a query on my entities sorted by the id and update memcache (unless someone else had already done so). The only problem I can see with this right now would be atomicity of the operation as a whole if the save of my new entity was also part of a transaction. Thoughts..?

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• can't edit my h:datatable

  - by Mike

  hi! i have this code: <h:form> <rich:dataTable value="#{my.lreqs}" var="req" id="reqs" width="630px" > <rich:column label="Value" styleClass="schColL" width="90px" style="text-align:center"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText value="#{my.colValue}" /> </f:facet> <h:inputText value="#{req.value}" > </h:inputText> </rich:column> </rich:dataTable> <h:commandButton value="Save" action="#{my.saveChanges}" ></h:commandButton> </h:form> and this is my bean: private List<Detail> lreqs; public List<Detail> getLreqs() { return lreqs; } public void setLreqs(List<Detail> lreqs) { this.lreqs = lreqs; } public void saveChanges() { firstNewValue = lreqs.get(0).getValue(); } but when i click save - a new value in req.value field is not being saved! why is it?

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• How to insert rows in a many-to-many relationship

  - by GSound

  Hello, I am having an issue trying to save into an intermediate table. I am new on Rails and I have spent a couple of hours on this but can't make it work, maybe I am doing wrong the whole thing. Any help will be appreciated. =) The app is a simple book store, where a logged-in user picks books and then create an order. This error is displayed: NameError in OrderController#create uninitialized constant Order::Orderlist These are my models: class Book < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :orderlists has_many :orders, :through => :orderlists end class Order < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user has_many :orderlists has_many :books, :through => :orderlists end class OrderList < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :book belongs_to :order end This is my Order controller: class OrderController < ApplicationController def add if session[:user] book = Book.find(:first, :conditions => ["id = #{params[:id]}"]) if book session[:list].push(book) end redirect_to :controller => "book" else redirect_to :controller => "user" end end def create if session[:user] @order = Order.new if @order.save session[:list].each do |b| @order.orderlists.create(:book => b) # <-- here is my prob I cant make it work end end end redirect_to :controller => "book" end end Thnx in advance! Manuel

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• Shell Scripting: Generating output file name in script and then writing to it

  - by NewShellScripter

  Hello, I have a shell script where a user passes different sizes as command line arguments. For each of those sizes, I want to perform some task, then save the output of that task into a .txt file with the size in the name. How can I take the command line passed and make that part of a stringname for the output file? I save the output file in a directory specified by another command line argument. Perhaps an example will clear it up. In the foor lop, the i value represents the command line argument I need to use, but $$i doesnt work. ./runMe arg1 arg2 outputDir [size1 size2 size3...] for ((i=4; i<$#; i++ )) do ping -s $$i google.com >> $outputDir/$$iresults.txt done I need to know how to build the $outputDir/$$iresults.txt string. Also, the ping -s $$i doesnt work. Its like I need two levels of replacement. I need to replace the $[$i] inner $i with the value in the loop, like 4 for ex, making it $4. Then replace $4 with the 4th command line argument! Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

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• AFTER INVOKE_APPLICATION(5) is being skipped in my h:datatable

  - by Mike

  hi! i have this code: <h:form> <rich:dataTable value="#{my.lreqs}" var="req" id="reqs" width="630px" > <rich:column label="Value" styleClass="schColL" width="90px" style="text-align:center"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText value="#{my.colValue}" /> </f:facet> <h:inputText value="#{req.value}" > </h:inputText> </rich:column> </rich:dataTable> <h:commandButton value="Save" action="#{my.saveChanges}" ></h:commandButton> </h:form> and this is my bean: private List<Detail> lreqs; public List<Detail> getLreqs() { return lreqs; } public void setLreqs(List<Detail> lreqs) { this.lreqs = lreqs; } but when i click save - a new value in req.value field is not being saved! i added phaseTracker and realised that my AFTER INVOKE_APPLICATION(5). why is it?

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• Ruby on Rails: temporarily update an attribute into cache without saving it?

  - by randombits

  I have a bit of code that depicts this hypothetical setup below. A class Foo which contains many Bars. Bar belongs to one and only one Foo. At some point, Foo can do a finite loop that lapses 2+ iterations. In that loop, something like the following happens: bar = Bar.find_where_in_use_is_zero bar.in_use = 1 Basically what find_where_in_use_is_zero does something like this in as far as SQL goes: SELECT * from bars WHERE in_use = 0 Now the problem I'm facing is that I cannot run the following line of code after bar.in_use =1 is invoked: bar.save The reason is clear, I'm still looping and the new Foo hasn't been created, so we don't have a foo_id to put into bars.foo_id. Even if I set to allow foo_id to be NULL, we have a problem where one of the bars can fail validation and the existing one was saved to the database. In my application, that doesn't work. The entire request is atomic, either all succeeds or fails together. What happens next, is that in my loop, I have the potential to select the same exact bar that I did on a previous iteration of the loop since the in_use flag will not be set to 1 until @foo.save is called. Is there anyway to work around this condition and temporarily set the in_use attribute to 1 for subsequent iterations of the loop so that I retrieve an available bar instance?

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• Need help to solve sharedPreference probem

  - by HFherasen

  I am working on this app where I have one EditText field where you can write somthing and then it get saved and added to a list(TextView). I save the content of the EditText in this way : saved += "*" + editTextFelt.getText().toString() + ". \n"; saved is a String. Everything works fine, I can even reload the app and it's still displayed in the TextView, but if i try to write somthing and save it everything that was there, now dissapear. anyone know why ? It's kind of confusing, and I have to get it to work! Thank's!! CODE: init Mehtod() sp = getSharedPreferences(fileName, 0); betaView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.betaTextView); Ive got a button to send the text, and this is like: p ublic void onClick(View v) { switch(v.getId()){ case R.id.btnSend: saved += "*" + editTextFelt.getText().toString() + ". \n"; SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sp.edit(); editor.putString("SAVED", saved); editor.commit(); betaView.setText(sp.getString("SAVED", "Empty"));

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• jQuery: Is it possible to assign a DOM element to a variable for later use?

  - by Braxo

  I'm working on a project that is using jQuery, which I'm much more familiar with Mootools. I'll start with my code first. var customNamespace = { status: 'closed', popup: $('#popup'), showPopup: function() { // ... } } $(document).ready(function(){ console.log($('#popup')); console.log(customNamespace.popup); console.log($(customNamespace.popup)); $('#popup').fadeIn('slow'); (customNamespace.popup).fadeIn('slow'); $(customNamespace.popup).fadeIn('slow'); }); My goal is to not have jQuery traverse the DOM everytime I want to do something with the #popup div, so I wanted to save it to a variable to use it throughout my script. When the page loads, the console prints out the object 3 times as I would expect, so I assumed that for each method, the fadeIn would just work. But it doesn't, only $('#popup').fadeIn('slow'); Actually fades in the div. Even if I remove my namespace hash, and just save the object to a global variable, and do a var globalVariable = $('#popup'); . . . globalVariable.fadeIn('slow'); Also does not work as I thought it would. Can jQuery do what I am trying to do?

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• Java variables across methods

  - by NardCake

  I'm making a basic text editor, and I have 2 methods the first one is triggered when a user click 'Open' and it prompts the user to pick a file and it opens the file fine. I just want to access the same file path which is in a variable in the method that is triggered when the user clicks save. My methods are public, Iv'e tried accessing it through a class, still no. Please help! Code: public void open(){ try{ //Open file JFileChooser fc = new JFileChooser(); fc.showOpenDialog(null); File file = fc.getSelectedFile(); String haha = file.getPath(); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file.getPath())); String line; while((line = br.readLine()) != null){ text.append(line + "\n"); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e){ e.printStackTrace(); }catch (IOException e){ } } public void save(){ try { BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file.filePath)); bw.write(text.getText()); bw.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }

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• Rails form not creating object

  - by user2136807

  I have created a simple form to create an instance of a modle and for some reason it is not calling the create method in the controller. Here is the form code: <% @house.mates.each do |mate| %> <p><%= mate.name %></p> <% end %> <h2>Add a new mate:</h2> <%= form_for @mate do |f| %> <p><%= f.label "Name" %> <%= f.text_field :name %> <%= f.hidden_field :house_id %> </p> <%= f.submit "Submit", :action => :create %> <% end %> Here is the controller code: class MatesController < ApplicationController def new @mate = Mate.new end def create @mate = Mate.new(params[:mate]) @mate.save redirect_to house_path(current_house) end end There is a many to one relationship between the Mate model and the House model... I am fairly new to rails but I have made other apps with similar forms, and I have never had this problem before. I can create and save Mate objects in the console, and I am not getting any errors, so it seem that somehow the controller method is not being called. Any help is much appreciated!

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• Integrating HTML into Silverlight Applications

  - by dwahlin

  Looking for a way to display HTML content within a Silverlight application? If you haven’t tried doing that before it can be challenging at first until you know a few tricks of the trade.  Being able to display HTML is especially handy when you’re required to display RSS feeds (with embedded HTML), SQL Server Reporting Services reports, PDF files (not actually HTML – but the techniques discussed will work), or other HTML content.  In this post I'll discuss three options for displaying HTML content in Silverlight applications and describe how my company is using these techniques in client applications. Displaying HTML Overlays If you need to display HTML over a Silverlight application (such as an RSS feed containing HTML data in it) you’ll need to set the Silverlight control’s windowless parameter to true. This can be done using the object tag as shown next: <object data="data:application/x-silverlight-2," type="application/x-silverlight-2" width="100%" height="100%"> <param name="source" value="ClientBin/HTMLAndSilverlight.xap"/> <param name="onError" value="onSilverlightError" /> <param name="background" value="white" /> <param name="minRuntimeVersion" value="4.0.50401.0" /> <param name="autoUpgrade" value="true" /> <param name="windowless" value="true" /> <a href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=149156&v=4.0.50401.0" style="text-decoration:none"> <img src="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=161376" alt="Get Microsoft Silverlight" style="border-style:none"/> </a> </object> By setting the control to “windowless” you can overlay HTML objects by using absolute positioning and other CSS techniques. Keep in mind that on Windows machines the windowless setting can result in a performance hit when complex animations or HD video are running since the plug-in content is displayed directly by the browser window. It goes without saying that you should only set windowless to true when you really need the functionality it offers. For example, if I want to display my blog’s RSS content on top of a Silverlight application I could set windowless to true and create a user control that grabbed the content and output it using a DataList control: <style type="text/css"> a {text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;} </style> <div style="margin-top:10px; margin-left:10px;margin-right:5px;"> <asp:DataList ID="RSSDataList" runat="server" DataSourceID="RSSDataSource"> <ItemTemplate> <a href='<%# XPath("link") %>'><%# XPath("title") %></a> <br /> <%# XPath("description") %> <br /> </ItemTemplate> </asp:DataList> <asp:XmlDataSource ID="RSSDataSource" DataFile="http://weblogs.asp.net/dwahlin/rss.aspx" XPath="rss/channel/item" CacheDuration="60" runat="server" /> </div> The user control can then be placed in the page hosting the Silverlight control as shown below. This example adds a Close button, additional content to display in the overlay window and the HTML generated from the user control. <div id="RSSDiv"> <div style="background-color:#484848;border:1px solid black;height:35px;width:100%;"> <img alt="Close Button" align="right" src="Images/Close.png" onclick="HideOverlay();" style="cursor:pointer;" /> </div> <div style="overflow:auto;width:800px;height:565px;"> <div style="float:left;width:100px;height:103px;margin-left:10px;margin-top:5px;"> <img src="http://weblogs.asp.net/blogs/dwahlin/dan2008.jpg" style="border:1px solid Gray" /> </div> <div style="float:left;width:300px;height:103px;margin-top:5px;"> <a href="http://weblogs.asp.net/dwahlin" style="margin-left:10px;font-size:20pt;">Dan Wahlin's Blog</a> </div> <br /><br /><br /> <div style="clear:both;margin-top:20px;"> <uc:BlogRoller ID="BlogRoller" runat="server" /> </div> </div> </div> Of course, we wouldn’t want the RSS HTML content to be shown until requested. Once it’s requested the absolute position of where it should show above the Silverlight control can be set using standard CSS styles. The following ID selector named #RSSDiv handles hiding the overlay div shown above and determines where it will be display on the screen. #RSSDiv { background-color:White; position:absolute; top:100px; left:300px; width:800px; height:600px; border:1px solid black; display:none; } Now that the HTML content to display above the Silverlight control is set, how can we show it as a user clicks a HyperlinkButton or other control in the application? Fortunately, Silverlight provides an excellent HTML bridge that allows direct access to content hosted within a page. The following code shows two JavaScript functions that can be called from Siverlight to handle showing or hiding HTML overlay content. The two functions rely on jQuery (http://www.jQuery.com) to make it easy to select HTML objects and manipulate their properties: function ShowOverlay() { rssDiv.css('display', 'block'); } function HideOverlay() { rssDiv.css('display', 'none'); } Calling the ShowOverlay function is as simple as adding the following code into the Silverlight application within a button’s Click event handler: private void OverlayHyperlinkButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { HtmlPage.Window.Invoke("ShowOverlay"); } The result of setting the Silverlight control’s windowless parameter to true and showing the HTML overlay content is shown in the following screenshot:   Thinking Outside the Box to Show HTML Content Setting the windowless parameter to true may not be a viable option for some Silverlight applications or you may simply want to go about showing HTML content a different way. The next technique I’ll show takes advantage of simple HTML, CSS and JavaScript code to handle showing HTML content while a Silverlight application is running in the browser. Keep in mind that with Silverlight’s HTML bridge feature you can always pop-up HTML content in a new browser window using code similar to the following: System.Windows.Browser.HtmlPage.Window.Navigate( new Uri("http://silverlight.net"), "_blank"); For this example I’ll demonstrate how to hide the Silverlight application while maximizing a container div containing the HTML content to show. This allows HTML content to take up the full screen area of the browser without having to set windowless to true and when done right can make the user feel like they never left the Silverlight application. The following HTML shows several div elements that are used to display HTML within the same browser window as the Silverlight application: <div id="JobPlanDiv"> <div style="vertical-align:middle"> <img alt="Close Button" align="right" src="Images/Close.png" onclick="HideJobPlanIFrame();" style="cursor:pointer;" /> </div> <div id="JobPlan_IFrame_Container" style="height:95%;width:100%;margin-top:37px;"></div> </div> The JobPlanDiv element acts as a container for two other divs that handle showing a close button and hosting an iframe that will be added dynamically at runtime. JobPlanDiv isn’t visible when the Silverlight application loads due to the following ID selector added into the page: #JobPlanDiv { position:absolute; background-color:#484848; overflow:hidden; left:0; top:0; height:100%; width:100%; display:none; } When the HTML content needs to be shown or hidden the JavaScript functions shown next can be used: var jobPlanIFrameID = 'JobPlan_IFrame'; var slHost = null; var jobPlanContainer = null; var jobPlanIFrameContainer = null; var rssDiv = null; $(document).ready(function () { slHost = $('#silverlightControlHost'); jobPlanContainer = $('#JobPlanDiv'); jobPlanIFrameContainer = $('#JobPlan_IFrame_Container'); rssDiv = $('#RSSDiv'); }); function ShowJobPlanIFrame(url) { jobPlanContainer.css('display', 'block'); $('<iframe id="' + jobPlanIFrameID + '" src="' + url + '" style="height:100%;width:100%;" />') .appendTo(jobPlanIFrameContainer); slHost.css('width', '0%'); } function HideJobPlanIFrame() { jobPlanContainer.css('display', 'none'); $('#' + jobPlanIFrameID).remove(); slHost.css('width', '100%'); } ShowJobPlanIFrame() handles showing the JobPlanDiv div and adding an iframe into it dynamically. Once JobPlanDiv is shown, the Silverlight control host has its width set to a value of 0% to allow the control to stay alive while making it invisible to the user. I found that this technique works better across multiple browsers as opposed to manipulating the Silverlight control host div’s display or visibility properties. Now that you’ve seen the code to handle showing and hiding the HTML content area, let’s switch focus to the Silverlight application. As a user clicks on a link such as “View Report” the ShowJobPlanIFrame() JavaScript function needs to be called. The following code handles that task: private void ReportHyperlinkButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { ShowBrowser(_BaseUrl + "/Report.aspx"); } public void ShowBrowser(string url) { HtmlPage.Window.Invoke("ShowJobPlanIFrame", url); } Any URL can be passed into the ShowBrowser() method which handles invoking the JavaScript function. This includes standard web pages or even PDF files. We’ve used this technique frequently with our SmartPrint control (http://www.smartwebcontrols.com) which converts Silverlight screens into PDF documents and displays them. Here’s an example of the content generated:   Silverlight 4’s WebBrowser Control Both techniques shown to this point work well when Silverlight is running in-browser but not so well when it’s running out-of-browser since there’s no host page that you can access using the HTML bridge. Fortunately, Silverlight 4 provides a WebBrowser control that can be used to perform the same functionality quite easily. We’re currently using it in client applications to display PDF documents, SSRS reports and standard HTML content. Using the WebBrowser control simplifies the application quite a bit since no JavaScript is required if the application only runs out-of-browser. Here’s a simple example of defining the WebBrowser control in XAML. I typically define it in MainPage.xaml when a Silverlight Navigation template is used to create the project so that I can re-use the functionality across multiple screens. <Grid x:Name="WebBrowserGrid" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Visibility="Collapsed"> <StackPanel HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch"> <Border Background="#484848" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" Height="40"> <Image x:Name="WebBrowserImage" Width="100" Height="33" Cursor="Hand" HorizontalAlignment="Right" Source="/HTMLAndSilverlight;component/Assets/Images/Close.png" MouseLeftButtonDown="WebBrowserImage_MouseLeftButtonDown" /> </Border> <WebBrowser x:Name="JobPlanReportWebBrowser" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" /> </StackPanel> </Grid> Looking through the XAML you can see that a close image is defined along with the WebBrowser control. Because the URL that the WebBrowser should navigate to isn’t known at design time no value is assigned to the control’s Source property. If the XAML shown above is left “as is” you’ll find that any HTML content assigned to the WebBrowser doesn’t display properly. This is due to no height or width being set on the control. To handle this issue the following code is added into the XAML’s code-behind file to dynamically determine the height and width of the page and assign it to the WebBrowser. This is done by handling the SizeChanged event. void MainPage_SizeChanged(object sender, SizeChangedEventArgs e) { WebBrowserGrid.Height = JobPlanReportWebBrowser.Height = ActualHeight; WebBrowserGrid.Width = JobPlanReportWebBrowser.Width = ActualWidth; } When the user wants to view HTML content they click a button which executes the code shown in next: public void ShowBrowser(string url) { if (Application.Current.IsRunningOutOfBrowser) { JobPlanReportWebBrowser.NavigateToString("<html><body><iframe src='" + url + "' style='width:100%;height:97%;' /></body></html>"); WebBrowserGrid.Visibility = Visibility.Visible; } else { HtmlPage.Window.Invoke("ShowJobPlanIFrame", url); } } private void WebBrowserImage_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { WebBrowserGrid.Visibility = Visibility.Collapsed; }   Looking through the code you’ll see that it checks to see if the Silverlight application is running out-of-browser and then either displays the WebBrowser control or runs the JavaScript function discussed earlier. Although the WebBrowser control’s Source property could be assigned the URI of the page to navigate to, by assigning HTML content using the NavigateToString() method and adding an iframe, content can be shown from any site including cross-domain sites. This is especially handy when you need to grab a page from a reporting site that’s in a different domain than the Silverlight application. Here’s an example of viewing  PDF file inside of an out-of-browser application. The first image shows the application running out-of-browser before the user clicks a PDF HyperlinkButton.  The second image shows the PDF being displayed.   While there are certainly other techniques that can be used, the ones shown here have worked well for us in different applications and provide the ability to display HTML content in-browser or out-of-browser. Feel free to add a comment if you have another tip or trick you like to use when working with HTML content in Silverlight applications.   Download Code Sample   For more information about onsite, online and video training, mentoring and consulting solutions for .NET, SharePoint or Silverlight please visit http://www.thewahlingroup.com.

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• From Binary to Data Structures

  - by Cédric Menzi

  Table of Contents Introduction PE file format and COFF header COFF file header BaseCoffReader Byte4ByteCoffReader UnsafeCoffReader ManagedCoffReader Conclusion History This article is also available on CodeProject Introduction Sometimes, you want to parse well-formed binary data and bring it into your objects to do some dirty stuff with it. In the Windows world most data structures are stored in special binary format. Either we call a WinApi function or we want to read from special files like images, spool files, executables or may be the previously announced Outlook Personal Folders File. Most specifications for these files can be found on the MSDN Libarary: Open Specification In my example, we are going to get the COFF (Common Object File Format) file header from a PE (Portable Executable). The exact specification can be found here: PECOFF PE file format and COFF header Before we start we need to know how this file is formatted. The following figure shows an overview of the Microsoft PE executable format. Source: Microsoft Our goal is to get the PE header. As we can see, the image starts with a MS-DOS 2.0 header with is not important for us. From the documentation we can read "...After the MS DOS stub, at the file offset specified at offset 0x3c, is a 4-byte...". With this information we know our reader has to jump to location 0x3c and read the offset to the signature. The signature is always 4 bytes that ensures that the image is a PE file. The signature is: PE\0\0. To prove this we first seek to the offset 0x3c, read if the file consist the signature. So we need to declare some constants, because we do not want magic numbers.   private const int PeSignatureOffsetLocation = 0x3c; private const int PeSignatureSize = 4; private const string PeSignatureContent = "PE";   Then a method for moving the reader to the correct location to read the offset of signature. With this method we always move the underlining Stream of the BinaryReader to the start location of the PE signature.   private void SeekToPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // seek to the offset for the PE signagure br.BaseStream.Seek(PeSignatureOffsetLocation, SeekOrigin.Begin); // read the offset int offsetToPeSig = br.ReadInt32(); // seek to the start of the PE signature br.BaseStream.Seek(offsetToPeSig, SeekOrigin.Begin); }   Now, we can check if it is a valid PE image by reading of the next 4 byte contains the content PE.   private bool IsValidPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // read 4 bytes to get the PE signature byte[] peSigBytes = br.ReadBytes(PeSignatureSize); // convert it to a string and trim \0 at the end of the content string peContent = Encoding.Default.GetString(peSigBytes).TrimEnd('\0'); // check if PE is in the content return peContent.Equals(PeSignatureContent); }   With this basic functionality we have a good base reader class to try the different methods of parsing the COFF file header. COFF file header The COFF header has the following structure: Offset Size Field 0 2 Machine 2 2 NumberOfSections 4 4 TimeDateStamp 8 4 PointerToSymbolTable 12 4 NumberOfSymbols 16 2 SizeOfOptionalHeader 18 2 Characteristics If we translate this table to code, we get something like this:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public MachineType Machine; public ushort NumberOfSections; public uint TimeDateStamp; public uint PointerToSymbolTable; public uint NumberOfSymbols; public ushort SizeOfOptionalHeader; public Characteristic Characteristics; } BaseCoffReader All readers do the same thing, so we go to the patterns library in our head and see that Strategy pattern or Template method pattern is sticked out in the bookshelf. I have decided to take the template method pattern in this case, because the Parse() should handle the IO for all implementations and the concrete parsing should done in its derived classes.   public CoffHeader Parse() { using (var br = new BinaryReader(File.Open(_fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))) { SeekToPeSignature(br); if (!IsValidPeSignature(br)) { throw new BadImageFormatException(); } return ParseInternal(br); } } protected abstract CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br);   First we open the BinaryReader, seek to the PE signature then we check if it contains a valid PE signature and rest is done by the derived implementations. Byte4ByteCoffReader The first solution is using the BinaryReader. It is the general way to get the data. We only need to know which order, which data-type and its size. If we read byte for byte we could comment out the first line in the CoffHeader structure, because we have control about the order of the member assignment.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { CoffHeader coff = new CoffHeader(); coff.Machine = (MachineType)br.ReadInt16(); coff.NumberOfSections = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.TimeDateStamp = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.PointerToSymbolTable = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.NumberOfSymbols = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.SizeOfOptionalHeader = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.Characteristics = (Characteristic)br.ReadInt16(); return coff; }   If the structure is as short as the COFF header here and the specification will never changed, there is probably no reason to change the strategy. But if a data-type will be changed, a new member will be added or ordering of member will be changed the maintenance costs of this method are very high. UnsafeCoffReader Another way to bring the data into this structure is using a "magically" unsafe trick. As above, we know the layout and order of the data structure. Now, we need the StructLayout attribute, because we have to ensure that the .NET Runtime allocates the structure in the same order as it is specified in the source code. We also need to enable "Allow unsafe code (/unsafe)" in the project's build properties. Then we need to add the following constructor to the CoffHeader structure.   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { unsafe { fixed (byte* packet = &data[0]) { this = *(CoffHeader*)packet; } } } }   The "magic" trick is in the statement: this = *(CoffHeader*)packet;. What happens here? We have a fixed size of data somewhere in the memory and because a struct in C# is a value-type, the assignment operator = copies the whole data of the structure and not only the reference. To fill the structure with data, we need to pass the data as bytes into the CoffHeader structure. This can be achieved by reading the exact size of the structure from the PE file.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { return new CoffHeader(br.ReadBytes(Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)))); }   This solution is the fastest way to parse the data and bring it into the structure, but it is unsafe and it could introduce some security and stability risks. ManagedCoffReader In this solution we are using the same approach of the structure assignment as above. But we need to replace the unsafe part in the constructor with the following managed part:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { IntPtr coffPtr = IntPtr.Zero; try { int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)); coffPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, coffPtr, size); this = (CoffHeader)Marshal.PtrToStructure(coffPtr, typeof(CoffHeader)); } finally { Marshal.FreeHGlobal(coffPtr); } } }     Conclusion We saw that we can parse well-formed binary data to our data structures using different approaches. The first is probably the clearest way, because we know each member and its size and ordering and we have control about the reading the data for each member. But if add member or the structure is going change by some reason, we need to change the reader. The two other solutions use the approach of the structure assignment. In the unsafe implementation we need to compile the project with the /unsafe option. We increase the performance, but we get some security risks.

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• How to Reduce the Size of Your WinSXS Folder on Windows 7 or 8

  - by Chris Hoffman

  The WinSXS folder at C:\Windows\WinSXS is massive and continues to grow the longer you have Windows installed. This folder builds up unnecessary files over time, such as old versions of system components. This folder also contains files for uninstalled, disabled Windows components. Even if you don’t have a Windows component installed, it will be present in your WinSXS folder, taking up space. Why the WinSXS Folder Gets to Big The WinSXS folder contains all Windows system components. In fact, component files elsewhere in Windows are just links to files contained in the WinSXS folder. The WinSXS folder contains every operating system file. When Windows installs updates, it drops the new Windows component in the WinSXS folder and keeps the old component in the WinSXS folder. This means that every Windows Update you install increases the size of your WinSXS folder. This allows you to uninstall operating system updates from the Control Panel, which can be useful in the case of a buggy update — but it’s a feature that’s rarely used. Windows 7 dealt with this by including a feature that allows Windows to clean up old Windows update files after you install a new Windows service pack. The idea was that the system could be cleaned up regularly along with service packs. However, Windows 7 only saw one service pack — Service Pack 1 — released in 2010. Microsoft has no intention of launching another. This means that, for more than three years, Windows update uninstallation files have been building up on Windows 7 systems and couldn’t be easily removed. Clean Up Update Files To fix this problem, Microsoft recently backported a feature from Windows 8 to Windows 7. They did this without much fanfare — it was rolled out in a typical minor operating system update, the kind that don’t generally add new features. To clean up such update files, open the Disk Cleanup wizard (tap the Windows key, type “disk cleanup” into the Start menu, and press Enter). Click the Clean up System Files button, enable the Windows Update Cleanup option and click OK. If you’ve been using your Windows 7 system for a few years, you’ll likely be able to free several gigabytes of space. The next time you reboot after doing this, Windows will take a few minutes to clean up system files before you can log in and use your desktop. If you don’t see this feature in the Disk Cleanup window, you’re likely behind on your updates — install the latest updates from Windows Update. Windows 8 and 8.1 include built-in features that do this automatically. In fact, there’s a StartComponentCleanup scheduled task included with Windows that will automatically run in the background, cleaning up components 30 days after you’ve installed them. This 30-day period gives you time to uninstall an update if it causes problems. If you’d like to manually clean up updates, you can also use the Windows Update Cleanup option in the Disk Usage window, just as you can on Windows 7. (To open it, tap the Windows key, type “disk cleanup” to perform a search, and click the “Free up disk space by removing unnecessary files” shortcut that appears.) Windows 8.1 gives you more options, allowing you to forcibly remove all previous versions of uninstalled components, even ones that haven’t been around for more than 30 days. These commands must be run in an elevated Command Prompt — in other words, start the Command Prompt window as Administrator. For example, the following command will uninstall all previous versions of components without the scheduled task’s 30-day grace period: DISM.exe /online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup The following command will remove files needed for uninstallation of service packs. You won’t be able to uninstall any currently installed service packs after running this command: DISM.exe /online /Cleanup-Image /SPSuperseded The following command will remove all old versions of every component. You won’t be able to uninstall any currently installed service packs or updates after this completes: DISM.exe /online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup /ResetBase Remove Features on Demand Modern versions of Windows allow you to enable or disable Windows features on demand. You’ll find a list of these features in the Windows Features window you can access from the Control Panel. Even features you don’t have installed — that is, the features you see unchecked in this window — are stored on your hard drive in your WinSXS folder. If you choose to install them, they’ll be made available from your WinSXS folder. This means you won’t have to download anything or provide Windows installation media to install these features. However, these features take up space. While this shouldn’t matter on typical computers, users with extremely low amounts of storage or Windows server administrators who want to slim their Windows installs down to the smallest possible set of system files may want to get these files off their hard drives. For this reason, Windows 8 added a new option that allows you to remove these uninstalled components from the WinSXS folder entirely, freeing up space. If you choose to install the removed components later, Windows will prompt you to download the component files from Microsoft. To do this, open a Command Prompt window as Administrator. Use the following command to see the features available to you: DISM.exe /Online /English /Get-Features /Format:Table You’ll see a table of feature names and their states. To remove a feature from your system, you’d use the following command, replacing NAME with the name of the feature you want to remove. You can get the feature name you need from the table above. DISM.exe /Online /Disable-Feature /featurename:NAME /Remove If you run the /GetFeatures command again, you’ll now see that the feature has a status of “Disabled with Payload Removed” instead of just “Disabled.” That’s how you know it’s not taking up space on your computer’s hard drive. If you’re trying to slim down a Windows system as much as possible, be sure to check out our lists of ways to free up disk space on Windows and reduce the space used by system files.     

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