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• Pass Parameter to Subroutine in Codebehind

  - by Sanjubaba

  I'm trying to pass an ID of an activity (RefNum) to a Sub in my codebehind. I know I'm supposed to use parentheses when passing parameters to subroutines and methods, and I've tried a number of ways and keep receiving the following error: BC30203: Identifier expected. I'm hard-coding it on the front-end just to try to get it to pass [ OnDataBound="FillSectorCBList("""WK.002""")" ], but it's obviously wrong. :( Front-end: <asp:DetailsView ID="dvEditActivity" AutoGenerateRows="False" DataKeyNames="RefNum" OnDataBound="dvSectorID_DataBound" OnItemUpdated="dvEditActivity_ItemUpdated" DataSourceID="dsEditActivity" > <Fields> <asp:TemplateField> <ItemTemplate> <br /><span style="color:#0e85c1;font-weight:bold">Sector</span><br /><br /> <asp:CheckBoxList ID="cblistSector" runat="server" DataSourceID="dsGetSectorNames" DataTextField="SectorName" DataValueField="SectorID" OnDataBound="FillSectorCBList("""WK.002""")" ></asp:CheckBoxList> <%-- Datasource to populate cblistSector --%> <asp:SqlDataSource ID="dsGetSectorNames" runat="server" ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:dbConn %>" ProviderName="<%$ ConnectionStrings:dbConn.ProviderName %>" SelectCommand="SELECT SectorID, SectorName from Sector ORDER BY SectorID"></asp:SqlDataSource> </ItemTemplate> </asp:TemplateField> </Fields> </asp:DetailsView> Code-behind: Sub FillSectorCBList(ByVal RefNum As String, ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Dim SectorIDs As New ListItem Dim myConnection As String = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings("dbConn").ConnectionString() Dim objConn As New SqlConnection(myConnection) Dim strSQL As String = "SELECT DISTINCT A.RefNum, AS1.SectorID, S.SectorName FROM Activity A LEFT OUTER JOIN Activity_Sector AS1 ON AS1.RefNum = A.RefNum LEFT OUTER JOIN Sector S ON AS1.SectorID = S.SectorID WHERE A.RefNum = @RefNum ORDER BY A.RefNum" Dim objCommand As New SqlCommand(strSQL, objConn) objCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("RefNum", RefNum) Dim ad As New SqlDataAdapter(objCommand) Try [Code] Finally [Code] End Try objCommand.Connection.Close() objCommand.Dispose() objConn.Close() End Sub Any advice would be great. I'm not sure if I even have the right approach. Thank you!

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• Reverse alphabetic sort multidimensional PHP array maintain key

  - by useyourillusiontoo

  I'm dying here, any help would be great. I've got an array that I can sort a-z on the value of a specific key but cannot sort in reverse z-a. sample of my array which i'd like to sort by ProjectName (z-a): Array ( [0] => Array ( [count] => 1 [ProjectName] => bbcjob [Postcode] => 53.471922,-2.2996078 [Sector] => Public ) [1] => Array ( [count] => 1 [ProjectName] => commercial enterprise zone [Postcode] => 53.3742081,-1.4926439 [Sector] => Public ) [2] => Array ( [count] => 1 [ProjectName] => Monkeys eat chips [Postcode] => 51.5141492,-0.2271227 [Sector] => Private the desired results would be to maintain the entire array key - value structure but with the order: Monkeys eat chips Commericial enterprise zone bbcjob I hope this makes sense

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• Comments on Comments

  - by Joe Mayo

  I almost tweeted a reply to Capar Kleijne's question about comments on Twitter, but realized that my opinion exceeded 140 characters. The following is based upon my experience with extremes and approaches that I find useful in code comments. There are a couple extremes that I've seen and reasons why people go the distance in each approach. The most common extreme is no comments in the code at all.  A few bad reasons why this happens is because a developer is in a hurry, sloppy, or is interested in job preservation. The unfortunate result is that the code is difficult to understand and hard to maintain. The drawbacks to no comments in code are a primary reason why teachers drill the need for commenting code into our heads.  This viewpoint assumes the lack of comments are bad because the code is bad, but there is another reason for not commenting that is gaining more popularity. I've heard/and read that code should be self documenting. Following this thought pattern, if code is well written with meaningful names, there should not be a reason for comments.  An addendum to this argument is that comments are often neglected and get out-of-date, but the code is what is kept up-to-date. Presumably, if code contained very good naming, it would be easy to maintain.  This is a noble perspective and I like the practice of meaningful naming of identifiers. However, I think it's also an extreme approach that doesn't cover important cases.  i.e. If an identifier is named badly (subjective differences in opinion) or not changed appropriately during maintenance, then the badly named identifier is no more useful than a stale comment. These were the two no-comment extremes, so let's look at the too many comments extreme. On a regular basis, I'll see cases where the code is over-commented; not nearly as often as the no-comment scenarios, but still prevalent.  These are examples of where every single line in the code is commented.  These comments make the code harder to read because they get in the way of the algorithm.  In most cases, the comments parrot what each line of code does.  If a developer understands the language, then most statements are immediately intuitive.  i.e. what use is it to say that I'm assigning foo to bar when it's clear what the code is doing. I think that over-commenting code is a waste of time that slows down initial development and maintenance.  Understandably, the developer's intentions are admirable because they've had it beaten into their heads that they must comment. However, I think it's an extreme and prefer a more moderate approach. I don't think the extremes do justice to code because each can make maintenance harder.  No comments on bad code is obviously a problem, but the other two extremes are subtle and require qualification to address properly. The problem I see with the code-as-documentation approach is that it doesn't lift the developer out of the algorithm to identify dependencies, intentions, and hacks. Any developer can read code and follow an algorithm, but they still need to know where it fits into the big picture of the application. Because of indirections with language features like interfaces, delegates, and virtual members, code can become complex.  Occasionally, it's useful to point out a nuance or reason why a piece of code is there. i.e. If you've building an app that communicates via HTTP, you'll have certain headers to include for the endpoint, and it could be useful to point out why the code for setting those header values is there and how they affect the application. An argument against this could be that you should extract that code into a separate method with a meaningful name to describe the scenario.  My problem with such an approach would be that your code base becomes even more difficult to navigate and work with because you have all of this extra code just to make the code more meaningful. My opinion is that a simple and well-stated comment stating the reasons and intention for the code is more natural and convenient to the initial developer and maintainer.  I just don't agree with the approach of going out of the way to avoid making a comment.  I'm also concerned that some developers would take this approach as an excuse to not comment their bad code. Another area where I like comments is on documentation comments.  Java has it and so does C# and VB.  It's convenient because we can build automated tools that extract these comments.  These extracted comments are often much better than no documentation at all.  The "go read the code" answer always doesn't fulfill the need for a quick summary of an API. To summarize, I think that the extremes of no comments and too many comments are less than desirable approaches. I prefer documentation comments to explain each class and member (API level) and code comments as necessary to supplement well-written code. Joe

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• Myths about Coding Craftsmanship part 2

  - by tom

  Myth 3: The source of all bad code is inept developers and stupid people When you review code is this what you assume?  Shame on you.  You are probably making assumptions in your code if you are assuming so much already.  Bad code can be the result of any number of causes including but not limited to using dated techniques (like boxing when generics are available), not following standards (“look how he does the spacing between arguments!” or “did he really just name that variable ‘bln_Hello_Cats’?”), being redundant, using properties, methods, or objects in a novel way (like switching on button.Text between “Hello World” and “Hello World “ //clever use of space character… sigh), not following the SOLID principals, hacking around assumptions made in earlier iterations / hacking in features that should be worked into the overall design.  The first two issues, while annoying are pretty easy to spot and can be fixed so easily.  If your coding team is made up of experienced professionals who are passionate about staying current then these shouldn’t be happening.  If you work with a variety of skills, backgrounds, and experience then there will be some of this stuff going on.  If you have an opportunity to mentor such a developer who is receptive to constructive criticism don’t be a jerk; help them and the codebase will improve.  A little patience can improve the codebase, your work environment, and even your perspective. The novelty and redundancy I have encountered has often been the use of creativity when language knowledge was perceived as unavailable or too time consuming.  When developers learn on the job you get a lot of this.  Rather than going to MSDN developers will use what they know.  Depending on the constraints of their assignment hacking together what they know may seem quite practical.  This was not stupid though I often wonder how much time is actually “saved” by hacking.  These issues are often harder to untangle if we ever do.  They can also grow out of control as we write hack after hack to make it work and get back to some development that is satisfying. Hacking upon an existing hack is what I call “feeding the monster”.  Code monsters are anti-patterns and hacks gone wild.  The reason code monsters continue to get bigger is that they keep growing in scope, touching more and more of the application.  This is not the result of dumb developers. It is probably the result of avoiding design, not taking the time to understand the problems or anticipate or communicate the vision of the product.  If our developers don’t understand the purpose of a feature or product how do we expect potential customers to do so? Forethought and organization are often what is missing from bad code.  Developers who do not use the SOLID principals should be encouraged to learn these principals and be given guidance on how to apply them.  The time “saved” by giving hackers room to hack will be made up for and then some. Not as technical debt but as shoddy work that if not replaced will be struggled with again and again.  Bad code is not the result of dumb developers (usually) it is the result of trying to do too much without the proper resources and neglecting the right thing that needs doing with the first thoughtless thing that comes into our heads. Object oriented code is all about relationships between objects.  Coders who believe their coworkers are all fools tend to write objects that are difficult to work with, not eager to explain themselves, and perform erratically and irrationally.  If you constantly find you are surrounded by idiots you may want to ask yourself if you are being unreasonable, if you are being closed minded, of if you have chosen the right profession.  Opening your mind up to the idea that you probably work with rational, well-intentioned people will probably make you a better coder and it might even make you less grumpy.  If you are surrounded by jerks who do not engage in the exchange of ideas who do not care about their customers or the durability of the code you are building together then I suggest you find a new place to work.  Myth 4: Customers don’t care about “beautiful” code Craftsmanship is customer focused because it means that the job was done right, the product will withstand the abuse, modifications, and scrutiny of our customers.  Users can appreciate a predictable timeline for a release, a product delivered on time and on budget, a feature set that does not interfere with the task(s) it is supporting, quick turnarounds on exception messages, self healing issues, and less issues.  These are all hindered by skimping on craftsmanship.  When we write data access and when we write reusable code.   What do you think?  Does bad code come primarily from low IQ individuals?  Do customers care about beautiful code?

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• cannot access a site from Mac OSX Lion but can from other machines on network?

  - by house9

  SOLVED: The issue is with the hamachi client, hamachi is hi-jacking all of the 5.0.0.0/8 address block http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamachi_(software)#Criticism http://b.logme.in/2012/11/07/changes-to-hamachi-on-november-19th/ The fix on Mac LogMeIn Hamachi Preferences Settings Advanced Peer Connections IP protocol mode IPv6 only (default is both) If you can only connect to some of your network over IPv4 this 'fix' will NOT work for you ----- A few weeks ago I started using a service - https://semaphoreapp.com I think they made DNS changes a week ago and ever since I cannot access the site from my Mac OSX Lion (10.7.4) machine (my main development machine) but I can access the site from other machines on my network ipad windows machine MacMini (10.6.8) After some google searching I tried both of these dscacheutil -flushcache sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder but no go, I've contacted semaphoreapp as well, but nothing so far - also of interest, one of my colleagues has the exact same problem, cannot access via Mac OSX Lion but can via windows machine, we work remotely and are not on the same ISP some additional info Lion (10.7.4) cannot access site host semaphoreapp.com semaphoreapp.com has address 5.9.53.16 ping semaphoreapp.com PING semaphoreapp.com (5.9.53.16): 56 data bytes Request timeout for icmp_seq 0 Request timeout for icmp_seq 1 Request timeout for icmp_seq 2 Request timeout for icmp_seq 3 ping: sendto: No route to host Request timeout for icmp_seq 4 ping: sendto: Host is down Request timeout for icmp_seq 5 ping: sendto: Host is down Request timeout for icmp_seq 6 ping: sendto: Host is down Request timeout for icmp_seq 7 .... traceroute semaphoreapp.com traceroute to semaphoreapp.com (5.9.53.16), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets 1 * * * 2 * * * traceroute: sendto: No route to host 3 traceroute: wrote semaphoreapp.com 52 chars, ret=-1 *traceroute: sendto: Host is down traceroute: wrote semaphoreapp.com 52 chars, ret=-1 .... and MacMini (10.6.8) can access it host semaphoreapp.com semaphoreapp.com has address 5.9.53.16 ping semaphoreapp.com PING semaphoreapp.com (5.9.53.16): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 5.9.53.16: icmp_seq=0 ttl=44 time=191.458 ms 64 bytes from 5.9.53.16: icmp_seq=1 ttl=44 time=202.923 ms 64 bytes from 5.9.53.16: icmp_seq=2 ttl=44 time=180.746 ms 64 bytes from 5.9.53.16: icmp_seq=3 ttl=44 time=200.616 ms 64 bytes from 5.9.53.16: icmp_seq=4 ttl=44 time=178.818 ms .... traceroute semaphoreapp.com traceroute to semaphoreapp.com (5.9.53.16), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets 1 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 1.677 ms 1.446 ms 1.445 ms 2 * LOCAL ISP 11.957 ms * 3 etc... 10.704 ms 14.183 ms 9.341 ms 4 etc... 32.641 ms 12.147 ms 10.850 ms 5 etc.... 44.205 ms 54.563 ms 36.243 ms 6 vlan139.car1.seattle1.level3.net (4.53.145.165) 50.136 ms 45.873 ms 30.396 ms 7 ae-32-52.ebr2.seattle1.level3.net (4.69.147.182) 31.926 ms 40.507 ms 49.993 ms 8 ae-2-2.ebr2.denver1.level3.net (4.69.132.54) 78.129 ms 59.674 ms 49.905 ms 9 ae-3-3.ebr1.chicago2.level3.net (4.69.132.62) 99.019 ms 82.008 ms 76.074 ms 10 ae-1-100.ebr2.chicago2.level3.net (4.69.132.114) 96.185 ms 75.658 ms 75.662 ms 11 ae-6-6.ebr2.washington12.level3.net (4.69.148.145) 104.322 ms 105.563 ms 118.480 ms 12 ae-5-5.ebr2.washington1.level3.net (4.69.143.221) 93.646 ms 99.423 ms 96.067 ms 13 ae-41-41.ebr2.paris1.level3.net (4.69.137.49) 177.744 ms ae-44-44.ebr2.paris1.level3.net (4.69.137.61) 199.363 ms 198.405 ms 14 ae-47-47.ebr1.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.143.141) 176.876 ms ae-45-45.ebr1.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.143.133) 170.994 ms ae-46-46.ebr1.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.143.137) 177.308 ms 15 ae-61-61.csw1.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.140.2) 176.769 ms ae-91-91.csw4.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.140.14) 178.676 ms 173.644 ms 16 ae-2-70.edge7.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.154.75) 180.407 ms ae-3-80.edge7.frankfurt1.level3.net (4.69.154.139) 174.861 ms 176.578 ms 17 as33891-net.edge7.frankfurt1.level3.net (195.16.162.94) 175.448 ms 185.658 ms 177.081 ms 18 hos-bb1.juniper4.rz16.hetzner.de (213.239.240.202) 188.700 ms 190.332 ms 188.196 ms 19 hos-tr4.ex3k14.rz16.hetzner.de (213.239.233.98) 199.632 ms hos-tr3.ex3k14.rz16.hetzner.de (213.239.233.66) 185.938 ms hos-tr2.ex3k14.rz16.hetzner.de (213.239.230.34) 182.378 ms 20 * * * 21 * * * 22 * * * any ideas? EDIT: adding tcpdump MacMini (which can connect) while running - ping semaphoreapp.com sudo tcpdump -v -i en0 dst semaphoreapp.com Password: tcpdump: listening on en0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 17:33:03.337165 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 20153, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->3129)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 0, length 64 17:33:04.337279 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 26049, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->1a21)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 1, length 64 17:33:05.337425 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 47854, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->c4f3)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 2, length 64 17:33:06.337548 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 24772, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->1f1e)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 3, length 64 17:33:07.337670 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 8171, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->5ff7)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 4, length 64 17:33:08.337816 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 35810, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->f3ff)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 5, length 64 17:33:09.337948 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 31120, offset 0, flags [none], proto ICMP (1), length 84, bad cksum 0 (->652)!) 192.168.0.6 > static.16.53.9.5.clients.your-server.de: ICMP echo request, id 61918, seq 6, length 64 ^C 7 packets captured 1047 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel OSX Lion (cannot connect) while running - ping semaphoreapp.com # wireless ~ $ sudo tcpdump -v -i en1 dst semaphoreapp.com Password: tcpdump: listening on en1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes ^C 0 packets captured 262 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel and # wired ~ $ sudo tcpdump -v -i en0 dst semaphoreapp.com tcpdump: listening on en0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes ^C 0 packets captured 219 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel above output after Request timeout for icmp_seq 25 or 30 times from ping. I don't know much about tcpdump, but to me it doesn't seem like the ping requests are leaving my machine?

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• Disk is spinning down each minute, unable to disable it

  - by lzap

  I played with spindown and APM settings of my Samsung discs and now they spin down every minute. I want to disable it, but it seems it does not accept any of the spindown time or APM values. Nothing works, it's all the same. Please help what values should be proper for it. I do not want it to spin down at all. /dev/sda: ATA device, with non-removable media Model Number: SAMSUNG HD154UI Serial Number: S1Y6J1KZ206527 Firmware Revision: 1AG01118 Standards: Used: ATA-8-ACS revision 3b Supported: 7 6 5 4 Configuration: Logical max current cylinders 16383 16383 heads 16 16 sectors/track 63 63 -- CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064 LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455 LBA48 user addressable sectors: 2930277168 Logical/Physical Sector size: 512 bytes device size with M = 1024*1024: 1430799 MBytes device size with M = 1000*1000: 1500301 MBytes (1500 GB) cache/buffer size = unknown Capabilities: LBA, IORDY(can be disabled) Queue depth: 32 Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16 Advanced power management level: 60 Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 0 DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 udma7 Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns Commands/features: Enabled Supported: * SMART feature set Security Mode feature set * Power Management feature set * Write cache * Look-ahead * Host Protected Area feature set * WRITE_BUFFER command * READ_BUFFER command * NOP cmd * DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE * Advanced Power Management feature set Power-Up In Standby feature set * SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up SET_MAX security extension Automatic Acoustic Management feature set * 48-bit Address feature set * Device Configuration Overlay feature set * Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE * FLUSH_CACHE_EXT * SMART error logging * SMART self-test Media Card Pass-Through * General Purpose Logging feature set * 64-bit World wide name * WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command * {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands * Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE * Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s) * Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s) * Native Command Queueing (NCQ) * Host-initiated interface power management * Phy event counters * NCQ priority information DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization Device-initiated interface power management * Software settings preservation * SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set * SCT Long Sector Access (AC1) * SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2) * SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3) * SCT Features Control (AC4) * SCT Data Tables (AC5) Security: Master password revision code = 65534 supported not enabled not locked frozen not expired: security count supported: enhanced erase 326min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 326min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT. Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 50024e900300cca3 NAA : 5 IEEE OUI : 0024e9 Unique ID : 00300cca3 Checksum: correct I have the very same disc which I did not "tuned" and it does not spin. But I do not know where to read the settings from. The hdparm only shows this: Advanced power management level: 60 Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 0 Edit: It seems the issue was tuned daemon in RHEL6. It was too aggressive, I turned off disc tuning and it seems they are no longer spinning down.

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• mac osX file recovery

  - by Daniel

  I thought that all operating systems would merge folder content when being moved to the same location. Imagine my surprise when that didn't happen and I have hundreds, if not thousands of files that have gone missing and are nowhere to be found. Because they were not "deleted" they are not in the trash bin. I've tried to do some recovery using a program called stellarPheonix but after about a 24hour scan, it didn't recognize any of the raw files (.dng,.arw) as image files and so I couldn't see if they could be recovered. It also didn't show the directory structure, which would be handy. I tried a quick scan, but all it showed was files that were still on the HD, not sure what the point of that is. I've used recover 2000 on Win and it does a good job, does anyone know of anything that works quickly and reliably for this kind of file recovery. (I don't think I should have to do a sector-by=sector for this kind of file loss)

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• Mac OS X file recovery

  - by Daniel

  I thought that all operating systems would merge folder content when being moved to the same location. Imagine my surprise when that didn't happen and I have hundreds, if not thousands of files that have gone missing and are nowhere to be found. Because they were not "deleted" they are not in the trash bin. I've tried to do some recovery using a program called stellarPheonix but after about a 24hour scan, it didn't recognize any of the raw files (.dng,.arw) as image files and so I couldn't see if they could be recovered. It also didn't show the directory structure, which would be handy. I tried a quick scan, but all it showed was files that were still on the HD, not sure what the point of that is. I've used recover 2000 on Win and it does a good job, does anyone know of anything that works quickly and reliably for this kind of file recovery. (I don't think I should have to do a sector-by=sector for this kind of file loss)

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• HTTP/1.1 Status Codes 400 and 417, cannot choose which

  - by TheDeadLike

  I have been referred to here that it might be of better help, I've got a processing file which handles the user sent data, before that, however, it compares the input from client to the expected values to ensure no client-side data change. I can say I don't know lot about HTTP status codes, but I have made up some research on it, and to choose which one is the best for unexpected input handling. So I came up with: 400 Bad Request: The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax 417 Expectation Failed: The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field Now, I cannot be really sure which one to use, I have seen 400 Bad Request being used alot, however, whatI get from explanation is that the error is due to an unexistent request rather than an illegal input. On the other side 417 Expectation Failed seems to just fit for my use, however, I have never seen or experimented this header status before. I need your experience and opinions, thanks alot! For a full detailed with form/process page drafts, and my experiments, follow this link.

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• “Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table”

  - by Simpanoz

  Iam newbie to EC2 and Ubuntu 11 (EC2 Free tier Ubuntu). I have made following commands. sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/xvdf6 sudo mkdir /db sudo vim /etc/fstab /dev/xvdf6 /db ext4 noatime,noexec,nodiratime 0 0 sudo mount /dev/xvdf6 /db fdisk -l I got following output. Can some one guide me what I am doing wrong and how it can be rectified. Disk /dev/xvda1: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders, total 16777216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/xvdf6: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders, total 12582912 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvdf6 doesn't contain a valid partition table.

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  Hi I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks Thanks, Chris

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• How to securely delete files stored on a SSD?

  - by Chris Neuroth

  From a (very long, but definitely worth to read) article on SSDs: When you delete a file in your OS, there is no reaction from either a hard drive or SSD. It isn’t until you overwrite the sector (on a hard drive) or page (on a SSD) that you actually lose the data. File recovery programs use this property to their advantage and that’s how they help you recover deleted files. The key distinction between HDDs and SSDs however is what happens when you overwrite a file. While a HDD can simply write the new data to the same sector, a SSD will allocate a new (or previously used) page for the overwritten data. The page that contains the now invalid data will simply be marked as invalid and at some point it’ll get erased. So, what would be the best way to securely erase files stored on a SSD? Overwriting with random data as we are used to from hard disks (e.g. using the "shred" utility) won't work unless you overwrite the WHOLE drive...

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• How to perform diagnostics (stress test) on HP Smartarray Controller

  - by pepoluan

  At my office, we have a server that we suspect its RAID controller (HP Smartarray) is failing. A cold boot, however, does not indicate anything. Can anyone recommend me a method to stress-test the controller? Symptoms that makes me suspect a failing controller: Disk access getting slower, queue getting longer Running dmesg on the XenServer console I see many messages similar to this one: end_request: I/O error, dev tda, sector 253655584 (the sector number is never the same) When we move the VM to another physical host, we no longer see the above message Running idle (without any running VM), the dmesg no longer emit the above message A search on Google indicated that the above message is most commonly associated with a failing SmartArray controller. How can I be sure that the SmartArray controller is failing?

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• CentOS - Add additional hard drive raid arrays on Dell Perc 5/i card

  - by Quanano

  We have a Dell Poweredge 2900 system with Dell Perc 5/i card and 4 SAS hard drives attached, with NTFS partitions on them. We installed CentOS on one raid array on this controller with a different controller and it is working fine. We are now trying to access the drives shown above and they are not being shown in /dev as sdb, etc. sda is the drive that we installed centos on and it has sda1, sda2, sda3, etc. The CDROM has been picked up as well. If I scan for scsi devices then the perc and adaptec controllers are both found. sg0 is the CDROM and sg2 is the centos installed, however I think sg1 is the other drive but I cannot see anyway to mount the partitions, as only the drive is listed in /dev. Thanks. EXTRA INFO fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 72.7 GB, 72746008576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8844 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x11e3119f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 8845 70528000 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root: 34.4 GB, 34431041536 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4186 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap: 21.1 GB, 21139292160 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2570 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home: 16.6 GB, 16647192576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2023 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home doesn't contain a valid partition table These are all from the install hdd not the additional hard drives modprobe a320raid FATAL: Module a320raid not found. lsscsi -v: [0:0:0:0] cd/dvd TSSTcorp CDRWDVD TS-H492C DE02 /dev/sr0 dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:0:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.1/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0] [4:0:10:0] enclosu DP BACKPLANE 1.05 - dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:0:10:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:0:10/4:0:10:0] [4:2:0:0] disk DELL PERC 5/i 1.03 /dev/sda dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:2:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:2:0/4:2:0:0] . lsmod: Module Size Used by fuse 66285 0 des_generic 16604 0 ecb 2209 0 md4 3461 0 nls_utf8 1455 0 cifs 278370 0 autofs4 26888 4 ipt_REJECT 2383 0 ip6t_REJECT 4628 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6 8748 2 nf_defrag_ipv6 12182 1 nf_conntrack_ipv6 xt_state 1492 2 nf_conntrack 79453 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state ip6table_filter 2889 1 ip6_tables 19458 1 ip6table_filter ipv6 322029 31 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6 bnx2 79618 0 ses 6859 0 enclosure 8395 1 ses dcdbas 9219 0 serio_raw 4818 0 sg 30124 0 iTCO_wdt 13662 0 iTCO_vendor_support 3088 1 iTCO_wdt i5000_edac 8867 0 edac_core 46773 3 i5000_edac i5k_amb 5105 0 shpchp 33482 0 ext4 364410 3 mbcache 8144 1 ext4 jbd2 88738 1 ext4 sd_mod 39488 3 crc_t10dif 1541 1 sd_mod sr_mod 16228 0 cdrom 39771 1 sr_mod megaraid_sas 77090 2 aic79xx 129492 0 scsi_transport_spi 26151 1 aic79xx pata_acpi 3701 0 ata_generic 3837 0 ata_piix 22846 0 radeon 1023359 1 ttm 70328 1 radeon drm_kms_helper 33236 1 radeon drm 230675 3 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper i2c_algo_bit 5762 1 radeon i2c_core 31276 4 radeon,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit dm_mirror 14101 0 dm_region_hash 12170 1 dm_mirror dm_log 10122 2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash dm_mod 81500 11 dm_mirror,dm_log blkid: /dev/sda1: UUID="bc4777d9-ae2c-4c58-96ea-cedb342b8338" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda2: UUID="j2wRZr-Mlko-QWBR-BndC-V2uN-vdhO-iKCuYu" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root: UUID="9238208a-1daf-4c3c-aa9b-469f0387ebee" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap: UUID="dbefb39c-5871-4bc9-b767-1ef18f12bd3d" TYPE="swap" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home: UUID="ec698993-08b7-443e-84f0-9f9cb31c5da8" TYPE="ext4" dmesg shows: megaraid_sas: fw state:c0000000 megasas: fwstate:c0000000, dis_OCR=0 scsi2 : LSI SAS based MegaRAID driver scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:1:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:2:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:3:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:4:0: Direct-Access HITACHI HUS154545VLS300 D590 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:5:0: Direct-Access HITACHI HUS154545VLS300 D590 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:8:0: Direct-Access FUJITSU MBA3073RC D305 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:9:0: Direct-Access FUJITSU MBA3073RC D305 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 i.e. the 3 RAID Arrays Seagate Hitatchi and Fujitsu hard drives respectively. FURTHER UPDATE I have installed the megaraid storage manager console and connected to the server. It appears that the two CentOS installation hard drives are OK. The other 6 drives, one raid array of 4 and one raid array of 2 disks. The other drives are listed as (Foreign) Unconfigured Good.

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• Cannot install grub to RAID1 (md0)

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat This is the my mdadm output after sync: /dev/md0: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Feb 17 16:18:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Used Dev Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 1 15:19:31 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 92e6ff4e:ed3ab4bf:fee5eb6c:d9b9cb11 Events : 0.11049560 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. This is my fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057d19 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sda5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table This is my grub install output: root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sda /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels or both partition label and filesystem. This is not supported yet.. /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: embedding is not possible, but this is required for cross-disk install. root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sdb Installation finished. No error reported. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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• SSD install - what do I need to watch out for when reconfiguring SATA ports?

  - by tim11g

  I installed a Samsung 840 SSD in a Windows 7 machine. It seems to be working fine, but I'm not seeing the expected performance. The AS SSD benchmark gives 76 for read and 138 for write. At the upper left of the benchmark it says "pciide - BAD" and "31K - BAD". I'm assuming the "pciide BAD" means the motherboard (Gigabyte GA-P35-DS4) is configured as IDE emulation and needs to change to native SATA. I don't know what the "31K" refers to. The bios settings look like this: I saw this article that indicates that changing the SATA mode of the boot drive can cause problems (Blue Screen): Error message occurs after you change the SATA mode of the boot drive What is the correct procedure to change the SATA Mode without causing a system failure? Apply the registry change from the MSFT article above first, then reboot and change the SATA mode? Will the SATA mode change in the BIOS affect other drives?

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• Ubuntu hang, and cannot be soft-reset after resuming from stand by mode

  - by Phuong Nguyen

  I have downgrade my xorg drivers, so I can hibernate and stand by my ubuntu smoothly. However, in some case, there's a problem. My ubuntu get hang. When I tried to switch to console mode (Ctrl+Alt+F1), then I cannot login. The system always reply with an error whenever I tried to press a key. When I press Ctrl+Alt+Del to perform a softreset, here what's it said: [80141.320122] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 193687181 init: control-alt-delete main process (5660) terminated with status 2. This error is not even recorded in syslog. I guess this should be a problem with my hard disk since it said something about a bad sector. Exactly, what kind of error is this?

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• Multiple OS's and GRUB chainloading

  - by Kent

  Hi, I want to have multiple OS installations and I have been advised that chain loading using GRUB is a good way to handle this. I have looked at tutorials on the web but I still have some questions before I can start. I want: Windows XP: 20 GB. For running some school stuff and a game which does not work through WINE. Xubuntu 9.04: 85 GB. My main OS. Another Linux distribution: 15 GB . For experimenting and trying Linux distributions out. I will: Wipe and install various distributions quite often on the 15 Use dd to make a copy of my Windows partition after installing it and getting things to work as I like. My experience is that Windows needs to be re-installed maybe once per year to not get bloated and slow. I have been told: To use GRUB chain loading. It will make it easier when kernel upgrades are made in the Linux distributions, as they modify the GRUB boot-menu. To my understanding I need to: (I might very well be mistaken) Install Windows first. Then install Xubuntu and let it write over the MBR with GRUB (I guess this is the default). Get the GRUB on the MBR start Windows XP if I want to (it's done by default), start Xubuntu using the kernel of my choice or defer execution to the boot sector of my other Linux distribution. The actual chain loading will only occur when I want to start my experimental install of Linux. I wonder: Is step 3 above correct and a good way to handle this? Is it also a good way to use chain-loading for both Xubuntu and my experimental Linux installation? How do I get a Linux distribution to install the boot loader it comes with to the boot sector of its partition and not to the MBR? If I can't get it to not touch the MBR. Then I could make a backup of the MBR using dd and then write it back after installing my experimental Linux installation. But then, how would I get the boot loader (lets say GRUB) into the boot sector of the experimental Linux installation? How would it work if said Linux installation gets a new kernel update and needs to update the GRUB menu?

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks

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• CD-R suddenly unreadable?

  - by TheD

  I have a CD-R which has worked fine for a good while. All of a sudden, Windows can no longer read its data. It's not scratched, it's clean and Windows can detect the disk and usage of space on it. But whenever I attempt to access the data stored: Explorer crashes Or after 5-10 mins of trying to read it, it opens up and just shows a desktop.ini file in Explorer. This happens on multiple machines. Any ideas? Is there a way to recover the data? For example - some sector by sector recovery software if any exist for CD's?

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• Mac failing (failed?) hard drive - is all hope lost?

  - by Daniel

  It's a 500 GB Seagate laptop hard drive that came with my Macbook Pro. Apple partition format. Already replaced and now have it external, connected via SATA/USB adapter. Trying to get just a few files that I worked on while out of town when it crashed (and thus did not have my time machine backup drive). Drive will not mount, but OS X Disk Utility detects it and can read the capacity, model number, and even the name of the partition, which leads me to believe all hope may not be lost. Failed attempts so far: Disk Utility verify+repair says drive cannot be repaired and that I should back up immediately (lovely) Disk Warrior says it cannot rebuild the directory due to hardware failure Data Rescue quick & deep scans immediately failed PhotoRec says "error reading sector" for every sector (at least for the few minutes I let it run before closing it to explore other options) What else can I try here? Again, I'm just looking for a few, small files (python scripts to be specific) - not a full recovery.

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• RAID 1 Mirror Error with Two Western Digital 500GB Drives

  - by bm678

  I have Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit installed on a Western Digital 500GB drive (WD5000BEVT-22ZAT0) that was partitioned automatically by Windows as 100MB System Reserved and 465.66GB drive C. There is also an unallocated second Western Digital 500GB drive (WD5000BPVT-22HXZT1) that I want to use for RAID 1 to mirror the first drive but I get an error message stating “ALL DISKS HOLDING EXTENTS FOR A GIVEN VOLUME MUST HAVE THE SAME SECTOR SIZE, AND THE SECTOR SIZE MUST BE VALID.” I uninstalled Windows patch KB-982018 but I still get the same error message. Could you please let me know how to resolve this? Thanks.

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• TCP 30 small packets per second flood connection with server

  - by Denis Ermolin

  I'm testing connection with flash client and cloud server(boost::asio for software) over TCP connection. My connection with server already is really poor - 120 ms ping in average. I found when i start to send packets with 2 bytes size (without tcp header) with speed 30 packets/s - ping grow to 170-200 average. I think that it's really bad and my bad connection and bad cloud provider is reason for this high ping without any load. What do you think? (I tested my software - it can compute about 50k small packets/s so software is not a problem). I measure my ping through flash client - send packet with timestamp and immediatly send from server to client.

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• Somebody knows why the sectors of the IBM floppy disk are named 1 to 8 (and not 0 to 7 )

  - by Olivier Briand

  I am now programming on a 8 bits Z80 computer with CP/M 2.2, (as a hobby) and the floppy disk format is IBM, 40 tracks, 8 sectors per track, 512 bytes per sector. free space is 154 Ko on each face of the disk. Why the sectors are indexed 1 to 8 (and not zero to seven, as usually is seen with computers)? The catalog of the floppy disk is on the track 1 (sector 1 to 4, 64 entries). I'm wondering is the catalog on track zero? Is the zero track reserved to included a system (as track 0 & 1 are reserved to the system on a CP/M floppy disk, and catalog is on track 2)?

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• Linux software RAID6: 3 drives offline - how to force online?

  - by Ole Tange

  This is similar to 3 drives fell out of Raid6 mdadm - rebuilding? except that it is not due to a failing cable. Instead the 3rd drive fell offline during rebuild of another drive. The drive failed with: kernel: end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 293732432 kernel: md/raid:md0: read error not correctable (sector 293734224 on sdc). After rebooting both these sectors and the sectors around them are fine. This leads me to believe the error is intermittent and thus the device simply took too long to error correct the sector and remap it. I expect that no data was written to the RAID after it failed. Therefore I hope that if I can kick the last failing device online that the RAID is fine and that the xfs_filesystem is OK, maybe with a few missing recent files. Taking a backup of the disks in the RAID takes 24 hours, so I would prefer that the solution works the first time. I have therefore set up a test scenario: export PRE=3 parallel dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/raid${PRE}{} bs=1k count=1000k ::: 1 2 3 4 5 parallel mknod /dev/loop${PRE}{} b 7 ${PRE}{} \; losetup /dev/loop${PRE}{} /tmp/raid${PRE}{} ::: 1 2 3 4 5 mdadm --create /dev/md$PRE -c 4096 --level=6 --raid-devices=5 /dev/loop${PRE}[12345] cat /proc/mdstat mkfs.xfs -f /dev/md$PRE mkdir -p /mnt/disk2 umount -l /mnt/disk2 mount /dev/md$PRE /mnt/disk2 seq 1000 | parallel -j1 mkdir -p /mnt/disk2/{}\;cp /bin/* /mnt/disk2/{}\;sleep 0.5 & mdadm --fail /dev/md$PRE /dev/loop${PRE}3 /dev/loop${PRE}4 cat /proc/mdstat # Assume reboot so no process is using the dir kill %1; sync & kill %1; sync & # Force fail one too many mdadm --fail /dev/md$PRE /dev/loop${PRE}1 parallel --tag -k mdadm -E ::: /dev/loop${PRE}? | grep Upda # loop 2,5 are newest. loop1 almost newest => force add loop1 Next step is to add loop1 back - and this is where I am stuck. After that do a xfs-consistency check. When that works, check that the solution also works on real devices (such a 4 USB sticks).

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