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  • Securing Plugin Data in WordPress From Access by Other Plugins?

    - by farinspace
    There probably is some solution to this, whether it involves code running on just the wordpress installation or a combination of a wordpress installation and a master server I am not sure yet, but please remember not to have tunnel vision and consider any and all possible solutions: The scenario is this: A WordPress plugin (plugin-A) that manages some sort of valuable data (something that the admin would not want stolen), lets say, lead data with user's name and email addresses, the plugin uses its own db tables. Other than the obvious (which is the admin installing plugin-B, not knowing its malicious intent), what is to prevent another WordPress plugin (plugin-B) from accessing plugin-A data or hacking plugin-A files to circumvent security.

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  • Best practice to send secure information over e-mail?

    - by Zolomon
    I have to send sensitive information (name, address, social security number etc.) collected from a website, that has been entered by a user, to an e-mail address. What is the best course of action to make the information secure and easy to extract on the receiver side? Edit: I will be using ASP.NET for the website, not sure what it has for capabilities on this matter. Edit: If I decide to store the information in a database and just send a mail when a new entry has been made, would this be better? And create some secure way to dump the information instead.

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  • Is there really a need for encryption to have true wireless security? [closed]

    - by Cawas
    I welcome better key-wording here, both on tags and title. I'm trying to conceive a free, open and secure network environment that would work anywhere, from big enterprises to small home networks of just 1 machine. I think since wireless Access Points are the most, if not only, true weak point of a Local Area Network (let's not consider every other security aspect of having internet) there would be basically two points to consider here: Having an open AP for anyone to use the internet through Leaving the whole LAN also open for guests to be able to easily read (only) files on it, and even a place to drop files on Considering these two aspects, once everything is done properly... What's the most secure option between having that, or having just an encrypted password-protected wifi? Of course "both" would seem "more secure". But it shouldn't actually be anything substantial. That's the question, but I think it may need more elaborating on. If you don't think so, please feel free to skip the next (long) part. Elaborating more on the two aspects ... I've always had the feeling using any kind of the so called "wireless security" methods is actually a bad design. I'm talking mostly about encrypting and pass-phrasing (which are actually two different concepts), since I won't even consider hiding SSID and mac filtering. I understand it's a natural way of thinking. With cable networking nobody can access the network unless they have access to the physical cable, so you're "secure" in the physical way. In a way, encrypting is for wireless what building walls is for the cables. And giving pass-phrases would be adding a door with a key. But the cabling without encryption is also insecure. If someone plugin all the data is right there. So, while I can see the use for encrypting data, I don't think it's a security measure in wireless networks. It's wasting resources for too little gain. I believe we should encrypt only sensitive data regardless of wires. That's already done with HTTPS, so I don't really need to encrypt my torrents, for instance. They're torrents, they are meant to be freely shared! As for using passwords, they should be added to the users, always. Not to wifi. For securing files, truly, best solution is backup. Sure all that doesn't happen that often, but I won't consider the most situations where people just don't care. I think there are enough situations where we actually use passwords on our OS users, so let's go with that in mind. I keep promoting the Fonera concept as an instance. It opens up a free wifi port, if you choose so, and anyone can connect to the internet through that, without having any access to your LAN. It also uses a QoS which will never let your bandwidth drop from that public usage. That's security, and it's open. But it's lacking the second aspect. I'll probably be bashed for promoting the non-usage of WPA 2 with AES or whatever, but I wanted to know from more experienced (super) users out there: what do you think?

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  • How to setup stunnel so that gmail can use my own smtp server to send messages.

    - by igorhvr
    I am trying to setup gmail to send messages using my own smtp server. I am doing this by using stunnel over a non-ssl enabled server. I am able to use my own smtp client with ssl enabled just fine to my server. Unfortunately, however, gmail seems to be unable to connect to my stunnel port. Gmail seems to be simply closing the connection right after it is established - I get a "SSL socket closed on SSL_read" on my server logs. On gmail, I get a "We are having trouble authenticating with your other mail service. Please try changing your SSL settings. If you continue to experience difficulties, please contact your other email provider for further instructions." message. Any help / tips on figuring this out will be appreciated. My certificate is self-signed - could this perhaps be related to the problem I am experiencing? I pasted the entire SSL session (logs from my server) below. 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082491584]: Service ssmtp accepted FD=0 from 209.85.210.171:46858 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Service ssmtp started 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: FD=0 in non-blocking mode 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Option TCP_NODELAY set on local socket 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Waiting for a libwrap process 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Acquired libwrap process #0 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Releasing libwrap process #0 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Released libwrap process #0 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Service ssmtp permitted by libwrap from 209.85.210.171:46858 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: Service ssmtp accepted connection from 209.85.210.171:46858 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: FD=1 in non-blocking mode 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG6[20897:3082267504]: connect_blocking: connecting 127.0.0.1:25 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: connect_blocking: s_poll_wait 127.0.0.1:25: waiting 10 seconds 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: connect_blocking: connected 127.0.0.1:25 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: Service ssmtp connected remote server from 127.0.0.1:3701 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Remote FD=1 initialized 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Option TCP_NODELAY set on remote socket 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: Negotiations for smtp (server side) started 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: RFC 2487 not detected 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: Protocol negotiations succeeded 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): before/accept initialization 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read client hello A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write server hello A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write certificate A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write certificate request A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 flush data 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: CRL: verification passed 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: VERIFY OK: depth=2, /C=US/O=Equifax/OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: CRL: verification passed 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/O=Google Inc/CN=Google Internet Authority 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: CRL: verification passed 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=smtp.gmail.com 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read client certificate A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read client key exchange A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read certificate verify A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 read finished A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write change cipher spec A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 write finished A 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL state (accept): SSLv3 flush data 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 1 items in the session cache 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 client connects (SSL_connect()) 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 client connects that finished 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 client renegotiations requested 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 1 server connects (SSL_accept()) 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 1 server connects that finished 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 server renegotiations requested 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 session cache hits 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 external session cache hits 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 session cache misses 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: 0 session cache timeouts 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG6[20897:3082267504]: SSL accepted: new session negotiated 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG6[20897:3082267504]: Negotiated ciphers: RC4-MD5 SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=RC4(128) Mac=MD5 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: SSL socket closed on SSL_read 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Socket write shutdown 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG5[20897:3082267504]: Connection closed: 167 bytes sent to SSL, 37 bytes sent to socket 2011.01.02 16:56:20 LOG7[20897:3082267504]: Service ssmtp finished (0 left)

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  • Extract Key and Certificate from Kemp Loadmaster?

    - by Matt Simmons
    I'm trying very hard to get away from a set of Kemp Loadmasters that I bought years ago to provide HA access to our website. Part of that process is going to be putting the key and certificate in the new solution (HAproxy with nginx doing SSL). Unfortunately, I've come up against a problem... The Kemp has built-in certificate management, and it generates CSR's at the touch of a button. It also supported importing of signed certificates, however it does not, so far as I can tell, allow any kind of export of the key itself. There is a "backup key and certificates" ability, however here's the text from the manual: LoadMaster supports exporting of ALL certificate information. This includes private key, host and intermediate certificates. The export file is designed to be used for import into another LoadMaster and is encrypted. Export and import can be completed using the WUI at Certificates -> Backup/Restore Certs. Please make sure to note the pass phrase used to create the export, it will be required to complete the import. You can selectively resort only Virtual Service certificates including private keys, intermediate certificates or both. Well, that is great, but as for actually DEALING with the certs, I'm apparently out of luck. Of course, I'm not going to give up that easily. I ran "file" on the saved cert bundle and got this: $ file client1.certs.backup client1.certs.backup: gzip compressed data, from Unix Well, awesome, I thought. Maybe it's just a .tar.gz, so I unzipped it, and that went fine, but my attempts to untar it didn't work, and running "file" on it now just gives this: $ file client1.certs.backup client1.certs.backup: data So that's where I'm stuck. Anyone have experience with these?

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  • Using a GoDaddy SSL certificate with Virtualmin (Webmin)

    - by Kevin
    A client of mine decided to go ahead and move from a self-signed certificate to a commercial one ("GoDaddy Standard SSL"). The first service I wanted to move to the commercial SSL cert was Webmin/Usermin... However, upon migrating to the new SSL cert and restarting Webmin, I got the following error: [21/Oct/2012:13:12:47 -0400] Restarting Failed to open SSL cert /etc/webmin/miniserv.cert at /usr/share/webmin/miniserv.pl line 4229. Error: Webmin server did not write new PID file And that's all it says. Here's Webmin's config file (/etc/webmin/miniserv.conf): port=10000 root=/usr/share/webmin mimetypes=/usr/share/webmin/mime.types addtype_cgi=internal/cgi realm=Webmin Server logfile=/var/webmin/miniserv.log errorlog=/var/webmin/miniserv.error pidfile=/var/webmin/miniserv.pid logtime=168 ppath= ssl=0 env_WEBMIN_CONFIG=/etc/webmin env_WEBMIN_VAR=/var/webmin atboot=1 logout=/etc/webmin/logout-flag listen=10000 denyfile=\.pl$ log=1 blockhost_failures=5 blockhost_time=60 syslog=1 session=1 server=MiniServ/1.600 userfile=/etc/webmin/miniserv.users keyfile=/etc/webmin/miniserv.pem passwd_file=/etc/shadow passwd_uindex=0 passwd_pindex=1 passwd_cindex=2 passwd_mindex=4 passwd_mode=0 preroot=virtual-server-theme passdelay=1 sudo=1 sessiononly=/virtual-server/remote.cgi preload=virtual-server=virtual-server/virtual-server-lib-funcs.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-unix.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-dir.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-dns.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-mail.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-web.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-webalizer.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-ssl.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-logrotate.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-mysql.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-postgres.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-ftp.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-spam.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-virus.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-webmin.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-virt.pl virtual-server=virtual-server/feature-virt6.pl anonymous=/virtualmin-mailman/unauthenticated=anonymous premodules=WebminCore logouttimes= extracas=/etc/webmin/miniserv.chain certfile=/etc/webmin/miniserv.cert ssl_redirect=0 Here is a screen shot of the Webmin SSL config screen as well, for what it's worth: http://postimage.org/image/r472go7tf/ Edited Mon Oct 22 10:45:24 CDT 2012: When running the command openssl x509 -noout -text -in /etc/webmin/miniserv.cert as Falcon Momot suggested, I get the following error: unable to load certificate 139760808240800:error:0906D06C:PEM routines:PEM_read_bio:no start line:pem_lib.c:696:Expecting: TRUSTED CERTIFICATE

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  • Cannot connect on TFS 2012 server through SSL with invalid certificate

    - by DaveWut
    I saw the problem on some forums and even here, but not as specific as mine. So here's the thing, So I've configured a TFS 2012 server, on one of my personnel server at home, and now, I'm trying to make it available through the internet, with the help of apache2 on a different UNIX based, physical server. The thing is working perfectly, I don't have any problem accessing the address https://tfs.something.com/tfs through my browser. The address can be pinged and I do have access to the TFS control panel through it. How does it work? Well, with apache2 you can set a virtual host and set up the ProxyPass and ProxyPassReserver setting, so the traffic can externally comes from a secure SSL connection, through a specified domain or sub-domain, but it can be locally redirect on a clear http session on a different port. This is my current setup. As I already said, I can access the web interface, but when I'm trying to connect with Visual Studio 2012, it can't be done. Here's the error I receive: http://i.imgur.com/TLQIn.png The technical information tells me: The underlying connection was closed: Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS secure channel. My SSL certificate is invalid and was automatically generated on my UNIX server. Even if I try to add it in the Trusted Root Certification Authorities either on my TFS server or on my local workstation, it doesn't work. I still receive the same error. Is there's a way to completely ignore certificate validation? If not, what's have I done? I mean, I've added the certificate in the trusted root certificates, it should works as mentioned on some forums... If you need more information, please ask me, I'll be pleased to provide you more. Dave

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  • Trouble installing SSL Certificate on Apache

    - by jahufar
    We have a dedicated server with GoDaddy running Plesk that requires SSL. I've generated the certificate files and I created a vhost_ssl.conf (since I can't edit the default plesk apache configuration http.include, vhost_ssl.conf gets Included to httpd.include) that tells apache where to find the certificate files: SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/psa/var/certificates/domain.com.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/psa/var/certificates/domain.com.key SSLCertificateChainFile /usr/local/psa/var/certificates/sub.class1.server.ca.pem When I stop/start apache, it refuses to start up. The error_log does not have anything on it either (which is strange). Then I opened up httpd.include and found this bit: <VirtualHost 208.xxx.xxx.xxx:443> ServerName domain.com:443 ServerAlias www.domain.com UseCanonicalName Off SSLEngine on SSLVerifyClient none SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/psa/var/certificates/certagC9054 Include /var/www/vhosts/domain.com/conf/vhost_ssl.conf Then I commented out SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/psa/var/certificates/certagC9054 (which is plesk's SSL certificate) and restarted apache and it worked perfectly fine. It seems that Apache does not like multiple SSLCertificateFile within the same VirtualHost directive? As anyone who worked with plesk knows, I can't just remove SSLCertificateFile directive in httpd.include as plesk will overwrite my changes when someone uses it - which is why it's in vhost_ssl.conf. So I'm stuck and this is beyond my meager admin skills. Would appreciate someone who knows what (s)he's doing to tell me whats going on. Thanks in advance.

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  • Verify client certificate CN in Tomcat(APR)

    - by Petter
    I'm running a tomcat installation with the APR libraries installed (with the OpenSSL HTTPS stack that comes with it). What I'm trying to do is to lock a specific HTTPS connector down to users of a specific certificate. Adding client certificate verification is no issue, but I can't get it to validate against a specific Common name only. I was perhaps a bit naïve and thought the mod_ssl attribute SSLRequire typically used in Apache Httpd would work, but that property is not recognized by the Tomcat implementation. (http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/config/http.html#SSL%20Support points to some mod_ssl docs, but the Tomcat implementation does not seem to cover all aspects of mod_ssl). I can get this to work by using the Java version of the connector instead of APR (losing some performance) and just add a trust store with that one certificate in it. However, using openssl without the SSLRequire expressions, I'm not sure how to do this with Tomcat7 (on Windows if that matters). <Connector protocol="HTTP/1.1" port="443" maxThreads="150" scheme="https" secure="true" SSLEnabled="true" SSLCertificateFile="mycert.pem" SSLCertificateKeyFile="privkey.pem" SSLCACertificateFile="CABundle.pem" SSLVerifyClient="require" SSLProtocol="TLSv1" SSLRequire="(%{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN} eq &quot;host.example.com&quot;)"/> Can you suggest a way to make this work using Tomcat/APR/OpenSSL?

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  • Share one ssl certificate between multiples vhost

    - by Cesar
    I have a setup like this: <VirtualHost 192.168.1.104:80> ServerName domain1 DocumentRoot /home/domain/public_html ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.1.104:80> ServerName domain2 DocumentRoot /home/domain2/public_html ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.1.104:80> DocumentRoot /home/domain3/public_html ServerName domain3 ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.1.104:443> ServerName domain3 SSLCertificateFile /usr/share/ssl/certs/certificate.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/share/ssl/private/private.key SSLCACertificateFile /usr/share/ssl/certs/bundle.cabundle ... </VirtualHost> I want to use domain3 certificate in the other domains, preferably without having to repeat all the <VirtualHost 192.168.1.104:443> config. In other words I want something like this: If the vhost has no explicit ssl config use cert for domain3 (/usr/share/ssl/certs/certificate.crt) Notes: 1.- I for sure will be setting more vhosts in the future 2.- I know (and don't care) of the ssl warnings the browser will show (hostname mismatch) If this possible? how?

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  • HTTPS Proxy which answers CONNECT with own certificate

    - by user1109542
    I'm configuring a DMZ which has the following Scheme: Internet - Server A - Security Appliance - Server B - Intranet In this DMZ I need a Proxy server for http(s) connections from the Intranet to Internet. The Problem is, that all Traffic should be scanned by the Security Appliance. For this I have to terminate the SSL Connection at Server B, proxy it as plain http to Server A through the Security Appliance and then further as https into the Internet. An encryption is then persistent between the Client and Server B and the Target Server and Server A. The communication between Server A and Server B is unencrypted. I know about the security risks and that the client will see some warning about the unknown CA of Server B's certificate. As Software I want to use Apache Web Servers on Server A and Server B. As first step I tried to configure Server B that it serves as endpoint for the SSL Encryption. So it has to establish the encryption with the client (answering HTTP CONNECT). Listen 8443 <VirtualHost *:8443> ProxyRequests On ProxyPreserveHost On AllowCONNECT 443 # SSL ErrorLog logs/ssl_error_log TransferLog logs/ssl_access_log LogLevel debug SSLProxyEngine on SSLProxyMachineCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost_private_public.crt <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from 192.168.0.0/22 </Proxy> </VirtualHost> With this Proxy only the CONNECT request is passed through and an encrypted Connection between the client and the target is established. Unfortunately there is no possibility to configure mod_proxy_connect to decrypt the SSL connection. Is there any possibility to accomplish that kind of proxying with Apache?

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  • Java Plugin a huge security risk? How to preseve Java plugin from privilege escalation?

    - by Johannes Weiß
    Installing a regular Java plugin is IMHO a real security risk for non-IT people. Normally Java applets run in a sandbox and the applet cannot do anything harmful to your computer. If an applet, however, needs to do something like read-only accessing your filesystem e.g. uploading an image, you have to give it more privileges. Usually that's ok but I think not everyone knows that you give the applet the same privileges to your computer as your user has! And that's everything Java asks you: That looks as 'harmful' as a self-signed SSL certificate on a random page where no sensitive data is exchanged. The user will click on Run! You can try that at home using JyConsole, that's Jython (Python on Java)! Simply type in python code, e.g. import os os.system('cat /etc/passwd') or worse DON'T TYPE IN THAT CODE ON YOUR COMPUTER!!! import os os.system('rm -rf ~') ... Does anyone know how you can disable the possibily of privilege escalation? And by the way, does anyone know why SUN displays only a dialog as harmless as the one shown above (the self-signed-SSL-certificate-dialog from Firefox 3 and above is much clearer here!)? Live sample from my computer:

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  • Is there a tool that can test what SSL/TLS cipher suites a particular website offers?

    - by Jeremy Powell
    Is there a tool that can test what SSL/TLS cipher suites a particular website offers? I've tried openssl, but if you examine the output: $ echo -n | openssl s_client -connect www.google.com:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=1 /C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate verify return:0 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=www.google.com i:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA 1 s:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIDITCCAoqgAwIBAgIQL9+89q6RUm0PmqPfQDQ+mjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBM MQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhhd3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkg THRkLjEWMBQGA1UEAxMNVGhhd3RlIFNHQyBDQTAeFw0wOTEyMTgwMDAwMDBaFw0x MTEyMTgyMzU5NTlaMGgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDYWxpZm9ybmlh MRYwFAYDVQQHFA1Nb3VudGFpbiBWaWV3MRMwEQYDVQQKFApHb29nbGUgSW5jMRcw FQYDVQQDFA53d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbTCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkC gYEA6PmGD5D6htffvXImttdEAoN4c9kCKO+IRTn7EOh8rqk41XXGOOsKFQebg+jN gtXj9xVoRaELGYW84u+E593y17iYwqG7tcFR39SDAqc9BkJb4SLD3muFXxzW2k6L 05vuuWciKh0R73mkszeK9P4Y/bz5RiNQl/Os/CRGK1w7t0UCAwEAAaOB5zCB5DAM BgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMDYGA1UdHwQvMC0wK6ApoCeGJWh0dHA6Ly9jcmwudGhhd3Rl LmNvbS9UaGF3dGVTR0NDQS5jcmwwKAYDVR0lBCEwHwYIKwYBBQUHAwEGCCsGAQUF BwMCBglghkgBhvhCBAEwcgYIKwYBBQUHAQEEZjBkMCIGCCsGAQUFBzABhhZodHRw Oi8vb2NzcC50aGF3dGUuY29tMD4GCCsGAQUFBzAChjJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnRoYXd0 ZS5jb20vcmVwb3NpdG9yeS9UaGF3dGVfU0dDX0NBLmNydDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUF AAOBgQCfQ89bxFApsb/isJr/aiEdLRLDLE5a+RLizrmCUi3nHX4adpaQedEkUjh5 u2ONgJd8IyAPkU0Wueru9G2Jysa9zCRo1kNbzipYvzwY4OA8Ys+WAi0oR1A04Se6 z5nRUP8pJcA2NhUzUnC+MY+f6H/nEQyNv4SgQhqAibAxWEEHXw== -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=www.google.com issuer=/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA --- No client certificate CA names sent --- SSL handshake has read 1777 bytes and written 316 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES256-SHA Server public key is 1024 bit Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : AES256-SHA Session-ID: 748E2B5FEFF9EA065DA2F04A06FBF456502F3E64DF1B4FF054F54817C473270C Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: C4284AE7D76421F782A822B3780FA9677A726A25E1258160CA30D346D65C5F4049DA3D10A41F3FA4816DD9606197FAE5 Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1266259321 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate) --- it just shows that the cipher suite is something with AES256-SHA. I know I could grep through the hex dump of the conversation, but I was hoping for something a little more elegant. I would prefer Linux tools, but Windows (or other) would be fine. This question is motivated by the security testing I do for PCI and general penetration testing. Update: GregS points out below that the SSL server picks from the cipher suites of the client. So it seems I would need to test all cipher suites one at a time. I think I can hack something together, but is there a tool that does particularly this?

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  • The Unintended Consequences of Sound Security Policy

    - by Tanu Sood
    v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} Author: Kevin Moulton, CISSP, CISM Meet the Author: Kevin Moulton, Senior Sales Consulting Manager, Oracle Kevin Moulton, CISSP, CISM, has been in the security space for more than 25 years, and with Oracle for 7 years. He manages the East Enterprise Security Sales Consulting Team. He is also a Distinguished Toastmaster. Follow Kevin on Twitter at twitter.com/kevin_moulton, where he sometimes tweets about security, but might also tweet about running, beer, food, baseball, football, good books, or whatever else grabs his attention. Kevin will be a regular contributor to this blog so stay tuned for more posts from him. When I speak to a room of IT administrators, I like to begin by asking them if they have implemented a complex password policy. Generally, they all nod their heads enthusiastically. I ask them if that password policy requires long passwords. More nodding. I ask if that policy requires upper and lower case letters – faster nodding – numbers – even faster – special characters – enthusiastic nodding all around! I then ask them if their policy also includes a requirement for users to regularly change their passwords. Now we have smiles with the nodding! I ask them if the users have different IDs and passwords on the many systems that they have access to. Of course! I then ask them if, when they walk around the building, they see something like this: Thanks to Jake Ludington for the nice example. Can these administrators be faulted for their policies? Probably not but, in the end, end-users will find a way to get their job done efficiently. Post-It Notes to the rescue! I was visiting a business in New York City one day which was a perfect example of this problem. First I walked up to the security desk and told them where I was headed. They asked me if they should call upstairs to have someone escort me. Is that my call? Is that policy? I said that I knew where I was going, so they let me go. Having the conference room number handy, I wandered around the place in a search of my destination. As I walked around, unescorted, I noticed the post-it note problem in abundance. Had I been so inclined, I could have logged in on almost any machine and into any number of systems. When I reached my intended conference room, I mentioned my post-it note observation to the two gentlemen with whom I was meeting. One of them said, “You mean like this,” and he produced a post it note full of login IDs and passwords from his breast pocket! I gave him kudos for not hanging the list on his monitor. We then talked for the rest of the meeting about the difficulties faced by the employees due to the security policies. These policies, although well-intended, made life very difficult for the end-users. Most users had access to 8 to 12 systems, and the passwords for each expired at a different times. The post-it note solution was understandable. Who could remember even half of them? What could this customer have done differently? I am a fan of using a provisioning system, such as Oracle Identity Manager, to manage all of the target systems. With OIM, and email could be automatically sent to all users when it was time to change their password. The end-users would follow a link to change their password on a web page, and then OIM would propagate that password out to all of the systems that the user had access to, even if the login IDs were different. Another option would be an Enterprise Single-Sign On Solution. With Oracle eSSO, all of a user’s credentials would be stored in a central, encrypted credential store. The end-user would only have to login to their machine each morning and then, as they moved to each new system, Oracle eSSO would supply the credentials. Good-bye post-it notes! 3M may be disappointed, but your end users will thank you. I hear people say that this post-it note problem is not a big deal, because the only people who would see the passwords are fellow employees. Do you really know who is walking around your building? What are the password policies in your business? How do the end-users respond?

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  • Data Source Security Part 5

    - by Steve Felts
    If you read through the first four parts of this series on data source security, you should be an expert on this focus area.  There is one more small topic to cover related to WebLogic Resource permissions.  After that comes the test, I mean example, to see with a real set of configuration parameters what the results are with some concrete values. WebLogic Resource Permissions All of the discussion so far has been about database credentials that are (eventually) used on the database side.  WLS has resource credentials to control what WLS users are allowed to access JDBC resources.  These can be defined on the Policies tab on the Security tab associated with the data source.  There are four permissions: “reserve” (get a new connection), “admin”, “shrink”, and reset (plus the all-inclusive “ALL”); we will focus on “reserve” here because we are talking about getting connections.  By default, JDBC resource permissions are completely open – anyone can do anything.  As soon as you add one policy for a permission, then all other users are restricted.  For example, if I add a policy so that “weblogic” can reserve a connection, then all other users will fail to reserve connections unless they are also explicitly added.  The validation is done for WLS user credentials only, not database user credentials.  Configuration of resources in general is described at “Create policies for resource instances” http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24329_01/apirefs.1211/e24401/taskhelp/security/CreatePoliciesForResourceInstances.html.  This feature can be very useful to restrict what code and users can get to your database. There are the three use cases: API Use database credentials User for permission checking getConnection() True or false Current WLS user getConnection(user,password) False User/password from API getConnection(user,password) True Current WLS user If a simple getConnection() is used or database credentials are enabled, the current user that is authenticated to the WLS system is checked. If database credentials are not enabled, then the user and password on the API are used. Example The following is an actual example of the interactions between identity-based-connection-pooling-enabled, oracle-proxy-session, and use-database-credentials. On the database side, the following objects are configured.- Database users scott; jdbcqa; jdbcqa3- Permission for proxy: alter user jdbcqa3 grant connect through jdbcqa;- Permission for proxy: alter user jdbcqa grant connect through jdbcqa; The following WebLogic Data Source objects are configured.- Users weblogic, wluser- Credential mapping “weblogic” to “scott”- Credential mapping "wluser" to "jdbcqa3"- Data source descriptor configured with user “jdbcqa”- All tests are run with Set Client ID set to true (more about that below).- All tests are run with oracle-proxy-session set to false (more about that below). The test program:- Runs in servlet- Authenticates to WLS as user “weblogic” Use DB Credentials Identity based getConnection(scott,***) getConnection(weblogic,***) getConnection(jdbcqa3,***) getConnection()  true  true Identity scottClient weblogicProxy null weblogic fails - not a db user User jdbcqa3Client weblogicProxy null Default user jdbcqaClient weblogicProxy null  false  true scott fails - not a WLS user User scottClient scottProxy null jdbcqa3 fails - not a WLS user User scottClient scottProxy null  true  false Proxy for scott fails weblogic fails - not a db user User jdbcqa3Client weblogicProxy jdbcqa Default user jdbcqaClient weblogicProxy null  false  false scott fails - not a WLS user Default user jdbcqaClient scottProxy null jdbcqa3 fails - not a WLS user Default user jdbcqaClient scottProxy null If Set Client ID is set to false, all cases would have Client set to null. If this was not an Oracle thin driver, the one case with the non-null Proxy in the above table would throw an exception because proxy session is only supported, implicitly or explicitly, with the Oracle thin driver. When oracle-proxy-session is set to true, the only cases that will pass (with a proxy of "jdbcqa") are the following.1. Setting use-database-credentials to true and doing getConnection(jdbcqa3,…) or getConnection().2. Setting use-database-credentials to false and doing getConnection(wluser, …) or getConnection(). Summary There are many options to choose from for data source security.  Considerations include the number and volatility of WLS and Database users, the granularity of data access, the depth of the security identity (property on the connection or a real user), performance, coordination of various components in the software stack, and driver capabilities.  Now that you have the big picture (remember that table in part 1), you can make a more informed choice.

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  • Data Source Security Part 2

    - by Steve Felts
    In Part 1, I introduced the default security behavior and listed the various options available to change that behavior.  One of the key topics to understand is the difference between directly using database user and password values versus mapping from WLS user and password to the associated database values.   The direct use of database credentials is relatively new to WLS, based on customer feedback.  Some of the trade-offs are covered in this article. Credential Mapping vs. Database Credentials Each WLS data source has a credential map that is a mechanism used to map a key, in this case a WLS user, to security credentials (user and password).  By default, when a user and password are specified when getting a connection, they are treated as credentials for a WLS user, validated, and are converted to a database user and password using a credential map associated with the data source.  If a matching entry is not found in the credential map for the data source, then the user and password associated with the data source definition are used.  Because of this defaulting mechanism, you should be careful what permissions are granted to the default user.  Alternatively, you can define an invalid default user to ensure that no one can accidentally get through (in this case, you would need to set the initial capacity for the pool to zero so that the pool is populated only by valid users). To create an entry in the credential map: 1) First create a WLS user.  In the administration console, go to Security realms, select your realm (e.g., myrealm), select Users, and select New.  2) Second, create the mapping.  In the administration console, go to Services, select Data sources, select your data source name, select Security, select Credentials, and select New.  See http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24329_01/apirefs.1211/e24401/taskhelp/jdbc/jdbc_datasources/ConfigureCredentialMappingForADataSource.html for more information. The advantages of using the credential mapping are that: 1) You don’t hard-code the database user/password into a program or need to prompt for it in addition to the WLS user/password and 2) It provides a layer of abstraction between WLS security and database settings such that many WLS identities can be mapped to a smaller set of DB identities, thereby only requiring middle-tier configuration updates when WLS users are added/removed. You can cut down the number of users that have access to a data source to reduce the user maintenance overhead.  For example, suppose that a servlet has the one pre-defined, special WLS user/password for data source access, hard-wired in its code in a getConnection(user, password) call.  Every WebLogic user can reap the specific DBMS access coded into the servlet, but none has to have general access to the data source.  For instance, there may be a ‘Sales’ DBMS which needs to be protected from unauthorized eyes, but it contains some day-to-day data that everyone needs. The Sales data source is configured with restricted access and a servlet is built that hard-wires the specific data source access credentials in its connection request.  It uses that connection to deliver only the generally needed day-to-day information to any caller. The servlet cannot reveal any other data, and no WebLogic user can get any other access to the data source.  This is the approach that many large applications take and is the reasoning behind the default mapping behavior in WLS. The disadvantages of using the credential map are that: 1) It is difficult to manage (create, update, delete) with a large number of users; it is possible to use WLST scripts or a custom JMX client utility to manage credential map entries. 2) You can’t share a credential map between data sources so they must be duplicated. Some applications prefer not to use the credential map.  Instead, the credentials passed to getConnection(user, password) should be treated as database credentials and used to authenticate with the database for the connection, avoiding going through the credential map.  This is enabled by setting the “use-database-credentials” to true.  See http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24329_01/apirefs.1211/e24401/taskhelp/jdbc/jdbc_datasources/ConfigureOracleParameters.html "Configure Oracle parameters" in Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help. Use Database Credentials is not currently supported for Multi Data Source configurations.  When enabled, it turns off credential mapping on Generic and Active GridLink data sources for the following attributes: 1. identity-based-connection-pooling-enabled (this interaction is available by patch in 10.3.6.0). 2. oracle-proxy-session (this interaction is first available in 10.3.6.0). 3. set client identifier (this interaction is available by patch in 10.3.6.0).  Note that in the data source schema, the set client identifier feature is poorly named “credential-mapping-enabled”.  The documentation and the console refer to it as Set Client Identifier. To review the behavior of credential mapping and using database credentials: - If using the credential map, there needs to be a mapping for each WLS user to database user for those users that will have access to the database; otherwise the default user for the data source will be used.  If you always specify a user/password when getting a connection, you only need credential map entries for those specific users. - If using database credentials without specifying a user/password, the default user and password in the data source descriptor are always used.  If you specify a user/password when getting a connection, that user will be used for the credentials.  WLS users are not involved at all in the data source connection process.

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  • Which is more secure GET or POST sending parameters with cURL at PHP

    - by Steve
    I want to connect in a secure way with an API and I am using cURL to do it using HTTPS and SSL. Now, i was wondering what is better in terms of security, sending the data through GET or POST: $ch = curl_init("http://api.website.com/connect.php?user=xxx&pass=xxxx); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 2); $result = curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); Or $param['user'] = 'xxxx'; $param['pass'] = 'xxxx'; $ch = curl_init("http://api.website.com/connect.php); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $Parameters); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 2); $result = curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); I also realized that POST is much more slower retrieving the data.

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  • Configured MySQL for SSL , but SLL is still not in use..!

    - by Sunrays
    I configured SSL for MySQL using the following script. #!/bin/bash # mkdir -p /root/abc/ssl_certs cd /root/abc/ssl_certs # echo "--> 1. Create CA cert, private key" openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem echo "--> 2. Create CA cert, certificate" openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 1000 -key ca-key.pem > ca-cert.pem echo "--> 3. Create Server certificate, key" openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout server-key.pem > server-req.pem echo "--> 4. Create Server certificate, cert" openssl x509 -req -in server-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > server-cert.pem echo "" echo echo "" echo "--> 5. Create client certificate, key. Use DIFFERENT common name then server!!!!" echo "" openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout client-key.pem > client-req.pem echo "6. Create client certificate, cert" openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > client-cert.pem exit 0 The following files were created: ca-key.pem ca-cert.pem server-req.pem server-key.pem server-cert.pem client-req.pem client-key.pem client-cert.pem Then I combined server-cert.pem and client-cert.pem into ca.pem (I read in a post to do so..) I created a ssl user in MySQL: GRANT ALL ON *.* to sslsuer@hostname IDENTIFIED BY 'pwd' REQUIRE SSL; Next I added the following in my.cnf [mysqld] ssl-ca = /root/abc/ssl_certs/ca.pem ssl-cert = /root/abc/ssl_certs/server-cert.pem ssl-key = /root/abc/ssl_certs/server-key.pem After restarting the server,I connected to mysql but SSL was still not in use :( mysql -u ssluser -p SSL: Not in use Even the have_ssl parameter was still showing disabled.. :( mysql> show variables like '%ssl%'; +---------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+---------------------------------------------+ | have_openssl | DISABLED | | have_ssl | DISABLED | | ssl_ca | /root/abc/ssl_certs/ca.pem | | ssl_capath | | | ssl_cert | /root/abc/ssl_certs/server-cert.pem | | ssl_cipher | | | ssl_key | /root/abc/ssl_certs/server-key.pem | +---------------+---------------------------------------------+ Have I missed any step, or whats wrong.. Answers with missed steps in detail will be highly appreciated..

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  • HowTo: iPhone Web Service call to WCF Service with Certificate Authentication

    - by Maike9
    We are a .Net shop currently developing a iPhone app that requires the app to call a WCF web service. Our WCF Services are secured with a x509 certificate for authentication purposes. I have been searching the internet for an example on how to do the following: Deploy a certificate with an iPhone app. Use that certificate in a web service call to a WCF Service. Any insight on how this might be accomplished would be greatly appreciated.

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  • HttpClient 4 SSL and client side certificates

    - by Luke
    Hi All, I am having trouble working out how I can get get HttpClient 4 to use SSL in the way I need. I have X https servers that I send requests to. One requires a client side certificate while the others have trusted certificates and therefore require no client side certificate. I have no issue connecting to the server requiring the client side certificate (its in my keystore), however every time I try to connect to the servers with trusted certificates, my client side certificate is offered by HttpClient and therefore fails authentication. My question is this: is there a way for HttpClient to offer the client side certificate only to the server requiring it and not to the others? Thanks in advance, Luke

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  • How to create a certificate for signing a Silverlight xap

    - by jstawski
    Hello everyone, I have a silverlight app that will be installed OOB with full trust and hence i want to create a certificate to sign the app. Since I'm going to have full control of the clients where the app will be installed I don't need to buy a certificate, because I know that I can create one and install it in the Trusted Root Certification Authority. Can someone please post a step by step on how to create the certificate so it can be used to sign the XAP. Thanks...

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  • How can I edit local security policy from a batch file?

    - by Stephen Jennings
    I am trying to write a utility as a batch file that, among other things, adds a user to the "Deny logon locally" local security policy. This batch file will be used on hundreds of independent computers (not on a domain and aren't even on the same network). I assumed one of the following were my options, but perhaps there's one I haven't thought of. A command line utility similar to net.exe which can modify local security policy. A VBScript sample to do the same. Write my own using some WMI or Win32 calls. I'd rather not do this one if I don't have to.

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  • [Ruby] OpenSSL verify certificate from own CA

    - by sardaukar
    Hello all and thanks for your time reading this. I need to verify certificates issued by my own CA, for which I have a certificate. How can I do the equivalent to openssl's openssl verify -CAfile in Ruby code? The RDoc for OpenSSL is not very helpful in this regard. I've tried: require 'openssl' ca = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.read('ca-cert.pem')) lic = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.read('cert.pem')) puts lic.verify( ca ) but I get: test.rb:7:in `verify': wrong argument (OpenSSL::X509::Certificate)! (Expected kind of OpenSSL::PKey::PKey) (TypeError) from test.rb:7 I can't even find "verify" in the OpenSSL Rdoc at http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/openssl/rdoc/index.html. Any help is appreciated. Thanks again!

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