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• Forward all traffic through an ssh tunnel

  - by Eamorr

  I hope someone can follow this and I'll explain as best I can. I'm trying to forward all traffic from port 6999 on x.x.x.224, through an ssh tunnel, and onto port 7000 on x.x.x.218. Here is some ASCII art: |browser|-----|Squid on x.x.x.224|------|ssh tunnel|------<satellite link>-----|Squid on x.x.x.218|-----|www| 3128 6999 7000 80 When I remove the ssh tunnel, everything works fine. The idea is to turn off encryption on the ssh tunnel (to save bandwidth) and turn on maximum compression (to save more bandwidth). This is because it's a satellite link. Here's the ssh tunnel I've been using: ssh -C -f -C -o CompressionLevel=9 -o Cipher=none [email protected] -L 7000:172.16.1.224:6999 -N The trouble is, I don't know how to get data from Squid on x.x.x.224 into the ssh tunnel? Am I going about this the wrong way? Should I create an ssh tunnel on x.x.x.218? I use iptables to stop squid on x.x.x.224 from reading port 80, but to feed from port 6999 instead (i.e. via the ssh tunnel). Do I need another iptables rule? Any comments greatly appreciated. Many thanks in advance, Regarding Eduardo Ivanec's question, here is a netstat -i any port 7000 -nn dump from x.x.x.218: 14:42:15.386462 IP 172.16.1.224.40006 > 172.16.1.218.7000: Flags [S], seq 2804513708, win 14600, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 86702647 ecr 0,nop,wscale 4], length 0 14:42:15.386690 IP 172.16.1.218.7000 > 172.16.1.224.40006: Flags [R.], seq 0, ack 2804513709, win 0, length 0 Update 2: When I run the second command, I get the following error in my browser: ERROR The requested URL could not be retrieved The following error was encountered while trying to retrieve the URL: http://109.123.109.205/index.php Zero Sized Reply Squid did not receive any data for this request. Your cache administrator is webmaster. Generated Fri, 01 Jul 2011 16:06:06 GMT by remote-site (squid/2.7.STABLE9) remote-site is 172.16.1.224 When I do a tcpdump -i any port 7000 -nn I get the following: root@remote-site:~# tcpdump -i any port 7000 -nn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 65535 bytes channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused

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• Windows 7 playback of dvr-Microsoft files stutters

  - by Jim Lynn

  I've just had to install Windows 7 on my Media Center machine because my Vista installation had a faulty drive. I've got the latest drivers that I can find - Intel 945GM integrated Graphics, Realtek audio drivers. Things are working OK with one exception. Playback of old recordings, from dvr-Microsoft format files, is choppy. The picture freezes for a fraction of a second, then quickly catches up. The sound is uninterrupted and doesn't pause. These freezes happen once every 5 seconds or so. It's very regular. Playback of Live TV from the digital tuner is perfectly smooth. DVD playback is perfectly smooth. As an experiment, I used the MPEG editing package VideoReDo to create a small test file in three different formats. This program takes the raw MPEG streams and repackages them into the desired container. I took the same clip and created three files in three formats: dvr-Microsoft (Microsoft's old recorded TV format); mpg (standard MPEG); and ts (raw MPEG transport stream of the kind often produced by PVRs). When these three files are played back under Windows 7, the mpg and ts files play smoothly, but the dvr-Microsoft file stutters. The last piece of data I have is that two other Windows 7 machines can play back dvr-Microsoft files smoothly with no stuttering. One is a netbook, with less grunt than the media centre. So there must be something specific about my Media Center machine that's causing the problem. Does anyone have any idea where I can look now? I don't know much about AV software, codecs, filter graphs etc. but I suspect that's where the problem lies. Rendering the video isn't the problem, but extracting the streams is. How would I go about diagnosing the problem? Edited to add: I just used the GraphStudio tool to look at the filter graph on the offending PC. The filter graph it uses by default for dvr-Microsoft looks identical to the other machines, and, interestingly, when I play the files using GraphStudio they run smoothly. Under Windows Media Player and Windows Media Center they stutter. I'd like to see the filter graph for Windows Media Player but GraphStudio won't show it. It looks like Windows Media Player and WMC are using a different decoding path to GraphStudio. Edited again to add: Today I purchased a new HDTV. The same Media Center driving the TV at 1080p is now playing back the old Recorded TV files smoothly, without stuttering. So whatever the cause of the original problem, using a different resolution seems to have removed the problem. It might also explain why nobody else has had this problem. I doubt many people use Media Centre with a 14in portable TV.

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• Router reconfigures PC's and they can no longer access the internet via hardwired connection to DSL Modem

  - by zchads

  Router reconfigures PC's and they can no longer access the internet via hardwired connection to DSL Modem. Hardware Information: Buffalo Wireless Router/access point, Model: WZR-HP-G300NH-AP DSL Modem: Generic (actually not sure of manufacture). Service Provider: TOT (Thailand) Laptop-1: Windows XP and Belkin PCMIA Network Card Laptop-2: Windows XP unknown network card & Wifi Laptop-3: Windows 7 unknown network card & Wifi Outline of Problem/actions taken: After a recent power failure the router and laptop-1 connected to router were no longer able to access the internet. Actions taken to try and recover internet access: Using Laptop-1 tried to configure Router with PPPoe settings using software from Router Manufacture. During the installation process a Timeout error was experienced, unable to connect to WAN. Used Internet Explorer to communicate directly with Router using IP address. Changed settings to use PPPoe settings given by ISP. Router was not able to communicate with Internet. Repeated steps 1-4 again with no success. Reset Router and DSL modem. Repeated steps 1-4 again still no success. Tried connecting Laptop-1 directly to DSL to gain access to internet to research problem. No Network connection with DSL could be established…connection would be established for a second and then be lost and didn’t appear long enough to actually connect to DSL. Replugged LAN back into Router and connection was regained with laptop-1. Replugged Laptop-1 directly into DSL and again unable to establish network connection. Uninstalled network card and all of its drivers on Laptop-1. Reinstalled network card and drivers and tried connecting directly to DSL. Still unable to make network connection. Plugged DSL into Laptop-3 and Internet connection was established. Being Laptop-3 does not have a CD-Rom, Laptop-2 was tried to connect to the router. With Laptop-2 steps 1-7 ended up being repeated without success. Tried plugging Laptop-2 directly into DSL and again no network connection could be established. Using Laptop-3 with a direct connection to DSL downloaded latest Router FW. Installed router FW using Laptop-1. Tired the installation process again without success. Being desperate reinstalled OS on Laptop-1 still not success. Tried using “ipconfig” with router to see what was going on without success. With laptop-1 connected to DSL went through the “ipconfig /…” inputs to see if anything made a difference. Being the network card was not able to make a connection this provide very little information “media disconnected”. So now I have a router and two laptops which are unable to connect to the internet and sure could use some advice/help.

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• How to troubleshoot performance issues of PHP, MySQL and generic I/O

  - by jbx

  I have a WordPress based website running on a shared hosting. Its response time is very decent (around 2s to retrieve the HTML page and 5s to load all the resources). I was planning to move it to a dedicated virtual server (Ubuntu 12.04 LTS), which should theoretically improve things and make them more consistent given its not shared. However I observed severe performance degredation, with the page taking 10seconds to be generated. I ruled out network issues by editing /etc/hosts on the server and mapping the domain to 127.0.0.1. I used the Apache load tester ab to get the HTML, so JS, CSS and images are all excluded. It still took 10 seconds. I have Zpanel installed on the server which also uses MySQL, and its pages come up quite fast (1.5s) and also phpMyAdmin. Performing some queries on the wordpress database directly through phpMyAdmin returns them quite fast too, with query times in the 10 to 30 millisecond region. Memory is also sufficient, with only 800Mb being used of the 1Gb physical memory available, so it doesn't seem to be a swap issue either. I have also installed APC to try to improve the PHP performance, but it didn't have any effect. What else should I look for? What could be causing this degradation in performance? Could it be some kind of I/O issue since I am running on a cloud based virtual server? I wish to be able to raise the issue with my provider but without showing actual data from some diagnosis I am afraid he will just blame my application. UPDATE with sar output (every second) when I did an HTTP request: 02:31:29 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 02:31:30 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 02:31:31 all 2.22 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 95.56 02:31:32 all 41.67 0.00 6.25 0.00 2.08 50.00 02:31:33 all 86.36 0.00 13.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:31:34 all 75.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:31:35 all 93.18 0.00 6.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:31:36 all 90.70 0.00 9.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:31:37 all 71.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.95 02:31:38 all 14.89 0.00 10.64 0.00 2.13 72.34 02:31:39 all 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.44 02:31:40 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 02:31:41 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 My suspicion that this comes from I/O related issue is also because a caching plugin I use to reduce the amount of queries to the database, by precompiling PHP pages is actually making things worse instead of better. It seems that file access is making things worse instead.

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• NTPD issue - syncs then slowly loses ground

  - by ethrbunny

  RHEL 5 workstation. Has been running smoothly for years. I did a 'pup' recently and followed with a nice, cleansing reboot. Afterwards the system had some startup issues: namely MySQL refused to start. It just went "...." for 5-10 minutes before I did another boot and skipped that step (using 'interactive'). This was the only service that didn't wan't to start normally. So now that the system is booted I've found that it doesn't want to stay in sync with the NTP master and after 48 hours is refusing any SSH other than root. NTPD: this service starts normally and gets a lock on 4 servers. Almost immediately it starts to lose ground and now (after 3 days) is almost 40 hours behind. If I stop/start the service it gets the lock, resets the system clock and starts losing ground again. The 'hwclock' is set properly and maintains its time. Login: when I (re)start the ntp server I am able to login normally. I assume this problem is due to losing sync with LDAP. This appears to be verified by LDAP errors in /var/log/messages. Suggestions on where to look? ADDENDA: Tried deleting the 'drift' file. After a bit it gets recreated with 0.000. from /var/log/messages: Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpdate[5084]: step time server 129.95.96.10 offset 30.139216 sec Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5086]: ntpd [email protected] Tue Oct 25 12:54:17 UTC 2011 (1) Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: precision = 1.000 usec Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface wildcard, 0.0.0.0#123 Disabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface wildcard, ::#123 Disabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface lo, ::1#123 Enabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface eth0, fe80::213:72ff:fe20:4080#123 Enabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface lo, 127.0.0.1#123 Enabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: Listening on interface eth0, 10.127.24.81#123 Enabled Jan 17 06:54:01 aeolus ntpd[5087]: kernel time sync status 0040 Jan 17 06:54:02 aeolus ntpd[5087]: frequency initialized 0.000 PPM from /var/lib/ntp/drift Jan 17 06:54:02 aeolus ntpd[5087]: system event 'event_restart' (0x01) status 'sync_alarm, sync_unspec, 1 event, event_unspec' (0xc010) You can see the 30 second offset. This was after about one minute of operation.

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• Troubleshooting major performance issue: Is culprit Intel RST, Hard drive, or something else?

  - by Sean Killeen

  The Setup I have the following components that come into play in this situation: ASUS P8Z68 V/PRO motherboard a RAID1 configuration (1x 1TB drive, 1 x 2TB drive -- I explain below), accelerated with an SSD using Intel's RST software, and 1 TB drive standing by as a spare. Core i7 2600k 32 GB RAM Windows 8.1 This box was designed to be beast, and until just recently, was very good at being just that. What's Happening The system has slowed to a crawl whenever it touches the disk. Things appear to work at normal speed when dealing with memory. For example, typing this is fine, but saving it to disk from notepad gave me a 5-7 second pause when clicking save. The disks appear to be at 100% all the time (e.g. the light on the disk access on the PC is solidly on -- not even any flashing) In ProcExp it appears that the disk is barely being utilized at all: Intel RST reports that everything is fine: Other Details Prior to this happening, RST had reported that my drives were failing (one went bad, one was throwing SMART events). This made sense; they were at the tail end of their warranty and the PC is on almost all the time. I RMA'd the drives via Seagate. In the meantime, I'd purchased a 2TB drive because I didn't realize that the 1TB drives were under warranty. I figured I'd replace the other 1 TB drive with another 2 TB when it died but then discovered the warranty. AFAIK, I haven't done any major updates since 8.1 and it worked fine after those. Question(s) How can I troubleshoot this? What is the best way to try to figure out why disks are being maxed out despite the OS reporting barely any disk usage and that everything is OK? Given the failures, etc. that I describe above, is it possible that the problem could be the I/O on the motherboard itself? If so, how would I even be able to diagnose it? I'm betting the drives that Seagate gave me are refurbished (didn't think to look; that's dumb). Is it possible that the same model drive, refurbished, could somehow cause this? In terms of how RAID1 works, is it possible that one drive is "falling behind" somehow, and that the RAID1 is constantly trying to fix the mirroring? If so, this seems like Intel RST would report on it, but I wanted to consider it as an option.

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• Varnish + Plesk : vhost broken

  - by Raphaël

  I have an e-commerce site with 300,000 products and 20,000 categories. It is slow and currently in production. I decided to install Varnish to speed up. The trouble is that during installation, I got a Guru Meditation. Since the site is in production, I am not allowed to leave this error more than a second, thinking to have made an enormous stupidity. I followed the following tutorial: http://www.euperia.com/linux/setting-up-varnish-with-apache-tutorial I'm sure I followed all without error. I say that there may be a specific configuration with plesk. Has anyone already installed Varnish on a ubuntu 11.04 server with plesk 10? Does anyone have a better resource? I know it is "very vague" as an error, but maybe some of you have had this problem. edit 24/11/2011 I continued to work on Varnish + Plesk ... but it still does not work. 1) I changed the port for apache in plesk General # mysql -uadmin -p`cat /etc/psa/.psa.shadow` -D psa -e'replace into misc (param, val) values ("http_port", 8008)' 1.1) I rebuild the server conf # /usr/local/psa/admin/bin/httpdmng --reconfigure-all 2) I changed the apache conf files (if those were not taking full plesk top) vim /etc/apache2/ports.conf NameVirtualHost *:8008 Listen 8008 2.1) I do the same with /etc/apache2/sites-enables/000-default 3) I changed the port of my vhost (a single server) vim /var/www/vhosts/MYDOMAIN.COM/conf/XXXXXXXXX.http.include Replace the port 80 by this I want. Rebuild the vhost conf /usr/local/psa/admin/sbin/websrvmng --reconfigure-vhost --vhost-name=<domain_name> with without www (See my issue in serverfault: Edit vhost port in plesk 10.3 ) 4) I installed varnish by following this tutorial : http://www.euperia.com/linux/setting-up-varnish-with-apache-tutorial 5) I restart apache 2 + varnish service apache2 restart service varnish restart When I go to my site, I come across a page of apache It works! This is the default web page for this server. The web server software is running but no content has been added, yet. Can somebody help me ? This means that my vhost does not point to the right place. Why? What to do? How?

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• Moving Windows XP from ICH10R RAID 5 to single disk using Linux [migrated]

  - by tudor

  A friend's machine running Windows XP refused to boot recently which is running 3 SATA disks on RAID 5 (which was previously upgraded from RAID 1 not by me). I have determined there to be a disk failure. The disks have been replaced many times in the past few years. I wish to backup the RAID5 partition before I try anything to fix it. The RAID chipset used is ICH10R/DO. So, I plugged in an extra IDE drive and an Ubuntu USB key and looked at the RAID. The partitioning is a mess, but I did find at least one degraded but working RAID array with two partitions, one 79GB and the other 86GB. Then I: 1) Partitioned my IDE disk using fdisk to have a partition of 80GB and bootable, and marked as NTFS. 2) dd the contents of the array to the partition 3) disconnected everything else 4) inserted a Windows XP CD and ran fixboot, fixmbr, and bootcfg. They all run ok and claim that they worked. (e.g. bootcfg detects the Windows partition, fixboot returns saying that it was written correctly.) However, I'm still getting an error like "DISK FAILURE, BOOT DISK NOT FOUND". I have tried running the GRUB rescue disk, which also runs ok, but won't boot into Windows. It just stops with a flashing cursor after chainloader +1, boot. One clue may be that the partitions appear to be wack. One disk has a 79GB RAID partition on a 500GB drive with a offset, the second disk has a 320GB RAID partition across the whole drive. Additionally, the BIOS lists the RAID size as being 149GB. I don't see how this works. How are they even assembling the array when the partitions are so different? I have also tried running the Windows XP automated repair tool, but that didn't work either. I'm presuming this is something simple. Perhaps Windows is attempting to boot into RAID and, upon not finding it, simply crashing? Perhaps the 79GB partitions offset means that it's looking into the disk by that much? Please help!! To clarify: I want to make the single IDE disk bootable with a copy of the array so that I can prove/disprove that it's just that Windows has become corrupted, and use windows tools to correct it before attempting the same thing on the RAID array. That way I have a working backup and can show the process I used to fix it.

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• How can I prevent an unintentional DDOS running ColdFusion 8 with IIS 6?

  - by Eric Belair

  We had an interesting outage today on one of our client's websites. Out of nowhere, the website was inaccessible. The website runs by itself on a dedicated physical Windows 2000 server (probably overkill, I know, but that's a discussion for a different day). After restarting IIS and ColdFusion Application Service, the problem came back several times. My initial thought was that it was a DNS issue, which happens occasionally - the last time it happened was after Hurricane Sandy when we our ISP was out, and we had to make some network config changes. But, it was not a DNS issue. My second thought was that it was a DDOS attack, but, there's very little reason anyone would want to take this site down. When we called our ISP, the operator on the other end noted that traffic was spiking significantly. As it turned out, the client had unintentionally caused a DDOS on the website, after they FTPed a very large video file, and then mass emailed a link to it. Hundreds of people clicked the link and brought the site to its knees. I am primarily a Website Programmer, but I often have to contribute to server administration at times. Sadly, I'm the resident ColdFusion and IIS expert, but I don't have a lot of experience with this issue. What are some basic steps that I can take to prevent this from happening in the future, since we cannot always control what files the client posts to the website. Here are some ideas I had, but I'm unsure of the impact: Limit the number of connections in IIS. Put media files on a separate server (like an Amazon site, etc.). File requests of this type currently behind a server-script (i.e. /www.site.com/viewFile.cfm?fileId=1424545, where the fileId references a file off the webroot) that logs requests, and pushes the file to the browser using CFCONTENT. I could edit this script to reject requests when they exceed a certain amount in a given time-frame (i.e. a 5MB can be accessed globally 10 times in an hour). This may cause some users frustration, but, if hundreds of users are attempting to view the file, the site is going to crash anyways, as it did today, which is way more frustrating, since there is no "pretty" message explaining why they can't get to the file. I'm open to any suggestions, as I'm continuing my research to report to the CTO with the best options, so that we can put a solution into effect. Thank you.

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• Server freezes at XX:25

  - by Karevan

  We've ordered a 50 euro/month server on hetzner.de, it has debian OS. The problem is that server is freezing in random time of the day and nothing appears in log. Only hardware reboot helps. Part of the log file while it was freezing: Aug 17 22:38:26 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] New connection from 95.211.120.220 Aug 17 22:38:26 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] Logout. Aug 17 22:39:01 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal /USR/SBIN/CRON[22828]: (root) CMD ( [ -x /usr/lib/php5/maxlifetime ] && [ -d /var/lib/php5 ] && find /var/lib/php5/ -type$ Aug 17 23:09:01 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal /USR/SBIN/CRON[22835]: (root) CMD ( [ -x /usr/lib/php5/maxlifetime ] && [ -d /var/lib/php5 ] && find /var/lib/php5/ -type$ Aug 17 23:17:01 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal /USR/SBIN/CRON[22842]: (root) CMD ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly) Aug 17 23:39:01 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal /USR/SBIN/CRON[22847]: (root) CMD ( [ -x /usr/lib/php5/maxlifetime ] && [ -d /var/lib/php5 ] && find /var/lib/php5/ -type$ Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal kernel: imklog 4.6.4, log source = /proc/kmsg started. Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="4.6.4" x-pid="1229" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] (re)start Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal kernel: [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal kernel: [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal kernel: [ 0.000000] Linux version 2.6.32-5-amd64 (Debian 2.6.32-45) ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.3.5 (Debian 4.3.5$ Aug 18 09:47:47 Debian-60-squeeze-64-minimal kernel: [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=/dev/md2 ro As you can see, it appears only the fact of starting. No. theres no way to look in server's console right after when it freezes, sadly. Datacenter supporters do not really want to help about that. Server has been installed 30th july, times and dates of freezes are down there: 6 august, 0:25 18 august, 2:27 21 august, 1:25 26 august, 23:26. We decided that freezing around ??:25 isn't a hardware fault, and decided to reinstall the OS. Later, 31 august, our admin backed up all files, reinstalled Debian, and restored the backup. But then, 7 september, server went down again, at 5:05. We thought it was related to Anyone else experiencing high rates of Linux server crashes during a leap second day? and turned ntp off. But then the server went down twice again, 21 september, 17:29 and 24 september, 20:27. I called all linux admins I knew to help with solving it and they said everything is fine about configuring OS and it could be hardware only. But they dont know why it always freezes at XX:25-30. Maybe some of you know about something related to that?

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• Ubuntu 12.04 boot degraded raid

  - by beacon_bonanza

  I've installed Ubuntu 12.04.1 in a new server and set up the 4 hard drives with 3 RAID 1 devices, the configuration is such that the first two drives have md0 (swap space) and md1 (/) with the third and fourth drives having md2 (/var). I've been testing the operation under a drive failure and found that the system boots fine if I remove disk two but if I remove disk one then the system gets to grub and then just restarts. I'm confused as to why grub appears to be loading properly from disk two but then the boot fails. I've tried to copy the MBR from disk 1 to 2: dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 but this didn't make a difference. Any ideas how to get it to boot from just the second disk? fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ccfa5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 31250431 15624192 fd Linux RAID autodetect /dev/sda2 * 31250432 3907028991 1937889280 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ccfa5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 31250431 15624192 fd Linux RAID autodetect /dev/sdb2 * 31250432 3907028991 1937889280 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdd: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00035b05 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 2048 3907028991 1953513472 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c73aa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 2048 3907028991 1953513472 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/md1: 1984.3 GB, 1984264208384 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 484439504 cylinders, total 3875516032 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md2: 2000.3 GB, 2000263380992 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 488345552 cylinders, total 3906764416 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0: 16.0 GB, 15990652928 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 3903968 cylinders, total 31231744 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000

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• SSH_ORIGINAL_ENVIRONMENT error with snow leopard client to a gitosis server on debian

  - by Mica

  I have a server running gitosis (installed from the package manager) on debian lenny. I am able to perform all operations from my linux mint laptop, but from my Mac running an up-to-date Snow Leopard gives me the following error: mica@waste Desktop$ git clone [email protected]:Poems.git Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/micas/Desktop/Poems/.git/ ERROR:gitosis.serve.main:Repository read access denied fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly mica@waste Desktop$ ssh -v [email protected] OpenSSH_5.2p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8l 5 Nov 2009 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to 192.168.0.156 [192.168.0.156] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/micas/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/micas/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /Users/micas/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.2 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '192.168.0.156' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/mica/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: /Users/mica/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Remote: Forced command: gitosis-serve mica@waste debug1: Remote: Port forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: X11 forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: Agent forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: Pty allocation disabled. debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 277 debug1: Remote: Forced command: gitosis-serve micas@waste debug1: Remote: Port forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: X11 forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: Agent forwarding disabled. debug1: Remote: Pty allocation disabled. debug1: Authentication succeeded (publickey). debug1: channel 0: new [client-session] debug1: Requesting [email protected] debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: Requesting authentication agent forwarding. PTY allocation request failed on channel 0 ERROR:gitosis.serve.main:Need SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND in environment. debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype exit-status reply 0 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype [email protected] reply 0 debug1: channel 0: free: client-session, nchannels 1 Connection to 192.168.0.156 closed. Transferred: sent 2544, received 2888 bytes, in 0.1 seconds Bytes per second: sent 29642.1, received 33650.3 debug1: Exit status 1 Extensive googling of the error isn't returning much-- I changed the /etc/sshd_config file on my Mac as per http://www.schmidp.com/2009/06/23/enable-ssh-agent-key-forwarding-on-snow-leopard/. I still get the same error.

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• Suggestions for sharing and using data between Ubuntu and Windows 7 dual boot

  - by wizjany

  Note: TL;DR, scroll to bottom for summary. I recently set up my computer for a dual boot between Ubuntu 9.10 and Windows 7. My current drive setup is as follows. | A1 | A2 | | B1 | B2 | B3 | A1: 100 mb, windows 7 "System Reserved" boot partition A2: 230 gb, data section, this one needs to be shared between the operating systems B1: 125 gb, windows 7 OS B2: 123 gb, ubuntu OS B3: 2gb, linux swap space Pretty much i want to have my documents, music, pictures, videos, etc accessible from both operating systems. My first attempt involved making the data (a2) partition NTFS, and moving my home folder from ubuntu to the data partition. However, as I read NTFS does not work nice with permission, and it messed up my home folder. My next idea is one of the following: 1) format the data partition to ext2/3/4 and move my home folder from linux there, and get a driver to read ext partitions in windows 7. The problem with that is that most of the ext drivers/software are not compatible with windows 7 or do not integrate with windows explorer (I really don't want to open a separate software window just to access my data, plus it's probably not compatible with other software.) http://www.fs-driver.org/ looks promising, but I'm not sure how it works with ext4 and windows 7 (not officially supported, when trying in vista compatibility mode, it tells me I need to format the ext drive to use it). My next idea, 2) keep the home folder in ubuntu where it is, but create symlinks for the Documents, Music, etc folders to an NTFS formatted Data (A2) partition, and add those locations to the windows 7 libraries. I'm not totally sure how the permissions would work out, but it should be fine since it's only the documents, music, etc and not the important config files in the rest of /home/user/. Correct me if I'm wrong. Currently, symlinks is my best idea, although i'm not sure how it will work. Any suggestions, additions to my ideas, links, pointers, whatever would be greatly appreciated. Even if it means i should reformat both my drives and repartition (2 250gb drives if you want to suggest a setup for that), I won't be too opposed if that's the best suggestion (I've gone through the format/install/format/reinstall process 5 times over the past 3 days, once more won't hurt me). TL;DR, summary: I have two hard drives. One is partitioned for Ubuntu and Windows 7, the second one I want accessible to both operating systems to store documents, music, pictures, videos, etc. Suggestions on how to set up the data drive please =) P.S. bonus if I can get an apache server document root folder working between the two OS's as well (permissions could become very complicated, so don't worry too much about that) P.P.S. Related question, but data viewing is one way: http://superuser.com/questions/84586/partition-scheme-and-size-for-dual-boot-windows-7-and-ubuntu-9-10-with-separate-p

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• RHEL5: Can't create sparse file bigger than 256GB in tmpfs

  - by John Kugelman

  /var/log/lastlog gets written to when you log in. The size of this file is based off of the largest UID in the system. The larger the maximum UID, the larger this file is. Thankfully it's a sparse file so the size on disk is much smaller than the size ls reports (ls -s reports the size on disk). On our system we're authenticating against an Active Directory server, and the UIDs users are assigned end up being really, really large. Like, say, UID 900,000,000 for the first AD user, 900,000,001 for the second, etc. That's strange but should be okay. It results in /var/log/lastlog being huuuuuge, though--once an AD user logs in lastlog shows up as 280GB. Its real size is still small, thankfully. This works fine when /var/log/lastlog is stored on the hard drive on an ext3 filesystem. It breaks, however, if lastlog is stored in a tmpfs filesystem. Then it appears that the max file size for any file on the tmpfs is 256GB, so the sessreg program errors out trying to write to lastlog. Where is this 256GB limit coming from, and how can I increase it? As a simple test for creating large sparse files I've been doing: dd if=/dev/zero of=sparse-file bs=1 count=1 seek=300GB I've tried Googling for "tmpfs max file size", "256GB filesystem limit", "linux max file size", things like that. I haven't been able to find much. The only mention of 256GB I can find is that ext3 filesystems with 2KB blocks are limited to 256GB files. But our hard drives are formatted with 4K blocks so that doesn't seem to be it--not to mention this is happening in a tmpfs mounted ON TOP of the hard drive so the ext3 partition shouldn't be a factor. This is all happening on a 64-bit Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 system. Interestingly, on my personal development machine, which is a 32-bit Fedora Core 6 box, I can create 300GB+ files in tmpfs filesystems no problem. On the RHEL5.4 systems it is no go.

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• Linux buffer cache effect on IO writes?

  - by Patrick LeBoutillier

  Hi, I'm copying large files (3 x 30G) between 2 filesystems on a Linux server (kernel 2.6.37, 16 cores, 32G RAM) and I'm getting poor performance. I suspect that the usage of the buffer cache is killing the I/O performance. To try and narrow down the problem I used fio directly on the SAS disk to monitor the performance. Here is the output of 2 fio runs (the first with direct=1, the second one direct=0): Config: [test] rw=write blocksize=32k size=20G filename=/dev/sda # direct=1 Run 1: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/205M /s] [0/6K iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4667 write: io=20,480MB, bw=199MB/s, iops=6,381, runt=102698msec clat (usec): min=104, max=13,388, avg=152.06, stdev=72.43 bw (KB/s) : min=192448, max=213824, per=100.01%, avg=204232.82, stdev=4084.67 cpu : usr=3.37%, sys=16.55%, ctx=655410, majf=0, minf=29 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 250=99.50%, 500=0.45%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=199MB/s, minb=204MB/s, maxb=204MB/s, mint=102698msec, maxt=102698msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=0/655238, merge=0/0, ticks=0/79552, in_queue=78640, util=76.55% Run 2: test: (g=0): rw=write, bs=32K-32K/32K-32K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W] [100.0% done] [0K/0K /s] [0/0 iops] [eta 00m:00s] test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4733 write: io=20,480MB, bw=91,265KB/s, iops=2,852, runt=229786msec clat (usec): min=16, max=127K, avg=349.53, stdev=4694.98 bw (KB/s) : min=56013, max=1390016, per=101.47%, avg=92607.31, stdev=167453.17 cpu : usr=0.41%, sys=6.93%, ctx=21128, majf=0, minf=33 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued r/w: total=0/655360, short=0/0 lat (usec): 20=5.53%, 50=93.89%, 100=0.02%, 250=0.01%, 500=0.01% lat (msec): 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.12% lat (msec): 100=0.38%, 250=0.04% Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: io=20,480MB, aggrb=91,265KB/s, minb=93,455KB/s, maxb=93,455KB/s, mint=229786msec, maxt=229786msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=8/79811, merge=7/7721388, ticks=9/32418456, in_queue=32471983, util=98.98% I'm not knowledgeable enough with fio to interpret the results, but I don't expect the overall performance using the buffer cache to be 50% less than with O_DIRECT. Can someone help me interpret the fio output? Are there any kernel tunings that could fix/minimize the problem? Thanks a lot,

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• How to properly shutdown a Linux VMware Server Host

  - by Mikee

  Hi Everybody: In our lab, we have a server running Ubuntu Linux 8.04.4 x64, with VMware Server 2.1 hosting 4 VM's. I have a major concern with regards to shutting down the host server. Mostly, how do I ensure that the guest VM's are being shut down safely? In the VMware web interface console, I have enabled: "Allow virtual machines to start and stop automatically with the system" I enabled the Default Startup Delay for 15 seconds along with the "Start next VM immediately if the VMware Tools start" option checked I enabled the Default Shutdown Delay with a 60 second shutdown delay and a Shutdown Action of "Shut Down Guest" All VM's have the VMware Tools installed and properly working. All VM's are moved up into the "Specified Order" section of "Startup Order", thus when powering the server back on, all those VM's should start up again in that specified order. When I went to shut down the server, I used the shutdown -h now command. Based on the settings I entered above, I was expecting a 4 minute shutdown, as there is an option to delay the shutdown of each VM by 60 seconds. However, that is not what happened. Instead, the server shutdown in under a minute. When I powered the server back on, only 2 VM's properly loaded. The other 2 showed the following error: "Power on Virtual Machine" failed to complete If these problems problems persist, please contact your system administrator. Details: Cannot open the disk '[location to .vmdk]' or one of the snapshot disks it depends on. Reason: Failed to lock the file. Obviously, if this error occured, then it is clear to me that the VM's were not properly shutdown, or the server powered off before the VM's were completely shutdown. I have fixed the above error by deleting the .lck files in the respective VM directories. How would I know if the VM's were properly shut down? I checked the VMware-server logs, but they only seem to display the logs of when the vmware-mgmt service is running in the current session. I'm mostly running Linux VM's, so is there an easy way to know whether or not a server was properly shut down in Linux? Thank you all for the help!

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• HOSTS ignored when disconnected [closed]

  - by Synetech

  Problem I’m seeing a strange and extremely frustrating problem. Any system that is not connect to the Internet (Windows 7 shows the no Internet access icon because it cannot constantly ping Microsoft’s servers) cannot even access locally hosted servers. Hypothesis The problem appears to be that the HOSTS file is not being used to resolve DNS entries when there are no active NICs. Tests / Reproduction You can reproduce it as so: Disconnect a system from the Internet (make sure all wired and wireless connections are disconnected). If necessary, add an entry to the HOSTS file (e.g., 127.0.0.1 foobar or 127.0.0.1 foobar.com) Open a command-prompt Type ping foobar or ping foobar.com Observations The screenshots below show a clear and demonstrative example. In the first snap, a laptop is connected to a router wirelessly. The HOSTS file has only three entries and they resolve just fine. In the second snap, the wireless radio is turned off, so the entries in the HOSTS file are ignored. Moreover, notice that pinging localhost still works even without any active NICs (as does 127.0.0.1), but it is using the IPv6 address (must be hard-coded). You can see the same results in Windows XP with no IPv6 installed, so it has nothing to do with IPv6. I tried pining what should have resolved to 127.0.0.1 while the desktop system (with no wireless NICs) was connected via its Ethernet adapter, then again after pulling the cable from the router and waiting a couple of seconds, then again after plugging the cable back in. The same thing happens if instead of pulling out the cable, the NIC is disabled through software (the [Disable] button in the NIC’s Status dialog or via Device Manager). Conclusions It looks as though the HOSTS file is only being read and used if there is an active NIC, otherwise it is being ignored. This makes some sense in that if there are no active network adapters, then presumably there will not be any network activity, and thus no need to resolve host names via the HOSTS file. This assumption is specious however because it precludes locally hosted virtual servers. The HOSTS file should be used regardless of external DNS server connectivity, otherwise you cannot use simple/consistent/testing-production names for locally hosted servers when not connected to the Internet (for example web servers; help servers for Visual Studio, 3dsmax, etc.; and so on). Question Does anyone know how to force Windows to use the HOSTS file even if there are no active NICs? Appendix Figure 1: While the wireless NIC is connected to the router (the cable-modem is in standby, so no external Internet connectivity). Figure 2: With the wireless radio turned off (the Ethernet port is not unconnected in both cases). Figure 3: Same results in XP with no IPv6

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• Safer RAID5 rebuilds using partially failed disks?

  - by arcticmac

  There have been lots of articles posted recently about how RAID5 is dangerous because of long resilver times, and in particular because of increasing chances of encountering a URE during the resilver. Obviously this is a significant concern. However, it seems that in many cases of interest (as long as you're keeping some kind of eye on your disks), when it comes time to rebuild the array, the disk that I'm replacing is still mostly readable. If you try to explain this predicament to the average layperson, they are typically very confused as to why you have two almost completely functional disks but can't produce one working array. It seems to me that there ought to be some way to take advantage of this to make rebuilds safer, as long as I'm willing to have the RAID5 be read-only for a couple of days while it rebuilds. Conceptually, what I have in mind looks something like this: When a disk fails, immediately take the RAID5 offline or mount it read-only Attach a new disk (either in a spare bay, or externally via eSATA) and begin rebuilding it to replace the failed one. If known, perhaps start with the stripes in which the failure occurred, to minimize the chances of losing those if another disk fails. In the event that a second disk experiences a URE or other failure during the rebuild, try to source that data from the disk that is being replaced. Presumably if this happens, more rebuilding would be necessary. When complete, shut down the server, swap the replacement drive into the original bay if desired, and bring the array back up. Obviously such a process would not be appropriate for applications where uptime is critical or data loss cannot be tolerated, but it seems to me that this could help considerably to improve the reliability of RAID5. I assume that there's not a good way to implement a recovery like this at present, given that I haven't seen any indication of tools that are designed to do this, and that it seems like it would be rather obtuse to work out manually. Are there also technical issues with it that I haven't thought of (I'm still fairly new to RAID stuff)? Any thoughts on how hard something like this would be to implement (e.g. in linux md raid)?

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• how to notify a program of another program? dll? directory? path?

  - by Brady Trainor

  I am trying to experiment with GNUS email in Emacs, in Windows (EDIT: x64 bit). I've got it to work in Ubuntu, but struggling with it in Windows. From http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/emacs-gnutls.html#Help-For-Users I read in second paragraph: This is a little bit trickier on the W32 (Windows) platform, but if you have the GnuTLS DLLs (available from http://sourceforge.net/projects/ezwinports/files/ thanks to Eli Zaretskii) in the same directory as Emacs, you should be OK. I have downloaded and unzipped the gnutls-3.0.9-w32-bin package, but am not sure what to do with it. I have tried putting it in Program Files (x86), which is "the same directory as Emacs". I have tried putting it in the emacs-24.3 folder. I consider merging all the folders in between the two, but am hesitant as that seems a difficult troubleshoot attempt compared to my knowledge on these matters. I think Emacs needs to somehow see the gnutls binaries and/or dlls. My knowledge is limited on this. I've also struggled to understand PATHs for sometime now, and am not sure if that approach is relevant here. FYI, the emacs directory contains folders labeled bin, etc, info, leim, lisp and site-lisp. The gnutls directory contains folder labeled bin, include, lib and share. Hmm, now I'm finding lots of links on adding paths. Still, I'm skeptical that I would only add gnutls.exe path, as it seems the dlls are needed. Some additional data for Ramhound's first comment I have been attempting the (require 'gnutls) route. This seems to be the most relevant parts in the log: Opening connection to imap.gmail.com via tls... gnutls.c: [1] (Emacs) GnuTLS library not found Opening TLS connection to `imap.gmail.com'... Opening TLS connection with `gnutls-cli --insecure -p 993 imap.gmail.com'...failed Opening TLS connection with `gnutls-cli --insecure -p 993 imap.gmail.com --protocols ssl3'...failed Opening TLS connection with `openssl s_client -connect imap.gmail.com:993 -no_ssl2 -ign_eof'...failed Opening TLS connection to `imap.gmail.com'...failed I am not sure what "in stallion" means. Emacs seems to have installed itself in program files (x86), so I assume it is 32 bit. I can try and figure out how to double check, but did not realize I would get such fast response time, and am headed out right now. I will try merging the files later tonight?

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• Cannot browse network shares in Windows Explorer, but paths are still accessible

  - by Jeff Lockhart

  Windows Explorer has somehow corrupted itself and I'm not sure how to fix this problem. My Windows installation has been in use for a few years with network shares setup and working. Recently, I noticed that a program that I use to save network share paths to a database was no longer opening the explorer window to browse the path. It usually opens to the last path saved, but now it was just not opening at all. When I go to Windows Explorer to browse the network share directly, I get the error \\SERVER is not accessible. You might not have permission to use this network resource. Contact the administrator of this server to find out if you have access permissions. The specified network provider name is invalid. The network shares are just shares on the server itself (once saved to the database, they're used on the server as well as clients to reach files). The strange thing is, the files are still accessible from the program that uses them if I type the network share path in manually. So it is only a problem with Windows Explorer browsing the path. The reason I think there is some sort of configuration or setting, possibly in the registry, corrupted is that when the problem first manifest itself, I was somehow able to open an explorer window to a network share path, but the breadcrumb in the address bar did not function properly. It duplicated the share name folder at the top of the breadcrumb stack and when I clicked the second of the duplicated share folder, it crashed explorer.exe. I haven't been able to browse any network share path since this happened. I have tried using the IP address directly \\192.168.1.# as well as \\localhost and neither of those work either. I have tried running sfc /scannow and it did not find any errors. I tried ipconfig /flushdns and this made no difference. Attempting to map the network share to a drive fails using either the explorer GUI or net use command. Is there some way to reset Windows Explorer somehow to resolve this? I'd really like to avoid reinstalling Windows entirely if I can.

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• RAID 50 24Port Fast Writes Slow Reads - Ubuntu

  - by James

  What is going on here?! I am baffled. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 57.0948 s, 735 MB/s serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs of=/dev/null bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 116.189 s, 361 MB/s OF NOTE: My RAID50 is 3 sets of 8 disks. - This might not be the best config for SPEED. OS: Ubuntu 12.04.1 x64 Hardware Raid: RocketRaid 2782 - 24 Port Controller HardDriveType: Seagate Barracuda ES.2 1TB Drivers: v1.1 Open Source Linux Drivers. So 24 x 1TB drives, partitioned using parted. Filesystem is ext4. I/O scheduler WAS noop but have changed it to deadline with no seemingly performance benefit/cost. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo gdisk -l /dev/sdb GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.1 Partition table scan: MBR: protective BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT. Disk /dev/sdb: 41020686336 sectors, 19.1 TiB Logical sector size: 512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): 95045EC6-6EAF-4072-9969-AC46A32E38C8 Partition table holds up to 128 entries First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41020686302 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 5062589 sectors (2.4 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 41015625727 19.1 TiB 0700 primary To me this should be working fine. I can't think of anything that would be causing this other then fundamental driver errors? I can't seem to get much/if any higher then the 361MB a second, is this hitting the "SATA2" link speed, which it shouldn't given it is a PCIe2.0 card. Or maybe some cacheing quirk - I do have Write Back enabled. Does anyone have any suggestions? Tests for me to perform? Or if you require more information, I am happy to provide it! This is a video fileserver for editing machines, so we have a preference for FAST reads over writes. I was just expected more from RAID 50 and 24 drives together... EDIT: (hdparm results) serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing cached reads: 17458 MB in 2.00 seconds = 8735.50 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 884 MB in 3.00 seconds = 294.32 MB/sec EDIT2: (config details) Also, I am using a RAID block size of 256K. I was told a larger block size is better for larger (in my case large video) files. EDIT3: (Bonnie++ Results. Would love some guidance with this!)

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• Optimal setup for ASUS P6X58D Premium BIOS (no OC)?

  - by rumtscho

  Normally, I'd trust the mainboard manufacturer to choose the best options as defaults. But I had trouble with the board, because even with Quick Boot enabled, it booted twice as slowly as a Pentium 4 Celeron. Then I changed lots of options at once (most of them weren't explained in the manual, just mentioned with a single sentence) and the boot time is only marginally worse than the Pentium 4 (54 sec against 46 sec from button to pw entering screen). Now I don't know if I have turned something off which should have stayed on. I guess I even won't be able to boot from a CD now, because even though it is present in the boot sequence, I took off a timeout I think it needs to check whether there is a disk in the drive. The second reason is that I don't have an internal HDD, only a SSD. I forgot my sources blush but I am under the impression that today's BIOS and OS options are geared toward booting from a HDD, which is often less than optimal when one boots from a SSD, especially when there are functions which cause avoidable writing cycles, as a SSD wears out after too many writing cycles. Most of the things I've read concern the OS, but there are some BIOS-relevant options too. I am especially confused about the disk mode. The board supports AHCI, IDE-simulation and RAID, but of the different articles I've read, there is a proponent for each and no clear arguments for any. So can one tell me which options are important in general and which are important for a SSD-only system? I don't want to overclock the CPU, so you don't have to say anything about this (yes I know the board is meant for OC:)). I am thinking of overclocking the RAM, since they sold me 1600er heatsinked modules which are running at 1066 now, but I'm not sure yet about that. The rest of the system: i7-930, Intel X25-m G2, 6 GB RAM, GTS 250, some no-name Blue-ray ROM. 2 external HDDs over USB 2.0. Lots of other USB-connected hardware (12 devices I think), no SATA 3 drives (will disabling the controller have an impact on performance?), no LAN, only WiFi. Lucid Lynx 64 bit, no dual boot, no virtual installations. The main uses of the system are: managing and playing/showing all the media stored on the external disks, lots of image manipulation, some video editing, a bit of (non-demanding) gaming, rarely development. Lots of Internet surfing too, but this shouldn't have much impact on performance.

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• l2tp server always 'sent [CCP ResetReq id=0x3]' when got compressed data request

  - by wilbur

  I have built a xl2tpd/ipsec server on my ubuntu 12.04.3, and I managed to make a l2tp vpn connection to the xl2tpd server from my android phone. The xl2tpd log said xl2tpd[10828]: Enabling IPsec SAref processing for L2TP transport mode SAs xl2tpd[10828]: IPsec SAref does not work with L2TP kernel mode yet, enabling forceuserspace=yes xl2tpd[10828]: setsockopt recvref[22]: Protocol not available xl2tpd[10828]: This binary does not support kernel L2TP. xl2tpd[10828]: xl2tpd version xl2tpd-1.2.8 started on atime.me PID:10828 xl2tpd[10828]: Written by Mark Spencer, Copyright (C) 1998, Adtran, Inc. xl2tpd[10828]: Forked by Scott Balmos and David Stipp, (C) 2001 xl2tpd[10828]: Inherited by Jeff McAdams, (C) 2002 xl2tpd[10828]: Forked again by Xelerance (www.xelerance.com) (C) 2006 xl2tpd[10828]: Listening on IP address 0.0.0.0, port 1701 xl2tpd[10828]: control_finish: Peer requested tunnel 39154 twice, ignoring second one. xl2tpd[10828]: Connection established to 117.136.8.59, 43149. Local: 25339, Remote: 39154 (ref=0/0). LNS session is 'default' However I cannot access the web in my browser. The pppd log said rcvd [Compressed data] 00 1d 82 c4 7c 04 d8 09 ... sent [CCP ResetReq id=0x7] I have googled a lot and found that this was mostly caused by a mppe decompression error. I have disabled BSD-Compress compression with nobsdcomp in /etc/ppp/xl2tpd-options but it did not work. I used openswan-2.6.33 and xl2tpd-1.2.8 which were built from source. And my configurations: /etc/ipsec.conf version 2.0 config setup nat_traversal=yes virtual_private=%v4:10.0.0.0/8,%v4:192.168.0.0/16,%v4:172.16.0.0/12 oe=off protostack=netkey conn L2TP-PSK-NAT rightsubnet=vhost:%priv also=L2TP-PSK-noNAT conn L2TP-PSK-noNAT authby=secret pfs=no auto=add keyingtries=3 rekey=no ikelifetime=8h keylife=1h type=transport left=106.186.121.214 leftprotoport=17/1701 right=%any rightprotoport=17/%any /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf [global] ipsec saref = yes [lns default] local ip = 10.10.11.1 ip range = 10.10.11.2-10.10.11.245 refuse chap = yes refuse pap = yes require authentication = yes ppp debug = yes pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/xl2tpd-options length bit = yes /etc/ppp/xl2tpd-options require-mschap-v2 ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 asyncmap 0 auth crtscts lock hide-password modem name l2tpd proxyarp lcp-echo-interval 30 lcp-echo-failure 4 debug nobsdcomp Any suggestions? Thanks in advance.

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• Linux not picking up new partition correctly on emc pseudo device

  - by James

  Hi We have a database server running oracle rac. We were recently running out of space on the main LUN that it is attached to. I created a new 100GB LUN and concatenated this onto the existing LUN creating a new MetaLUN. After some messing I managed to get linux to recognise the new space. I then created a new partition in on the pseudo device, to use the new space. Previously when I have done this on other system the next step is to create an ASM disk on the new partition and add this disk to the oracle disk group. This however fails. I am aware of various issues with ASM and powerpath, but I don't think this is the issue here. As on while investigating the issue I discovered that one of the underlying logical device is not reflecting the size change. See below; Powermt displays all of the underlying logical units [root@XXXXX~]# powermt display dev=emcpowerd Pseudo name=emcpowerd CLARiiON ID=CKM00091500009 [VFRAC2] Logical device ID=6006016030312200787502866C65DE11 [LUN 30] state=alive; policy=CLAROpt; priority=0; queued-IOs=0 Owner: default=SP A, current=SP A Array failover mode: 1 ============================================================================== ---------------- Host --------------- - Stor - -- I/O Path - -- Stats --- ### HW Path I/O Paths Interf. Mode State Q-IOs Errors ============================================================================== 3 qla2xxx sde SP A0 active alive 0 0 3 qla2xxx sdj SP B0 active alive 0 0 4 qla2xxx sdo SP A1 active alive 0 0 4 qla2xxx sdt SP B1 active alive 0 0 Fdisk on the pseudo device shows correct space. [root@XXXXX ~]# fdisk -l /dev/emcpowerd Disk /dev/emcpowerd: 429.4 GB, 429496729600 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 52216 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/emcpowerd1 1 39162 314568733+ 83 Linux /dev/emcpowerd2 39163 52216 104856255 83 Linux fdisk on one of the logical units is wrong [root@XXXXX~]# fdisk -l /dev/sde Disk /dev/sde: 322.1 GB, 322122547200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 39162 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sde1 1 39162 314568733+ 83 Linux /dev/sde2 39163 52216 104856255 83 Linux fdisk on the rest of the units is fine [root@XXXXX ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdj Disk /dev/sdj: 429.4 GB, 429496729600 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 52216 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdj1 1 39162 314568733+ 83 Linux /dev/sdj2 39163 52216 104856255 83 Linux Also when I created the the partition linux did not create the any entries in the /dev directory for the second partition so I created these manually [root@XXXXX dev]# mknod sde2 b 8 66 [root@XXXXX dev]# ls -al sd[ejot]? brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 65 Dec 29 14:20 sde1 brw-r--r-- 1 root disk 8, 66 Apr 8 20:31 sde2 brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 145 Dec 29 14:19 sdj1 brw-r--r-- 1 root disk 8, 146 Apr 8 20:33 sdj2 brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 225 Apr 6 23:12 sdo1 brw-r--r-- 1 root disk 8, 226 Apr 8 20:33 sdo2 brw-r----- 1 root disk 65, 49 Dec 29 14:19 sdt1 brw-r--r-- 1 root disk 65, 50 Apr 8 20:33 sdt2 This is a production server that we cannot easily reboot. Any ideas would be much appreciated. J

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• How to add IP range to a server?

  - by Efe Cakinberk

  Hello, First of all I must say that I'm ver inexperienced server and network user. But I rented a unmanaged dedicated server. Well I didn't know what unmanaged really means, then I learned it when I needed support. Well I must do everything by myself. I have a problem. I had already 4 IPs on my server when I rented it. But then I needed more Ips and my server assigned me 32 Ips in which I can only use 27 of them. 85.25.230.0 - 85.25.230.31 this is my Ip range and they say the following Ips must not be configured on the server: 85.25.230.0 - network address 85.25.230.1 - gateway address 85.25.230.2 - router redundancy 85.25.230.3 - router redundancy 85.25.230.31 - broadcast address But the problem is ok Ips are assigned to me but they are not setup on my server. How will I setup Ips to work on my server? I did this after my reseach on google: I used this command on command prompt: route add 85.25.230.0 mask 255.255.255.224 85.25.230.1 metric 1 if then it said OK!. and I thought they should be working. (btw, mask is given to me by my ISP and I don't know metric 1 and if means I just saw it on the net and write it here) I setup my domains via using Plesk Kontrol Panel. So i added one domain and setup one of my new Ips 85.25.230.5 to it. But no it is not working. When I visit the domain via browser, there is a Plesk page comes and says this domain is not configured on the server. Then I changed the domains Ip to one of my old Ips which are given to me with the server and which I have been using for my other domains for a long time. Ok in a second, domain started working. I set it back to my new Ip and domain did not work. As I said, I'm not an expert and do not now the logic. But I'm eager to learn. Can you tell me what might couse the problem and did I do wrong while setting up IP RANGE to my server, if so how can I set them up? Thank you, Efe

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