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  • A general question about compilation and interpretation.

    - by wucnuc
    Hi stackoverflow, I apologize in advance for the possible stupidity of this question. However, the following has been the source of some confusion for me and I know the people here will be able to handily clear up the confusion for me. Basically, I would like to finally understand the relationship between any and all of the following terms. Some of the terms I do actually understand pretty well, but some of them are similar in my mind and I would like to once and for all to see their relationships/distinctions laid out all at once. They are: compiler interpreter bytecode machine code assembler assembly language binary object code executable Ideally, an answer would use examples from Java and C++ and other well-known programming languages that a young-ish student like me would be familiar with. Also, if you want to throw in any other useful terms that would be fine too :)

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  • When I overload the assignment operator for my simple class array, I get the wrong answer I espect

    - by user299648
    //output is "01234 00000" but the output should be or what I want it to be is // "01234 01234" because of the assignment overloaded operator #include <iostream> using namespace std; class IntArray { public: IntArray() : size(10), used(0) { a= new int[10]; } IntArray(int s) : size(s), used(0) { a= new int[s]; } int& operator[]( int index ); IntArray& operator =( const IntArray& rightside ); ~IntArray() { delete [] a; } private: int *a; int size; int used;//for array position }; int main() { IntArray copy; if( 2>1) { IntArray arr(5); for( int k=0; k<5; k++) arr[k]=k; copy = arr; for( int j=0; j<5; j++) cout<<arr[j]; } cout<<" "; for( int j=0; j<5; j++) cout<<copy[j]; return 0; } int& IntArray::operator[]( int index ) { if( index >= size ) cout<<"ilegal index in IntArray"<<endl; return a[index]; } IntArray& IntArray::operator =( const IntArray& rightside ) { if( size != rightside.size )//also checks if on both side same object { delete [] a; a= new int[rightside.size]; } size=rightside.size; used=rightside.used; for( int i = 0; i < used; i++ ) a[i]=rightside.a[i]; return *this; }

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  • Jquery toggle event is messing with checkbox value

    - by John McCollum
    Hi all, I'm using Jquery's toggle event to do some stuff when a user clicks a checkbox, like this: $('input#myId').toggle( function(){ //do stuff }, function(){ //do other stuff } ); The problem is that the checkbox isn't being ticked when I click on the checkbox. (All the stuff I've put into the toggle event is working properly.) I've tried the following: $('input#myId').attr('checked', 'checked'); and $(this).attr('checked', 'checked'); and even simply return true; But nothing is working. Can anyone tell me where I'm going wrong? Edit - thanks to all who replied. Dreas' answer very nearly worked for me, except for the part that checked the attribute. This works perfectly (although it's a bit hacky) $('input#myInput').change(function () { if(!$(this).hasClass("checked")) { //do stuff if the checkbox isn't checked $(this).addClass("checked"); return; } //do stuff if the checkbox isn't checked $(this).removeClass('checked'); }); Thanks again to all who replied.

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  • Understanding CGI and SQL security from the ground up

    - by Steve
    This question is for learning purposes. Suppose I am writing a simple SQL admin console using CGI and Python. At http://something.com/admin, this admin console should allow me to modify a SQL database (i.e., create and modify tables, and create and modify records) using an ordinary form. In the least secure case, anybody can access http://something.com/admin and modify the database. You can password protect http://something.com/admin. But once you start using the admin console, information is still transmitted in plain text. So then you use HTTPS to secure the transmitted data. Questions: To describe to a learner, how would you incrementally add security to the least secure environment in order to make it most secure? How would you modify/augment my three (possibly erroneous) steps above? What basic tools in Python make your steps possible? Optional: Now that I understand the process, how do sophisticated libraries and frameworks inherently achieve this level of security?

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  • C++ HW - defining classes - objects that have objects of other class problem in header file (out of

    - by kitfuntastik
    This is my first time with much of this code. With this instancepool.h file below I get errors saying I can't use vector (line 14) or have instance& as a return type (line 20). It seems it can't use the instance objects despite the fact that I have included them. #ifndef _INSTANCEPOOL_H #define _INSTANCEPOOL_H #include "instance.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; class InstancePool { private: unsigned instances;//total number of instance objects vector<instance> ipp;//the collection of instance objects, held in a vector public: InstancePool();//Default constructor. Creates an InstancePool object that contains no Instance objects InstancePool(const InstancePool& original);//Copy constructor. After copying, changes to original should not affect the copy that was created. ~InstancePool();//Destructor unsigned getNumberOfInstances() const;//Returns the number of Instance objects the the InstancePool contains. const instance& operator[](unsigned index) const; InstancePool& operator=(const InstancePool& right);//Overloading the assignment operator for InstancePool. friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, InstancePool& ip);//Overloading of the >> operator. friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const InstancePool& ip);//Overloading of the << operator. }; #endif Here is the instance.h : #ifndef _INSTANCE_H #define _INSTANCE_H ///////////////////////////////#include "instancepool.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; class Instance { private: string filenamee; bool categoryy; unsigned featuress; unsigned* featureIDD; unsigned* frequencyy; string* featuree; public: Instance (unsigned features = 0);//default constructor unsigned getNumberOfFeatures() const; //Returns the number of the keywords that the calling Instance object can store. Instance(const Instance& original);//Copy constructor. After copying, changes to the original should not affect the copy that was created. ~Instance() { delete []featureIDD; delete []frequencyy; delete []featuree;}//Destructor. void setCategory(bool category){categoryy = category;}//Sets the category of the message. Spam messages are represented with true and and legit messages with false.//easy bool getCategory() const;//Returns the category of the message. void setFileName(const string& filename){filenamee = filename;}//Stores the name of the file (i.e. “spam/spamsga1.txt”, like in 1st assignment) in which the message was initially stored.//const string& trick? string getFileName() const;//Returns the name of the file in which the message was initially stored. void setFeature(unsigned i, const string& feature, unsigned featureID,unsigned frequency) {//i for array positions featuree[i] = feature; featureIDD[i] = featureID; frequencyy[i] = frequency; } string getFeature(unsigned i) const;//Returns the keyword which is located in the ith position.//const string unsigned getFeatureID(unsigned i) const;//Returns the code of the keyword which is located in the ith position. unsigned getFrequency(unsigned i) const;//Returns the frequency Instance& operator=(const Instance& right);//Overloading of the assignment operator for Instance. friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Instance& inst);//Overloading of the << operator for Instance. friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Instance& inst);//Overloading of the >> operator for Instance. }; #endif Also, if it is helpful here is instance.cpp: // Here we implement the functions of the class apart from the inline ones #include "instance.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; Instance::Instance(unsigned features) { //Constructor that can be used as the default constructor. featuress = features; if (features == 0) return; featuree = new string[featuress]; // Dynamic memory allocation. featureIDD = new unsigned[featuress]; frequencyy = new unsigned[featuress]; return; } unsigned Instance::getNumberOfFeatures() const {//Returns the number of the keywords that the calling Instance object can store. return featuress;} Instance::Instance(const Instance& original) {//Copy constructor. filenamee = original.filenamee; categoryy = original.categoryy; featuress = original.featuress; featuree = new string[featuress]; for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { featuree[i] = original.featuree[i]; } featureIDD = new unsigned[featuress]; for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { featureIDD[i] = original.featureIDD[i]; } frequencyy = new unsigned[featuress]; for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { frequencyy[i] = original.frequencyy[i];} } bool Instance::getCategory() const { //Returns the category of the message. return categoryy;} string Instance::getFileName() const { //Returns the name of the file in which the message was initially stored. return filenamee;} string Instance::getFeature(unsigned i) const { //Returns the keyword which is located in the ith position.//const string return featuree[i];} unsigned Instance::getFeatureID(unsigned i) const { //Returns the code of the keyword which is located in the ith position. return featureIDD[i];} unsigned Instance::getFrequency(unsigned i) const { //Returns the frequency return frequencyy[i];} Instance& Instance::operator=(const Instance& right) { //Overloading of the assignment operator for Instance. if(this == &right) return *this; delete []featureIDD; delete []frequencyy; delete []featuree; filenamee = right.filenamee; categoryy = right.categoryy; featuress = right.featuress; featureIDD = new unsigned[featuress]; frequencyy = new unsigned[featuress]; featuree = new string[featuress]; for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { featureIDD[i] = right.featureIDD[i]; } for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { frequencyy[i] = right.frequencyy[i]; } for(unsigned i = 0; i < featuress; i++) { featuree[i] = right.featuree[i]; } return *this; } ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Instance& inst) {//Overloading of the << operator for Instance. out << endl << "<message file=" << '"' << inst.filenamee << '"' << " category="; if (inst.categoryy == 0) out << '"' << "legit" << '"'; else out << '"' << "spam" << '"'; out << " features=" << '"' << inst.featuress << '"' << ">" <<endl; for (int i = 0; i < inst.featuress; i++) { out << "<feature id=" << '"' << inst.featureIDD[i] << '"' << " freq=" << '"' << inst.frequencyy[i] << '"' << "> " << inst.featuree[i] << " </feature>"<< endl; } out << "</message>" << endl; return out; } istream& operator>>(istream& in, Instance& inst) { //Overloading of the >> operator for Instance. string word; string numbers = ""; string filenamee2 = ""; bool categoryy2 = 0; unsigned featuress2; string featuree2; unsigned featureIDD2; unsigned frequencyy2; unsigned i; unsigned y; while(in >> word) { if (word == "<message") {//if at beginning of message in >> word;//grab filename word for (y=6; word[y]!='"'; y++) {//pull out filename from between quotes filenamee2 += word[y];} in >> word;//grab category word if (word[10] == 's') categoryy2 = 1; in >> word;//grab features word for (y=10; word[y]!='"'; y++) { numbers += word[y];} featuress2 = atoi(numbers.c_str());//convert string of numbers to integer Instance tempp2(featuress2);//make a temporary Instance object to hold values read in tempp2.setFileName(filenamee2);//set temp object to filename read in tempp2.setCategory(categoryy2); for (i=0; i<featuress2; i++) {//loop reading in feature reports for message in >> word >> word >> word;//skip two words numbers = "";//reset numbers string for (int y=4; word[y]!='"'; y++) {//grab feature ID numbers += word[y];} featureIDD2 = atoi(numbers.c_str()); in >> word;// numbers = ""; for (int y=6; word[y]!='"'; y++) {//grab frequency numbers += word[y];} frequencyy2 = atoi(numbers.c_str()); in >> word;//grab actual feature string featuree2 = word; tempp2.setFeature(i, featuree2, featureIDD2, frequencyy2); }//all done reading in and setting features in >> word;//read in last part of message : </message> inst = tempp2;//set inst (reference) to tempp2 (tempp2 will be destroyed at end of function call) return in; } } } and instancepool.cpp: // Here we implement the functions of the class apart from the inline ones #include "instancepool.h" #include "instance.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; InstancePool::InstancePool()//Default constructor. Creates an InstancePool object that contains no Instance objects { instances = 0; ipp.clear(); } InstancePool::~InstancePool() { ipp.clear();} InstancePool::InstancePool(const InstancePool& original) {//Copy constructor. instances = original.instances; for (int i = 0; i<instances; i++) { ipp.push_back(original.ipp[i]); } } unsigned InstancePool::getNumberOfInstances() const {//Returns the number of Instance objects the the InstancePool contains. return instances;} const Instance& InstancePool::operator[](unsigned index) const {//Overloading of the [] operator for InstancePool. return ipp[index];} InstancePool& InstancePool::operator=(const InstancePool& right) {//Overloading the assignment operator for InstancePool. if(this == &right) return *this; ipp.clear(); instances = right.instances; for(unsigned i = 0; i < instances; i++) { ipp.push_back(right.ipp[i]); } return *this; } istream& operator>>(istream& in, InstancePool& ip) {//Overloading of the >> operator. ip.ipp.clear(); string word; string numbers; int total;//int to hold total number of messages in collection while(in >> word) { if (word == "<messagecollection"){ in >> word;//reads in total number of all messages for (int y=10; word[y]!='"'; y++){ numbers = ""; numbers += word[y]; } total = atoi(numbers.c_str()); for (int x = 0; x<total; x++) {//do loop for each message in collection in >> ip.ipp[x];//use instance friend function and [] operator to fill in values and create Instance objects and read them intot he vector } } } } ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const InstancePool& ip) {//Overloading of the << operator. out << "<messagecollection messages=" << '"' << '>' << ip.instances << '"'<< endl << endl; for (int z=0; z<ip.instances; z++) { out << ip[z];} out << endl<<"</messagecollection>\n"; } This code is currently not writing to files correctly either at least, I'm sure it has many problems. I hope my posting of so much is not too much, and any help would be very much appreciated. Thanks!

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  • want to start programming

    - by Dan
    I really want to learn how to program. A friend suggested I buy vs 2005 or a newer version if I'm serious about it. Is there a cheaper route? I would like to start with c#.

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  • Newbie programmer looking for a fun, small project (pref. C++/Python)

    - by Francisco P.
    Hello everyone, I have some experience in Scheme and C++ (read: a semester of each) I know the very basics of Python (used it for physics simulations with the Visual Python module). Can you recommend me some fun and small (i.e. don't take much time) projects on either Python or C++? I have no real preferences, just that it is fun :P Thanks for your time! PS: I've tried projecteuler and python challenge. Euler is good, but more about math than coding, and py challenge just didn't work for me.

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  • Help with authorization and redirection decorator in python (pylons)

    - by ensnare
    I'm trying to write a simple decorator to check the authentication of a user, and to redirect to the login page if s/he is not authenticated: def authenticate(f): try: if user['authenticated'] is True: return f except: redirect_to(controller='login', action='index') class IndexController(BaseController): @authenticate def index(self): return render('/index.mako' ) But this approach doesn't work. When a user is authenticated, everything is fine. But when the user is not authenticated, redirect_to() doesn't work and I am given this error: HTTPFound: 302 Found Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 0 location: /login Thank for your help!

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  • removing elements incrementally from a list

    - by Javier
    Dear all, I've a list of float numbers and I would like to delete incrementally a set of elements in a given range of indexes, sth. like: for j in range(beginIndex, endIndex+1): print ("remove [%d] => val: %g" % (j, myList[j])) del myList[j] However, since I'm iterating over the same list, the indexes (range) are not valid any more for the new list. Does anybody has some suggestions on how to delete the elements properly? Best wishes

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  • Can someone explain to me why my output is this? And how would I correct my output?

    - by user342231
    /* in this slice of code I get an output of bbb 55 66 77 88 aaa the output I expect and want is bbb 55 66 77 88 bbb because I reassign ss from log[0] to log[1] So my question is why is the output different from what I expect and how do I change it to what I want? */ int w,x,y,z; stringstream ss (stringstream::in | stringstream::out); string word; string log[2]; log[0]="aaa 11 22 33 44"; log[1]="bbb 55 66 77 88"; ss<<log[0]; ss>>word; int k=0; ss>>w>>x>>y>>z; k++; ss<<log[k]; cout<<log[k]<<endl; ss>>word; cout<<word<<endl; return 0;

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  • Definition of variables/fields type within a constructor, how is it done?

    - by elementz
    I just had a look at Suns Java tutorial, and found something that totally confused me: Given the following example: public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) { gear = startGear; cadence = startCadence; speed = startSpeed; } Why is it, that the types of the variables (fields?) gear, cadence and speed do not need to be defined? I would have written it as follows: public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) { int gear = startGear; int cadence = startCadence; int speed = startSpeed; } What would be the actual differnce?

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  • Unable to open images with Python's Image.open()

    - by ensnare
    My code reads: import Image def generateThumbnail(self, width, height): """ Generates thumbnails for an image """ im = Image.open(self._file) When I call this function, I get an error: ? AttributeError: type object 'Image' has no attribute 'open' However in the console: import Image im = Image.open('test.jpg') I have no problem. Any ideas? Thanks!

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  • How to create conditions in mysql (use of 'if')?

    - by Audel
    This code works fine to find an available room within certain date, but it does not work to show a room that has been booked and canceled The "hotel" has 4 rooms and 1 of them has been booked an canceled So even if I make a cancelation, the select method keeps giving me 3 results. Maybe because the second AND is still running. So basically what I need is check if the room is booked in the selected dates if it has been booked, check if its canceled if it has been canceled, or not booked display it. Otherwise not   SELECT RoomNo, NightCost FROM room, room_types, booking WHERE typeid = fk1_typeid and double_bed=1 and single_bed=0 AND canceled = '1' in (SELECT canceled from booking, room_booking where bookingid = fk2_bookingid) AND RoomNo not in (SELECT fk1_RoomNo FROM room_booking WHERE '2010-04-02' between Check_in and Check_Out or '2010-04-03' between Check_in and Check_Out) ; I tried to be as clear as possible, i will be around to give more details if needed

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  • Model in sub-directory via app_label?

    - by prometheus
    In order to place my models in sub-folders I tried to use the app_label Meta field as described here. My directory structure looks like this: project apps foo models _init_.py bar_model.py In bar_model.py I define my Model like this: from django.db import models class SomeModel(models.Model): field = models.TextField() class Meta: app_label = "foo" I can successfully import the model like so: from apps.foo.models.bar_model import SomeModel However, running: ./manage.py syncdb does not create the table for the model. In verbose mode I do see, however, that the app "foo" is properly recognized (it's in INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py). Moving the model to models.py under foo does work. Is there some specific convention not documented with app_label or with the whole mechanism that prevents this model structure from being recognized by syncdb?

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  • Same project...multiple apps?

    - by greypoint
    We have a an iPhone app project that we wish to deploy multiple times under different client names. The individual apps will be very similar but will have different resources (icon, images etc) and config settings stored in plists (server names, options etc). What is the preferred means to manage this in Xcode? Obviously we really don't want different XCode projects for each App deployment since it's 90% shared code.

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  • reading csv file without for

    - by Abruzzo Forte e Gentile
    Hi All I need to read a CSV file in python. Since for last row I receive a 'NULL byte' error I would like to avoid using for keyword but the while. Do you know how to do that? reader = csv.reader( file ) for row in reader # I have an error at this line # do whatever with row I want to substitute the for-loop with a while-loop so that I can check if the row is NULL or not. What is the function for reading a single row in the CSV module? Thanks Thanks p.S. below the traceback Traceback (most recent call last): File "FetchNeuro_TodayTrades.py", line 189, in for row in reader: _csv.Error: line contains NULL byte

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