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• What is "elegant" code?

  - by Breton

  I see a lot of lip service and talk about the most "elegant" way to do this or that. I think if you spend enough time programming you begin to obtain a sort of intuitive feel for what it is we call "elegance". But I'm curious. Even if we can look at a bit of code, and say instinctively "That's elegant", or "That's messy", I wonder if any of us really understands what that means. Is there a precise definition for this "elegance" we keep referring to? If there is, what is it? Now, what I mean by a precise definition, is a series of statements which can be used to derive questions about a peice of code, or a program as a whole, and determine objectively, or as objectively as possible, whether that code is "elegant" or not. May I assert, that perhaps no such definition exists, and it's all just personal preference. In this case, I ask you a slightly different question: Is there a better word for "elegance", or a better set of attributes to use for judging code quality that is perhaps more objective than merely appealing to individual intuition and taste? Perhaps code quality is a matter of taste, and the answer to both of my questions is "no". But I can't help but feel that we could be doing better than just expressing wishy washy feelings about our code quality. For example, user interface design is something that to a broad range of people looks for all the world like a field of study that oughtta be 100% subjective matter of taste. But this is shockingly and brutally not the case, and there are in fact many objective measures that can be applied to a user interface to determine its quality. A series of tests could be written to give a definitive and repeatable score to user interface quality. (See GOMS, for instance). Now, okay. is Elegance simply "code quality" or is it something more? Is it something that can be measured? Or is it a matter of taste? Does our profession have room for taste? Maybe I'm asking the wrong questions altogether. Help me out here. Bonus Round If there is such a thing as elegance in code, and that concept is useful, do you think that justifies classifying the field of programming as an "Art" capital A, or merely a "craft". Or is it just an engineering field populated by a bunch of wishful thinking humans? Consider this question in the light of your thoughts about the elegance question. Please note that there is a distinction between code which is considered "art" in itself, and code that was written merely in the service of creating an artful program. When I ask this question, I ask if the code itself justifies calling programming an art. Bounty Note I liked the answers to this question so much, I think I'd like to make a photographic essay book from it. Released as a free PDF, and published on some kind of on demand printing service of course, such as "zazz" or "tiggle" or "printley" or something . I'd like some more answers, please!

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• how to solve unhandled exception error when using visual C++ 2008?

  - by make

  Hi, Could someone please help me to solve unhandled exception error when using visual C++ 2008? the error is displayed as follow: Unhandled exception at 0x00411690 in time.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x00000008 Actually when I used visual c++ 6 in the past, there weren't any error and the program was running fine. But now ehen I use visual 2008, I am getting this Unhandled exception error. Here is the program: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #ifdef _WIN32 // #include <winsock.h> #include <windows.h> #include "stdint.h" // typedef __int64 int64_t // Define it from MSVC's internal type // typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t #else #include <stdint.h> // Use the C99 official header #include <sys/time.h> #include <unistd.h> #endif #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS) #define DELTA_EPOCH_IN_MICROSECS 11644473600000000Ui64 #else #define DELTA_EPOCH_IN_MICROSECS 11644473600000000ULL #endif struct timezone { int tz_minuteswest; /* minutes W of Greenwich */ int tz_dsttime; /* type of dst correction */ }; #define TEST #ifdef TEST uint32_t stampstart(); uint32_t stampstop(uint32_t start); int main() { uint32_t start, stop; start = stampstart(); /* Your code goes here */ stop = stampstop(start); return 0; } #endif int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz) { FILETIME ft; unsigned __int64 tmpres = 0; static int tzflag = 0; if (NULL != tv) { GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft); tmpres |= ft.dwHighDateTime; tmpres <<= 32; tmpres |= ft.dwLowDateTime; tmpres /= 10; /*convert into microseconds*/ /*converting file time to unix epoch*/ tmpres -= DELTA_EPOCH_IN_MICROSECS; tv->tv_sec = (long)(tmpres / 1000000UL); tv->tv_usec = (long)(tmpres % 1000000UL); } if (NULL != tz) { if (!tzflag) { _tzset(); tzflag++; } tz->tz_minuteswest = _timezone / 60; tz->tz_dsttime = _daylight; } return 0; } uint32_t stampstart() { struct timeval tv; struct timezone tz; struct tm *tm; uint32_t start; gettimeofday(&tv, &tz); tm = localtime(&tv.tv_sec); printf("TIMESTAMP-START\t %d:%02d:%02d:%d (~%d ms)\n", tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, tv.tv_usec, tm->tm_hour * 3600 * 1000 + tm->tm_min * 60 * 1000 + tm->tm_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000); start = tm->tm_hour * 3600 * 1000 + tm->tm_min * 60 * 1000 + tm->tm_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000; return (start); } uint32_t stampstop(uint32_t start) { struct timeval tv; struct timezone tz; struct tm *tm; uint32_t stop; gettimeofday(&tv, &tz); tm = localtime(&tv.tv_sec); stop = tm->tm_hour * 3600 * 1000 + tm->tm_min * 60 * 1000 + tm->tm_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000; printf("TIMESTAMP-END\t %d:%02d:%02d:%d (~%d ms) \n", tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, tv.tv_usec, tm->tm_hour * 3600 * 1000 + tm->tm_min * 60 * 1000 + tm->tm_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000); printf("ELAPSED\t %d ms\n", stop - start); return (stop); } thanks for your replies:

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• Background changes by itself and procedure repeats many times until I release the mouse button

  - by Robert

  Dear community, I am a student, and I'm working on a little slots game (if the same random number comes up 3 timed, you win). I use Borland Pascal 7. I use graph to make this a bit more visual, but when I start the game my background turns from black to grey, and the other problem is that if I click the game start button, the game runs many times until I release the mouse button. How can I solve this? Here is my full program: program slots; uses mymouse,graph,crt; var gdriver,gmode,coin:integer; m:mouserec; a,b,c,coins:string; procedure gomb(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer;szoveg:string); var j,n:integer; begin setcolor(blue); rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2); setfillstyle(1,blue); floodfill(x1+2,y1+2,blue); setcolor(0); outtextxy((x1+x2)div 2 -textwidth(szoveg) div 2 ,(y1+y2) div 2-textheight(szoveg) div 2,szoveg); end; procedure randomal(var a,b,c:string); begin randomize; STR(random(2)+1,a); STR(random(2)+1,b); STR(random(2)+1,c); end; procedure menu; begin; settextstyle(0,0,1); outtextxy(20,10,'Meno menu'); gomb(20,20,90,50,'Teglalap'); gomb(20,60,90,90,'Inditas'); gomb(20,100,90,130,'Harmadik'); gomb(20,140,90,170,'Negyedik'); end; procedure teglalap(x1,x2,y1,y2,tinta:integer); begin setcolor(tinta); rectangle(x1,x2,y1,y2); end; procedure jatek(var a,b,c:string;var coin:integer;coins:string); begin; clrscr; menu; randomal(a,b,c); if ((a=b) AND (b=c)) then coin:=coin+1 else coin:=coin-1; settextstyle(0,0,3); setbkcolor(black); outtextxy(200,20,a); outtextxy(240,20,b); outtextxy(280,20,c); STR(coin,coins); outtextxy(400,400,coins); end; procedure eger; begin; mouseinit; mouseon; menu; repeat getmouse(m); if (m.left) and (m.x20) ANd (m.x<90) and (m.y20) and (m.y<50) then teglalap(90,90,300,300,blue); if (m.left) and (m.x20) AND (m.x<90) and (m.y60) and (m.y<90) then jatek(a,b,c,coin,coins); until ((m.left) and (m.x20) ANd (m.x<140) and (m.y140) and (m.y<170)); end; begin coin:=50; gdriver:=detect; initgraph(gdriver, gmode, ''); eger; end. Thank you very much, Robert

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• Incremental PCA

  - by smichak

  Hi, Lately, I've been looking into an implementation of an incremental PCA algorithm in python - I couldn't find something that would meet my needs so I did some reading and implemented an algorithm I found in some paper. Here is the module's code - the relevant paper on which it is based is mentioned in the module's documentation. I would appreciate any feedback from people who are interested in this. Micha #!/usr/bin/env python """ Incremental PCA calculation module. Based on P.Hall, D. Marshall and R. Martin "Incremental Eigenalysis for Classification" which appeared in British Machine Vision Conference, volume 1, pages 286-295, September 1998. Principal components are updated sequentially as new observations are introduced. Each new observation (x) is projected on the eigenspace spanned by the current principal components (U) and the residual vector (r = x - U(U.T*x)) is used as a new principal component (U' = [U r]). The new principal components are then rotated by a rotation matrix (R) whose columns are the eigenvectors of the transformed covariance matrix (D=U'.T*C*U) to yield p + 1 principal components. From those, only the first p are selected. """ __author__ = "Micha Kalfon" import numpy as np _ZERO_THRESHOLD = 1e-9 # Everything below this is zero class IPCA(object): """Incremental PCA calculation object. General Parameters: m - Number of variables per observation n - Number of observations p - Dimension to which the data should be reduced """ def __init__(self, m, p): """Creates an incremental PCA object for m-dimensional observations in order to reduce them to a p-dimensional subspace. @param m: Number of variables per observation. @param p: Number of principle components. @return: An IPCA object. """ self._m = float(m) self._n = 0.0 self._p = float(p) self._mean = np.matrix(np.zeros((m , 1), dtype=np.float64)) self._covariance = np.matrix(np.zeros((m, m), dtype=np.float64)) self._eigenvectors = np.matrix(np.zeros((m, p), dtype=np.float64)) self._eigenvalues = np.matrix(np.zeros((1, p), dtype=np.float64)) def update(self, x): """Updates with a new observation vector x. @param x: Next observation as a column vector (m x 1). """ m = self._m n = self._n p = self._p mean = self._mean C = self._covariance U = self._eigenvectors E = self._eigenvalues if type(x) is not np.matrix or x.shape != (m, 1): raise TypeError('Input is not a matrix (%d, 1)' % int(m)) # Update covariance matrix and mean vector and centralize input around # new mean oldmean = mean mean = (n*mean + x) / (n + 1.0) C = (n*C + x*x.T + n*oldmean*oldmean.T - (n+1)*mean*mean.T) / (n + 1.0) x -= mean # Project new input on current p-dimensional subspace and calculate # the normalized residual vector g = U.T*x r = x - (U*g) r = (r / np.linalg.norm(r)) if not _is_zero(r) else np.zeros_like(r) # Extend the transformation matrix with the residual vector and find # the rotation matrix by solving the eigenproblem DR=RE U = np.concatenate((U, r), 1) D = U.T*C*U (E, R) = np.linalg.eigh(D) # Sort eigenvalues and eigenvectors from largest to smallest to get the # rotation matrix R sorter = list(reversed(E.argsort(0))) E = E[sorter] R = R[:,sorter] # Apply the rotation matrix U = U*R # Select only p largest eigenvectors and values and update state self._n += 1.0 self._mean = mean self._covariance = C self._eigenvectors = U[:, 0:p] self._eigenvalues = E[0:p] @property def components(self): """Returns a matrix with the current principal components as columns. """ return self._eigenvectors @property def variances(self): """Returns a list with the appropriate variance along each principal component. """ return self._eigenvalues def _is_zero(x): """Return a boolean indicating whether the given vector is a zero vector up to a threshold. """ return np.fabs(x).min() < _ZERO_THRESHOLD if __name__ == '__main__': import sys def pca_svd(X): X = X - X.mean(0).repeat(X.shape[0], 0) [_, _, V] = np.linalg.svd(X) return V N = 1000 obs = np.matrix([np.random.normal(size=10) for _ in xrange(N)]) V = pca_svd(obs) print V[0:2] pca = IPCA(obs.shape[1], 2) for i in xrange(obs.shape[0]): x = obs[i,:].transpose() pca.update(x) U = pca.components print U

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• Can someone code review my small SDL app? Want to make sure I didn't make any beginner mistakes

  - by SDLFunTimes

  In an effort to teach myself the SDL library (hence my stack overflow handle :) ) I wanted to try my hand at a side-scroller. My code is complete but I want some feedback (mostly because I have an atrocious amount of if and else statements for what seems like some simple logic). My "program" is a c++ side-scroller where you move a single sprite across the screen. No jumping, bad guys, guns, scores, levels or anything. I wanted to use this as a base to build up upon. So I figured if my base is wrong I could end up with some pretty bad future apps. It's also multi-threaded. Next up on this I would like to make the person sprite animated (so it looks like he's walking rather than sliding) as well as make the person go faster when the arrow buttons are held down longer). The code is kind of long but here's my main method. There's a link at the bottom for the whole program: #include <iostream> #include "SDL.h" #include "game.hpp" using std::cout; using std::endl; const int SCREENW = 200; const int SCREENH = 200; const int BPP = 32; const int FPS = 24; int event_loop(void* stuff); int display_loop(void* stuff); int main(int argc, char** argv) { SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING | SDL_INIT_EVENTTHREAD); SDL_Thread* events_thurd; SDL_Thread* display_thurd; SDL_Surface* screen = SDL_SetVideoMode(SCREENW, SCREENH, BPP, SDL_SWSURFACE); SDL_EnableKeyRepeat(SDL_DEFAULT_REPEAT_DELAY, SDL_DEFAULT_REPEAT_INTERVAL); SDL_Event event; Game* thug_aim = new Game(&event, screen, SCREENW, SCREENH, BPP); events_thurd = SDL_CreateThread(event_loop, (void*)thug_aim); display_thurd = SDL_CreateThread(display_loop, (void*)thug_aim); SDL_WaitThread(events_thurd, NULL); SDL_KillThread(display_thurd); delete thug_aim; return 0; } int event_loop(void* stuff) { Game* gamez = (Game*)stuff; SDL_Event* event = gamez->get_event(); while(1) { while(SDL_PollEvent(event)) { if(event->type == SDL_QUIT) { return 0; } else if(event->type == SDL_KEYDOWN) { if(event->key.keysym.sym == SDLK_LEFT || event->key.keysym.sym == SDLK_RIGHT) { gamez->move(event->key.keysym.sym); } } else if(event->type == SDL_KEYUP) { if(event->key.keysym.sym == SDLK_LEFT || event->key.keysym.sym == SDLK_RIGHT) { gamez->stop_move(event->key.keysym.sym); } } else { //not an event that concerns this game } } } } int display_loop(void* stuff) { Game* gamez = (Game*)stuff; double period = 1 / FPS * 1000; Uint32 milli_period = (Uint32)period; //get some of the attributes from gamez SDL_Rect* background_rect = gamez->get_background_rect(); SDL_Rect* person_rect = gamez->get_person_rect(); SDL_Surface* screen = gamez->get_screen(); SDL_Surface* background = gamez->get_background(); SDL_Surface* person = gamez->get_person(); Uint32 start, end; int sleep; while(1) { start = SDL_GetTicks(); //blit background SDL_BlitSurface(background, background_rect, screen, NULL); //blit person SDL_BlitSurface(person, NULL, screen, person_rect); end = SDL_GetTicks(); sleep = milli_period - (end - start); if(sleep < 0) { sleep = 0; } SDL_Delay((Uint32)sleep); if(SDL_Flip(gamez->get_screen()) != 0) { cout << "error drawing to screen: " << SDL_GetError() << endl; } } } Here's the link to the .zip file of all my code (please ignore some of the variable names ;-) ): Anyway can you guys take a look and tell me what you think? url edit: holy crap I didn't know 2shared was such a shitty site. Looking for a better uploader than that or rapidshare / mediafire.

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• Need some help deciphering a line of assembler code, from .NET JITted code

  - by Lasse V. Karlsen

  In a C# constructor, that ends up with a call to this(...), the actual call gets translated to this: 0000003d call dword ptr ds:[199B88E8h] What is the DS register contents here? I know it's the data-segment, but is this call through a VMT-table or similar? I doubt it though, since this(...) wouldn't be a call to a virtual method, just another constructor. I ask because the value at that location seems to be bad in some way, if I hit F11, trace into (Visual Studio 2008), on that call-instruction, the program crashes with an access violation. The code is deep inside a 3rd party control library, where, though I have the source code, I don't have the assemblies compiled with enough debug information that I can trace it through C# code, only through the disassembler, and then I have to match that back to the actual code. The C# code in question is this: public AxisRangeData(AxisRange range) : this(range, range.Axis) { } Reflector shows me this IL code: .maxstack 8 L_0000: ldarg.0 L_0001: ldarg.1 L_0002: ldarg.1 L_0003: callvirt instance class DevExpress.XtraCharts.AxisBase DevExpress.XtraCharts.AxisRange::get_Axis() L_0008: call instance void DevExpress.XtraCharts.Native.AxisRangeData::.ctor(class DevExpress.XtraCharts.ChartElement, class DevExpress.XtraCharts.AxisBase) L_000d: ret It's that last call there, to the other constructor of the same class, that fails. The debugger never surfaces inside the other method, it just crashes. The disassembly for the method after JITting is this: 00000000 push ebp 00000001 mov ebp,esp 00000003 sub esp,14h 00000006 mov dword ptr [ebp-4],ecx 00000009 mov dword ptr [ebp-8],edx 0000000c cmp dword ptr ds:[18890E24h],0 00000013 je 0000001A 00000015 call 61843511 0000001a mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-4] 0000001d mov dword ptr [ebp-0Ch],eax 00000020 mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-8] 00000023 mov dword ptr [ebp-10h],eax 00000026 mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-8] 00000029 cmp dword ptr [ecx],ecx 0000002b call dword ptr ds:[1889D0DCh] // range.Axis 00000031 mov dword ptr [ebp-14h],eax 00000034 push dword ptr [ebp-14h] 00000037 mov edx,dword ptr [ebp-10h] 0000003a mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-0Ch] 0000003d call dword ptr ds:[199B88E8h] // this(range, range.Axis)? 00000043 nop 00000044 mov esp,ebp 00000046 pop ebp 00000047 ret Basically what I'm asking is this: What the purpose of the ds:[ADDR] indirection here? VMT-table is only for virtual isn't it? and this is constructor Could the constructor have yet to be JITted, which could mean that the call would actually call through a JIT shim? I'm afraid I'm in deep water here, so anything might and could help. Edit: Well, the problem just got worse, or better, or whatever. We are developing the .NET feature in a C# project in a Visual Studio 2008 solution, and debugging and developing through Visual Studio. However, in the end, this code will be loaded into a .NET runtime hosted by a Win32 Delphi application. In order to facilitate easy experimentation of such features, we can also configure the Visual Studio project/solution/debugger to copy the produced dll's to the Delphi app's directory, and then execute the Delphi app, through the Visual Studio debugger. Turns out, the problem goes away if I run the program outside of the debugger, but during debugging, it crops up, every time. Not sure that helps, but since the code isn't slated for production release for another 6 months or so, then it takes some of the pressure off of it for the test release that we have soon. I'll dive into the memory parts later, but probably not until over the weekend, and post a followup.

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• Double Linked List Insertion Sorting Bug

  - by house

  Hello, I have implemented an insertion sort in a double link list (highest to lowest) from a file of 10,000 ints, and output to file in reverse order. To my knowledge I have implemented such a program, however I noticed in the ouput file, a single number is out of place. Every other number is in correct order. The number out of place is a repeated number, but the other repeats of this number are in correct order. Its just strange how this number is incorrectly placed. Also the unsorted number is only 6 places out of sync. I have looked through my program for days now with no idea where the problem lies, so I turn to you for help. Below is the code in question, (side note: can my question be deleted by myself? rather my colleges dont thieve my code, if not how can it be deleted?) void DLLIntStorage::insertBefore(int inValue, node *nodeB) { node *newNode; newNode = new node(); newNode->prev = nodeB->prev; newNode->next = nodeB; newNode->value = inValue; if(nodeB->prev==NULL) { this->front = newNode; } else { nodeB->prev->next = newNode; } nodeB->prev = newNode; } void DLLIntStorage::insertAfter(int inValue, node *nodeB) { node *newNode; newNode = new node(); newNode->next = nodeB->next; newNode->prev = nodeB; newNode->value = inValue; if(nodeB->next == NULL) { this->back = newNode; } else { nodeB->next->prev = newNode; } nodeB->next = newNode; } void DLLIntStorage::insertFront(int inValue) { node *newNode; if(this->front == NULL) { newNode = new node(); this->front = newNode; this->back = newNode; newNode->prev = NULL; newNode->next = NULL; newNode->value = inValue; } else { insertBefore(inValue, this->front); } } void DLLIntStorage::insertBack(int inValue) { if(this->back == NULL) { insertFront(inValue); } else { insertAfter(inValue, this->back); } } ifstream& operator>> (ifstream &in, DLLIntStorage &obj) { int readInt, counter = 0; while(!in.eof()) { if(counter==dataLength) //stops at 10,000 { break; } in >> readInt; if(obj.front != NULL ) { obj.insertion(readInt); } else { obj.insertBack(readInt); } counter++; } return in; } void DLLIntStorage::insertion(int inValue) { node* temp; temp = this->front; if(temp->value >= inValue) { insertFront(inValue); return; } else { while(temp->next!=NULL && temp!=this->back) { if(temp->value >= inValue) { insertBefore(inValue, temp); return; } temp = temp->next; } } if(temp == this->back) { insertBack(inValue); } } Thankyou for your time.

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• How to find problem with PHP XSLTProcessor when return from transformToXML is false and libxml_get_

  - by John

  I'm working on the code below to allow HTTP user agents that cannot perform XSL transformations to view the resources on my server. I'm mystified because the result of transformToXML is false, but the result of libxml_get_errors() is an empty array. As you can see, the code outputs the LibXSLT version ID and I'm getting the problem on WinVista with version 1.1.24. Is libxml_get_errors() not the right function to get the errors from the XSLTProcessor object? If you're interested in the XML documents, you can get them from http://bobberinteractive.com/index.xhtml and .../stylesheets/layout.xsl <?php //redirect browsers that can handle the source files. if (strpos ( $_SERVER ['HTTP_ACCEPT'], 'application/xhtml+xml' )) { header ( "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently" ); header ( "Location: http://" . $_SERVER ['SERVER_NAME'] . "/index.xhtml" ); header ( "Content-Type: text/text" ); echo "\nYour browser is capable of processing the <a href='/index.xhtml' site contents on its own."; die (); } //start by checking the template $baseDir = dirname ( __FILE__ ); $xslDoc = new DOMDocument (); if (! $xslDoc-load ( $baseDir . '/stylesheets/layout.xsl' )) { header ( "HTTP/1.1 500 Server Error" ); header ( "Content-Type: text/plain" ); echo "\n Can't load " . $baseDir . '/stylesheets/layout.xsl'; die (); } //resolve the requested resource (browsers that need transformation will request the resource without the suffix) $uri = $_SERVER ['REQUEST_URI']; $len = strlen ( $uri ); if (1 = $len || '/' == substr ( $uri, $len - 1 )) { $fileName = $baseDir . "/index.xhtml"; // use 'default' document if pathname ends in '/' } else { $fileName = $baseDir . (1 load ( $fileName )) { header ( "HTTP/1.1 500 Server Error" ); echo "\n Can't load " . $fileName; die (); } // now start the XSL template processing $proc = new XSLTProcessor (); $proc-importStylesheet ( $xslDoc ); $doc = $proc-transformToXML ( $xmlDoc ); if (false === $doc) { header ( "HTTP/1.1 500 Server Error" ); header ( "Content-Type: text/plain" ); echo "\n"; // HERE is where it gets strange: the value of $doc is false and libxml_get_errors returns 0 entries. display_xml_errors ( libxml_get_errors() ); die (); } header ( "Content-Type: text/html" ); echo "\n"; echo $doc; function display_xml_errors($errors) { echo count ( $errors ) . " Error(s) from LibXSLT " . LIBXSLT_DOTTED_VERSION; for($i = 0; $i level) { case LIBXML_ERR_WARNING : $return .= "Warning $error-code: "; break; case LIBXML_ERR_ERROR : $return .= "Error $error-code: "; break; case LIBXML_ERR_FATAL : $return .= "Fatal Error $error-code: "; break; } $return .= trim ( $error-message ) . "\n Line: $error-line" . "\n Column: $error-column"; if ($error-file) { $return .= "\n File: $error-file"; } echo "$return\n\n--------------------------------------------\n\n"; } }

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• Problem with reading file line-by-line

  - by Maulrus

  I'm trying to complete an exercise to write a program that takes the following command line arguments: an input file, an output file, and an unspecified number of words. The program is to read the contents of the input file line by line, find for each word given which lines contain the word, and print the lines with their line number to the output file. Here's my code: #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include <sstream> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if (argc < 4) { cerr << "Error #1: not enough arguments provided\n"; return 1; } ifstream in(argv[1]); if (!in.is_open()) { cerr << "Error #2: input file could not be opened\n"; return 2; } ofstream out(argv[2]); if (!out.is_open()) { cerr << "Error #3: output file could not be opened\n"; return 3; } ostringstream oss; for (int i = 3; i < argc; ++i) { int k = 0; string temp; oss << argv[i] << ":\n\n"; while (getline(in, temp)) { ++k; unsigned x = temp.find(argv[i]); if (x != string::npos) oss << "Line #" << k << ": " << temp << endl; } } string copy = oss.str(); out << copy; in.close(); out.close(); return 0; } If I try to run that, I get the predicted output for the first word given, but any words following it aren't found. For example, for the source code above will give the following output: in: Line #1: #include <iostream> Line #2: #include <fstream> Line #3: #include <string> Line #4: #include <sstream> Line #5: using namespace std; Line #7: int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { Line #12: ifstream in(argv[1]); Line #13: if (!in.is_open()) { Line #14: cerr << "Error #2: input file could not be opened\n"; Line #22: ostringstream oss; Line #23: string temp; Line #24: for (int i = 3; i < argc; ++i) { Line #26: int k = 0; Line #28: while (getline(in, temp)) { Line #30: unsigned x = temp.find(argv[i]); Line #31: if (x != string::npos) Line #32: oss << "Line #" << k << ": " << temp << endl; Line #35: string copy = oss.str(); Line #37: in.close(); out: That is, it'll find all the instances of the first word given but not any following. What am I doing wrong here?

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• Linked list in C

  - by ScReYm0

  I am still new at lists in C and i got a big problem... First i wanna show you my code for inserting item to the list: void input_books_info(int number_of_books, BOOK *current) { int i; for(i = 0; i < number_of_books; i++) { while(current->next != NULL) current = current->next; current->next = (BOOK *)malloc(sizeof(BOOK)); printf_s("%d book catalog number: ", i + 1); scanf_s("%s", &current->next->catalog_number , 20); printf_s("%d book title: ", i + 1); scanf_s("%s", current->next->title ,80); printf_s("%d book author: ", i + 1); scanf_s("%s", current->next->author ,40); printf_s("%d book publisher: ", i+1); scanf_s("%s", current->next->publisher,80); printf_s("%d book price: ", i + 1); scanf_s("%f", &current->next->price, 5); printf_s("%d book year published: ", i + 1); scanf_s("%d", &current->next->year_published, 5); current->next->next = NULL; printf_s("\n\n"); } } And this is my main function: void main (void) { int number_of_books, t = 1; char book_catalog_number[STRMAX]; char book_title[STRMAX]; char book_author[STRMAX]; char reading_file[STRMAX]; char saving_file[STRMAX]; first = malloc(sizeof(BOOK)); first->next = NULL; /* printf_s("Enter file name: "); gets(saving_file); first->next = book_open(first, saving_file); */ while(t) { char m; printf_s("1. Input \n0. Exit \n\n"); printf_s("Choose operation: "); m = getch(); switch(m) { case '1': printf_s("\ninput number of books: "); scanf_s("%d", &number_of_books); input_books_info(number_of_books, first); printf_s("\n"); break; default: printf_s("\nNo entry found!\n\n\n\n\n"); break; } } } and last maybe here is the problem the printing function: void print_books_info(BOOK *current) { while(current->next != NULL && current != NULL) { printf_s("%s, ", current->next->catalog_number); printf_s("%s, ", current->author); printf_s("%s, ", current->next->title); printf_s("%s, ", current->next->author); printf_s("%s, ", current->next->publisher); printf_s("%.2f, ", current->next->price); printf_s("%d", current->next->year_published); printf_s("\n\n"); current = current->next; } } And my problem is that, when i run the app, program is moving good. But when I start the app, the program is storing only first input of data second and third are lost ... Can you help me to figure out it... ???

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• How to deploy a visual studio custom tool?

  - by Aen Sidhe

  Hello. I have a my own custom tool for Visual Studio 2008 SP1. It consists of 5 assemblies: 3 assemblies with code that used heavily in my other projects, 1 assembly-wrapper above VS2008 SDK and assembly with the tool. If I'd debug my tool from visual studio, using "Run external program" option with command line "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\IDE\devenv.exe" and arguments "/ranu /rootsuffix Exp" all work perfectly. After that I trying to deploy it to my working VS copy, not to experimental hive doing: gacutil /i Asm1.dll for all my assemblies and doing RegAsm Asm1.dll only for assembly with custom tool. Neither of utils prints any error, all work as planned, even registry keys appeared. But my tool don't work even after PC restart. What did I do wrong? Wrapper looks like that: [ComVisible(true)] public abstract class CustomToolBase : IVsSingleFileGenerator, IObjectWithSite { #region IVsSingleFileGenerator Members int IVsSingleFileGenerator.DefaultExtension(out string pbstrDefaultExtension) { pbstrDefaultExtension = ".cs"; return 0; } int IVsSingleFileGenerator.Generate(string wszInputFilePath, string bstrInputFileContents, string wszDefaultNamespace, IntPtr[] rgbOutputFileContents, out uint pcbOutput, IVsGeneratorProgress pGenerateProgress) { GenerationEventArgs gea = new GenerationEventArgs( bstrInputFileContents, wszInputFilePath, wszDefaultNamespace, new ServiceProvider(Site as Microsoft.VisualStudio.OLE.Interop.IServiceProvider) .GetService(typeof(ProjectItem)) as ProjectItem, new GenerationProgressFacade(pGenerateProgress) ); if (OnGenerateCode != null) { OnGenerateCode(this, gea); } byte[] bytes = gea.GetOutputCodeBytes(); int outputLength = bytes.Length; rgbOutputFileContents[0] = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(outputLength); Marshal.Copy(bytes, 0, rgbOutputFileContents[0], outputLength); pcbOutput = (uint)outputLength; return VSConstants.S_OK; } #endregion #region IObjectWithSite Members void IObjectWithSite.GetSite(ref Guid riid, out IntPtr ppvSite) { IntPtr pUnk = Marshal.GetIUnknownForObject(Site); IntPtr intPointer = IntPtr.Zero; Marshal.QueryInterface(pUnk, ref riid, out intPointer); ppvSite = intPointer; } void IObjectWithSite.SetSite(object pUnkSite) { Site = pUnkSite; } #endregion #region Public Members public object Site { get; private set; } public event EventHandler<GenerationEventArgs> OnGenerateCode; [ComRegisterFunction] public static void Register(Type type) { using (var parent = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey(@"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\9.0", true)) foreach (CustomToolRegistrationAttribute ourData in type.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CustomToolRegistrationAttribute), false)) ourData.Register(x => parent.CreateSubKey(x), (x, name, value) => x.SetValue(name, value)); } [ComUnregisterFunction] public static void Unregister(Type type) { using (var parent = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey(@"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\9.0", true)) foreach (CustomToolRegistrationAttribute ourData in type.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CustomToolRegistrationAttribute), false)) ourData.Unregister(x => parent.DeleteSubKey(x, false)); } #endregion } My tool code: [ComVisible(true)] [Guid("55A6C192-D29F-4e22-84DA-DBAF314ED5C3")] [CustomToolRegistration(ToolName, typeof(TransportGeneratorTool))] [ProvideObject(typeof(TransportGeneratorTool))] public class TransportGeneratorTool : CustomToolBase { private const string ToolName = "TransportGeneratorTool"; public TransportGeneratorTool() { OnGenerateCode += GenerateCode; } private static void GenerateCode(object s, GenerationEventArgs e) { try { var serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof (Parser.System)); using (var reader = new StringReader(e.InputText)) using (var writer = new StringWriter(e.OutputCode)) { Generator.System = (Parser.System) serializer.Deserialize(reader); Generator.System.Namespace = e.Namespace; Generator.GenerateSource(writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { e.Progress.GenerateError(ex.ToString()); } } } Resulting registry keys: Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VisualStudio\9.0\Generators] [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VisualStudio\9.0\Generators\{FAE04EC1-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}] [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\VisualStudio\9.0\Generators\{FAE04EC1-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}\TransportGeneratorTool] @="TransportGeneratorTool" "CLSID"="{55a6c192-d29f-4e22-84da-dbaf314ed5c3}" "GeneratesDesignTimeSource"=dword:00000001 "GeneratesSharedDesignTimeSource"=dword:00000001

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• finishing some functions in this code

  - by osabri

  i have problem to finish some functions in this code program lab4; var inFile : text; var pArray : array[1..10]of real; //array of 10 integer values containing patterns to search in a given set of numbers var rArray : array[1..10]of integer; //array containing result of pattern search, each index in rArray coresponds to number of occurences of //pattern from pArray in sArray. var sArray : array[1..100] of real; //array containing data read from file var accuracy : real; (****************************************************************************) function errMsg:integer; begin if ParamCount < 3 then begin writeln('Too few arguments'); writeln('Usage: ./lab4 lab4.txt <accuracy> <pattern_1> <pattern_2> <pattern_n>'); errMsg:=-1; end else if ParamCount > 12 then begin writeln('Too many arguments'); writeln('Maximum number of patterns is 10'); errMsg:=-1; end else begin assign(inFile,ParamStr(1)); {$I-} reset(inFile); if ioresult<>0 then begin writeln('Cannot open ',ParamStr(1)); errMsg:=-1; end else errMsg:=0; end; end; (****************************************************************************) procedure readPattern; var errPos,idx:integer; begin if errMsg=0 then begin for idx:=1 to ParamCount-2 do begin Val(ParamStr(idx+2),pArray[idx],errPos); writeln('pArray:',pArray[idx]:2:2); end; end; end; (****************************************************************************) procedure getAccuracy; //Function should get the accuracy as the first param (after the program name) begin (here where i stopped : (( ) end; (****************************************************************************) function readSet:integer; //Function returns number of elements read from file var idx,errPos:integer; var sChar: string; begin if errMsg=0 then begin idx:=1; repeat begin readln(inFile,sChar); VAL(sChar,sArray[idx],errPos); writeln('sArray:',sArray[idx]:2:2); idx:=idx+1; end until eof(inFile)=TRUE; end; readSet:=idx-1; end; (****************************************************************************) procedure searchPattern(sNumber:integer); //Function should search and count pattern(patterns) occurence in a given set what the best solution for this part?? (****************************************************************************) procedure dispResult; //Function should display the result of pattern(patterns) search begin (****************************************************************************) begin readPattern; getAccuracy; searchPattern(readSet); dispResult; end.

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• HttpWebRequest response produces HTTP 422. Why?

  - by Simon

  Hi there. I'm trying to programmatically send a POST-request to a web-server in order to login an then perform other requests that require a login. This is my code: Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes( String.Format( "login={0}&password={1}&authenticity_token={2}", username, password, token)); //Create HTTP-request for login HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create("http://www.xxx.xx/xx/xx"); request.Method = "POST"; request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"; request.ContentLength = data.Length; request.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer(); request.Accept = "application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html; +"q=0.9,text/plain ;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5"; request.Referer = "http://www.garzantilinguistica.it/it/session"; request.Headers.Add("Accept-Language", "de-DE"); request.Headers.Add("Origin", "http://www.xxx.xx"); request.UserAgent = "C#"; request.Headers.Add("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate"); After sending the request //Send post request var requestStream = request.GetRequestStream(); requestStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length); requestStream.Flush(); requestStream.Close(); ... I want to get the servers response: //Get Response StreamReader responseStreamReader = new StreamReader( request.GetResponse().GetResponseStream()); //WebException: HTTP 422! string content = responseStreamReader.ReadToEnd(); This piece of code fires the WebException, that tells me the server responded with HTTP 422 (unprocessable entity due to semantic errors) Then I compared (using a TCP/IP sniffers) the requests of my program and the browser (which of course produces a valid POST-request and gets the right response). (1) My program's request: POST /it/session HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Accept: application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain; q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 Referer: http://www.garzantilinguistica.it/it/session Accept-Language: de-DE Origin: http://www.garzantilinguistica.it User-Agent: C# Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Host: www.garzantilinguistica.it Content-Length: 111 Expect: 100-continue Connection: Keep-Alive HTTP/1.1 100 Continue [email protected]&password=machivui&authenticity_token=4vLgtwP3nFNg4NeuG4MbUnU7sy4z91Wi8WJXH0POFmg= HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Entity (2) The browser's request: POST /it/session HTTP/1.1 Host: www.garzantilinguistica.it Referer: http://www.garzantilinguistica.it/it/session Accept: application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9, text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 Accept-Language: de-DE Origin: http://www.garzantilinguistica.it User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; de-DE) AppleWebKit/531.22.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.5 Safari/531.22.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Cookie: __utma=244184339.652523587.1275208707.1275208707.1275211298.2; __utmb=244184339.20.10.1275211298; __utmc=244184339; __utmz=244184339.1275208707.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); _garzanti2009_session=BAh7CDoPc2Vzc2lvbl9pZCIlZDg4MWZjNjg2YTRhZWE0NDQ0ZTJmMTU2YWY4ZTQ1NGU6EF9jc3JmX3Rva2VuIjFqRWdLdll3dTYwOTVVTEpNZkt6dG9jUCtaZ0o4V0FnV2V5ZnpuREx6QUlZPSIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNoSGFzaHsGOgplcnJvciIVbG9naW4gbm9uIHZhbGlkbwY6CkB1c2VkewY7CFQ%3D--4200fa769898dd156faa49e457baf660cf068d08 Content-Length: 144 Connection: keep-alive authenticity_token=jEgKvYwu6095ULJMfKztocP%2BZgJ8WAgWeyfznDLzAIY%3D&login=thespider14%40hotmail.com&password=machivui&remember_me=1&commit=Entra HTTP/1.1 302 Found Can someone help to understand which part of the request I am missing or what the main difference between the browser's and my request is? Why am I getting that 422?

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• Help with infrequent segmentation fault in accessing boost::unordered_multimap or struct

  - by Sarah

  I'm having trouble debugging a segmentation fault. I'd appreciate tips on how to go about narrowing in on the problem. The error appears when an iterator tries to access an element of a struct Infection, defined as: struct Infection { public: explicit Infection( double it, double rt ) : infT( it ), recT( rt ) {} double infT; // infection start time double recT; // scheduled recovery time }; These structs are kept in a special structure, InfectionMap: typedef boost::unordered_multimap< int, Infection > InfectionMap; Every member of class Host has an InfectionMap carriage. Recovery times and associated host identifiers are kept in a priority queue. When a scheduled recovery event arises in the simulation for a particular strain s in a particular host, the program searches through carriage of that host to find the Infection whose recT matches the recovery time (double recoverTime). (For reasons that aren't worth going into, it's not as expedient for me to use recT as the key to InfectionMap; the strain s is more useful, and coinfections with the same strain are possible.) assert( carriage.size() > 0 ); pair<InfectionMap::iterator,InfectionMap::iterator> ret = carriage.equal_range( s ); InfectionMap::iterator it; for ( it = ret.first; it != ret.second; it++ ) { if ( ((*it).second).recT == recoverTime ) { // produces seg fault carriage.erase( it ); } } I get a "Program received signal EXC_BAD_ACCESS, Could not access memory. Reason: KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS at address..." on the line specified above. The recoverTime is fine, and the assert(...) in the code is not tripped. As I said, this seg fault appears 'randomly' after thousands of successful recovery events. How would you go about figuring out what's going on? I'd love ideas about what could be wrong and how I can further investigate the problem. Update I added a new assert and a check just inside the for loop: assert( carriage.size() > 0 ); assert( carriage.count( s ) > 0 ); pair<InfectionMap::iterator,InfectionMap::iterator> ret = carriage.equal_range( s ); InfectionMap::iterator it; cout << "carriage.count(" << s << ")=" << carriage.count(s) << endl; for ( it = ret.first; it != ret.second; it++ ) { cout << "(*it).first=" << (*it).first << endl; // error here if ( ((*it).second).recT == recoverTime ) { carriage.erase( it ); } } The EXC_BAD_ACCESS error now appears at the (*it).first call, again after many thousands of successful recoveries. Can anyone give me tips on how to figure out how this problem arises? I'm trying to use gdb. Frame 0 from the backtrace reads "#0 0x0000000100001d50 in Host::recover (this=0x100530d80, s=0, recoverTime=635.91148029170529) at Host.cpp:317" I'm not sure what useful information I can extract here. Update 2 I added a break; after the carriage.erase(it). This works, but I have no idea why (e.g., why it would remove the seg fault at (*it).first.

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• How to group and sum values in XSLT

  - by johkar

  For each "agency" node I need to find the "stmt" elements that have the same key1, key2, key3 values and output just one "stmt" node with the "comm" and "prem" values summed together. For any "stmt" elements within that "agency" that don't match any other "stmt" elements based on key1, key2 and key3 I need to output them as is. So after transformation the first "agency" node would only have two "stmt" nodes (one summed) and the second "agency" node would be passed as is because the keys don't match. XSLT 1.0 or 2.0 solutions are ok...though my stylesheet is currently 1.0. Note that the agency nodes could have any number of "stmt" elements that have matching keys which need to be grouped and summed and any number that don't. <statement> <agency> <stmt> <key1>1234</key1> <key2>ABC</key2> <key3>15.000</key3> <comm>75.00</comm> <prem>100.00</prem> </stmt> <stmt> <key1>1234</key1> <key2>ABC</key2> <key3>15.000</key3> <comm>25.00</comm> <prem>200.00</prem> </stmt> <stmt> <key1>1234</key1> <key2>ABC</key2> <key3>17.50</key3> <comm>25.00</comm> <prem>100.00</prem> </stmt> </agency> <agency> <stmt> <key1>5678</key1> <key2>DEF</key2> <key3>15.000</key3> <comm>10.00</comm> <prem>20.00</prem> </stmt> <stmt> <key1>5678</key1> <key2>DEF</key2> <key3>17.000</key3> <comm>15.00</comm> <prem>12.00</prem> </stmt> </agency>

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• XSLT: a variation on the pagination problem

  - by MarcoS

  I must transform some XML data into a paginated list of fields. Here is an example. Input XML: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <data> <books> <book title="t0"/> <book title="t1"/> <book title="t2"/> <book title="t3"/> <book title="t4"/> </books> <library name="my library"/> </data> Desired output: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <pages> <page number="1"> <field name="library_name" value="my library"/> <field name="book_1" value="t0"/> <field name="book_2" value="t1"/> </page> <page number="2"> <field name="book_1" value="t2"/> <field name="book_2" value="t3"/> </page> <page number="3"> <field name="book_1" value="t4"/> </page> </pages> In the above example I assume that I want at most 2 fields named book_n (with n ranging between 1 and 2) per page. Tags <page> must have an attribute number. Finally, the field named library_name must appear only the first <page>. Here is my current solution using XSLT: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="2.0" exclude-result-prefixes="trx xs"> <xsl:output method="xml" indent="yes" omit-xml-declaration="no" /> <xsl:variable name="max" select="2"/> <xsl:template match="//books"> <xsl:for-each-group select="book" group-ending-with="*[position() mod $max = 0]"> <xsl:variable name="pageNum" select="position()"/> <page number="{$pageNum}"> <xsl:for-each select="current-group()"> <xsl:variable name="idx" select="if (position() mod $max = 0) then $max else position() mod $max"/> <field value="{@title}"> <xsl:attribute name="name">book_<xsl:value-of select="$idx"/> </xsl:attribute> </field> </xsl:for-each> <xsl:if test="$pageNum = 1"> <xsl:call-template name="templateFor_library"/> </xsl:if> </page> </xsl:for-each-group> </xsl:template> <xsl:template name="templateFor_library"> <xsl:for-each select="//library"> <field name="library_name" value="{@name}" /> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> Is there a better/simpler way to perform this transformation?

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• Increasing speed of python code

  - by Curious2learn

  Hi, I have some python code that has many classes. I used cProfile to find that the total time to run the program is 68 seconds. I found that the following function in a class called Buyers takes about 60 seconds of those 68 seconds. I have to run the program about 100 times, so any increase in speed will help. Can you suggest ways to increase the speed by modifying the code? If you need more information that will help, please let me know. def qtyDemanded(self, timePd, priceVector): '''Returns quantity demanded in period timePd. In addition, also updates the list of customers and non-customers. Inputs: timePd and priceVector Output: count of people for whom priceVector[-1] < utility ''' ## Initialize count of customers to zero ## Set self.customers and self.nonCustomers to empty lists price = priceVector[-1] count = 0 self.customers = [] self.nonCustomers = [] for person in self.people: if person.utility >= price: person.customer = 1 self.customers.append(person) else: person.customer = 0 self.nonCustomers.append(person) return len(self.customers) self.people is a list of person objects. Each person has customer and utility as its attributes. EDIT - responsed added ------------------------------------- Thanks so much for the suggestions. Here is the response to some questions and suggestions people have kindly made. I have not tried them all, but will try others and write back later. (1) @amber - the function is accessed 80,000 times. (2) @gnibbler and others - self.people is a list of Person objects in memory. Not connected to a database. (3) @Hugh Bothwell cumtime taken by the original function - 60.8 s (accessed 80000 times) cumtime taken by the new function with local function aliases as suggested - 56.4 s (accessed 80000 times) (4) @rotoglup and @Martin Thomas I have not tried your solutions yet. I need to check the rest of the code to see the places where I use self.customers before I can make the change of not appending the customers to self.customers list. But I will try this and write back. (5) @TryPyPy - thanks for your kind offer to check the code. Let me first read a little on the suggestions you have made to see if those will be feasible to use. EDIT 2 Some suggested that since I am flagging the customers and noncustomers in the self.people, I should try without creating separate lists of self.customers and self.noncustomers using append. Instead, I should loop over the self.people to find the number of customers. I tried the following code and timed both functions below f_w_append and f_wo_append. I did find that the latter takes less time, but it is still 96% of the time taken by the former. That is, it is a very small increase in the speed. @TryPyPy - The following piece of code is complete enough to check the bottleneck function, in case your offer is still there to check it with other compilers. Thanks again to everyone who replied. import numpy class person(object): def __init__(self, util): self.utility = util self.customer = 0 class population(object): def __init__(self, numpeople): self.people = [] self.cus = [] self.noncus = [] numpy.random.seed(1) utils = numpy.random.uniform(0, 300, numpeople) for u in utils: per = person(u) self.people.append(per) popn = population(300) def f_w_append(): '''Function with append''' P = 75 cus = [] noncus = [] for per in popn.people: if per.utility >= P: per.customer = 1 cus.append(per) else: per.customer = 0 noncus.append(per) return len(cus) def f_wo_append(): '''Function without append''' P = 75 for per in popn.people: if per.utility >= P: per.customer = 1 else: per.customer = 0 numcustomers = 0 for per in popn.people: if per.customer == 1: numcustomers += 1 return numcustomers

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• How can I get SQL Server transactions to use record-level locks?

  - by Joe White

  We have an application that was originally written as a desktop app, lo these many years ago. It starts a transaction whenever you open an edit screen, and commits if you click OK, or rolls back if you click Cancel. This worked okay for a desktop app, but now we're trying to move to ADO.NET and SQL Server, and the long-running transactions are problematic. I found that we'll have a problem when multiple users are all trying to edit (different subsets of) the same table at the same time. In our old database, each user's transaction would acquire record-level locks to every record they modified during their transaction; since different users were editing different records, everyone gets their own locks and everything works. But in SQL Server, as soon as one user edits a record inside a transaction, SQL Server appears to get a lock on the entire table. When a second user tries to edit a different record in the same table, the second user's app simply locks up, because the SqlConnection blocks until the first user either commits or rolls back. I'm aware that long-running transactions are bad, and I know that the best solution would be to change these screens so that they no longer keep transactions open for a long time. But since that would mean some invasive and risky changes, I also want to research whether there's a way to get this code up and running as-is, just so I know what my options are. How can I get two different users' transactions in SQL Server to lock individual records instead of the entire table? Here's a quick-and-dirty console app that illustrates the issue. I've created a database called "test1", with one table called "Values" that just has ID (int) and Value (nvarchar) columns. If you run the app, it asks for an ID to modify, starts a transaction, modifies that record, and then leaves the transaction open until you press ENTER. I want to be able to start the program and tell it to update ID 1; let it get its transaction and modify the record; start a second copy of the program and tell it to update ID 2; have it able to update (and commit) while the first app's transaction is still open. Currently it freezes at step 4, until I go back to the first copy of the app and close it or press ENTER so it commits. The call to command.ExecuteNonQuery blocks until the first connection is closed. public static void Main() { Console.Write("ID to update: "); var id = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine("Starting transaction"); using (var scope = new TransactionScope()) using (var connection = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source=localhost\sqlexpress;Initial Catalog=test1;Integrated Security=True")) { connection.Open(); var command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "UPDATE [Values] SET Value = 'Value' WHERE ID = " + id; Console.WriteLine("Updating record"); command.ExecuteNonQuery(); Console.Write("Press ENTER to end transaction: "); Console.ReadLine(); scope.Complete(); } } Here are some things I've already tried, with no change in behavior: Changing the transaction isolation level to "read uncommitted" Specifying a "WITH (ROWLOCK)" on the UPDATE statement

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• How do I solve "Two different CRTLDLLs are loaded" when using packages in C++ Builder 2010?

  - by David M

  Hi, We are trying to split up our monolithic EXE into a combination of an EXE and several packages. So far, we have one package that we're trying to use, and when running the EXE Codeguard shows the following error on startup: CG Error Two different CRTLDLLs are loaded. CG might report false errors (C:\Windows\system32\CC32100MT.DLL) (D:\Projects\Foo\Bar.bpl) OK I read this as two different runtime libraries being loaded - one, the correct one (CC32100MT.dll), one incorrect, which is the package we're trying to use. Continuing to run the program shows odd errors, especially casting between classes or passing a pointer to a class as a parameter in a method that crosses the EXE/DLL boundary. Codeguard itself doesn't show any other errors at all though. How do we solve this? Some more details We've looked at as many things as we (the developer working on this and I) can collectively think of: Each project is built using runtime packages. The EXE host lists Bar in its package list. Each project is set to compile with dynamic RTL. However, changing this does not solve the problem. The package is linked to the EXE via its BPI file, but linking via a LIB makes no difference either. The EXE and BPL are compiled with the same project settings, where the same options exist for both types of project. We think, anyway :) There is only one copy of the BPL and BPI on the system: it's definitely linking to the right one. Examining the EXE and BPL with Depends and TDump show they are both using C:\Windows\system32\CC32100MT.DLL. They should both be using the one RTL. Creating a new project (a plain VCL forms application) and linking to the BPL (via its BPI) works fine. Something in the process of adding all the files and LIBs that make our EXE contain the code it needs to changes this, but we haven't been able to figure out what. The LIBs all either correspond to DLLs we use (flat C interface, usually look as though they were built with MSVC) or are simple projects with lots of related files, compiled to a lib for the purpose of linking into the EXE - these correspond roughly to the areas of the program we want to split to BPLs, by the way. There don't seem to be project options for the LIB projects that would affect RTL linking, unless we've missed them. I have exhaustively hunted through Depends and looked at all RTL and CC32*.dll files the EXE and every single DLL references. All are identical: rtl140.bpl and CC32100MT.DLL. Fully qualified paths show they are the same files, too. Everything should be using the one same run-time library. We're stumped. Absolutely stumped. We've had other problems using BPLs (they seem to be surprisingly tricky things, especially using C++) but have managed to solve them all. This one we've had no luck at all and we'd really appreciate any insights :) We're using C++Builder 2010 (as part of RAD Studio actually, but with little Delphi code apart from components.)

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• How to find minimum weight with maximum cost in 0-1 Knapsack algorithm?

  - by Nitin9791

  I am trying to solve a spoj problem Party Schedule the problem statement is- You just received another bill which you cannot pay because you lack the money. Unfortunately, this is not the first time to happen, and now you decide to investigate the cause of your constant monetary shortness. The reason is quite obvious: the lion's share of your money routinely disappears at the entrance of party localities. You make up your mind to solve the problem where it arises, namely at the parties themselves. You introduce a limit for your party budget and try to have the most possible fun with regard to this limit. You inquire beforehand about the entrance fee to each party and estimate how much fun you might have there. The list is readily compiled, but how do you actually pick the parties that give you the most fun and do not exceed your budget? Write a program which finds this optimal set of parties that offer the most fun. Keep in mind that your budget need not necessarily be reached exactly. Achieve the highest possible fun level, and do not spend more money than is absolutely necessary. Input The first line of the input specifies your party budget and the number n of parties. The following n lines contain two numbers each. The first number indicates the entrance fee of each party. Parties cost between 5 and 25 francs. The second number indicates the amount of fun of each party, given as an integer number ranging from 0 to 10. The budget will not exceed 500 and there will be at most 100 parties. All numbers are separated by a single space. There are many test cases. Input ends with 0 0. Output For each test case your program must output the sum of the entrance fees and the sum of all fun values of an optimal solution. Both numbers must be separated by a single space. Example Sample input: 50 10 12 3 15 8 16 9 16 6 10 2 21 9 18 4 12 4 17 8 18 9 50 10 13 8 19 10 16 8 12 9 10 2 12 8 13 5 15 5 11 7 16 2 0 0 Sample output: 49 26 48 32 now I know that it is an advance version of 0/1 knapsack problem where along with maximum cost we also have to find minimum weight that is less than a a given weight and have maximum cost. so I have used dp to solve this problem but still get a wrong awnser on submission while it is perfectly fine with given test cases. My code is typedef vector<int> vi; #define pb push_back #define FOR(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++) int main() { //freopen("input.txt","r",stdin); while(1) { int W,n; cin>>W>>n; if(W==0 && n==0) break; int K[n+1][W+1]; vi val,wt; FOR(i,n) { int x,y; cin>>x>>y; wt.pb(x); val.pb(y); } FOR(i,n+1) { FOR(w,W+1) { if(i==0 || w==0) { K[i][w]=0; } else if (wt[i-1] <= w) { if(val[i-1] + K[i-1][w-wt[i-1]]>=K[i-1][w]) { K[i][w]=val[i-1] + K[i-1][w-wt[i-1]]; } else { K[i][w]=K[i-1][w]; } } else { K[i][w] = K[i-1][w]; } } } int a1=K[n][W],a2; for(int j=0;j<W;j++) { if(K[n][j]==a1) { a2=j; break; } } cout<<a2<<" "<<a1<<"\n"; } return 0; } Could anyone suggest what am I missing??

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• C++ template function specialization using TCHAR on Visual Studio 2005

  - by Eli

  I'm writing a logging class that uses a templatized operator<< function. I'm specializing the template function on wide-character string so that I can do some wide-to-narrow translation before writing the log message. I can't get TCHAR to work properly - it doesn't use the specialization. Ideas? Here's the pertinent code: // Log.h header class Log { public: template <typename T> Log& operator<<( const T& x ); template <typename T> Log& operator<<( const T* x ); template <typename T> Log& operator<<( const T*& x ); ... } template <typename T> Log& Log::operator<<( const T& input ) { printf("ref"); } template <typename T> Log& Log::operator<<( const T* input ) { printf("ptr"); } template <> Log& Log::operator<<( const std::wstring& input ); template <> Log& Log::operator<<( const wchar_t* input ); And the source file // Log.cpp template <> Log& Log::operator<<( const std::wstring& input ) { printf("wstring ref"); } template <> Log& Log::operator<<( const wchar_t* input ) { printf("wchar_t ptr"); } template <> Log& Log::operator<<( const TCHAR*& input ) { printf("tchar ptr ref"); } Now, I use the following test program to exercise these functions // main.cpp - test program int main() { Log log; log << "test 1"; log << L"test 2"; std::string test3( "test3" ); log << test3; std::wstring test4( L"test4" ); log << test4; TCHAR* test5 = L"test5"; log << test4; } Running the above tests reveals the following: // Test results ptr wchar_t ptr ref wstring ref ref Unfortunately, that's not quite right. I'd really like the last one to be "TCHAR", so that I can convert it. According to Visual Studio's debugger, the when I step in to the function being called in test 5, the type is wchar_t*& - but it's not calling the appropriate specialization. Ideas? I'm not sure if it's pertinent or not, but this is on a Windows CE 5.0 device.

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• WebClient.DownloadDataAsync is freezing my UI

  - by Matías

  Hi, I have in my Form constructor, after the InitializeComponent the following code: using (WebClient client = new WebClient()) { client.DownloadDataCompleted += new DownloadDataCompletedEventHandler(client_DownloadDataCompleted); client.DownloadDataAsync("http://example.com/version.txt"); } When I start my form, the UI doesn't appears till client_DownloadDataCompleted is raised. The client_DownloadDataCompleted method is empty, so there's no problem there. What I'm doing wrong? How is supposed to do this without freezing the UI? Thanks for your time. Best regards. FULL CODE: Program.cs using System; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace Lala { static class Program { /// <summary> /// The main entry point for the application. /// </summary> [STAThread] static void Main() { Application.EnableVisualStyles(); Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false); Application.Run(new Form1()); } } } Form1.cs using System; using System.Net; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace Lala { public partial class Form1 : Form { WebClient client = new WebClient(); public Form1() { client.DownloadDataCompleted += new DownloadDataCompletedEventHandler(client_DownloadDataCompleted); client.DownloadDataAsync(new Uri("http://www.google.com")); InitializeComponent(); } void client_DownloadDataCompleted(object sender, DownloadDataCompletedEventArgs e) { textBox1.Text += "A"; } } partial class Form1 { /// <summary> /// Required designer variable. /// </summary> private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null; /// <summary> /// Clean up any resources being used. /// </summary> /// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param> protected override void Dispose(bool disposing) { if (disposing && (components != null)) { components.Dispose(); } base.Dispose(disposing); } #region Windows Form Designer generated code /// <summary> /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify /// the contents of this method with the code editor. /// </summary> private void InitializeComponent() { this.button1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Button(); this.textBox1 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox(); this.SuspendLayout(); // // button1 // this.button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 12); this.button1.Name = "button1"; this.button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23); this.button1.TabIndex = 0; this.button1.Text = "button1"; this.button1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true; // // textBox1 // this.textBox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 41); this.textBox1.Multiline = true; this.textBox1.Name = "textBox1"; this.textBox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(468, 213); this.textBox1.TabIndex = 1; // // Form1 // this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(6F, 13F); this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font; this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(492, 266); this.Controls.Add(this.textBox1); this.Controls.Add(this.button1); this.Name = "Form1"; this.Text = "Form1"; this.ResumeLayout(false); this.PerformLayout(); } #endregion private System.Windows.Forms.Button button1; private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox textBox1; } }

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• How to populate the span tags for all text nodes between specific self closing tags.

  - by Rachel

  I want to populate span tags for all text nodes between the self closing tags s1 and s2 having the same id. Eg. For the input: <a> <b>Some <s1 id="1" />text here</b> <c>Some <s2 id="1"/>more text <s1 id="2"/> here<c/> <d>More data</d> <e>Some <s2 id="2" />more data</e> </a> In the above input i want to enclose every text node between <s1 id="1"/> and <s2 id="1" /> with span tags. Also all the text node between <s1 id="2" /> and <s2 id="2" /> Expected Output: <a> <b>Some <span class="spanClass" id="1a">text here</span></b> <c><span class="spanClass" id="1b">Some </span>more text <span class="spanClass" id="2a"> here</span></c> <d><span class="spanClass" id="2b">More data</span></d> <e><span class="spanClass" id="2c">Some </span>more data</e> </a> I am not concened about the pattern of the id tag populated for the span as along it is unique. If the transformation of the input to the output form requires the list of ids of the s1 , s2 tag pairs say 1, 2 etc i can assume that it in place in any form if required. Hope i am clear. How can this be achieved using XSL? EDIT: The input can have any structure and not exactly the same as seen in the sample input. It can have any number of s1, s2 tag pairs but each pair will have a unique id.Adding another sample input and output pattern for more information. Input: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>This is my title</title> </head> <body> <h1 align="center">This <s1 id="1" />is my <s2 id="1" />heading</h1> <p> Sample content <s1 id="2" />Some text here. Some content here. </p> <p> Here you <s2 id="2" />go. </p> </body> </html> Desired output: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>This is my title</title> </head> <body> <h1 align="center">This <span id="1">is my </span>heading</h1> <p> Sample content <span id="2">Some text here. Some content here.</span> </p> <p> <span id="2">Here you </span>go. </p> </body> </html>

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• clojure.algo.monad strange m-plus behaviour with parser-m - why is second m-plus evaluated?

  - by Mark Fisher

  I'm getting unexpected behaviour in some monads I'm writing. I've created a parser-m monad with (def parser-m (state-t maybe-m)) which is pretty much the example given everywhere (here, here and here) I'm using m-plus to act a kind of fall-through query mechanism, in my case, it first reads values from a cache (database), if that returns nil, the next method is to read from "live" (a REST call). However, the second value in the m-plus list is always called, even though its value is disgarded (if the cache hit was good) and the final return is that of the first monadic function. Here's a cutdown version of the issue i'm seeing, and some solutions I found, but I don't know why. My questions are: Is this expected behaviour or a bug in m-plus? i.e. will the 2nd method in a m-plus list always be evaluated if the first item returns a value? Minor in comparison to the above, but if i remove the call _ (fetch-state) from checker, when i evaluate that method, it prints out the messages for the functions the m-plus is calling (when i don't think it should). Is this also a bug? Here's a cut-down version of the code in question highlighting the problem. It simply checks key/value pairs passed in are same as the initial state values, and updates the state to mark what it actually ran. (ns monods.monad-test (:require [clojure.algo.monads :refer :all])) (def parser-m (state-t maybe-m)) (defn check-k-v [k v] (println "calling with k,v:" k v) (domonad parser-m [kv (fetch-val k) _ (do (println "k v kv (= kv v)" k v kv (= kv v)) (m-result 0)) :when (= kv v) _ (do (println "passed") (m-result 0)) _ (update-val :ran #(conj % (str "[" k " = " v "]"))) ] [k v])) (defn filler [] (println "filler called") (domonad parser-m [_ (fetch-state) _ (do (println "filling") (m-result 0)) :when nil] nil)) (def checker (domonad parser-m [_ (fetch-state) result (m-plus ;; (filler) ;; intitially commented out deliberately (check-k-v :a 1) (check-k-v :b 2) (check-k-v :c 3))] result)) (checker {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3 :ran []}) When I run this as is, the output is: > (checker {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3 :ran []}) calling with k,v: :a 1 calling with k,v: :b 2 calling with k,v: :c 3 k v kv (= kv v) :a 1 1 true passed k v kv (= kv v) :b 2 2 true passed [[:a 1] {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3, :ran ["[:a = 1]"]}] I don't expect the line k v kv (= kv v) :b 2 2 true to show at all. The first function to m-plus (as seen in the final output) is what is returned from it. Now, I've found if I pass a filler into m-plus that does nothing (i.e. uncomment the (filler) line) then the output is correct, the :b value isn't evaluated. If I don't have the filler method, and make the first method test fail (i.e. change it to (check-k-v :a 2) then again everything is good, I don't get a call to check :c, only a and b are tested. From my understanding of what the state-t maybe-m transformation is giving me, then the m-plus function should look like: (defn m-plus [left right] (fn [state] (if-let [result (left state)] result (right state)))) which would mean that right isn't called unless left returns nil/false. I'd be interested to know if my understanding is correct or not, and why I have to put the filler method in to stop the extra evaluation (whose effects I don't want to happen). Apologies for the long winded post!

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• C++ Compile problem when using Windows - CodeGear

  - by Carlos

  This is a follow-up question to this one i made earlier. Btw thanks Neil Butterworth for you help http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2461977/problem-compiling-c-in-codegear A quick recap. Im currently developing a C++ program for university, I used Netbeans 6.8 on my personal computer (Mac) and all works perfect. When I try them on my windows partition or at the university PC's using CodeGear RAD Studio 2009 & 2010 i was getting a few compile errors which were solved by adding the following header file: #include <string> However now the program does compile but it doesn't run, just a blank console. And am getting the following in the CodeGear event's log: Thread Start: Thread ID: 2024. Process Project1.exe (3280) Process Start: C:\Users\Carlos\Documents\RAD Studio\Projects\Debug\Project1.exe. Base Address: $00400000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: Project1.exe. Has Debug Info. Base Address: $00400000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: ntdll.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $77E80000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: KERNEL32.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $771C0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: KERNELBASE.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $75FE0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: cc32100.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $32A00000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: USER32.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $77980000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: GDI32.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $75F50000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: LPK.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $75AB0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: USP10.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $76030000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: msvcrt.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $776A0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: ADVAPI32.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $777D0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: SECHOST.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $77960000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: RPCRT4.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $762F0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: SspiCli.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $759F0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: CRYPTBASE.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $759E0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: IMM32.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $763F0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) Module Load: MSCTF.dll. No Debug Info. Base Address: $75AD0000. Process Project1.exe (3280) I would really appreciate any help or ideas on how to solve this problem. P.S: In the case anyone wonders why am I sticking with CodeGear is because is the IDE professors use to evaluate our assignments.

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