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• Counting array in API JSON Response

  - by bryan

  I'm trying to do a simple count of how many refunds are in my Stripe Response but count() isn't working and I don't really know any other way of achieving this. Could anyone point me in the right direction? $retrieve_event = Stripe_Event::retrieve("evt_00000000000000"); $event_json_id = json_decode($retrieve_event); $refund_array = $event_json_id->{'data'}->{'object'}->{'refunds'}; die(count($refund_array)); This is the response of $retrieve_event { "created": 1326853478, "livemode": false, "id": "evt_00000000000000", "type": "charge.refunded", "object": "event", "request": null, "data": { "object": { "id": "ch_00000000000000", "object": "charge", "created": 1402433517, "livemode": false, "paid": true, "amount": 1000, "currency": "usd", "refunded": true, "card": { "id": "card_00000000000000", "object": "card", "last4": "0028", "type": "Visa", "exp_month": 8, "exp_year": 2015, "fingerprint": "a5KWlTcrmCYk5DIYa", "country": "US", "name": "First Last", "address_line1": "null", "address_line2": null, "address_city": "null", "address_state": "null", "address_zip": "null", "address_country": "US", "cvc_check": null, "address_line1_check": "fail", "address_zip_check": "pass", "customer": "cus_00000000000000" }, "captured": true, "refunds": [ { "id": "re_104CKt4uGeYuVLAahMwLA2TK", "amount": 100, "currency": "usd", "created": 1402433533, "object": "refund", "charge": "ch_104CKt4uGeYuVLAazSyPqqLV", "balance_transaction": "txn_104CKt4uGeYuVLAaSNZCR867", "metadata": {} }, { "id": "re_104CKt4uGeYuVLAaDIMHoIos", "amount": 200, "currency": "usd", "created": 1402433539, "object": "refund", "charge": "ch_104CKt4uGeYuVLAazSyPqqLV", "balance_transaction": "txn_104CKt4uGeYuVLAaqSwkNKPO", "metadata": {} }, { "id": "re_4CL6n1r91dY5ME", "amount": 700, "currency": "usd", "created": 1402434306, "object": "refund", "charge": "ch_4CL6FNWhGzVuAV", "balance_transaction": "txn_4CL6qa4vwlVaDJ" } ], "balance_transaction": "txn_00000000000000", "failure_message": null, "failure_code": null, "amount_refunded": 1000, "customer": "cus_00000000000000", "invoice": null, "description": "this is a description", "dispute": null, "metadata": {}, "statement_description": "this is a description", "fee": 0 } } }

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• GridView CheckBox Disable

  - by zxc

  I have a gridview populated by checkbox using the code below Data Source Result: Branch,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110 00001,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null 00016,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0 00244,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="101"> <ItemTemplate> <asp:CheckBox runat="server" id="cb101" Checked='<%# Eval("101").ToString().Equals("1") %>' /> </ItemTemplate> </asp:TemplateField>... and so on It is properly working for checkbox if if the column is 0 and 1. Now what I need to do is if the column is null the checkbox should be disabled/readonly

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• is it safe to refactor my django models?

  - by Johnd

  My model is similar to this. Is this ok or should I make the common base class abstract? What are the differcenes between this or makeing it abstract and not having an extra table? It seems odd that there is only one primary key now that I have factored stuff out. class Input(models.Model): details = models.CharField(max_length=1000) user = models.ForeignKey(User) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') rating = models.IntegerField() def __unicode__(self): return self.details class Case(Input): title = models.CharField(max_length=200) views = models.IntegerField() class Argument(Input): case = models.ForeignKey(Case) side = models.BooleanField() is this ok to factor stuff out intpu Input? I noticed Cases and Arguments share a primary Key. like this: CREATE TABLE "cases_input" ( "id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "details" varchar(1000) NOT NULL, "user_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "auth_user" ("id"), "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL, "rating" integer NOT NULL ) ; CREATE TABLE "cases_case" ( "input_ptr_id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES "cases_input" ("id"), "title" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "views" integer NOT NULL ) ; CREATE TABLE "cases_argument" ( "input_ptr_id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES "cases_input" ("id"), "case_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "cases_case" ("input_ptr_id"), "side" bool NOT NULL )

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• Method to concatenate 2 Strings in Java

  - by GooF

  I have a method in Java that concatenates 2 Strings. It currently works correctly, but I think it can be written better. public static String concat(String str1, String str2) { String rVal = null; if (str1 != null || str2 != null) { rVal = ""; if (str1 != null) { rVal += str1; } if (str2 != null) { rVal += str2; } } return rVal; } Here are some of the requirements: If both str1 and str2 are null, the method returns null If either str1 or str2 is null, it will just return the not null String If str1 and str2 are not null, it will concatenate them It never adds "null" to the result Can anyone do this with less code?

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• [MySQL] Optimize Query

  - by bordeux

  Hello. I have problem with optimize this query: SET @SEARCH = "dokumentalne"; SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE `AA`.`version` AS `Version` , `AA`.`contents` AS `Contents` , `AA`.`idarticle` AS `AdressInSQL` , `AA` .`topic` AS `Topic` , MATCH (`AA`.`topic` , `AA`.`contents`) AGAINST (@SEARCH) AS `Relevance` , `IA`.`url` AS `URL` FROM `xv_article` AS `AA` INNER JOIN `xv_articleindex` AS `IA` ON ( `AA`.`idarticle` = `IA`.`adressinsql` ) INNER JOIN ( SELECT `idarticle` , MAX( `version` ) AS `version` FROM `xv_article` WHERE MATCH (`topic` , `contents`) AGAINST (@SEARCH) GROUP BY `idarticle` ) AS `MG` ON ( `AA`.`idarticle` = `MG`.`idarticle` ) WHERE `IA`.`accepted` = "yes" AND `AA`.`version` = `MG`.`version` ORDER BY `Relevance` DESC LIMIT 0 , 30 Now, this query using ^ 20 seconds. How to optimize this? EXPLAIN gives this: 1 PRIMARY AA ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 11169 Using temporary; Using filesort 1 PRIMARY ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 681 Using where 1 PRIMARY IA ALL accepted NULL NULL NULL 11967 Using where 2 DERIVED xv_article fulltext topic topic 0 1 Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort This is example server with my data: user: bordeux_4prog password: 4prog phpmyadmin: http://phpmyadmin.bordeux.net/ chive: http://chive.bordeux.net/

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• Why is cron mailing me program output even though I've redirected to /dev/null?

  - by Server Fault

  I'm trying to restart a system process through cron and getting emailed the startup output of the process. I thought redirecting STDOUT and SDTERR to /dev/null would "silence" the output but alas, this has not work. How can I get cron to silently restart this service? crontab entry: 0 6 * * * service sympa stop &>/dev/null; service sympa start &> /dev/null sample output from restart email: Stopping Sympa bounce manager bounced ...done. * Stopping Sympa task manager task_manager ...done. * Stopping Sympa mailing list archive manager archived ...done. * Stopping Sympa mailing list manager sympa ...done. ... waiting Prototype mismatch: sub Lock::LOCK_SH () vs none at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 38. Constant subroutine LOCK_SH redefined at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 38. Prototype mismatch: sub Lock::LOCK_EX () vs none at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 39. Constant subroutine LOCK_EX redefined at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 39. Prototype mismatch: sub Lock::LOCK_NB () vs none at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 40. Constant subroutine LOCK_NB redefined at /home/sympa/bin/Lock.pm line 40.

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• Operator of the week - Assert

  - by Fabiano Amorim

  Well my friends, I was wondering how to help you in a practical way to understand execution plans. So I think I'll talk about the Showplan Operators. Showplan Operators are used by the Query Optimizer (QO) to build the query plan in order to perform a specified operation. A query plan will consist of many physical operators. The Query Optimizer uses a simple language that represents each physical operation by an operator, and each operator is represented in the graphical execution plan by an icon. I'll try to talk about one operator every week, but so as to avoid having to continue to write about these operators for years, I'll mention only of those that are more common: The first being the Assert. The Assert is used to verify a certain condition, it validates a Constraint on every row to ensure that the condition was met. If, for example, our DDL includes a check constraint which specifies only two valid values for a column, the Assert will, for every row, validate the value passed to the column to ensure that input is consistent with the check constraint. Assert  and Check Constraints: Let's see where the SQL Server uses that information in practice. Take the following T-SQL: IF OBJECT_ID('Tab1') IS NOT NULL   DROP TABLE Tab1 GO CREATE TABLE Tab1(ID Integer, Gender CHAR(1))  GO  ALTER TABLE TAB1 ADD CONSTRAINT ck_Gender_M_F CHECK(Gender IN('M','F'))  GO INSERT INTO Tab1(ID, Gender) VALUES(1,'X') GO To the command above the SQL Server has generated the following execution plan: As we can see, the execution plan uses the Assert operator to check that the inserted value doesn't violate the Check Constraint. In this specific case, the Assert applies the rule, 'if the value is different to "F" and different to "M" than return 0 otherwise returns NULL'. The Assert operator is programmed to show an error if the returned value is not NULL; in other words, the returned value is not a "M" or "F". Assert checking Foreign Keys Now let's take a look at an example where the Assert is used to validate a foreign key constraint. Suppose we have this  query: ALTER TABLE Tab1 ADD ID_Genders INT GO  IF OBJECT_ID('Tab2') IS NOT NULL   DROP TABLE Tab2 GO CREATE TABLE Tab2(ID Integer PRIMARY KEY, Gender CHAR(1))  GO  INSERT INTO Tab2(ID, Gender) VALUES(1, 'F') INSERT INTO Tab2(ID, Gender) VALUES(2, 'M') INSERT INTO Tab2(ID, Gender) VALUES(3, 'N') GO  ALTER TABLE Tab1 ADD CONSTRAINT fk_Tab2 FOREIGN KEY (ID_Genders) REFERENCES Tab2(ID) GO  INSERT INTO Tab1(ID, ID_Genders, Gender) VALUES(1, 4, 'X') Let's look at the text execution plan to see what these Assert operators were doing. To see the text execution plan just execute SET SHOWPLAN_TEXT ON before run the insert command. |--Assert(WHERE:(CASE WHEN NOT [Pass1008] AND [Expr1007] IS NULL THEN (0) ELSE NULL END))      |--Nested Loops(Left Semi Join, PASSTHRU:([Tab1].[ID_Genders] IS NULL), OUTER REFERENCES:([Tab1].[ID_Genders]), DEFINE:([Expr1007] = [PROBE VALUE]))           |--Assert(WHERE:(CASE WHEN [Tab1].[Gender]<>'F' AND [Tab1].[Gender]<>'M' THEN (0) ELSE NULL END))           |    |--Clustered Index Insert(OBJECT:([Tab1].[PK]), SET:([Tab1].[ID] = RaiseIfNullInsert([@1]),[Tab1].[ID_Genders] = [@2],[Tab1].[Gender] = [Expr1003]), DEFINE:([Expr1003]=CONVERT_IMPLICIT(char(1),[@3],0)))           |--Clustered Index Seek(OBJECT:([Tab2].[PK]), SEEK:([Tab2].[ID]=[Tab1].[ID_Genders]) ORDERED FORWARD) Here we can see the Assert operator twice, first (looking down to up in the text plan and the right to left in the graphical plan) validating the Check Constraint. The same concept showed above is used, if the exit value is "0" than keep running the query, but if NULL is returned shows an exception. The second Assert is validating the result of the Tab1 and Tab2 join. It is interesting to see the "[Expr1007] IS NULL". To understand that you need to know what this Expr1007 is, look at the Probe Value (green text) in the text plan and you will see that it is the result of the join. If the value passed to the INSERT at the column ID_Gender exists in the table Tab2, then that probe will return the join value; otherwise it will return NULL. So the Assert is checking the value of the search at the Tab2; if the value that is passed to the INSERT is not found  then Assert will show one exception. If the value passed to the column ID_Genders is NULL than the SQL can't show a exception, in that case it returns "0" and keeps running the query. If you run the INSERT above, the SQL will show an exception because of the "X" value, but if you change the "X" to "F" and run again, it will show an exception because of the value "4". If you change the value "4" to NULL, 1, 2 or 3 the insert will be executed without any error. Assert checking a SubQuery: The Assert operator is also used to check one subquery. As we know, one scalar subquery can't validly return more than one value: Sometimes, however, a  mistake happens, and a subquery attempts to return more than one value . Here the Assert comes into play by validating the condition that a scalar subquery returns just one value. Take the following query: INSERT INTO Tab1(ID_TipoSexo, Sexo) VALUES((SELECT ID_TipoSexo FROM Tab1), 'F')    INSERT INTO Tab1(ID_TipoSexo, Sexo) VALUES((SELECT ID_TipoSexo FROM Tab1), 'F')    |--Assert(WHERE:(CASE WHEN NOT [Pass1016] AND [Expr1015] IS NULL THEN (0) ELSE NULL END))        |--Nested Loops(Left Semi Join, PASSTHRU:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID_TipoSexo] IS NULL), OUTER REFERENCES:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID_TipoSexo]), DEFINE:([Expr1015] = [PROBE VALUE]))              |--Assert(WHERE:([Expr1017]))             |    |--Compute Scalar(DEFINE:([Expr1017]=CASE WHEN [tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[Sexo]<>'F' AND [tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[Sexo]<>'M' THEN (0) ELSE NULL END))              |         |--Clustered Index Insert(OBJECT:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[PK__Tab1__3214EC277097A3C8]), SET:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID_TipoSexo] = [Expr1008],[tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[Sexo] = [Expr1009],[tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID] = [Expr1003]))              |              |--Top(TOP EXPRESSION:((1)))              |                   |--Compute Scalar(DEFINE:([Expr1008]=[Expr1014], [Expr1009]='F'))              |                        |--Nested Loops(Left Outer Join)              |                             |--Compute Scalar(DEFINE:([Expr1003]=getidentity((1856985942),(2),NULL)))              |                             |    |--Constant Scan              |                             |--Assert(WHERE:(CASE WHEN [Expr1013]>(1) THEN (0) ELSE NULL END))              |                                  |--Stream Aggregate(DEFINE:([Expr1013]=Count(*), [Expr1014]=ANY([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID_TipoSexo])))             |                                       |--Clustered Index Scan(OBJECT:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[PK__Tab1__3214EC277097A3C8]))              |--Clustered Index Seek(OBJECT:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab2].[PK__Tab2__3214EC27755C58E5]), SEEK:([tempdb].[dbo].[Tab2].[ID]=[tempdb].[dbo].[Tab1].[ID_TipoSexo]) ORDERED FORWARD)  You can see from this text showplan that SQL Server as generated a Stream Aggregate to count how many rows the SubQuery will return, This value is then passed to the Assert which then does its job by checking its validity. Is very interesting to see that  the Query Optimizer is smart enough be able to avoid using assert operators when they are not necessary. For instance: INSERT INTO Tab1(ID_TipoSexo, Sexo) VALUES((SELECT ID_TipoSexo FROM Tab1 WHERE ID = 1), 'F') INSERT INTO Tab1(ID_TipoSexo, Sexo) VALUES((SELECT TOP 1 ID_TipoSexo FROM Tab1), 'F')  For both these INSERTs, the Query Optimiser is smart enough to know that only one row will ever be returned, so there is no need to use the Assert. Well, that's all folks, I see you next week with more "Operators". Cheers, Fabiano

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• Why does my C++ LinkedList cause a EXC_BAD_ACCESS?

  - by Anthony Glyadchenko

  When I call the cmremoveNode method in my LinkedList from outside code, I get an EXC_BAD_ACCESS. /* * LinkedList.h * Lab 6 * * Created by Anthony Glyadchenko on 3/22/10. * Copyright 2010 __MyCompanyName__. All rights reserved. * */ #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; class ctNode { friend class ctlinkList ; // friend class allowed to access private data private: string sfileWord ; // used to allocate and store input word int iwordCnt ; // number of word occurrances ctNode* ctpnext ; // point of Type Node, points to next link list element }; class ctlinkList { private: ctNode* ctphead ; // initialized by constructor public: ctlinkList () { ctphead = NULL ; } ctNode* gethead () { return ctphead ; } string cminsertNode (string svalue) { ctNode* ctptmpHead = ctphead ; if ( ctphead == NULL ) { // allocate new and set head ctptmpHead = ctphead = new ctNode ; ctphead -> ctpnext = NULL ; ctphead -> sfileWord = svalue ; } else { //find last ctnode do { if ( ctptmpHead -> ctpnext != NULL ) ctptmpHead = ctptmpHead -> ctpnext ; } while ( ctptmpHead -> ctpnext != NULL ) ; // fall thru found last node ctptmpHead -> ctpnext = new ctNode ; ctptmpHead = ctptmpHead -> ctpnext ; ctptmpHead -> ctpnext = NULL ; ctptmpHead -> sfileWord = svalue ; } return ctptmpHead -> sfileWord ; } string cmreturnNode (string svalue) { return NULL; } string cmremoveNode (string svalue) { if (ctphead == NULL) return NULL; ctNode *tmpHead = ctphead; while (tmpHead->sfileWord != svalue || tmpHead->ctpnext != NULL){ tmpHead = tmpHead->ctpnext; } if (tmpHead == NULL){ return NULL; } else { while (tmpHead != NULL){ tmpHead = tmpHead->ctpnext; } } return tmpHead->sfileWord; } string cmlistList () { string tempList; ctNode *tmpHead = ctphead; if (ctphead == NULL){ return NULL; } else{ while (tmpHead != NULL){ cout << tmpHead->sfileWord << " "; tempList += tmpHead->sfileWord; tmpHead = tmpHead -> ctpnext; } } return tempList; } }; Why is this happening?

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• dynamiclly schedule a lead sales agent

  - by Josh

  I have a website that I'm trying to migrate from classic asp to asp.net. It had a lead schedule, where each sales agent would be featured for the current day, or part of the day.The next day a new agent would be scheduled. It was driven off a database table that had a row for each day in it. So to figure out if a sales agent would show on a day, it was easy, just find today's date in the table. Problem was it ran out rows, and you had to run a script to update the lead days 6 months at a time. Plus if there was ever any change to the schedule, you had to delete all the rows and re-run the script. So I'm trying to code it where sql server figures that out for me, and no script has to be ran. I have a table like so CREATE TABLE [dbo].[LeadSchedule]( [leadid] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL, [userid] [int] NOT NULL, [sunday] [bit] NOT NULL, [monday] [bit] NOT NULL, [tuesday] [bit] NOT NULL, [wednesday] [bit] NOT NULL, [thursday] [bit] NOT NULL, [friday] [bit] NOT NULL, [saturday] [bit] NOT NULL, [StartDate] [smalldatetime] NULL, [EndDate] [smalldatetime] NULL, [StartTime] [time](0) NULL, [EndTime] [time](0) NULL, [order] [int] NULL, So the user can schedule a sales agent depending on their work schedule. Also if they wanted to they could split certain days, or sales agents by time, So from Midnight to 4 it was one agent, from 4-midnight it was another. So far I've tried using a numbers table, row numbers, goofy date math, and I'm at a loss. Any suggestions on how to handle this purely from sql code? If it helps, the table should always be small, like less than 20 never over 100. update After a few hours all I've managed to come up with is the below. It doesn't handle filling in days not available or times, just rotates through all the sales agents with leadTable as ( select leadid,userid,[order],StartDate, case DATEPART(dw,getdate()) when 1 then sunday when 2 then monday when 3 then tuesday when 4 then wednesday when 5 then thursday when 6 then friday when 7 then saturday end as DayAvailable , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [order] ASC) AS ROWID from LeadSchedule where GETDATE()>=StartDate and (CONVERT(time(0),GETDATE())>= StartTime or StartTime is null) and (CONVERT(time(0),GETDATE())<= EndTime or EndTime is null) ) select userid, DATEADD(d,(number+ROWID-2)*totalUsers,startdate ) leadday from (select *, (select COUNT(1) from leadTable) totalUsers from leadTable inner join Numbers on 1=1 where DayAvailable =1 ) tb1 order by leadday asc

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• Is there an easier way of creating a registry volatile subkey in .net?

  - by Simon

  So far I have the below which is taken from http://www.danielmoth.com/Blog/volatile-registrykey.aspx public static class RegistryHelper { public static RegistryKey CreateVolatileSubKey(RegistryKey rk, string subkey, RegistryKeyPermissionCheck permissionCheck) { var rk2 = rk.GetType(); const BindingFlags bfStatic = BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static; const BindingFlags bfInstance = BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance; rk2.GetMethod("ValidateKeyName", bfStatic).Invoke(null, new object[] { subkey }); rk2.GetMethod("ValidateKeyMode", bfStatic).Invoke(null, new object[] { permissionCheck }); rk2.GetMethod("EnsureWriteable", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, null); subkey = (string)rk2.GetMethod("FixupName", bfStatic).Invoke(null, new object[] { subkey }); if (!(bool)rk2.GetField("remoteKey", bfInstance).GetValue(rk)) { var key = (RegistryKey)rk2.GetMethod("InternalOpenSubKey", bfInstance, null, new[] { typeof(string), typeof(bool) }, null).Invoke(rk, new object[] { subkey, permissionCheck != RegistryKeyPermissionCheck.ReadSubTree }); if (key != null) { rk2.GetMethod("CheckSubKeyWritePermission", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, new object[] { subkey }); rk2.GetMethod("CheckSubTreePermission", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, new object[] { subkey, permissionCheck }); rk2.GetField("checkMode", bfInstance).SetValue(key, permissionCheck); return key; } } rk2.GetMethod("CheckSubKeyCreatePermission", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, new object[] { subkey }); int lpdwDisposition; IntPtr hkResult; var srh = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles.SafeRegistryHandle"); var temp = rk2.GetField("hkey", bfInstance).GetValue(rk); var rkhkey = (SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid)temp; var getregistrykeyaccess = (int)rk2.GetMethod("GetRegistryKeyAccess", bfStatic, null, new[] { typeof(bool) }, null).Invoke(null, new object[] { permissionCheck != RegistryKeyPermissionCheck.ReadSubTree }); var errorCode = RegCreateKeyEx(rkhkey, subkey, 0, null, 1, getregistrykeyaccess, IntPtr.Zero, out hkResult, out lpdwDisposition); var keyNameField = rk2.GetField("keyName", bfInstance); var rkkeyName = (string)keyNameField.GetValue(rk); if (errorCode == 0 && hkResult.ToInt32() > 0) { var rkremoteKey = (bool)rk2.GetField("remoteKey", bfInstance).GetValue(rk); var hkResult2 = srh.GetConstructor(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic, null, new[] { typeof(IntPtr), typeof(bool) }, null).Invoke(new object[] { hkResult, true }); var key2 = (RegistryKey)rk2.GetConstructor(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic, null, new[] { hkResult2.GetType(), typeof(bool), typeof(bool), typeof(bool), typeof(bool) }, null).Invoke(new[] { hkResult2, permissionCheck != RegistryKeyPermissionCheck.ReadSubTree, false, rkremoteKey, false }); rk2.GetMethod("CheckSubTreePermission", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, new object[] { subkey, permissionCheck }); rk2.GetField("checkMode", bfInstance).SetValue(key2, permissionCheck); if (subkey.Length == 0) { keyNameField.SetValue(key2, rkkeyName); } else { keyNameField.SetValue(key2, rkkeyName + @"\" + subkey); } key2.Close(); return rk.OpenSubKey(subkey, true); } if (errorCode != 0) rk2.GetMethod("Win32Error", bfInstance).Invoke(rk, new object[] { errorCode, rkkeyName + @"\" + subkey }); return null; } [DllImport("advapi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)] private static extern int RegCreateKeyEx(SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid hKey, string lpSubKey, int reserved, string lpClass, int dwOptions, int samDesigner, IntPtr lpSecurityAttributes, out IntPtr hkResult, out int lpdwDisposition); } Which works but is fairly ugly. Is there a better way?

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• MySQL won't use index for query?

  - by Jack Sleight

  I have this table: CREATE TABLE `point` ( `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `siteid` INT(11) NOT NULL, `lft` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL, `rgt` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL, `level` SMALLINT(6) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `point_siteid_site_id` (`siteid`), CONSTRAINT `point_siteid_site_id` FOREIGN KEY (`siteid`) REFERENCES `site` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=35 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci And this query: SELECT * FROM `point` WHERE siteid = 1; Which results in this EXPLAIN information: +----+-------------+-------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | point | ALL | point_siteid_site_id | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ Question is, why isn't the query using the point_siteid_site_id index?

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• Foreign Keys in SQLITE in the Google Gears framework

  - by Maxim Gershkovich

  Hi all, Could someone please tell me why the following foreign key constraint (although executes fine) is not enforced by SQLITE? Could someone pleasse provide an example of how I can go about enforcing the relationship? CREATE TABLE User (UserID TEXT Unique NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, FirstName TEXT NOT NULL, LastName TEXT NOT NULL, Username TEXT NOT NULL, Password TEXT NOT NULL, Email TEXT NOT NULL, SignupDate TEXT NOT NULL) CREATE TABLE Category (CategoryID TEXT Unique NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, UserID TEXT, FOREIGN KEY(UserID) REFERENCES User(UserID))

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• Does UNIQ constraint mean also an index on that field(s)?

  - by Gremo

  As title, should i defined a separate index on email column (for searching purposes) or the index is "automatically" added along with UNIQ_EMAIL_USER constraint? CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `customer` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `first` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `last` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `slug` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `email` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `created_at` datetime NOT NULL, `updated_at` datetime NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `UNIQ_SLUG` (`slug`), UNIQUE KEY `UNIQ_EMAIL_USER` (`email`,`user_id`), KEY `IDX_USER` (`user_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB;

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• What's the error in my MySQL statement?

  - by Jim

  The following SQL statement has a syntax error according to phpMyAdmin, but I can't spot what it is. Any ideas? CREATE TABLE allocations( `student_uid` INT unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `active` INT unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, `name` VARCHAR( 255 ) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `internal_id` VARCHAR( 255 ) DEFAULT '', `tutor_uid` INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `allocater_uid` INT unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `time_created` INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `remote_time` FLOAT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `next_lesson` VARCHAR NOT NULL DEFAULT -1, PRIMARY KEY ( student_uid ) );

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• Restart mysql keeping the data

  - by sitonico

  I'm quite new using mysql, so let me know if I'm missing something. I took some holidays, and when I got back to work and I tried to log in phpmyadmin I got a ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' (2). I never had this problem, so I was browsing to look for a solution. I tried some things, and I'm afraid I touched too much. I couldn't solve the problem, and the I realized that I had some actualizations to be done, and I thought that they may be helpful for mysql. Then I also realized that when I was doing this actualizations first day, they stopped because I had a lack of space, so I restarted then. Then,when the system was configuring mysql, it didn't advance. I waited for a long time and then I just stopped it and restarted the computer. After it, I just tried to uninstall mysql with sudo apt-get remove mysql-server-5.1, and install it again, but it didn't work. Now I have 2 questions: What do you think it is happening? Should I remove mysql completely? What should I do? I'm afraid of losing my databases, is there anyway to recover the data? Thank you very much in advance. -----------EDIT------- These are the messages: alfonso@alfonso-laptop:/$ tail -F /var/log/syslog | grep Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15192) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15263) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15264) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15358) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15359) terminated with status Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15447) terminated with status Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:09:32 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15448) terminated with status 1 This is the content of error.log-old 110128 13:17:20 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Normal shutdown 110128 13:17:20 [Note] Event Scheduler: Purging the queue. 0 events 110128 13:17:20 InnoDB: Starting shutdown... 110128 13:17:22 InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 0 590872 110128 13:17:22 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete 110214 2:08:18 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled. 110214 2:08:19 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 0 590872 110214 2:08:19 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events 110214 2:08:19 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '5.1.41-3ubuntu12.8' socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' port: 3306 (Ubuntu) -- Some links of similar problems https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/mysql-dfsg-5.1/+bug/573318 http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/lamp-install-on-lucid-mysqld-sock-missing-mysql-terminating-status%3D1-853152/ It seems it's a permissions problem... But I don't know which permissions I should change... SOLVED -- mysql error 2002 "cannot connect to socket"

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• svchost.exe crash on wake up

  - by Serge

  Lately whenever I wake up my laptop from sleep I get a series of errors (generated by a host process failing) I haven't been able to figure out why this happens but I know which host process fails and was wondering if someone had some insight on why this keeps occuring 99% of the time when my laptop wakes up. here's the host process error Faulting application svchost.exe_SysMain, version 6.0.6001.18000, time stamp 0x47919291, faulting module ntdll.dll, version 6.0.6002.18005, time stamp 0x49e0421d, exception code 0xc0000006, fault offset 0x000000000005a02d, process id 0x1738, application start time 0x01cae656279b1010. and here are some services that fail because of that host The Windows Audio Endpoint Builder service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 60000 milliseconds: Restart the service. The Wired AutoConfig service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 0 milliseconds: Restart the service. The ReadyBoost service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 2 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 60000 milliseconds: Restart the service. The Human Interface Device Access service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 120000 milliseconds: Restart the service. The Network Connections service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 2 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 100 milliseconds: Restart the service. The Program Compatibility Assistant Service service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 2 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 60000 milliseconds: Restart the service. The Superfetch service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 2 time(s). The following corrective action will be taken in 60000 milliseconds: Restart the service. Anyways I think you get the point, there are a few more. It got really annoying to wait for those services to restart so I created a batch file that does it automatically whenever the wlan stops I'm using Vista x64 on a Studio XPS 1640

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• Restart mysql keeping the data

  - by sitonico

  Hi all, I'm quite new using mysql, so let me know if I'm missing something. I took some holidays, and when I got back to work and I tried to log in phpmyadmin I got a ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' (2). I never had this problem, so I was browsing to look for a solution. I tried some things, and I'm afraid I touched too much. I couldn't solve the problem, and the I realized that I had some actualizations to be done, and I thought that they may be helpful for mysql. Then I also realized that when I was doing this actualizations first day, they stopped because I had a lack of space, so I restarted then. Then,when the system was configuring mysql, it didn't advance. I waited for a long time and then I just stopped it and restarted the computer. After it, I just tried to uninstall mysql with sudo apt-get remove mysql-server-5.1, and install it again, but it didn't work. Now I have 2 questions: What do you think it is happening? Should I remove mysql completely? What should I do? I'm afraid of losing my databases, is there anyway to recover the data? Thank you very much in advance. -----------EDIT------- These are the messages: alfonso@alfonso-laptop:/$ tail -F /var/log/syslog | grep Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15192) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15263) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15264) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15358) terminated with status Feb 15 15:08:31 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15359) terminated with status Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process (15447) terminated with status Feb 15 15:09:01 alfonso-laptop init: mysql main process ended, Feb 15 15:09:32 alfonso-laptop init: mysql post-start process (15448) terminated with status 1 This is the content of error.log-old 110128 13:17:20 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Normal shutdown 110128 13:17:20 [Note] Event Scheduler: Purging the queue. 0 events 110128 13:17:20 InnoDB: Starting shutdown... 110128 13:17:22 InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 0 590872 110128 13:17:22 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete 110214 2:08:18 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled. 110214 2:08:19 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 0 590872 110214 2:08:19 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events 110214 2:08:19 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '5.1.41-3ubuntu12.8' socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' port: 3306 (Ubuntu)

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• Linux (NAS) Permissions problem (Permission Denied)

  - by calumbrodie

  This is probably easier to show than to explain... -bash-3.2$ id uid=501(admin) gid=503(admin) groups=100(users),501(admins),503(admin) -bash-3.2$ groups admin users admins -bash-3.2$ ls -l total 8 drwxrwxrwx 78 admin www 4096 Dec 9 09:02 Inbox drwxrwxrwx 21 admin www 4096 Dec 8 21:45 Movies drwxrwx--- 3 admin www 52 Dec 9 07:57 TV -bash-3.2$ cd Movies -bash-3.2$ ls -l total 20 drwxrwx--- 7 admin www 4096 Dec 8 00:04 Action drwxrwx--- 6 admin www 4096 Dec 8 00:05 Animation drwxrwx--- 4 admin www 4096 Dec 8 00:17 Comedy drwxrwx--- 4 admin www 4096 Dec 8 00:14 Drama drwxrwx--- 4 admin www 4096 Dec 8 00:14 Family drwxrwx--- 6 admin www 58 Dec 6 19:10 Foreign Language drwxrwx--- 2 admin www 31 Dec 7 23:58 Horror drwxrwx--- 3 admin www 50 Dec 8 00:15 Science Fiction drwxrwx--- 2 admin www 6 Dec 8 00:16 Thriller -bash-3.2$ cd ../Inbox -bash: cd: ../Inbox: Permission denied Filesystem is XFS. Are there permissions on the directories that ls -l wouldn't show? I'm the owner of all directories and files inside them. I can sudo to modify the file permissions or view the contents of the folders but I need them to be accessible by 'admin'. Any ideas? I'll be checking the question regularly so let me know if I need to update this with more information. Thanks Edit : Added strace execve("/bin/ls", ["ls", "Inbox"], [/* 21 vars */]) = 0 brk(0) = 0x26000 uname({sys="Linux", node="axentraserver.the-brodie-stora.mystora.com", ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4001c000 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=17972, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 17972, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4001d000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/librt.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0P\25\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=39776, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 57816, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x40025000 mprotect(0x4002b000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x40032000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x5) = 0x40032000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libacl.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\0\24\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=134375, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 54368, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x40034000 mprotect(0x4003a000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x40041000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x5) = 0x40041000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libselinux.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\2147\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=297439, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 117504, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x40042000 mprotect(0x40056000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x4005d000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x13) = 0x4005d000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libgcc_s.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\10\"\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=43164, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40022000 mmap2(NULL, 74572, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x4005f000 mprotect(0x4006a000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x40071000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0xa) = 0x40071000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0XI\1\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1517948, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 1245628, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x40072000 mprotect(0x40195000, 32768, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x4019d000, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x123) = 0x4019d000 mmap2(0x401a0000, 8636, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x401a0000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libpthread.so.0", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\230A\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=121044, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 115184, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x401a3000 mprotect(0x401b5000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x401bc000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x11) = 0x401bc000 mmap2(0x401be000, 4592, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x401be000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libattr.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\364\f\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=40571, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 45512, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x401c0000 mprotect(0x401c3000, 32768, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x401cb000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x3) = 0x401cb000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libdl.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\254\10\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=15344, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 41116, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x401cc000 mprotect(0x401ce000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x401d5000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1) = 0x401d5000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libsepol.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\330/\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=228044, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 301748, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x401d7000 mprotect(0x4020f000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x40216000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x37) = 0x40216000 mmap2(0x40217000, 39604, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40217000 close(3) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40221000 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40222000 set_tls(0x40221d00, 0x40221d00, 0x40024000, 0x402223e8, 0x41) = 0 mprotect(0x401d5000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x401bc000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x4019d000, 8192, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x4005d000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x40032000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x40023000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 17972) = 0 set_tid_address(0x402218a8) = 9539 set_robust_list(0x402218b0, 0xc) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGRTMIN, {0x401a6d90, [], SA_SIGINFO|0x4000000}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGRT_1, {0x401a6c64, [], SA_RESTART|SA_SIGINFO|0x4000000}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, [RTMIN RT_1], NULL, 8) = 0 getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, {rlim_cur=8192*1024, rlim_max=RLIM_INFINITY}) = 0 brk(0) = 0x26000 brk(0x47000) = 0x47000 open("/proc/mounts", O_RDONLY|O_LARGEFILE) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0444, st_size=0, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4001d000 read(3, "rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0\nubi0:root"..., 1024) = 1024 read(3, "fs.xino,noplink,create=mfs,sum,b"..., 1024) = 428 read(3, "", 1024) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 4096) = 0 access("/etc/selinux/", F_OK) = 0 open("/etc/selinux/config", O_RDONLY|O_LARGEFILE) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) ioctl(1, SNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE or TCGETS, {B38400 opost isig icanon echo ...}) = 0 ioctl(1, TIOCGWINSZ, {ws_row=52, ws_col=153, ws_xpixel=918, ws_ypixel=728}) = 0 stat64("Inbox", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0777, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 open("/etc/nsswitch.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=1696, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4001d000 read(3, "#\n# /etc/nsswitch.conf\n#\n# An ex"..., 4096) = 1696 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 4096) = 0 open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=17972, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 17972, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4001d000 close(3) = 0 open("/lib/libnss_files.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0(\0\1\0\0\0\304\27\0\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=49256, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 70316, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x40223000 mprotect(0x4022c000, 28672, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap2(0x40233000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x8) = 0x40233000 close(3) = 0 mprotect(0x40233000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 17972) = 0 open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=1661, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4001d000 read(3, "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"..., 4096) = 1661 close(3) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 4096) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 open("/etc/group", O_RDONLY) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=700, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4001d000 read(3, "root:x:0:root\nbin:x:1:root,bin,d"..., 4096) = 700 close(3) = 0 munmap(0x4001d000, 4096) = 0 open("Inbox", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_LARGEFILE|O_DIRECTORY) = -1 EACCES (Permission denied) write(2, "ls: ", 4ls: ) = 4 write(2, "Inbox", 5Inbox) = 5 write(2, ": Permission denied", 19: Permission denied) = 19 write(2, "\n", 1 ) = 1 close(1) = 0 exit_group(2) = ? 2nd edit: Elaboration for Mike. The Inbox sits at the following location /home/admin/MyLibrary/MyVideos/Inbox /home/admin/MyLibrary/MyVideos/Movies The system is a Netgear Stora NAS box that I have root access to. The /home/ folder is mounted as an smb share on various computers around the house. The folder /Inbox cannot be opened on any of those machines (they all connect as 'admin'). When I ssh into the box using the 'admin' credentials I am also unable to access the folder. The folder was created via a Web Admin page hosted on the NAS. The user/group for the Inbox folder was previously apache:www (expected as this folder was created by the web application), but I chmod/chowned the folder as the root user in an attempt to grant the admin user (therefore the rest of the connected machines) access to the files. Sorry for not including this earlier, I wasn't sure if it was relevant and didn't want to confuse the situation. -Thanks 3rd Edit Sorry again - It looks like this NAS is running some custom version of Red Hat, not Debian as previously stated - I'm not sure if this makes a difference

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• Issue with WIC image resizing on ASP.NET MVC 2

  - by Dave

  I am attempting to implement image resizing on user uploads in ASP.NET MVC 2 using a version of the method found: here on asp.net. This works great on my dev machine, but as soon as I put it on my production machine, I start getting the error 'Exception from HRESULT: 0x88982F60' which is supposed to mean that there is an issue decoding the image. However, when I use WICExplorer to open the image, it looks ok. I've also tried this with dozens of images of various sources and still get the error (though possible, I doubt all of them are corrupted). Here is the relevant code (with my debugging statements in there): MVC Controller [Authorize, HttpPost] public ActionResult Upload(string file) { //Check file extension string fx = file.Substring(file.LastIndexOf('.')).ToLowerInvariant(); string key; if (ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["ImageExtensions"].Contains(fx)) { key = Guid.NewGuid().ToString() + fx; } else { return Json("extension not found"); } //Check file size if (Request.ContentLength <= Convert.ToInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MinImageSize"]) || Request.ContentLength >= Convert.ToInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MaxImageSize"])) { return Json("content length out of bounds: " + Request.ContentLength); } ImageResizerResult irr, irr2; //Check if this image is coming from FF, Chrome or Safari (XHR) HttpPostedFileBase hpf = null; if (Request.Files.Count <= 0) { //Scale and encode image and thumbnail irr = ImageResizer.CreateMaxSizeImage(Request.InputStream); irr2 = ImageResizer.CreateThumbnail(Request.InputStream); } //Or IE else { hpf = Request.Files[0] as HttpPostedFileBase; if (hpf.ContentLength == 0) return Json("hpf.length = 0"); //Scale and encode image and thumbnail irr = ImageResizer.CreateMaxSizeImage(hpf.InputStream); irr2 = ImageResizer.CreateThumbnail(hpf.InputStream); } //Check if image and thumbnail encoded and scaled correctly if (irr == null || irr.output == null || irr2 == null || irr2.output == null) { if (irr != null && irr.output != null) irr.output.Dispose(); if (irr2 != null && irr2.output != null) irr2.output.Dispose(); if(irr == null) return Json("irr null"); if (irr2 == null) return Json("irr2 null"); if (irr.output == null) return Json("irr.output null. irr.error = " + irr.error); if (irr2.output == null) return Json("irr2.output null. irr2.error = " + irr2.error); } if (irr.output.Length > Convert.ToInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MaxImageSize"]) || irr2.output.Length > Convert.ToInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MaxImageSize"])) { if(irr.output.Length > Convert.ToInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MaxImageSize"])) return Json("irr.output.Length > maximage size. irr.output.Length = " + irr.output.Length + ", irr.error = " + irr.error); return Json("irr2.output.Length > maximage size. irr2.output.Length = " + irr2.output.Length + ", irr2.error = " + irr2.error); } //Store scaled and encoded image and thumbnail .... return Json("success"); } The code is always failing when checking if the output stream is null (i.e. irr.output == null is true). ImageResizerResult and ImageResizer public class ImageResizerResult : IDisposable { public MemoryIStream output; public int width; public int height; public string error; public void Dispose() { output.Dispose(); } } public static class ImageResizer { private static Object thislock = new Object(); public static ImageResizerResult CreateMaxSizeImage(Stream input) { uint maxSize = Convert.ToUInt32(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["MaxImageDimension"]); try { lock (thislock) { // Read the source image var photo = ByteArrayFromStream(input); var factory = (IWICComponentFactory)new WICImagingFactory(); var inputStream = factory.CreateStream(); inputStream.InitializeFromMemory(photo, (uint)photo.Length); var decoder = factory.CreateDecoderFromStream(inputStream, null, WICDecodeOptions.WICDecodeMetadataCacheOnDemand); var frame = decoder.GetFrame(0); // Compute target size uint width, height, outWidth, outHeight; frame.GetSize(out width, out height); if (width > height) { //Check if width is greater than maxSize if (width > maxSize) { outWidth = maxSize; outHeight = height * maxSize / width; } //Width is less than maxSize, so use existing dimensions else { outWidth = width; outHeight = height; } } else { //Check if height is greater than maxSize if (height > maxSize) { outWidth = width * maxSize / height; outHeight = maxSize; } //Height is less than maxSize, so use existing dimensions else { outWidth = width; outHeight = height; } } // Prepare output stream to cache file var outputStream = new MemoryIStream(); // Prepare JPG encoder var encoder = factory.CreateEncoder(Consts.GUID_ContainerFormatJpeg, null); encoder.Initialize(outputStream, WICBitmapEncoderCacheOption.WICBitmapEncoderNoCache); // Prepare output frame IWICBitmapFrameEncode outputFrame; var arg = new IPropertyBag2[1]; encoder.CreateNewFrame(out outputFrame, arg); var propBag = arg[0]; var propertyBagOption = new PROPBAG2[1]; propertyBagOption[0].pstrName = "ImageQuality"; propBag.Write(1, propertyBagOption, new object[] { 0.85F }); outputFrame.Initialize(propBag); outputFrame.SetResolution(96, 96); outputFrame.SetSize(outWidth, outHeight); // Prepare scaler var scaler = factory.CreateBitmapScaler(); scaler.Initialize(frame, outWidth, outHeight, WICBitmapInterpolationMode.WICBitmapInterpolationModeFant); // Write the scaled source to the output frame outputFrame.WriteSource(scaler, new WICRect { X = 0, Y = 0, Width = (int)outWidth, Height = (int)outHeight }); outputFrame.Commit(); encoder.Commit(); return new ImageResizerResult { output = outputStream, height = (int)outHeight, width = (int)outWidth }; } } catch (Exception e) { return new ImageResizerResult { error = "Create maxsizeimage = " + e.Message }; } } } Thoughts on where this is going wrong? Thanks in advance for the effort.

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• Problem with building tree bottom up

  - by Esmond

  Hi, I have problems building a binary tree from the bottom up. THe input of the tree would be internal nodes of the trees with the children of this node being the leaves of the eventual tree. So initially if the tree is empty the root would be the first internal node. Afterwards, The next internal node to be added would be the new root(NR), with the old root(OR) being one of the child of NR. And so on. The problem i have is that whenever i add a NR, the children of the OR seems to be lost when i do a inOrder traversal. This is proven to be the case when i do a getSize() call which returns the same number of nodes before and after addNode(Tree,Node) Any help with resolving this problem is appreciated edited with the inclusion of node class code. both tree and node classes have the addChild methods because i'm not very sure where to put them for it to be appropriated. any comments on this would be appreciated too. The code is as follows: import java.util.*; public class Tree { Node root; int size; public Tree() { root = null; } public Tree(Node root) { this.root = root; } public static void setChild(Node parent, Node child, double weight) throws ItemNotFoundException { if (parent.child1 != null && parent.child2 != null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("This Node already has 2 children"); } else if (parent.child1 != null) { parent.child2 = child; child.parent = parent; parent.c2Weight = weight; } else { parent.child1 = child; child.parent = parent; parent.c1Weight = weight; } } public static void setChild1(Node parent, Node child) { parent.child1 = child; child.parent = parent; } public static void setChild2(Node parent, Node child) { parent.child2 = child; child.parent = parent; } public static Tree addNode(Tree tree, Node node) throws ItemNotFoundException { Tree tree1; if (tree.root == null) { tree.root = node; } else if (tree.root.getSeq().equals(node.getChild1().getSeq()) || tree.root.getSeq().equals(node.getChild2().getSeq())) { Node oldRoot = tree.root; oldRoot.setParent(node); tree.root = node; } else { //form a disjoint tree and merge the 2 trees tree1 = new Tree(node); tree = mergeTree(tree, tree1); } System.out.print("addNode2 = "); if(tree.root != null ) { Tree.inOrder(tree.root); } System.out.println(); return tree; } public static Tree mergeTree(Tree tree, Tree tree1) { String root = "root"; Node node = new Node(root); tree.root.setParent(node); tree1.root.setParent(node); tree.root = node; return tree; } public static int getSize(Node root) { if (root != null) { return 1 + getSize(root.child1) + getSize(root.child2); } else { return 0; } } public static boolean isEmpty(Tree Tree) { return Tree.root == null; } public static void inOrder(Node root) { if (root != null) { inOrder(root.child1); System.out.print(root.sequence + " "); inOrder(root.child2); } } } public class Node { Node child1; Node child2; Node parent; double c1Weight; double c2Weight; String sequence; boolean isInternal; public Node(String seq) { sequence = seq; child1 = null; c1Weight = 0; child2 = null; c2Weight = 0; parent = null; isInternal = false; } public boolean hasChild() { if (this.child1 == null && this.child2 == null) { this.isInternal = false; return isInternal; } else { this.isInternal = true; return isInternal; } } public String getSeq() throws ItemNotFoundException { if (this.sequence == null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("No such node"); } else { return this.sequence; } } public void setChild(Node child, double weight) throws ItemNotFoundException { if (this.child1 != null && this.child2 != null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("This Node already has 2 children"); } else if (this.child1 != null) { this.child2 = child; this.c2Weight = weight; } else { this.child1 = child; this.c1Weight = weight; } } public static void setChild1(Node parent, Node child) { parent.child1 = child; child.parent = parent; } public static void setChild2(Node parent, Node child) { parent.child2 = child; child.parent = parent; } public void setParent(Node parent){ this.parent = parent; } public Node getParent() throws ItemNotFoundException { if (this.parent == null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("This Node has no parent"); } else { return this.parent; } } public Node getChild1() throws ItemNotFoundException { if (this.child1 == null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("There is no child1"); } else { return this.child1; } } public Node getChild2() throws ItemNotFoundException { if (this.child2 == null) { throw new ItemNotFoundException("There is no child2"); } else { return this.child2; } } }

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• JSon/Jquery request with a setTimeout always returns a "null" result? (for Twitter Search API)

  - by supermogx

  I make a call to the twitter API. 100 posts are retreived + a properties that tells me what the next page to call is. So I wait 5 sec. and call that next page, but the JSon results in the callback function is always null the second time... I think it's probably a JQuery problem... Here's a complete sample HTML code : <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript" src="./jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script> <script> function test() { var rqUrl = "http://search.twitter.com/search.json?q=%23apple+OR+%23ipad&rpp=100&callback=?" callTwitterSearchApi(rqUrl); } function callTwitterSearchApi(tiwtterRequestUrl) { debug("request to twitter : " + tiwtterRequestUrl); // *** FIRST CALL WORKS GREAT... *** $.getJSON(tiwtterRequestUrl, callTwitterSearchApi_callback); } function callTwitterSearchApi_callback(jsonPostsResults) { debug("callback"); if (jsonPostsResults == null) { debug("Why is jsonPostsResults null? If I copy paste the request inside a browser, I get something =("); return; } if (jsonPostsResults.error != undefined && jsonPostsResults.error != "") { debug("twitter api error"); } var posts = new Array(); $(jsonPostsResults.results).each(function() { posts.push(this); }); debug("Number of posts : " + posts.length); if (jsonPostsResults.next_page != undefined && jsonPostsResults.next_page.trim() != "") { debug("calling next request in 5 sec..."); // *** WHEN COMMING BACK FROM THAT LINE, JSON RESULTS == NULL?! **** setTimeout("callTwitterSearchApi(\"http://search.twitter.com/search.json" + jsonPostsResults.next_page + "\")", 5000); } } function debug(message) { document.getElementById('debug').innerHTML = message + "\n" + document.getElementById('debug').innerHTML; } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="test();" value="test" /><br /> <textarea id="debug" cols="80" rows="20"></textarea> </body> </html> at line 18, at the second callback (back from the setTimeout), the parameter "jsonPostsResults" is always returned as null... I have no idea why. If I copy paste that 2nd request in a browser, it returns 100 results. Anybody had a problem like that with the Ajax JQuery functions when calling it with a setTimeout?

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• Android - Querying the SMS ContentProvider?

  - by Donal Rafferty

  I currently register a content observer on the following URI "content://sms/" to listen out for incoming and outgoing messages being sent. This seems to work ok and I have also tried deleting from the sms database but I can only delete an entire thread from the following URI "content://sms/conversations/" Here is the code I use for that String url = "content://sms/"; Uri uri = Uri.parse(url); getContentResolver().registerContentObserver(uri, true, new MyContentObserver(handler)); } class MyContentObserver extends ContentObserver { public MyContentObserver(Handler handler) { super(handler); } @Override public boolean deliverSelfNotifications() { return false; } @Override public void onChange(boolean arg0) { super.onChange(arg0); Log.v("SMS", "Notification on SMS observer"); Message msg = new Message(); msg.obj = "xxxxxxxxxx"; handler.sendMessage(msg); Uri uriSMSURI = Uri.parse("content://sms/"); Cursor cur = getContentResolver().query(uriSMSURI, null, null, null, null); cur.moveToNext(); String protocol = cur.getString(cur.getColumnIndex("protocol")); if(protocol == null){ Log.d("SMS", "SMS SEND"); int threadId = cur.getInt(cur.getColumnIndex("thread_id")); Log.d("SMS", "SMS SEND ID = " + threadId); Cursor c = getContentResolver().query(Uri.parse("content://sms/outbox/" + threadId), null, null, null, null); c.moveToNext(); int p = cur.getInt(cur.getColumnIndex("person")); Log.d("SMS", "SMS SEND person= " + p); //getContentResolver().delete(Uri.parse("content://sms/outbox/" + threadId), null, null); } else{ Log.d("SMS", "SMS RECIEVE"); int threadIdIn = cur.getInt(cur.getColumnIndex("thread_id")); getContentResolver().delete(Uri.parse("content://sms/outbox/" + threadIdIn), null, null); } } } However I want to be able to get the recipricant and the message text from the SMS Content Provider, can anyone tell me how to do this? And also how to delete one message instead of an entire thread?

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• How should I define a composite foreign key for domain constraints in the presence of surrogate keys

  - by Samuel Danielson

  I am writing a new app with Rails so I have an id column on every table. What is the best practice for enforcing domain constraints using foreign keys? I'll outline my thoughts and frustration. Here's what I would imagine as "The Rails Way". It's what I started with. Companies: id: integer, serial company_code: char, unique, not null Invoices: id: integer, serial company_id: integer, not null Products: id: integer, serial sku: char, unique, not null company_id: integer, not null LineItems: id: integer, serial invoice_id: integer, not null, references Invoices (id) product_id: integer, not null, references Products (id) The problem with this is that a product from one company might appear on an invoice for a different company. I added a (company_id: integer, not null) to LineItems, sort of like I'd do if only using natural keys and serials, then added a composite foreign key. LineItems (product_id, company_id) references Products (id, company_id) LineItems (invoice_id, company_id) references Invoices (id, company_id) This properly constrains LineItems to a single company but it seems over-engineered and wrong. company_id in LineItems is extraneous because the surrogate foreign keys are already unique in the foreign table. Postgres requires that I add a unique index for the referenced attributes so I am creating a unique index on (id, company_id) in Products and Invoices, even though id is simply unique. The following table with natural keys and a serial invoice number would not have these issues. LineItems: company_code: char, not null sku: char, not null invoice_id: integer, not null I can ignore the surrogate keys in the LineItems table but this also seems wrong. Why make the database join on char when it has an integer already there to use? Also, doing it exactly like the above would require me to add company_code, a natural foreign key, to Products and Invoices. The compromise... LineItems: company_id: integer, not null sku: integer, not null invoice_id: integer, not null does not require natural foreign keys in other tables but it is still joining on char when there is a integer available. Is there a clean way to enforce domain constraints with foreign keys like God intended, but in the presence of surrogates, without turning the schema and indexes into a complicated mess?

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• Selenium RC throws sessionsid should not be null exception, phpunit 3.4 bug only?

  - by user342775

  I am looking to migrate my selenium RC tests to using PHPUnit 3.4.12 from PHPUnit 3.3.2 The selenium test will fail with an exception of the following when I use assertTextPresent() PHPUnit_Framework_Exception: Response from Selenium RC server for getLocation(). ERROR Server Exception: sessionId should not be null; has this session been started yet?. For example: public function testSending($browser) { ... $browser->click("send"); $browser->waitForPageToLoad("30000"); $browser->assertTextPresent("text"); } Below is the selenium RC log (running on Windows): 15:40:19.676 INFO - Command request: isTextPresent[text, ] on session 153d03a123c42098711994f43c2db34 15:40:19.691 INFO - Got result: OK,false on session 153d023a123c42098711994f43cdb34 15:40:19.879 INFO - Command request: testComplete[, ] on session 153d023a123c4298711994f43c2db34 15:40:19.879 INFO - Killing Firefox... 15:40:20.269 INFO - Got result: OK on session 153d023a123c42098711994f43c2db34 15:40:20.472 INFO - Command request: getLocation[, ] on session null 15:40:20.472 ERROR - Exception running 'getLocation 'command on session null java.lang.NullPointerException: sessionId should not be null; has this session been started yet? As you can see, the test should have completed as indicated by the "Killing Firefox" bit, but it instead continued to do something else and triggered the getLocation[, ] command which caused the exception. I have tried the same test with PHPUnit 3.3.2 which did not produce this problem - the test would happily end without the getLocation(). Any ideas? thanks

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• Using LINQ in generic collections

  - by Hugo S Ferreira

  Hi, Please consider the following snippet from an implementation of the Interpreter pattern: public override object Execute(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable<string>; return (list != null) ? list.FirstOrDefault() : null; } What about if I want to use the same function for integers? public override object Execute(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable<string>; if (list != null) return list.FirstOrDefault(); var list = ctx as IEnumerable<int>; return (list != null) ? list.FirstOrDefault() : null; } What I wanted was something like: public override object Execute(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable; return (list != null) ? list.FirstOrDefault() : null; } But Linq doesn't act on IEnumerables. Instead, to get to this solution, I would be forced to write something like: public override object Execute(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable; if (list != null) foreach(var i in list) { yield return i; return; } return null; } Or use a generic method: public override T Execute<T>(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable<T>; return (list != null) ? list.FirstOrDefault() : null; } Which would break the Interpreter pattern (as it was implemented in this system). Covariance would also fail (at least in C#3), though would it work, it would be the exact behavior I wanted: public override object Execute(Interpreter interpreter, object ctx) { var list = ctx as IEnumerable<object>; return (list != null) ? list.FirstOrDefault() : null; } So, my question is: what's the best way to achieve the intended behavior? Thanks :-)

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