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• Approach for monitoring internet backbone traffic volume

  - by Greg Harman

  I'm interested in getting a picture of relative volume across different internet backbones. In particular, I'd like to see how traffic volume over a given route differs over the course of a day or from one day to the next. InternetTrafficReport.com is the closest approximation to this that I've found online, and their approach is to test ping times to a number of key routers from several geographically-dispersed servers. This sounds like one straightforward way to measure, but I don't have several geographically-dispersed servers. Is there a different approach for sampling this type of information from a single server?

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• The best way to learn how to extend Orchard

  - by Bertrand Le Roy

  We do have tutorials on the Orchard site, but we can't cover all topics, and recently I've found myself more and more responding to forum questions by pointing people to an existing module that was solving a similar problem to the one the question was about. I really like this way of learning by example and from the expertise of others. This is one of the reasons why we decided that modules would by default come in source code form that we compile dynamically. it makes them easy to understand and easier to modify for your own purposes. Hackability FTW! But how do you crack open a module and look at what's inside? You can do it in two different ways. First, you can just install the module from the gallery, directly from your Orchard instance's admin panel. Once you've done that, you can just look into your Modules directory under the web site. There is now a subfolder with the name of the new module that contains a csproj that you can open in Visual Studio or add to your Orchard solution. Second, you can simply download the package (it's NuGet) and rename it to a .zip extension. NuGet being based on Zip, this will open just fine in Windows Explorer: What you want to dig into is the Content/Modules/[NameOfTheModule] folder, which is where the actual code is. Thanks to Jason Gaylord for the idea for this post.

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• Can DVCSs enforce a specific workflow?

  - by dukeofgaming

  So, I have this little debate at work where some of my colleagues (which are actually in charge of administrating our Perforce instance) say that workflows are strictly a process thing, and that the tools that we use (in this case, the version control system) have no take on it. In otherwords, the point that they make is that workflows (and their execution) are tool-agnostic. My take on this is that DVCSs are better at encouraging people in more flexible and well-defined ways, because of the inherent branching occurring in the background (anonymous branches), and that you can enforce workflows through the deployment model you establish (e.g. pull requests through repository management, dictator/liutenant roles with their machines setup as servers, etc.) I think in CVCSs you have to enforce workflows through policies and policing, because there is only one way to share the code, while in DVCSs you just go with the flow based on the infrastructure/permissions that were setup for you. Even when I have provided the earlier arguments, I'm still unable to fully convince them. Am I saying something the wrong way?, if not, what other arguments or examples do you think would be useful to convince them? Edit: The main workflow we have been focusing on, because it makes sense to both sides is the Dictator/Lieutenants workflow: My argument for this particular workflow is that there is no pipeline in a CVCS (because there is just sharing work in a centralized way), whereas there is an actual pipeline in DVCSs depending on how you deploy read/write permissions. Their argument is that this workflow can be done through branching, and while they do this in some projects (due to policy/policing) in other projects they forbid developers from creating branches.

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• Determine Server specs for a Rails with MySQL database (on AWS)

  - by Rogier

  I developed a intranet applications with Rails (3.2) for one of my customers. There will be around 30-40 employees working with it. Backend is MySQL (5). What would be the best way to determine the servers specs needed? Given: max. load will be roughly 2400 (40*60) HTTP requests (mixed GET / POST) per hour. 15% of these calls are JSON calls (iOS) avg request will make between 5-10 database calls 500-800 SQL INSERTS per day webpages are fairly simple (no images, just text) avg webpage is 15 request (css/js/etc) and total size is 35-45 KB More specific, since they need access from multiple geographical locations, we are thinking of running a bitnami Ruby stack in the AWS cloud (uptime is important). Any thoughts on a AWS Instance (small/medium) and Utilization (light/medium/heavy) ? Thanks!

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• Running Ubuntu with multiple monitors having a panel each

  - by Andreas Grech

  I have just installed Ubuntu and I'm trying to set up a correct configuration for having multiple monitors. I want the two monitors to have their own workspaces, yet the ability to drag a window from one monitor to the next. I also want a separate panel (taskbar) for each monitor. I have played around with nvidia-settings and tried the following different configs: Having both monitors `Use separate X screen" A panel for each monitor but I couldn't drag windows from one monitor to the next Using TwinView The ability to drag windows from one monitor to the next but only a single panel for the primary display Now I want to have the above configurations combined. Basically, as I stated beforehand, having a separate panel for each monitor and also the ability to drag windows across monitors. Can anyone provide me with suggestions please?

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• Most effective way to do daily standup meeting when a few people are remote

  - by Burhan Ali

  I am a software developer in a small team of seven. We are not an Agile (with a big 'A') team but are experimenting with some aspects of agile. One of these is the daily "standup" meeting. The difficulty here is that for two days of the week we have at least one person working from home so the full team isn't available in the same room. What is the best way to carry out a daily standup in this situation? Some facts that may be relevant: We all work in a single open plan room. We use Skype in our company. We don't have any video conferencing capability. We all work the same hours so there are no timezone complexities involved. The development manager is one of the people who works from home one day a week. Things we have tried: Conference call using Skype: This is tricky for those in the office because you can hear people speak in the room and then a split second later through the headset. This can e very distracting. Conference phone: Awful experience. Hard to get them to work and poor quality audio. Text-based updates using Skype. This is not as engaging and is no different than just firing off a status email in the morning. I have seen other questions about remote collaboration but they are mainly about completely remote teams and/or teams that span multiple time zones. We are not affected by either of these problems. What can we do to make our standup meetings better in these circumstances?

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• Are Intel compilers really better than the Microsoft ones?

  - by Rocket Surgeon

  Years ago, I was surprised when I discovered that Intel sells Visual Studio compatible compilers. I tried it in particular for C/C++ as well as fantastic diagnostic tools. But the code was simply not that computationally intensive to notice the difference. The only impression was: did Intel really do it for me just now, wow, amazing tools with nanoseconds resolution, unbelievable. But the trial ended and the team never seriously considered a purchase. From your experience, if license cost does not matter, which vendor is the winner? It is not a broad or vague question or attemt to spark a holy war. This sort of question is about two very visible tools. Nobody likes when tools have any mysteries or surprises. And choices between best and best are always the pain. I also understand the grass is always greener argument. I want to hear all "what ifs" stories. What if Intel just locally optimizes it for the chip stepping of the month, and not every hardware target will actually work as well as Microsoft compiled? What if AMD hardware is the target and everything will slow down for no reason? Or on the other hand, what if Intel's hardware has so many unnoticable opportunities, that Microsoft compiler writers are too slow to adopt and never implement it in the compiler? What if both are the same exactly, actually a single codebase just wrapped into two different boxes and licensed to both vendors by some third-party shop? And so on. But someone knows some answers.

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• Recommended storage scheme for home server? (LVM/JBOD/RAID 5...)

  - by j-g-faustus

  Are there any guidelines for which storage scheme(s) makes most sense for a multiple-disk home server? I am assuming a separate boot/OS disk (so bootability is not a concern, this is for data storage only) and 4-6 storage disks of 1-2 TB each, for a total storage capacity in the range 4-12 TB. The file system is ext4, I expect there will be only one big partition spanning all disks. As far as I can tell, the alternatives are individual disks pros: works with any combination of disk sizes; losing a disk loses only the data on that disk; no need for volume management. cons: data management is clumsy when logical units (like a "movies" folder) are larger than the capacity of any single drive. JBOD span pros: can merge disks of any size. cons: losing a disk loses all data on all disks LVM pros: can merge disks of any size; relatively simple to add and remove disks. cons: losing a disk loses all data on all disks RAID 0 pros: speed cons: losing one drive loses all data; disks must be same size RAID 5 pros: data survives losing one disk cons: gives up one disk worth of capacity; disks must be same size RAID 6 pros: data survives losing two disks cons: gives up two disks worth of capacity; disks must be same size I'm primarily considering either LVM or JBOD span simply because it will let me reuse older, smaller-capacity disks when I upgrade the system. The runner-up is RAID 0 for speed. I'm planning on having full backups to a separate system, so I expect the extra redundancy from RAID levels 5 or 6 won't be important. Is this a fair representation of the alternatives? Are there other considerations or alternatives I have missed? And what would you recommend?

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• Multiple thunderbird Icons in System Tray(Windows 7) & TaskBar

  - by chobo2

  Is this some new "feature" for thunderbird 8? When I start thunderbird it starts by opening thunderbird. Once it is loading thunderbird it loads another 6 thunderbirds. The windows are called Mozilla Thunderbird Inbox - [email protected] - Mozilla Thuderbird Inbox - [email protected] - Mozilla Thuderbird Inbox - [email protected] - Mozilla Thuderbird Inbox - [email protected] - Mozilla Thuderbird (yes it repeats the same one a few times) Inbox - [email protected] - Mozilla Thuderbird I have 7 email accounts but for whatever reason it only made 3 windows. What happened to the one window? When I minimize to tray I got 4 of thunderbird icons. When closing one of them all of the close. My other windows 7(32 bit not 64 bit) only have one instance.

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• Linking Libraries in iOS?

  - by Bob Dole

  This is probably a totally noob question but I have missing links in my mind when thinking about linking libraries in iOS. I usually just add a new library that's been cross compiled and set the build and linker paths without really know what I'm doing. I'm hoping someone can help me fill in some gaps. Let's take the OpenCV library for instance. I have this totally working btw because of a really well written tutorial( http://niw.at/articles/2009/03/14/using-opencv-on-iphone/en ), but I'm just wanting to know what is exactly going on. What I'm thinking is happening is that when I build OpenCV for iOS is that your creating object code that gets placed in the .a files. This object code is just the implementation files( .m ) compiled. One reason you would want to do this is to make it hard to see the source code and so that you don't have to compile that source code every time. The .h files won't be put in the library ( .a ). You include the .h in your source files and these header files communicate with the object code library ( .a ) in some way. You also have to include the header files for your library in the Build Path and the Library itself in the Linker Path. So, is the way I view linking libraries correct? If , not can someone correct me on this ?

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• Hijacking ASP.NET Sessions

  - by Ricardo Peres

  So, you want to be able to access other user’s session state from the session id, right? Well, I don’t know if you should, but you definitely can do that! Here is an extension method for that purpose. It uses a bit of reflection, which means, it may not work with future versions of .NET (I tested it with .NET 4.0/4.5). 1: public static class HttpApplicationExtensions 2: { 3: private static readonly FieldInfo storeField = typeof(SessionStateModule).GetField("_store", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance); 4:  5: public static ISessionStateItemCollection GetSessionById(this HttpApplication app, String sessionId) 6: { 7: var module = app.Modules["Session"] as SessionStateModule; 8:  9: if (module == null) 10: { 11: return (null); 12: } 13:  14: var provider = storeField.GetValue(module) as SessionStateStoreProviderBase; 15:  16: if (provider == null) 17: { 18: return (null); 19: } 20:  21: Boolean locked; 22: TimeSpan lockAge; 23: Object lockId; 24: SessionStateActions actions; 25:  26: var data = provider.GetItem(HttpContext.Current, sessionId.Trim(), out locked, out lockAge, out lockId, out actions); 27:  28: if (data == null) 29: { 30: return (null); 31: } 32:  33: return (data.Items); 34: } 35: } As you can see, it extends the HttpApplication class, that is because we need to access the modules collection, for the Session module. Use with care!

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• Installing Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1

  - by Martin Hinshelwood

  As has become customary when the product team releases a new patch, SP or version I like to document the install. This post seams almost redundant as I had no problems, but I think that is as valuable to other thinking of installing the Service Pack as all the problems that we sometimes get. As per Brian's post I am Installing Visual Studio Team Foundation Server Service Pack 1 first and indeed as this is a single server local deployment I need to install both. If I only install one it will leave the other product broken. Figure: Hopefully this will be more uneventful It takes a little while for your system to be checked to see what components need updating. On my main computer this was pretty quick, but on the laptop it took some time. Figure: There are a lot of components to update With this update also comes an update to .NET as well as many other components. Figure: I downloaded the full 1.5GB’s, but you could do a web install It depends on how good you internet connection is to how long it would take to download, but as I am now in the US I decided not to trust the internet connection speeds. It took around 30-40 minutes to download the full thing which is a little slow. Figure: I did not need to download, but that would increase the install time So on my main computer again this was fast, but again on my netbook this took a little while. Figure: The actual install took around 30-40 minutes (2 hours on netbook) I was pretty impressed with the speed of the install, and as Team Explore is now out of the box with Visual Studio 2010 I don’t get the problem of the SP being installed before Team Explorer and having a disjointed experience Figure: As I suspected, no problems with the install Figure: Checking in Visual Studio shows that all the servicing points were successful This was an easy experience even if the SP was over 1.5GB’s to download Hopefully I will be discovering things that work better for a good while to come, as well as not seeing holes in the product that I had no encountered yet. What were your experiences of installing Visual Studio 2010 Service pack 1?

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• Why are some PNGs open in Photoshop with Indexed Colors and no transparency?

  - by Daniel Beardsley

  Why are some 32 bit PNGs opened in Photoshop with Indexed Colors and no transparency? For instance, I grabbed a png icon file of the Stack Overflow logo at: http://blog.stackoverflow.com/wp-content/uploads/icon-so.png When opening it in Photoshop CS3, it apparently treats it as indexed color and gets rid of the alpha channel. The image on the right is a screen grab of the icon. Changing the Image mode in Photoshop to RGB doesn't change the image at all. I've tried this with a few other PNGs and it seems hit or miss. When viewed in other programs, it displays fine. left:png opened in Photoshop, right:screen grab of png from browser What gives?, does Photoshop not interpret the PNG file format correctly?

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• How do I fix Nginx config to work with multiple hosts of Unicorn?

  - by fred deAlmeida

  I have no problem instantiating multiple instances of unicorn on different unix sockets and ports. Works fine if I do url:port. My problem comes in correctly formatting nginx.conf to allow multipe upstream conditions. Whatever i do does not seem to work. One instance is fine works fine. Multiple gives me a ""upstream" directive is not allowed here error I am using the base nginx sample from the unicorn site. and doubling up the upstream area with differing terms. each is part of the http set. Any help would be amazing!

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• Parse git log by modified files

  - by MrUser

  I have been told to make git messages for each modified file all one line so I can use grep to find all changes to that file. For instance: $git commit -a modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h - 1) change1 , 2) change2, etc...... $git log | grep path/to/file.cpp/.h modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h - 1) change1 , 2) change2, etc...... modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h - 1) change1 , 2) change2, etc...... modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h - 1) change1 , 2) change2, etc...... That's great, but then the actual line is harder to read because it either runs off the screen or wraps and wraps and wraps. If I want to make messages like this: $git commit -a modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h 1) change1 2) change2 etc...... is there a good way to then use grep or cut or some other tool to get a readout like $git log | grep path/to/file.cpp/.h modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h 1) change1 2) change2 etc...... modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h 1) change1 2) change2 etc...... modified: path/to/file.cpp/.h 1) change1 2) change2 etc......

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• Parallel Class/Interface Hierarchy with the Facade Design Pattern?

  - by Mike G

  About a third of my code is wrapped inside a Facade class. Note that this isn't a "God" class, but actually represents a single thing (called a Line). Naturally, it delegates responsibilities to the subsystem behind it. What ends up happening is that two of the subsystem classes (Output and Timeline) have all of their methods duplicated in the Line class, which effectively makes Line both an Output and a Timeline. It seems to make sense to make Output and Timeline interfaces, so that the Line class can implement them both. At the same time, I'm worried about creating parallel class and interface structures. You see, there are different types of lines AudioLine, VideoLine, which all use the same type of Timeline, but different types of Output (AudioOutput and VideoOutput, respectively). So that would mean that I'd have to create an AudioOutputInterface and VideoOutputInterface as well. So not only would I have to have parallel class hierarchy, but there would be a parallel interface hierarchy as well. Is there any solution to this design flaw? Here's an image of the basic structure (minus the Timeline class, though know that each Line has-a Timeline): NOTE: I just realized that the word 'line' in Timeline might make is sound like is does a similar function as the Line class. They don't, just to clarify.

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• Leveraging Code Across Platforms in Ever Bigger Games

  - by ashes999

  Summary: The same way that I continually build complex engines and libraries within a single platform and technology to allow me to build increasingly bigger and better games, how to continue this when development crosses into different platforms? If I switch platforms, how do I leverage past code and experiences? Games are hard to build. Big games are even harder to build. I've decided that to be able to make big games, I need to start building smaller games, and building up an asset base of code, assets (graphics, sounds), tools, and most importantly, game engines, so that I can eventually get there. One game at a time. Let me give an analogy. To build an MMO 3D RPG, I would approach this by building and releasing small games with increasingly more features. This could entail, for example: A simple 2D game A tile-based game A game with RPG elements (items, equipment, monsters, battle) A full-fledged RPG A 3D RPG The problem now is if I have to change platforms or tools, I don't know how to leverage past code-bases (and experience) to start with a mature product. Right now, I'm writing Silverlight (FlatRedBall) games. Let's say I stick with this for ten years, and then suddenly decide to write a PS6 game, which is in a different programming language entirely. Granted, I have ten years of game-development experience (and correspondingly ten years of professional software development experience from my day job) to back me up. But I would still like some way to transplant that 2D RPG engine into the new programming language, or else leverage it somehow. Is this even possible? What are my options?

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• How do I login as a different user on Mac OS X Lion?

  - by CrabbyAdmin

  I have a MacBook Pro running Mac OS X Lion which has a single local user (the local administrator account that I setup) and then the domain user setup on the laptop. I've gone into "Login Options" under System Preferences Users & Groups and set the option "Display login window as: Name and password". When the laptop first boots, it has automatically selected the local admin account, and I don't see where I have the option to change users. However, when if I log into that local administrator account and then log out (without rebooting) it will allow me to enter the user and password.

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• Which opcodes are faster at the CPU level?

  - by Geotarget

  In every programming language there are sets of opcodes that are recommended over others. I've tried to list them here, in order of speed. Bitwise Integer Addition / Subtraction Integer Multiplication / Division Comparison Control flow Float Addition / Subtraction Float Multiplication / Division Where you need high-performance code, C++ can be hand optimized in assembly, to use SIMD instructions or more efficient control flow, data types, etc. So I'm trying to understand if the data type (int32 / float32 / float64) or the operation used (*, +, &) affects performance at the CPU level. Is a single multiply slower on the CPU than an addition? In MCU theory you learn that speed of opcodes is determined by the number of CPU cycles it takes to execute. So does it mean that multiply takes 4 cycles and add takes 2? Exactly what are the speed characteristics of the basic math and control flow opcodes? If two opcodes take the same number of cycles to execute, then both can be used interchangeably without any performance gain / loss? Any other technical details you can share regarding x86 CPU performance is appreciated

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• Setting up a SQL server outside the domain

  - by user12391

  Hi, im very new to this. I've set up an account "SQLBOX" thats on the a network, but not connected to the domain. I have installed an instance of SQL Server 2008 and am trying to connect to it from another machine on the network but am getting "Cannot connect to "SQLBOX"". From the "SQLBOX" i can connect to sqlservers on the domain, but not vice-versa. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Sorry if the description isn't great. EDIT I can ping the box from a machine on the domain

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• No boot or grub file after using ls command

  - by Poke Moke

  I had xubuntu installed, i believe version 12.04 and then tried to dual boot with backbox. It worked from the flash drive but upon installing it onto the hard drive, I could no longer boot backbox. I decided I would just clear my OS and put just backbox on the hard drive and only have a single boot. To do this, I erased my boot file completely which led to my current position. I am put into the grub rescue prompt. I can't do a system restore, I can't boot with anything I might try including puppy linux and a boot rescue, and I've looked up the commands and I've tried to fix this. I can do ls, I find the correct hd but then I'm stuck as I don't have a boot or grub folder. The command is typed as: ls (hd1,msdos1)/ and listed is ./ ../ lost+found/ etc/ media/ bin/ dev/ home/ lib/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ selinux/ srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ initrd.img vmlinuz cdrom/ apfolder initrd.img.old vmlinuz.old (not sure if it's initrd or init rd.img. as it wraps around the screen there.) I've seen commands regarding boot or grub if they are seen but as listed, they aren't there. Any ideas?

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• ATI Radeon 5800 series dual monitor unity not 3D accelerated

  - by Victor S

  When I had a single monitor setup, without Xinerama, with my current setup of Ubuntu 11.10, ATI 5800 series card, Unity showed transparencies, shadows, etc. (although graphics was reported as 'Standard' in the control/settings panel). Having switched to a dual monitor setup, dell 24" UltraSharp and a smaller Acer monitor, Unity shows only as 2d, even though I'm not loggin in to that display manager. WebGL performance is very sluggish, I'm getting the impression that the processor is doing all the work and the card isn't even accessible even though the drivers are installed (from the ubuntu repository, I did not compile custom drivers). Any tips on how to enable full 3D accelerationn and video card support. Here is my xorg.conf file: Section "Monitor" Identifier "0-DFP3" Option "VendorName" "ATI Proprietary Driver" Option "ModelName" "Generic Autodetecting Monitor" Option "DPMS" "true" Option "PreferredMode" "1680x1050" Option "TargetRefresh" "60" Option "Position" "0 0" Option "Rotate" "normal" Option "Disable" "false" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "0-DFP4" Option "VendorName" "ATI Proprietary Driver" Option "ModelName" "Generic Autodetecting Monitor" Option "DPMS" "true" Option "PreferredMode" "1920x1200" Option "TargetRefresh" "60" Option "Position" "0 0" Option "Rotate" "normal" Option "Disable" "false" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" DefaultDepth 24 SubSection "Display" EndSubSection EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "amdcccle-Screen[1]-0" Device "amdcccle-Device[1]-0" DefaultDepth 24 SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "amdcccle-Screen[1]-1" Device "amdcccle-Device[1]-1" DefaultDepth 24 SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection Section "Module" Load "glx" EndSection Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "amdcccle Layout" Screen 0 "amdcccle-Screen[1]-0" 0 0 Screen "amdcccle-Screen[1]-1" 1920 0 EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "amdcccle-Device[1]-0" Driver "fglrx" Option "Monitor-DFP4" "0-DFP4" BusID "PCI:1:0:0" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "amdcccle-Device[1]-1" Driver "fglrx" Option "Monitor-DFP3" "0-DFP3" BusID "PCI:1:0:0" Screen 1 EndSection Section "ServerFlags" Option "Xinerama" "on" EndSection More info: fglrxinfo display: :0 screen: 0 OpenGL vendor string: ATI Technologies Inc. OpenGL renderer string: ATI Radeon HD 5800 Series OpenGL version string: 4.1.11005 Compatibility Profile Context

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• lots of dns requests from China, should I worry?

  - by nn4l

  I have turned on dns query logs, and when running "tail -f /var/log/syslog" I see that I get hundreds of identical requests from a single ip address: Apr 7 12:36:13 server17 named[26294]: client 121.12.173.191#10856: query: mydomain.de IN ANY + Apr 7 12:36:13 server17 named[26294]: client 121.12.173.191#44334: query: mydomain.de IN ANY + Apr 7 12:36:13 server17 named[26294]: client 121.12.173.191#15268: query: mydomain.de IN ANY + Apr 7 12:36:13 server17 named[26294]: client 121.12.173.191#59597: query: mydomain.de IN ANY + The frequency is about 5 - 10 requests per second, going on for about a minute. After that the same effect repeats from a different IP address. I have now logged about 10000 requests from about 25 ip addresses within just a couple of hours, all of them come from China according to "whois [ipaddr]". What is going on here? Is my name server under attack? Can I do something about this?

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• How does font rendering actually work?

  - by Andrea

  I realize that I know essentially nothing about the way fonts get rendered in my computer. From what I can observe, font rendering is generally made in a consistent way throughout the system. For instance, the subpixel font hinting settings that I configure in my DE control panel have influence on text which appears on window borders, in my browser, in my text editor and so on. (I should observe that some Java applications show a noticeable difference, so I guess they are using a different font rendering mechanism). What I get from the above is that probably all applications that need font rendering make use of some OS (or DE)-wide library. On the other hand, browsers usually manage their own rendering through a rendering engine, that takes care of positioning various items - including text - according to specific flow rules. I am not sure how these two facts are compatible. I would assume that the browser would have to ask the OS to draw a glyph at a given position, but how can it manage the flow of text without knowing beforehand how much space the glyph will take? Are there separate calls to determine the glyph sizes, so that the browser can manage the flow as if characters were little boxes that are later filled in by the OS? (Although this does not take care of kerning). Or is the OS responsible for drawing a whole text area, including text flow? Does the OS return the rendered glyph as a bitmap and leaves it to the application to draw that on the screen?

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• Best way to setup multiple sites' emails in my Gmail

  - by John

  I've a dozen sites and I want all of their emails come to my one gmail id and I want to reply centrally from Gmail only. I've also added all of those emails in "send email as:" list in Gmail. I could add email forwarders in my Cpanel but in that case I'll not be able to send email whose inboxes haven't been created( for example [email protected]). If I create email account then I'd receive emails in my inbox as well as forwared by the forwarder( to my gmail id). Otherwise I can setup Gmail for my domain. But for a dozen emails I'm not sure if that'd be fine. I see in http://www.google.com/enterprise/apps/business/pricing.html that for up to 10 emails it is free. But then to send email from webhosting the php code will need SMTP login details and leaving my important gmail account details in my webhosting account is very risky given my sites have been compromised twice. What is the best way to centralize all my emails so that I can read/reply/search from single place?

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