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• Future proof Primary Key design in postgresql

  - by John P

  I've always used either auto_generated or Sequences in the past for my primary keys. With the current system I'm working on there is the possibility of having to eventually partition the data which has never been a requirement in the past. Knowing that I may need to partition the data in the future, is there any advantage of using UUIDs for PKs instead of the database's built-in sequences? If so, is there a design pattern that can safely generate relatively short keys (say 6 characters instead of the usual long one e6709870-5cbc-11df-a08a-0800200c9a66)? 36^6 keys per-table is more than sufficient for any table I could imagine. I will be using the keys in URLs so conciseness is important.

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• PostgreSQL - best way to return an array of key-value pairs

  - by Matt W

  I'm trying to select a number of fields, one of which needs to be an array with each element of the array containing two values. Each array item needs to contain a name (character varying) and an ID (numeric). I know how to return an array of single values (using the ARRAY keyword) but I'm unsure of how to return an array of an object which in itself contains two values. The query is something like SELECT t.field1, t.field2, ARRAY(--with each element containing two values i.e. {'TheName', 1 }) FROM MyTable t I read that one way to do this is by selecting the values into a type and then creating an array of that type. Problem is, the rest of the function is already returning a type (which means I would then have nested types - is that OK? If so, how would you read this data back in application code - i.e. with a .Net data provider like NPGSQL?) Any help is much appreciated.

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• Binding multiple arrays for WHERE IN in PostgreSQL

  - by Alec

  So I want to prepare a query something like: SELECT id FROM users WHERE (branch, cid) IN $1; But I then need to bind a variable length list of arrays like (('a','b'),('c','d')) to it. How do I go about doing this? I've tried using ANY but can't seem to get the syntax right. Cheers, Alec Edit: After some fiddling around, this is valid syntactically: SELECT id FROM users WHERE (branch, cid) = ANY ($1::text[][]); and then binding the string '{{a,b},{c,d}}' to $1 but throws the error "operator does not exist: record = text". Changing 'text' to 'record' then throws "input of anonymous composite types is not implemented". Any ideas?

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• Speeding up PostgreSQL query where data is between two dates

  - by Roger

  I have a large table ( 50m rows) which has some data with an ID and timestamp. I need to query the table to select all rows with a certain ID where the timestamp is between two dates, but it currently takes over 2 minutes on a high end machine. I'd really like to speed it up. I have found this tip which recommends using a spatial index, but the example it gives is for IP addresses. However, the speed increase (436s to 3s) is impressive. How can I use this with timestamps?

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• IN statement performance in PostgreSQL (and in general)

  - by Vasil

  I know this has probably been asked before, but I can't find it with SO's search. Lets say i've TABLE1 and TABLE2, who should I expect the performance of a query such as this: SELECT * FROM TABLE1 WHERE id IN SUBQUERY_ON_TABLE2; as the number of rows in TABLE1 and TABLE2 grow and id is a primary key on TABLE1. Yes, I know using IN is such a n00b mistake, but TABLE2 has a generic relation (django generic relation) to multiple other tables so I can't think of another way to filter the data. At what (aproximate) ammount of rows in TABLE1 and TABLE2 should I expect to notice performance issues because of this? Will performance degrade linearly, exponentially etc. depending on the number of rows?

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• postgresql help with php loop....

  - by KnockKnockWhosThere

  I keep getting an "Notice: Undefined index: did" error with this query, and I'm not understanding why... I'm much more used to mysql, so, maybe the syntax is wrong? This is the php query code: function get_demos() { global $session; $demo = array(); $result = pg_query("SELECT DISTINCT(did,vid,iid,value) FROM dv"); if(pg_num_rows($result) > 0) { while($r = pg_fetch_array($result)) { switch($r['did']) { case 1: $demo['a'][$r['vid']] = $r['value']; break; case 2: $demo['b'][$r['vid']] = $r['value']; break; case 3: $demo['c'][$r['vid']] = $r['value']; break; } } } else { $session->session_setMessage(2); } return $demo; } When I run that query at the pg prompt, I get results: "(1,1,1,"A")" "(1,2,2,"B")" "(1,3,3,"C")" "(1,4,4,"D")" "(1,5,5,"E")" "(1,6,6,"F")" "(1,7,7,"G")" "(1,8,8,"H")" "(1,9,9,"I")" "(1,10,A,"J")" "(1,11,B,"K")" "(1,12,C,"L")" "(1,13,D,"M")" "(2,14,1,"A")" "(2,15,2,"B")" "(2,16,0,"C")" "(3,17,1,"A")" "(3,18,2,"B")" "(3,19,3,"C")" "(3,20,4,"D")" "(3,21,5,"E")" "(3,22,6,"F")" "(3,23,7,"G")"

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• How does PostgreSQL's JDBC drivers compare to MySQL?

  - by Bytecode Ninja

  Especially regarding completeness and compliance with the JDBC 3 and JDBC 4 specs?

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• PostGreSQL - bind variables and date addition

  - by azp74

  I need to update some timestamp columns in a table in a PostGres (8.3) database. My query (simplified) look like this: update table1 set dateA = dateA + interval '10 hours' where id = 1234; This is part of a script and there's a lot to update so my preference is to use bind variables, rather than to have to build the query string each time. This means my query becomes: update table1 set dateA = dateA + interval '? hours' where id = ?; When I do this, the complaint is that I've supplied 2 bind variables when only one is required. If I try to put the ? outside the quote marks: update table1 set dateA = dateA + interval ? ' hours' where id = ?; I get: ... syntax error at or near "' hours'" It looks as though the query has been interpreted as ... dateA = dateA + interval '10' ' hours' ... I can't find anything in the documentation to help ... any suggestions? Thanks

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• PostgreSQL triggers and passing parameters

  - by iandouglas

  This is a multi-part question. I have a table similar to this: CREATE TABLE sales_data ( Company character(50), Contract character(50), top_revenue_sum integer, top_revenue_sales integer, last_sale timestamp) ; I'd like to create a trigger for new inserts into this table, something like this: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_contract() RETURNS VOID DECLARE myCompany character(50), myContract character(50), BEGIN myCompany = TG_ARGV[0]; myContract = TG_ARGV[1]; IF (TG_OP = 'INSERT') THEN EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE salesdata_' || $myCompany || '_' || $myContract || ' ( sale_amount integer, updated TIMESTAMP not null, some_data varchar(32), country varchar(2) ) ;' EXECUTE 'CREATE TRIGGER update_sales_data BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE ON salesdata_' || $myCompany || '_' || $myContract || ' FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE update_sales_data( ' || $myCompany || ',' || $myContract || ', revenue);' ; END IF; END; $add_contract$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE TRIGGER add_contract AFTER INSERT ON sales_data FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE add_contract() ; Basically, every time I insert a new row into sales_data, I want to generate a new table where the name of the table will be defined as something like "salesdata_Company_Contract" So my first question is how can I pass the Company and Contract data to the trigger so it can be passed to the add_contract() stored procedure? From my stored procedure, you'll see that I also want to update the original sales_data table whenever new data is inserted into the salesdata_Company_Contract table. This trigger will do something like this: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_sales_data() RETURNS trigger as $update_sales_data$ DECLARE myCompany character(50) NOT NULL, myContract character(50) NOT NULL, myRevenue integer NOT NULL BEGIN myCompany = TG_ARGV[0] ; myContract = TG_ARGV[1] ; myRevenue = TG_ARGV[2] ; IF (TG_OP = 'INSERT') THEN UPDATE sales_data SET top_revenue_sales = top_revenue_sales + 1, top_revenue_sum = top_revenue_sum + $myRevenue, updated = now() WHERE Company = $myCompany AND Contract = $myContract ; ELSIF (TG_OP = 'DELETE') THEN UPDATE sales_data SET top_revenue_sales = top_revenue_sales - 1, top_revenue_sum = top_revenue_sum - $myRevenue, updated = now() WHERE Company = $myCompany AND Contract = $myContract ; END IF; END; $update_sales_data$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; This will, of course, require that I pass several parameters around within these stored procedures and triggers, and I'm not sure (a) if this is even possible, or (b) practical, or (c) best practice and we should just put this logic into our other software instead of asking the database to do this work for us. To keep our table sizes down, as we'll have hundreds of thousands of transactions per day, we've decided to partition our data using the Company and Contract strings as part of the table names themselves so they're all very small in size; file IO for us is faster and we felt we'd get better performance. Thanks for any thoughts or direction. My thinking, now that I've written all of this out, is that maybe we need to write stored procedures where we pass our insert data as parameters, and call that from our other software, and have the stored procedure do the insert into "sales_data" then create the other table. Then, have a second stored procedure to insert new data into the salesdata_Company_Contract tables, where the table name is passed to the stored proc as a parameter, and again have that stored proc do the insert, then update the main sales_data table afterward. What approach would you take?

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• How large is a "buffer" in PostgreSQL

  - by Konrad Garus

  I am using pg_buffercache module for finding hogs eating up my RAM cache. For example when I run this query: SELECT c.relname, count(*) AS buffers FROM pg_buffercache b INNER JOIN pg_class c ON b.relfilenode = c.relfilenode AND b.reldatabase IN (0, (SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname = current_database())) GROUP BY c.relname ORDER BY 2 DESC LIMIT 10; I discover that sample_table is using 120 buffers. How much is 120 buffers in bytes?

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• PostgreSQL pgdb driver raises "can't rollback" exception

  - by David Parunakian

  Hello, for some reason I'm experiencing the Operational Error with "can't rollback" message when I attempt to roll back my transaction in the following context: try: cursors[instance].execute("lock revision, app, timeout IN SHARE MODE") cursors[instance].execute("insert into app (type, active, active_revision, contents, z) values ('session', true, %s, %s, 0) returning id", (cRevision, sessionId)) sAppId = cursors[instance].fetchone()[0] cursors[instance].execute("insert into revision (app_id, type) values (%s, 'active')", (sAppId,)) cursors[instance].execute("insert into timeout (app_id, last_seen) values (%s, now())", (sAppId,)) connections[instance].commit() except pgdb.DatabaseError, e: connections[instance].rollback() return "{status: 'error', errno:4, errmsg: \"%s\"}"%(str(e).replace('\"', '\\"').replace('\n', '\\n').replace('\r', '\\r')) The driver in use is PGDB. What is fundamentally wrong here?

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• PostgreSQL function question

  - by maxxtack

  CREATE FUNCTION foo() RETURNS text LANGUAGE plperl AS $$ return 'foo'; $$; CREATE FUNCTION foobar() RETURNS text LANGUAGE plperl AS $$ return foo() . 'bar'; $$; I'm trying to compose results using multiple functions, but when i call foobar() i get an empty result.

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• Deadlock between select and truncate (postgresql)

  - by valodzka

  Table output_values_center1 (and some other) inherits output_values. Periodically I truncate table output_values_center1 and load new data (in one transaction). In that time user can request some data and he got error message. Why it ever happens (select query requests only one record) and how to avoid such problem: 2010-05-19 14:43:17 UTC ERROR: deadlock detected 2010-05-19 14:43:17 UTC DETAIL: Process 25972 waits for AccessShareLock on relation 2495092 of database 16385; blocked by process 26102. Process 26102 waits for AccessExclusiveLock on relation 2494865 of database 16385; blocked by process 25972. Process 25972: SELECT * FROM "output_values" WHERE ("output_values".id = 122312) LIMIT 1 Process 26102: TRUNCATE TABLE "output_values_center1"

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• Index an array expression directly in PostgreSQL

  - by wich

  I'm trying to insert data into a table from a template table. I need to rewrite one of the columns for which I wanted to use a directly indexed array expression, but I can't seem to find how to do this, if it is even possible. The scenario: create table template ( id integer, index integer, foo integer); insert into template values (0, 1, 23), (0, 2, 18), (0, 3, 16), (0, 4, 7), (1, 1, 17), (1, 2, 26), (1, 3, 11), (1, 4, 3); create table data ( data_id integer, foo integer); Now what I'd like to do is the following: insert into data select (array[3,7,5,2])[index], foo from template where id = 1; But this doesn't work, the (array[3,7,5,2])[index] syntax isn't valid. I tried a few variants, but was unable to get anything working and wasn't able to find the correct syntax in the docs, nor even whether this is at all possible or not. As a current workaround I've devised the following, but it is less than ideal, from an elegance perspective at least, but it may also be a performance hit, I haven't looked into that yet. insert into data select arr[index], foo from template, (select array[3,7,5,2] as arr) as q where id = 1; If anyone could suggest a (better) alternative to accomplish this I'd like to hear that as well.

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• Django paging object has issues with Postgresql QuerySets

  - by pivotal

  I have some django code that runs fine on a SQLite database or on a MySQL database, but it runs into problems with Postgres, and it's making me crazy that no one has has this issue before. I think it may also be related to the way querysets are evaluated by the pager. In a view I have: def index(request, page=1): latest_posts = Post.objects.all().order_by('-pub_date') paginator = Paginator(latest_posts, 5) try: posts = paginator.page(page) except (EmptyPage, InvalidPage): posts = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render_to_response('blog/index.html', {'posts' : posts}) And inside the template: {% for post in posts.object_list %} {# some rendering jazz #} {% endfor %} This works fine with SQLite, but Postgres gives me: Caught TypeError while rendering: 'NoneType' object is not callable To further complicate things, when I switch the Queryset call to: latest_posts = Post.objects.all() Everything works great. I've tried re-reading the documentation, but found nothing, although I admit I'm a bit clouded by frustration at this point. What am I missing? Thanks in advance.

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• Query a column and a calculation of columns at the same time PostgreSQL

  - by pablo

  Hi I have two tables, Products and BundleProducts that have o2o relation with BaseProducts. A BundleProduct is a collection of Products using a m2m realtion to the Products table. Products has a price column and the price of a BundleProduct is calculated as the sum of the prices of its Products. BaseProducts have columns like name and description so I can query it to get both Products and BundleProducts. Is it possible to query and sort by price both for the price column of the Products and calculated price of the BundleProducts? Thanks

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• How do I run Munin plugins written in Ruby, using RVM?

  - by hlg

  Hi! I try to run some Munin plugins written in Ruby. I would like to use RVM, so Munin needs to know where to find Ruby. I tried to change the line calling munin-cron in the cron file as follows: */5 * * * * munin bash -c 'source /usr/local/lib/rvm && rvm 1.9.2@munin && /usr/bin/munin-cron' This leads to error messages in munin-node.log, saying /usr/bin/env: ruby: No such file or directory When I change the plugins' shebangs to the actual path of the Ruby executable it works, but the RVM environment should be set so that '/usr/bin/env ruby' works. It does when I execute the plugins as root. Any ideas?

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• Calculating and saving space in Postgresql

  - by punkish

  I have a table in Pg like so CREATE TABLE t ( a BIGSERIAL NOT NULL, -- 8 b b SMALLINT, -- 2 b c SMALLINT, -- 2 b d REAL, -- 4 b e REAL, -- 4 b f REAL, -- 4 b g INTEGER, -- 4 b h REAL, -- 4 b i REAL, -- 4 b j SMALLINT, -- 2 b k INTEGER, -- 4 b l INTEGER, -- 4 b m REAL, -- 4 b CONSTRAINT a_pkey PRIMARY KEY (a) ) The above adds up to 50 bytes per row. My experience is that I need another 40% to 50% for system overhead, without even any user-created indexes to the above. So, about 75 bytes per row. I will have many, many rows in the table, potentially upward of 145 billion rows, so the table is going to be pushing 13-14 Terabytes. What tricks, if any, could I use to compact this table? My possible ideas below -- Convert the REAL values to INTEGERs. If they can stored as SMALLINT, that is a saving of 2 bytes per field. Convert the columns b .. m into an array. I don't need to search on those columns, but I do need to be able to return one column's value at a time. So, if I need column g, I could do something like SELECT a, arr[5] FROM t; Would I save space with the array option? Would there be a speed penalty? Any other ideas?

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• PostgreSQL: return select count(*) from old_ids;

  - by Alexander Farber

  Hello, please help me with 1 more PL/pgSQL question. I have a PHP-script run as daily cronjob and deleting old records from 1 main table and few further tables referencing its "id" column: create or replace function quincytrack_clean() returns integer as $BODY$ begin create temp table old_ids (id varchar(20)) on commit drop; insert into old_ids select id from quincytrack where age(QDATETIME) > interval '30 days'; delete from hide_id where id in (select id from old_ids); delete from related_mks where id in (select id from old_ids); delete from related_cl where id in (select id from old_ids); delete from related_comment where id in (select id from old_ids); delete from quincytrack where id in (select id from old_ids); return select count(*) from old_ids; end; $BODY$ language plpgsql; And here is how I call it from the PHP script: $sth = $pg->prepare('select quincytrack_clean()'); $sth->execute(); if ($row = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) printf("removed %u old rows\n", $row['count']); Why do I get the following error? SQLSTATE[42601]: Syntax error: 7 ERROR: syntax error at or near "select" at character 9 QUERY: SELECT select count(*) from old_ids CONTEXT: SQL statement in PL/PgSQL function "quincytrack_clean" near line 23 Thank you! Alex

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• Postgresql 9.1: ERROR: type "citext" does not exist

  - by gotuskar

  I am trying to execute following query through PgAdmin utility. CREATE TABLE svcr."EventLogs" ("eventId" BIGINT NOT NULL, "eventTime" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL, "userid" CITEXT, "realmid" CITEXT NOT NULL, "onUserid" CITEXT, "description" TEXT, CONSTRAINT eventlogs_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("eventId")); And I get following error - ERROR: type "citext" does not exist SQL state: 42704 Character: 120 However, following query runs fine - CREATE TABLE svcr."CategoryMap" ("category" INT NOT NULL, "userData" INT NOT NULL); What is wrong with the first query?

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• select with conditions on array of composite types (postgresql)

  - by valodzka

  For example I have type: CREATE TYPE record AS ( name text, description text, tags text[]) And table: CREATE TABLE items ( id serial, records record[] ) How can I select all items with records with tags 'test' (without using PL/pgSQL)?

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• Calculating correlation coefficient using PostgreSQL?

  - by Dave

  I have worked out how to calculate the correlation coefficient between two fields if both are in the same table: SELECT corr(column1, column2) FROM table WHERE <my filters>; ...but I can't work out how to do it when the columns are from different tables (I need to apply the same filters to both tables). Any hints, please?

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• PostgreSQL: keep a certain number of records in a table

  - by Alexander Farber

  Hello, I have an SQL-table holding the last hands received by a player in card game. The hand is represented by an integer (32 bits == 32 cards): create table pref_hand ( id varchar(32) references pref_users, hand integer not NULL check (hand > 0), stamp timestamp default current_timestamp ); As the players are playing constantly and that data isn't important (just a gimmick to be displayed at player profile pages) and I don't want my database to grow too quickly, I'd like to keep only up to 10 records per player id. So I'm trying to declare this PL/PgSQL procedure: create or replace function pref_update_game(_id varchar, _hand integer) returns void as $BODY$ begin delete from pref_hand offset 10 where id=_id order by stamp; insert into pref_hand (id, hand) values (_id, _hand); end; $BODY$ language plpgsql; but unfortunately this fails with: ERROR: syntax error at or near "offset" because delete doesn't support offset. Does anybody please have a better idea here? Thank you! Alex

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• Postgresql constraint

  - by Ryan

  I cannot seem to get this right, I am trying to modify a field to be a foreign key, with cascading delete... what am i doing wrong? ALTER TABLE my_table ADD CONSTRAINT $4 FOREIGN KEY my_field REFERENCES my_foreign_table ON DELETE CASCADE;

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• Dynamic upsert in postgresql

  - by Daniel

  I have this upsert function that allows me to modify the fill_rate column of a row. CREATE FUNCTION upsert_fillrate_alarming(integer, boolean) RETURNS VOID AS ' DECLARE num ALIAS FOR $1; dat ALIAS FOR $2; BEGIN LOOP -- First try to update. UPDATE alarming SET fill_rate = dat WHERE equipid = num; IF FOUND THEN RETURN; END IF; -- Since its not there we try to insert the key -- Notice if we had a concurent key insertion we would error BEGIN INSERT INTO alarming (equipid, fill_rate) VALUES (num, dat); RETURN; EXCEPTION WHEN unique_violation THEN -- Loop and try the update again END; END LOOP; END; ' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'; Is it possible to modify this function to take a column argument as well? Extra bonus points if there is a way to modify the function to take a column and a table.

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