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• Cannot install grub to RAID1 (md0)

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat This is the my mdadm output after sync: /dev/md0: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Feb 17 16:18:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Used Dev Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 1 15:19:31 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 92e6ff4e:ed3ab4bf:fee5eb6c:d9b9cb11 Events : 0.11049560 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. This is my fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057d19 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sda5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table This is my grub install output: root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sda /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels or both partition label and filesystem. This is not supported yet.. /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: embedding is not possible, but this is required for cross-disk install. root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sdb Installation finished. No error reported. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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• iptables : how to correctly allow incoming and outgoing traffic for certain ports?

  - by Rubytastic

  Im trying to get incoming and outgoing traffic to be enabled on specific ports, because I block everything at the end of the iptables rules. INPUT and FORWARD reject. What would be the appropiate way to open certain ports for all traffic incoming and outgoing? From docs I found below but one has to really define both lines? iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 22 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT I try to open ports for xmpp service and some other deamons running on server. Rules: *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP # Prevent DDOS attacks (http://blog.bodhizazen.net/linux/prevent-dos-with-iptables/) # Disallow HTTPS -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m limit --limit 50/minute --limit-burst 200 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -m limit --limit 50/second --limit-burst 50 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j DROP # Allow SSH connections # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config -A INPUT -p tcp -s <myip> --dport ssh -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -s <myip> --dport 5984 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j REJECT # Attempt to block portscans # Anyone who tried to portscan us is locked out for an entire day. -A INPUT -m recent --name portscan --rcheck --seconds 86400 -j DROP -A FORWARD -m recent --name portscan --rcheck --seconds 86400 -j DROP # Once the day has passed, remove them from the portscan list -A INPUT -m recent --name portscan --remove -A FORWARD -m recent --name portscan --remove # These rules add scanners to the portscan list, and log the attempt. -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j LOG --log-prefix "Portscan:" -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j DROP -A FORWARD -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j LOG --log-prefix "Portscan:" -A FORWARD -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j DROP # Stop smurf attacks -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type address-mask-request -j DROP -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type timestamp-request -j DROP -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp -j DROP # Drop excessive RST packets to avoid smurf attacks -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -m limit --limit 2/second --limit-burst 2 -j ACCEPT # Don't allow pings through -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j DROP # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT

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• Suggestions for splitting server roles amongst Hyper-V virtual servers / RAID6 or RAID10? / AppAssure

  - by Anon

  We have 2 Hyper-V hosts at present running 1 virtual server that was converted from a physical box running all roles. My plan is to split the roles over various virtual machines, upgrading to the latest software versions as I go, and use the backup server as a standby in case the main server fails. AppAssure backup software has a feature called Virtual Standby, so the VHD's can be ready to be fired up on the backup server if necessary. Off-site backups will be done via external USB drive for now. I'm just seeking some input/suggestions into how I'm planning to split the roles out amongst various virtual servers. Also, I'm curious how to setup the storage on the servers. We do not have any NAS's, SAN'S or any budget for this. What would the best RAID level be to use? I'm thinking either RAID6 (which is currently used) however I'm concerned about the write speeds, or RAID10 but again I'm worried that I can only lose 1 drive (from the same mirror) as opposed to any 2 with RAID6. I realise I have a hot swap for this, but what if a further drive fails during a rebuild? Is the write penalty of RAID6 worth the extra reliability over RAID10? Or will it be too slow with all the roles I am planning, therefore RAID10 is my only real option? The reason for the needed redundancy is I am the only technician and I'm not always on-site. Options I've considered: 1) 5 drives in RAID6 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 1 drive for hot swap - this is how it is currently setup 2) 4 drives in RAID10 set, 200gb for host OS, rest for VM storage. 2 drives for hot swap 3) 4 drives in RAID10 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. No drives for hot swap - While this is probably the best option with the amount of drives I have, I don't like the idea of having no hot swap 4) 3 drives in RAID6 set for VM storage, 2 drives in RAID1 set for host OS. 1 drive for hot swap All options give us enough storage capacity for our files, etc. We don't have any budget for extra drives or extra hot swap HD chassis for the servers. We have about 70 clients and about 150 users. MAIN SERVER Intel Xeon 5520 @ 2.27 GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 1TB Seagate Barracuda ES.2 Enterprise SATA drives Intel SRCSATAWB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: DC01 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM DC02 - Active Directory Domain Controller / DNS server / Global catalog - 1GB RAM Member Server - DHCP server, File server, Print server - 1GB RAM SCCM Member Server - 4GB RAM Third Party Software Member Server - A/V server, Ticketing software, etc - 4GB RAM Exchange 2007 - 4GB RAM - however we are probably migrating to a hosted solution, therefore freeing up resources BACKUP SERVER Intel Xeon E5410 @ 2.33GHz (2 processors) 16GB RAM 6 x 2TB WD RE4 SATA drives Intel SRCSASRB RAID controller Virtual machine workload using Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2: AppAssure backup software - 8GB RAM

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• New Exchange 2010 CAS cannot find domain controllers

  - by NorbyTheGeek

  I am experiencing problems migrating from Exchange 2003 to Exchange 2010. I am on the first step: installing a new 2010 Client Access Server role. The Active Directory domain functional level is 2003. All domain controllers are 2003 R2. The only existing Exchange 2003 server happens to be housed on one of the domain controllers. It is running Exchange 2003 Standard w/ SP2. IPv6 is enabled and working on all domain controllers, servers, and routers, including this new Exchange server. After installing the CAS role on a new 2008 R2 server (Hyper-V VM) I am receiving 2114 Events: Process MSEXCHANGEADTOPOLOGYSERVICE.EXE (PID=1600). Topology discovery failed, error 0x80040a02 (DSC_E_NO_SUITABLE_CDC). Look up the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) error code specified in the event description. To do this, use Microsoft Knowledge Base article 218185, "Microsoft LDAP Error Codes." Use the information in that article to learn more about the cause and resolution to this error. Use the Ping or PathPing command-line tools to test network connectivity to local domain controllers. Prior to each, I receive the following 2080 Event: Process MSEXCHANGEADTOPOLOGYSERVICE.EXE (PID=1600). Exchange Active Directory Provider has discovered the following servers with the following characteristics: (Server name | Roles | Enabled | Reachability | Synchronized | GC capable | PDC | SACL right | Critical Data | Netlogon | OS Version) In-site: b.company.intranet CDG 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 s.company.intranet CDG 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Out-of-site: a.company.intranet CD- 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o.company.intranet CD- 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g.company.intranet CD- 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Connectivity between the new Exchange server and all domain controllers via IPv4 and IPv6 are all working. I have verified that the new Exchange server is a member of the following groups: Exchange Servers Exchange Domain Servers Exchange Install Domain Servers Exchange Trusted Subsystem Heck, I even put the new Exchange server into Domain Admins just to see if it would help. It didn't. I can't find any evidence of Active Directory replication problems, all pre-setup Setup tasks (/PrepareLegacyExchangePermissions, /PrepareSchema, /PrepareAD, /PrepareDomain) completed successfully. The only problem so far that I haven't been able to resolve with my Active Directory is I am unable to get my IPv6 subnets into Sites and Services Where should I proceed from here?

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• Raid1 with active and spare partition

  - by Daniel Baron

  I am having the following problem with a RAID1 software raid partition on my Ubuntu system (10.04 LTS, 2.6.32-24-server in case it matters). One of my disks (sdb5) reported I/O errors and was therefore marked faulty in the array. The array was then degraded with one active device. Hence, I replaced the harddisk, cloned the partition table and added all new partitions to my raid arrays. After syncing all partitions ended up fine, having 2 active devices - except one of them. The partition which reported the faulty disk before, however, did not include the new partition as an active device but as a spare disk: md3 : active raid1 sdb5[2] sda5[1] 4881344 blocks [2/1] [_U] A detailed look reveals: root@server:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md3 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 2 8 21 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb5 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 So here is the question: How do I tell my raid to turn the spare disk into an active one? And why has it been added as a spare device? Recreating or reassembling the array is not an option, because it is my root partition. And I can not find any hints to that subject in the Software Raid HOWTO. Any help would be appreciated. Current Solution I found a solution to my problem, but I am not sure that this is the actual way to do it. Having a closer look at my raid I found that sdb5 was always listed as a spare device: mdadm --examine /dev/sdb5 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 0 0 0 0 0 removed 1 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 2 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 so readding the device sdb5 to the array md3 always ended up in adding the device as a spare. Finally I just recreated the array mdadm --create /dev/md3 --level=1 -n2 -x0 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb5 which worked. But the question remains open for me: Is there a better way to manipulate the summaries in the superblock and to tell the array to turn sdb5 from a spare disk to an active disk? I am still curious for an answer.

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• Automating silent software deployments on Solaris 10

  - by datSilencer

  Hello everyone. Essentially, the question I'd like to ask is related to the automation of software package deployments on Solaris 10. Specifically, I have a set of software components in tar files that run as daemon processes after being extracted and configured in the host environment. Pretty much like any server side software package out there, I need to ensure that a list of prerequisites are met before extracting and running the software. For example: Checking that certain users exists, and they are associated with one or many user groups. If not, then create them and their group associations. Checking that target application folders exist and if not, then create them with preconfigured path values defined when the package was assembled. Checking that such folders have the appropriate access control level and ownership for a certain user. If not, then set them. Checking that a set of environment variables are defined in /etc/profile, pointed to predefined path locations, added to the general $PATH environment variable, and finally exported into the user's environment. Other files include /etc/services and /etc/system. Obviously, doing this for many boxes (the goal in question) by hand can be slow and error prone. I believe a better alternative is to somehow automate this process. So far I have thought about the following options, and discarded them for one reason or another. 1) Traditional shell scripts. I've only troubleshooted these before, and I don't really have much experience with them. These would be my last resort. 2) Python scripts using the pexpect library for analyzing system command output. This was my initial choice since the target Solaris environments have it installed. However, I want to make sure that I'm not reinveting the wheel again :P. 3) Ant or Gradle scripts. They may be an option since the boxes also have java 1.5 enabled, and the fileset abstractions can be very useful. However, they may fall short when dealing with user and folder permissions checking/setting. It seems obvious to me that I'm not the first person in this situation, but I don't seem to find a utility framework geared towards this purpose. Please let me know if there's a better way to accomplish this. I thank you for your time and help.

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• Problem with several USB devices on Windows XP. How to diagnose USB device?

  - by Lukasz Baran

  Hello All, Recently I've bought some electronic devices (like e.g. Sony Ebook reader PRS-600 or HP PDA IPaq) which are connected to PC using USB ports. These devices have own batteries and they are recharged using USB. However, I am experiencing a problem with Ebook Reader and the similiar thing happens with my PDA (but in this case it's more rare). Sometimes, I am unable to make it start recharging, when it's connected to USB port. The LCD diode on my Reader lights up and the icon in the system tray appears. They both indicate that the device has been connected. However, the device should start recharching and it should appear on Windows XP as a 'explorable' device (just like pendrive it offers some HDDs). None of these happens:( This problem appears on two PCs - desktop and laptop. Both have Windows XP SP3 installed. And what's interesting and surprising to me is the fact that these devices sometimes work without any problems. I mean, I just plug them in and they work properly. Besides that, there are some computers (I have tested a variety of possible conditions) on which the problem does not appear! I am confused and, on the other hand, determined to find out what is the real cause of such strange behavior. Maybe I'm wrong but I always assumed that I'm using deterministic machines, but the described situation makes me feel like I was dreaming:) And that's why I'm asking you here. Are there any tools that could help me diagnose USB ports? Or maybe anyone knows the solution? I have a lot experience with low level programming (mostly from the times of MS-DOS applications), but I'm not an expert when it comes to WinXP technology. If this was a problem with network connection, I would know what to do - I know how to track network traffic, but with USB ports I feel powerless. I have a feeling that the problem may lie in a way WinXP handles USB devices. Personally, I hate auto-discovery and P'n'P features available in Windows. I know that some of may suggest to move to Linux or other *Nix system. Unfortunately, I have to use WinXP in my professional life, so it's rather impossible. Besides that, I don't consider XP as a total disaster. Any help from you will be appreciated!

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• How to install GIT on an offline RHEL?

  - by Stijn Vanpoucke

  I'm using the following commands from the manual to install GIT $ tar -zxf git-1.7.2.2.tar.gz $ cd git-1.7.2.2 $ make prefix=/usr/local all $ sudo make prefix=/usr/local install but I'm receiving the following exceptions ... cache.h: At top level: cache.h:746: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âtime_tâ cache.h:889: warning: âstruct timevalâ declared inside parameter list cache.h:895: warning: âstruct timevalâ declared inside parameter list cache.h:970: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âoff_tâ cache.h:979: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âoff_tâ cache.h:997: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âoff_tâ cache.h:1057: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âoff_tâ cache.h:1063: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âuint32_tâ cache.h:1064: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before ânt h_packed_object_offsetâ cache.h:1065: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before âfi nd_pack_entry_oneâ cache.h:1067: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âoff_tâ cache.h:1069: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âoff_tâ cache.h:1070: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âoff_tâ cache.h:1094: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âoff_tâ cache.h:1168: error: expected â)â before â*â token cache.h:1177: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before âre ad_in_fullâ cache.h:1178: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before âwr ite_in_fullâ cache.h:1179: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before âwr ite_str_in_fullâ cache.h:1252: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âFILEâ In file included from credential-store.c:2: credential.h:28: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âFILEâ credential.h:29: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before âFILEâ In file included from credential-store.c:4: parse-options.h:115: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âintptr_tâ credential-store.c: In function âparse_credential_fileâ: credential-store.c:13: error: âFILEâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:13: error: âfhâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:17: warning: implicit declaration of function âfopenâ credential-store.c:19: error: âerrnoâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:19: error: âENOENTâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:24: error: too many arguments to function âstrbuf_getlineâ credential-store.c:24: error: âEOFâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:39: warning: implicit declaration of function âfcloseâ credential-store.c: In function âprint_entryâ: credential-store.c:44: warning: implicit declaration of function âprintfâ credential-store.c:44: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in fu nction âprintfâ credential-store.c: In function âmainâ: credential-store.c:132: warning: implicit declaration of function âumaskâ credential-store.c:144: error: âstdinâ undeclared (first use in this function) credential-store.c:144: error: too many arguments to function âcredential_readâ credential-store.c:147: warning: implicit declaration of function âstrcmpâ Is this because I didn't install the dependencies? apt-get install libcurl4-gnutls-dev libexpat1-dev gettext libz-dev libssl-dev How do I install them offline?

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• What info is really useful in my iptables log and how do I disable the useless bits?

  - by anthony01

  In my iptables rules files, I entered this at the end: -A INPUT -j LOG --log-level 4 --log-ip-options --log-prefix "iptables: " I DROP everything besides INPUT for SSH (port 22) I have a web server and when I try to connect to it through my browser, through a forbidden port number (on purpose), I get something like that in my iptables.log Sep 24 14:05:57 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=64 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=59351 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:01 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC= yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=63377 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:09 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=55025 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:25 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=54521 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=100 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=35050 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33304 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=52 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=14076 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33264 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=52 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=5277 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33248 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:56 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=100 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=25501 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33304 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 As you can see, I typed xx.xx.xx.xx:1999 in my browser, and it tried to connect until it timed out. 1) There are many similar lines for just one event. Do you think I need all of them? How would I avoid duplicates? 2) The last 4 lines are for my port 22. But since I allow port 22 INPUT for my web server, why are they here? 3) Do I need info like LEN,TOS,PREC and others? I'm trying to find a page that explains them one by one, by I can't find anything.

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• Suspected network performance issue on VirtualBox Ubuntu guest on Win7 host

  - by Adam

  I set up Ubuntu 12.04 in VirtualBox on the Win7 machine I was allocated on my new project. I am running Java, Eclipse, Tomcat to develop a large data-intensive application and I noticed that this application runs at half the speed of my colleague's identical machine, where he runs it all under Windows. I think I have narrowed down the performance issue to the network, after comparing and equalising all the Java VM settings with my colleague. Is there a ping test I can do or some other network diagnostic test to flag up any problems? To give some background, the network performance is confusing. Running a network speed test to my colleague's machine with iperf shows speeds of 6 Mb/s from my Ubuntu guest, and 90 Mb/s from the win7 host. Large downloads, e.g. the Java SDK, come down at about 1.2 MB/s on both the guest and the host. Pings are sub-1ms on the host, but 1.5ms on the guest. I also did a broadband speed test, and got 10Mb/s download speed on both, but the host has an upload speed of 10Mb/s but the guest only uploads at 3Mb/s. I've been trying to diagnose any MTU problems with ping -M do to identify any kind of packet fragmentation problem but it's progressing very slow because I don't have much experience in this area. From what I read on other people's networking issues with VB and Linux guests on Win7 hosts, I should be able to get the speed on the guest up to the same level as the host. I installed a fresh VM with Ubuntu again to see if I'd foobar'd it somehow, but I'm getting the same readings with iperf on the virgin installation. My setup is: Adapter 1: Intel PRO/1000 MT Desktop (NAT) Adapter 2: ditto (host-only adapter) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:0b:76:bf inet addr:10.0.2.15 Bcast:10.0.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe0b:76bf/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:86236 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:49369 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:69163946 (69.1 MB) TX bytes:3530535 (3.5 MB) eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:a3:26:b8 inet addr:192.168.56.101 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fea3:26b8/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:59 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:57 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:9148 (9.1 KB) TX bytes:7648 (7.6 KB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:701 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:701 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:66321 (66.3 KB) TX bytes:66321 (66.3 KB)

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• Recognizing Dell EquilLogic with Nagios

  - by user3677595

  EDIT: All firmware and models are compatible, that is why nothing is posted about it. Okay, so there will be a lot here, so please bare with me. I've been working on this now for a few hours (reading manuals and such) so I'm not just coming here right out of the blue. I am working on a PRE-EXISTING Nagios server where there are several other existing plugins and checks running and working. Now I want to add another server there to check so I made the following modifications: First and foremost, I added a file to /usr/local/nagios/libexec named: check_equallogic.sh. The permissions are 755, the same as all others. I have chowned to nagios:nagios and in the listing it shows the Owner as Nagios. I then added a command to the commands.cfg file in \usr\local\nagios\etc\objects that shows the following: # 'check_equallogic' command definition define command{ command_name check_equallogic command_line $USER1$/check_equallogic -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -t $ARG2$ $ARG3$ } Following this, I created a file named equallogic.cfg in the objects directory and it contains (more or less): define host{ use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a template host_name 172.16.50.11 ; The name we're giving to this device alias EqualLogic ; A longer name associated with the device address 172.16.50.11 ; IP address of the device contact_groups admins } Check Equallogic Information define service{ use generic-service host_name 172.16.50.11 service_description General Information check_command check_equallogic!public!info } After ensuring that permissions are okay for all files, I restart the nagios service, no errors. When I go into the WebGUI, I get the following errors AFTER the check runs: (Return code of 127 is out of bounds - plugin may be missing) Extra, probably unrelated problem Furthermore, when I log into the EquilLogic server, under Audit logs I get the following error: Level: AUDIT Time: 26/05/2014 3:59:13 PM Member: ps4100-1 Subsystem: agent Event ID: 22.7.1 SNMP packet validation failed, request received from 172.16.10.11 An snmpwalk receives a timeout, whereas others succeed. I will work on importing the MIBs tomorrow. The reason why I am mentioning it is because I want to make sure that it is only a MIB issue for the SNMP. If it is, then ignore this area. I am entirely unsure of what to do here.

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• NFS4 / ZFS: revert ACL to clean/inherited state

  - by Keiichi

  My problem is identical to this Windows question, but pertains NFS4 (Linux) and the underlying ZFS (OpenIndiana) we are using. We have this ZFS shared via NFS4 and CIFS for Linux and Windows users respectively. It would be nice for both user groups to benefit from ACLs, but the one missing puzzle piece goes thusly: Each user has a home, where he sets a top-level, inherited ACL. He can later on refine permissions for the contained files/folders iteratively. Over time, sometimes permissions need to be generalized again to avoid increasing pollution of ACL entries. You can tweak the ACL of every single file if need be to obtain the wanted permissions, but that defeats the purpose of inherited ACLs. So, how can an ACL be completely cleared like in the question linked above? I have found nothing about what a blank, inherited ACL should look like. This usecase simply does not seem to exist. In fact, the solaris chmod manpage clearly states A- Removes all ACEs for current ACL on file and replaces current ACL with new ACL that represents only the current mode of the file. I.e. we get three new ACL entries filled with stuff representing the permission bits, which is rather useless for cleaning up. If I try to manually remove every ACE, on the last one I get chmod A0- <file> chmod: ERROR: Can't remove all ACL entries from a file Which by the way makes me think: and why not? In fact, I really want the whole file-specific ACL gone. The same holds for linux, which enumerates ACEs starting with 1(!), and verbalizes its woes less diligently nfs4_setacl -x 1 <file> Failed setxattr operation: Unknown error 524 So, what is the idea behind ACLs under Solaris/NFS? Can they never be cleaned up? Why does the recursion option for the ACL setting commands pollute all children instead of setting a single ACL and making the children inherit? Is this really the intention of the designers? I can clean up the ACLs using a windows client perfectly well, but am I supposed to tell the linux users they have to switch OS just to consolidate permissions?

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• Creating a network link between 2 very close buildings

  - by Daniel Johnson

  I have a charity who have two adjacent medium sized modern detached houses (in the UK): the buildings stand next to each other and are less than 5 metres apart. They have DSL connected to a single computer in one of the buildings. They want to add a network with wireless, and want it to work across both buildings. Being a charity they need to keep costs down. The network would be used for sharing Word documents, e-mail, browsing and skyping. My initial thoughts were to connect the buildings with fibre. So: Option 1 Use fibre between the buildings. Sufficient cable and two TP-LINK MC100CM Fast Ethernet Media Converters. Cost ~£80.00. But there is the extra cost and hassle of running the cable down and up the external walls, lifting and relaying paving, and burying underground. Never having fitted fibre I'm also a little worried about going up the wall and then bending the cable at 90 degrees to go through the wall and into the building. Option 2 Use two TP-Link TL-WA7510N High Powered Outdoor 5Ghz 15dBi Wireless antennas to connect the buildings. There is a clear line of sight at first floor level. Cost ~£100. And much easier to fit than fibre! Is using the TL-WA7510Ns overkill? Is there something more suitable? I had hoped to use some Netgear stuff, e.g. two DGN2200, one in each house and also use them to provide the wireless link between the buildings. However, in bridge mode wireless client association is not available and repeater mode with client association only supports WEP security which isn't strong enough. Is there something similar that would be up to the job? Option 3 Connect the buildings with UTP cable. My concerns here are risk of electric shock due to a difference of potential between the buildings (or are they so close this shouldn't be an issue) and protection from lightning strikes. Is fitting lighting arrestors expensive? And what can be done to ameliorate against the risk of shock? This all falls outside my area of expertise so I would really appreciate some advice.

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• Getting error while installing mod_wsgi in centos

  - by user825904

  I have reinstalled python with enable shared [root@master mod_wsgi-3.4]# make clean rm -rf .libs rm -f mod_wsgi.o mod_wsgi.la mod_wsgi.lo mod_wsgi.slo mod_wsgi.loT rm -f config.log config.status rm -rf autom4te.cache [root@master mod_wsgi-3.4]# LD_RUN_PATH=/usr/local/lib make apxs -c -I/usr/local/include/python2.7 -DNDEBUG mod_wsgi.c -L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/local/lib/python2.7/config -lpython2.7 -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm /usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -prefer-pic -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -DLINUX=2 -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -pthread -I/usr/include/httpd -I/usr/include/apr-1 -I/usr/include/apr-1 -I/usr/local/include/python2.7 -DNDEBUG -c -o mod_wsgi.lo mod_wsgi.c && touch mod_wsgi.slo In file included from /usr/local/include/python2.7/Python.h:8, from mod_wsgi.c:142: /usr/local/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h:1161:1: warning: "_POSIX_C_SOURCE" redefined In file included from /usr/include/sys/types.h:26, from /usr/include/apr-1/apr-x86_64.h:127, from /usr/include/apr-1/apr.h:19, from /usr/include/httpd/ap_config.h:25, from /usr/include/httpd/httpd.h:43, from mod_wsgi.c:34: /usr/include/features.h:162:1: warning: this is the location of the previous definition In file included from /usr/local/include/python2.7/Python.h:8, from mod_wsgi.c:142: /usr/local/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h:1183:1: warning: "_XOPEN_SOURCE" redefined In file included from /usr/include/sys/types.h:26, from /usr/include/apr-1/apr-x86_64.h:127, from /usr/include/apr-1/apr.h:19, from /usr/include/httpd/ap_config.h:25, from /usr/include/httpd/httpd.h:43, from mod_wsgi.c:34: /usr/include/features.h:164:1: warning: this is the location of the previous definition mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_server_group’: mod_wsgi.c:991: warning: unused variable ‘value’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘Log_isatty’: mod_wsgi.c:1665: warning: unused variable ‘result’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘Log_writelines’: mod_wsgi.c:1802: warning: unused variable ‘msg’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘Adapter_output’: mod_wsgi.c:3087: warning: unused variable ‘n’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘Adapter_file_wrapper’: mod_wsgi.c:4138: warning: unused variable ‘result’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_python_term’: mod_wsgi.c:5850: warning: unused variable ‘tstate’ mod_wsgi.c:5849: warning: unused variable ‘interp’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_python_child_init’: mod_wsgi.c:7050: warning: unused variable ‘l’ mod_wsgi.c:6948: warning: unused variable ‘interp’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_add_import_script’: mod_wsgi.c:7701: warning: unused variable ‘error’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_add_handler_script’: mod_wsgi.c:8179: warning: unused variable ‘dconfig’ mod_wsgi.c:8178: warning: unused variable ‘sconfig’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_hook_handler’: mod_wsgi.c:9375: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9377: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9379: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9383: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9403: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9405: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c:9408: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_daemon_worker’: mod_wsgi.c:10819: warning: unused variable ‘duration’ mod_wsgi.c:10818: warning: unused variable ‘start’ mod_wsgi.c: In function ‘wsgi_hook_daemon_handler’: mod_wsgi.c:13172: warning: unused variable ‘i’ mod_wsgi.c:13170: warning: unused variable ‘elts’ mod_wsgi.c:13169: warning: unused variable ‘head’ mod_wsgi.c: At top level: mod_wsgi.c:8142: warning: ‘wsgi_set_user_authoritative’ defined but not used mod_wsgi.c:15251: warning: ‘wsgi_hook_check_user_id’ defined but not used /usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=link gcc -o mod_wsgi.la -rpath /usr/lib64/httpd/modules -module -avoid-version mod_wsgi.lo -L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/local/lib/python2.7/config -lpython2.7 -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm

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• recommendations for efficient offsite remote backup solution of vm's

  - by senorsmile

  I am looking for recommendations for backing up my current 6 vm's(and soon to grow to up to 20). Currently I am running a two node proxmox cluster(which is a debian base using kvm for virtualization with a custom web front end to administer). I have two nearly identical boxes with amd phenom II x4's and asus motherboards. Each has 4 500 GB sata2 hdd's, 1 for the os and other data for the proxmox install, and 3 using mdadm+drbd+lvm to share the 1.5 TB's of storage between the two machines. I mount lvm images to kvm for all of the virtual machines. I currently have the ability to do live transfer from one machine to the other, typically within seconds(it takes about 2 minutes on the largest vm running win2008 with m$ sql server). I am using proxmox's built-in vzdump utility to take snapshots of the vm's and store those on an external harddrive on the network. I then have jungledisk service (using rackspace) to sync the vzdump folder for remote offsite backup. This is all fine and dandy, but it's not very scalable. For one, the backups themselves can take up to a few hours every night. With jungledisk's block level incremental transfers, the sync only transfers a small portion of the data offsite, but that still takes at least a half an hour. The much better solution would of course be something that allows me to instantly take the difference of two time points (say what was written from 6am to 7am), zip it, then send that difference file to the backup server which would instantly transfer to the remote storage on rackspace. I have looked a little into zfs and it's ability to do send/receive. That coupled with a pipe of the data in bzip or something would seem perfect. However, it seems that implementing a nexenta server with zfs would essentially require at least one or two more dedicated storage servers to serve iSCSI block volumes (via zvol's???) to the proxmox servers. I would prefer to keep the setup as minimal as possible (i.e. NOT having separate storage servers) if at all possible. I have also briefly read about zumastor. It looks like it could also do what I want, but it appears to have halted development in 2008. So, zfs, zumastor or other?

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• Group traffic shaping with traffic control?

  - by mmcbro

  I'm trying to limit the output bandwidth generated by an application with linux tc. This application sends me the source port of the request that I use has a filter to limit each user at a given downloadspeed. I feel that my setup could be managed way better if I had a better knowledge of linux tc. At the application level users are categorized as members of a group, each group have a limited bandwidth. Example : Members of group A : 512kbit/s Members of group B : 1Mbit/s Members of group C : 2Mbit/s When a user connects to the application, it retrieves the source port to the origin of the request from the user and sends me the source port and the bandwidth at which the user must be limited depending on group to which it belongs. With these informations I must add the appropriate rules so that the user (the source port in reality) is limited to the right bandwidth. If the user that connect isn't a member of any group it should be limited at a default bandwidth speed. I'm actually managing this by using a self made daemon that add or remove rules from when it receive a request from the application. With my little knowledge of tc I'm not able to limit other users (ones that aren't in a group, all others in fact) at a default speed and my configuration seems awful to me. Here is the base of my tc qdisc and classes : tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: htb tc class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 100mbps ceil 125mbps To classify a user at a given speed I have to add one subclass and then associate one filter to it : # a member of group A tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate 512kbps ceil 512kbps # tts associated filter to match his source port tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 match ip sport 50001 flowid 1:11 # a member of group A again tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate 512kbps ceil 512kbps # tts associated filter to match his source port tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 match ip sport 61524 flowid 1:12 # a member of group B again tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:13 htb rate 1000kbps ceil 1000kbps # tts associated filter to match his source port tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 match ip sport 57200 flowid 1:13 I already know that a source port could be the same if its coming from a different IP address the thing is the application is behind a proxy so I don't have to manage any IP address in that situation. I would like to know how to manage the fact that for all other users (request/source port, whatever you name it) could be limited at a given speed each. I mean that each connection should be able to use at max 100kbit/s for example, not a shared 100kbit/s. I also would like to know if there is a way to simplify my rules. I don't know if it is possible to use only one class per group and associate multiple filters to the same class so each users could be handled by one class and not one class per user. I appreciate any advice, thanks.

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• Frequent and weird wifi disconnections

  - by Sidou

  How would you explain, troubleshoot (and solve) the following problem? Wifi ADSL modem router D-link 2640R installed in living room at about 1.8m height. Working fine, synchronising and getting/serving stable internet connection. First situation: -Laptop 01 in other end of the house, let's say in room01 southern to the living room, distant by about 15m. Getting stable signal of good to very good quality. No disconnection. -Laptop 02 in room02 opposite to room01 (5m West) which makes it almost at the same distance and direction from the router located 15m North. Getting stable signal of good to very good quality. No disconnection. Second situation: -Laptop 01 moved to room03 Northern to the living room (actually just 3m behind the wall where the router lies). Getting stable signal of excellent quality. No disconnection. -Laptop 02 still in room02 but now experiences frequent disconnections (actually almost impossible to get the Internet even though the signal level is still very good. Either no Internet with the wifi icon appearing connected to access point or no connection established at all which happens every 2 minutes and that means virtually no Internet at all as I can just get a timeframe of 1 minute or so to load any website or even get to the router's web based control panel. If Laptop 01 is completely shut down or its wifi adapters shut down or even still working but its wifi MAC address forbidden, then Laptop 02 has no problem at all. If Laptop 02 is moved to a nearer location to the router, in the living room for instance, then no connection problem occurs even if Laptop 01 is also connected. And also if we move back Laptop 01 to its original location (room 01), then no problem as well. I'm completely lost and don't know how to address this issue. I tried to change the Wifi channel and even tried the auto channel scan but that didn't solve it. I know that the problem is probably coming from Laptop 01 being in its new location or some sort of interference as the problem occurs only under the described condition but I have no idea how to solve it! I also scanned the neighborhood for wifi jam using InSSIDer, there are few other access points but they don't seem to affect the situation. Any ideas about the steps to follow or tools to use ?

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• Looking for advice on Hyper-v storage replication

  - by Notre1

  I am designing a 2-host Hyper-V R2 cluster with 6-10 guests stored on a SMB iSCSI SAN device (probably Promise VessRAID). I will be getting at least two of the SAN devices and need to eliminate the storage a single point of failure. Ideally, that would involve real-time failover for the storage, like the Windows failover clustering does for the hosts. This design will be used at around six of our sites, and I would like to allow for us to eventually setup a cluster at colocation site and replicate each site's VMs there for DR. (Ideally a live multi-site cluster, but a manual import of the VMs would be fine for this sort of DR.) The tools that come with enterprise SANs, like EMC and NetApp, seem to be the most commonly used items for a Hyper-V cluster, but I can't afford their prices with my budget. Outside of them, the two tools that seem to be most common for Hyper-V storage replication are SteelEye (now SIOS) DataKeeper Cluster Edition and Double-Take Availability. Originally, I was planning on using Clustered Shared Volume(s) (CSV), but it seems like replication support for these is either not available or brand new in both these products. It looks like CSVs are supported in Double-Take 5.22, see this discussion, but I don't think I want to run something that new in production. Right now, it seems like the best option for me is not to implement CSVs, implement some sort of storage replication, and upgrade to CSVs at a later date once replicating them is more mature. I would love to have live migration, and CSVs are not required for live migration if you are using one LUN per VM, so I guess this is what I'll do. I would prefer to stick to the using the Microsoft Windows Server and Hyper-V tools and features as much as possible. From that standpoint, SteelEye looks more appealing than Double-Take because they make the DataKeeper volume(s) available to the Failover Clustering Manager and then failover clustering is all configured and managed through the native Microsoft tools. Double-Take says that "clustered Hyper-V hosts are not supported," and Double-Take Availability itself seems to be what is used for the actual clustering and failover. Does anyone know if any of these replication tools work with more than two hosts in the cluster? All the information I can find on the web only uses two hosts in their examples. Are there any better tools than SteelEye and Double-Take for doing what I am trying to do, which is eliminate the storage as as single point of failure? Neverfail, AppAssure, and DataCore all seem to offer similar functionality, but they don't seems to be as popular as SteelEye and Double-Take. I have seen a number of people suggest using Starwind iSCSI SAN software for the shared storage, which includes replication (and CSV replication at that). There are a couple of reasons I have not seriously considered this route: 1) The company I work for is exclusively a Dell shop and Dell does not have any servers with that I can pack with more than six 3.5" SATA drives. 2) In the future, it could be advantegous for us to not be locked into a particular brand or type of storage and third-party replication softwares all allow replication to heterogeneous storage devices. I am pretty new to iSCSI and clustering, so please let me know if it looks like I am planning something that goes against best practices or overlooking/missing something.

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• Nginx, proxy passing to Apache, and SSL

  - by Vic

  I have Nginx and Apache set up with Nginx proxy-passing everything to Apache except static resources. I have a server set up for port 80 like so: server { listen 80; server_name *.example1.com *.example2.com; [...] location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png|pdf|te?xt)$ { access_log off; expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; add_header Vary: Accept-Encoding; } location / { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf; } } And since we have multiple ssl sites (with different ssl certificates) I have a server{} block for each of them like so: server { listen 443 ssl; server_name *.example1.com; [...] location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png|pdf|te?xt)$ { access_log off; expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; add_header Vary: Accept-Encoding; } location / { proxy_pass https://127.0.0.1:8443; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port 443; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https; } } server { listen 443 ssl; server_name *.example2.com; [...] location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png|pdf|te?xt)$ { access_log off; expires max; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate"; add_header Vary: Accept-Encoding; } location / { proxy_pass https://127.0.0.1:8445; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port 443; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https; } } First of all, I think there is a very obvious problem here, which is that I'm double-encrypting everything, first at the nginx level and then again by Apache. To make everything worse, I just started using Amazon's Elastic Load Balancer, so I added the certificate to the ELB and now SSL encryption is happening three times. That's gotta be horrible for performance. What is the sane way to handle this? Should I be forwarding https on the ELB - http on nginx - http on apache? Secondly, there is so much duplication above. Is the best method to not repeat myself to put all of the static asset handling in an include file and just include it in the server?

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• seaudit report detail

  - by user1014130

  I've just started using selinux in the last 6 months and am getting to grips with it. However, using sealert on a new CENTOS 6 server, Im not getting the level of detail I was with CENTOS 5. To illustrate: Running sealert -a /var/log/audit/audit.log On CENTOS 5 I get: Summary: SELinux is preventing postdrop (postfix_postdrop_t) "getattr" to /var/log/httpd/error_log (httpd_log_t). Detailed Description: SELinux denied access requested by postdrop. It is not expected that this access is required by postdrop and this access may signal an intrusion attempt. It is also possible that the specific version or configuration of the application is causing it to require additional access. Allowing Access: Sometimes labeling problems can cause SELinux denials. You could try to restore the default system file context for /var/log/httpd/error_log, restorecon -v '/var/log/httpd/error_log' If this does not work, there is currently no automatic way to allow this access. Instead, you can generate a local policy module to allow this access - see FAQ (http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/selinux-faq-fc5/#id2961385) Or you can disable SELinux protection altogether. Disabling SELinux protection is not recommended. Please file a bug report (http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi) against this package. Additional Information: Source Context root:system_r:postfix_postdrop_t Target Context system_u:object_r:httpd_log_t Target Objects /var/log/httpd/error_log [ file ] Source postdrop Source Path /usr/sbin/postdrop Port Host Source RPM Packages postfix-2.3.3-2.1.el5_2 Target RPM Packages Policy RPM selinux-policy-2.4.6-279.el5_5.1 Selinux Enabled True Policy Type targeted MLS Enabled True Enforcing Mode Enforcing Plugin Name catchall_file Host Name server109-228-26-144.live-servers.net Platform Linux server109-228-26-144.live-servers.net 2.6.18-194.8.1.el5 #1 SMP Thu Jul 1 19:04:48 EDT 2010 x86_64 x86_64 Alert Count 1 First Seen Wed Jun 13 11:43:55 2012 Last Seen Wed Jun 13 11:43:55 2012 but on CENTOS 6 I just get: Summary: SELinux is preventing postdrop (postfix_postdrop_t) "getattr" to /var/log/httpd/error_log (httpd_log_t). Detailed Description: SELinux denied access requested by postdrop. It is not expected that this access is required by postdrop and this access may signal an intrusion attempt. It is also possible that the specific version or configuration of the application is causing it to require additional access. Allowing Access: Sometimes labeling problems can cause SELinux denials. You could try to restore the default system file context for /var/log/httpd/error_log, restorecon -v '/var/log/httpd/error_log' If this does not work, there is currently no automatic way to allow this access. Instead, you can generate a local policy module to allow this access - see FAQ (http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/selinux-faq-fc5/#id2961385) Or you can disable SELinux protection altogether. Disabling SELinux protection is not recommended. Please file a bug report (http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi) against this package. Im running exactly the same command. Does anyone have any idea why Im not getting the "Additional information" that I do with CENTOS 5? Thanks in advance Dylan

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• Software Raid 10 corrupted superblock after dual disk failure, how do I recover it?

  - by Shoshomiga

  I have a software raid 10 with 6 x 2tb hard drives (raid 1 for /boot), ubuntu 10.04 is the os. I had a raid controller failure that put 2 drives out of sync, crashed the system and initially the os didnt boot up and went into initramfs instead, saying that drives were busy but I eventually managed to bring the raid up by stopping and assembling the drives. The os booted up and said that there were filesystem errors, I chose to ignore because it would remount the fs in read-only mode if there was a problem. Everything seemed to be working fine and the 2 drives started to rebuild, I was sure that it was a sata controller failure because I had dma errors in my log files. The os crashed soon after that with ext errors. Now its not bringing up the raid, it says that there is no superblock on /dev/sda2, even if I assemble manually with all the device names. I also did a memtest and changed the motherboard in addition to everything else. EDIT: This is my partition layout Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0009c34a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 511999 254976 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 512000 3904980991 1952234496 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 3904980992 3907028991 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris All 6 disks have the same layout, partition #1 is for raid 1 /boot, partition #2 is for raid 10 far plan, partition #3 is swap, but sda did not have swap enabled EDIT2: This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md1 Layout : near=1, far=2 Chunk Size : 64k UUID : a0feff55:2018f8ff:e368bf24:bd0fce41 Events : 0.3112126 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 34 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdc2 1 0 0 1 removed 2 8 18 2 active sync /dev/sdb2 3 8 50 3 active sync /dev/sdd2 4 0 0 4 removed 5 8 82 5 active sync /dev/sdf2 6 8 66 - spare /dev/sde2 EDIT3: I ran ddrescue and it has copied everything from sda except a single 4096 byte sector that I suspect is the raid superblock EDIT4: Here is some more info too long to fit here lshw: http://pastebin.com/2eKrh7nF mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]1 (raid1): http://pastebin.com/cgMQWerS mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]2 (raid10): http://pastebin.com/V5dtcGPF dumpe2fs of /dev/sda2 (from the ddrescue cloned drive): http://pastebin.com/sp0GYcJG I tried to recreate md1 based on this info with the command mdadm --create /dev/md1 -v --assume-clean --level=10 --raid-devices=6 --chunk=64K --layout=f2 /dev/sda2 missing /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2 missing /dev/sdf2 But I can't mount it, I also tried to recreate it based on my initial mdadm --detail /dev/md1 but it still doesn't mount It also warns me that /dev/sda2 is an ext2fs file system but I guess its because of ddrescue

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• A proper way to create non-interactive accounts?

  - by AndreyT

  In order to use password-protected file sharing in a basic home network I want to create a number of non-interactive user accounts on a Windows 8 Pro machine in addition to the existing set of interactive accounts. The users that corresponds to those extra accounts will not use this machine interactively, so I don't want their accounts to be available for logon and I don't want their names to appear on welcome screen. In older versions of Windows Pro (up to Windows 7) I did this by first creating the accounts as members of "Users" group, and then including them into "Deny logon locally" list in Local Security Policy settings. This always had the desired effect. However, my question is whether this is the right/best way to do it. The reason I'm asking is that even though this method works in Windows 8 Pro as well, it has one little quirk: interactive users from "User" group are still able to see these extra user names when they go to the Metro screen and hit their own user name in the top-right corner (i.e. open "Sign out/Lock" menu). The command list that drops out contains "Sign out" and "Lock" commands as well as the names of other users (for "switch user" functionality). For some reason that list includes the extra users from "Deny logon locally" list. It is interesting to note that this happens when the current user belongs to "Users" group, but it does not happen when the current user is from "Administrators". For example, let's say I have three accounts on the machine: "Administrator" (from "Administrators", can logon locally), "A" (from "Users", can logon locally), "B" (from "Users", denied logon locally). When "Administrator" is logged in, he can only see user "A" listed in his Metro "Sign out/Lock" menu, i.e. all works as it should. But when user "A" is logged in, he can see both "Administrator" and user "B" in his "Sign out/Lock" menu. Expectedly, in the above example trying to switch from user "A" to user "B" by hitting "B" in the menu does not work: Windows jumps to welcome screen that lists only "Administrator" and "A". Anyway, on the surface this appears to be an interface-level bug in Windows 8. However, I'm wondering if going through "Deny logon locally" setting is the right way to do it in Windows 8. Is there any other way to create a hidden non-interactive user account?

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• SSH Connection Refused - Debug using Recovery Console

  - by olrehm

  Hey everyone, I have found a ton of questions answered about debugging why one cannot connect via SSH, but they all seem to require that you can still access the system - or say that without that nothing can be done. In my case, I cannot access the system directly, but I do have access to the filesystem using a recovery console. So this is the situation: My provider made some kernel update today and in the process also rebooted my server. For some reason, I cannot connect via SSH anymore, but instead get a ssh: connect to host mydomain.de port 22: Connection refused I do not know whether sshd is just not running, or whether something (e.g. iptables) blocks my ssh connection attempts. I looked at the logfiles, none of the files in /var/log contain any mentioning on ssh, and /var/log/auth.log is empty. Before the kernel update, I could log in just fine and used certificates so that I would not need a password everytime I connect from my local machine. What I tried so far: I looked in /etc/rc*.d/ for a link to the /etc/init.d/ssh script and found none. So I am expecting that sshd is not started properly on boot. Since I cannot run any programs in my system, I cannot use update-rc to change this. I tried to make a link manually using ln -s /etc/init.d/ssh /etc/rc6.d/K09sshd and restarted the server - this did not fix the problem. I do not know wether it is at all possible to do it like this and whether it is correct to create it in rc6.d and whether the K09 is correct. I just copied that from apache. I also tried to change my /etc/iptables.rules file to allow everything: # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.0 on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 *mangle :PREROUTING ACCEPT [7468813:1758703692] :INPUT ACCEPT [7468810:1758703548] :FORWARD ACCEPT [3:144] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [7935930:3682829426] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [7935933:3682829570] COMMIT # Completed on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.0 on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [7339662:1665166559] :FORWARD ACCEPT [3:144] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [7935930:3682829426] -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 993 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 8080 -s localhost -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 -A INPUT -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT COMMIT # Completed on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.0 on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [101662:5379853] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [393275:25394346] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [393273:25394250] COMMIT # Completed on Thu Dec 10 18:05:32 2009 I am not sure this is done correctly or has any effect at all. I also did not find any mentioning of iptables in any file in /var/log. So what else can I do? Thank you for your help.

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• x11vnc working in Ubuntu 10.10

  - by pablorc

  I'm trying to start x11vnc in a Ubuntu 10.10 (my server is in Amazon EC2), but I have the next error $ sudo x11vnc -forever -usepw -httpdir /usr/share/vnc-java/ -httpport 5900 -auth /usr/sbin/gdm 25/11/2010 13:29:51 passing arg to libvncserver: -httpport 25/11/2010 13:29:51 passing arg to libvncserver: 5900 25/11/2010 13:29:51 -usepw: found /home/ubuntu/.vnc/passwd 25/11/2010 13:29:51 x11vnc version: 0.9.10 lastmod: 2010-04-28 pid: 3504 25/11/2010 13:29:51 XOpenDisplay(":0.0") failed. 25/11/2010 13:29:51 Trying again with XAUTHLOCALHOSTNAME=localhost ... 25/11/2010 13:29:51 *************************************** 25/11/2010 13:29:51 *** XOpenDisplay failed (:0.0) *** x11vnc was unable to open the X DISPLAY: ":0.0", it cannot continue. *** There may be "Xlib:" error messages above with details about the failure. Some tips and guidelines: ** An X server (the one you wish to view) must be running before x11vnc is started: x11vnc does not start the X server. (however, see the -create option if that is what you really want). ** You must use -display <disp>, -OR- set and export your $DISPLAY environment variable to refer to the display of the desired X server. - Usually the display is simply ":0" (in fact x11vnc uses this if you forget to specify it), but in some multi-user situations it could be ":1", ":2", or even ":137". Ask your administrator or a guru if you are having difficulty determining what your X DISPLAY is. ** Next, you need to have sufficient permissions (Xauthority) to connect to the X DISPLAY. Here are some Tips: - Often, you just need to run x11vnc as the user logged into the X session. So make sure to be that user when you type x11vnc. - Being root is usually not enough because the incorrect MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file may be accessed. The cookie file contains the secret key that allows x11vnc to connect to the desired X DISPLAY. - You can explicitly indicate which MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file should be used by the -auth option, e.g.: x11vnc -auth /home/someuser/.Xauthority -display :0 x11vnc -auth /tmp/.gdmzndVlR -display :0 you must have read permission for the auth file. See also '-auth guess' and '-findauth' discussed below. ** If NO ONE is logged into an X session yet, but there is a greeter login program like "gdm", "kdm", "xdm", or "dtlogin" running, you will need to find and use the raw display manager MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE file. Some examples for various display managers: gdm: -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth kdm: -auth /var/lib/kdm/A:0-crWk72 -auth /var/run/xauth/A:0-crWk72 xdm: -auth /var/lib/xdm/authdir/authfiles/A:0-XQvaJk dtlogin: -auth /var/dt/A:0-UgaaXa Sometimes the command "ps wwwwaux | grep auth" can reveal the file location. Starting with x11vnc 0.9.9 you can have it try to guess by using: -auth guess (see also the x11vnc -findauth option.) Only root will have read permission for the file, and so x11vnc must be run as root (or copy it). The random characters in the filenames will of course change and the directory the cookie file resides in is system dependent. See also: http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/faq.html I've already tried with some -auth options but the error persist. I have gdm running. Thank you in advance

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• How do you backup 40+ Centos5.5 servers?

  - by John Little

  We are embarrassed to ask this question. Apologies for our lack of UNIX expertise. We have inherited 40+ centos 5.5 servers, and don't know how to back them up. We need low level clone type images so that we could restore the servers from scratch if we had to replace the HDs etc. We have used the "dd" command, but we assume this only works if you want to back up one local disk to another, not 40 servers to one server with an external USB HD attached. All 40 servers have a pair of mirrored disks (dont know if its HW or SW raid). Most only have 100MB used. SErvers are running apache, zend, tomcat, mysql etc. Ideally we dont want to have to shut them down to backup (but could). We assume that standard unix commands like tar, cpio, rsync, scp etc. are of no use as they only copy files, not partitions, all attributes, groups etc. i.e. do not produce a result which can simply be re-imaged to a new HD to get the serer back from dead. We have a large SAN, a spare windows box and spare unix boxes, but these are only visible to one layer in the network. We have an unused Dell DL2000 monster tape unit, but no sw or documentation for it. WE have a copy of symantec backup exec, but we have no budget for unix client licenses. (The company has negative amounts of money). We need to be able to initiate the backup remotely, as we can only access the servers in person in an emergency (i.e. to restore) Googling returns some applications to do this, e.g. clonezilla - looks difficult to install and invasive. Mondo, only seems to support backup if you are local to the machine. Amanda might be an option, but looks like days/weeks of work to learn and setup? Is there anything built into Centos, or do we have to go the route of installing, learning and configuring a set of backup softwares? Any ideas? This must be a pretty standard problem which goggling doesnt give an obvious answer.

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