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• AS3 Memory management when instantiating extended classes

  - by araid

  I'm developing an AS3 application which has some memory leaks I can't find, so I'd like to ask some newbie questions about memory management. Imagine I have a class named BaseClass, and some classes that extend this one, such as ClassA, ClassB, etc. I declare a variable: myBaseClass:BaseClass = new ClassA(); After a while, I use it to instantiate a new object: myBaseClass = new ClassB(); some time after myBaseClass = new ClassC(); and the same thing keeps happening every x millis, triggered by a timer. Is there any memory problem here? Are the unused instances correctly deleted by the garbage collector? Thanks!

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• Python New-style Classes and the Super Function

  - by sfjedi

  This is not the result I expect to see: class A(dict): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self['args'] = args self['kwargs'] = kwargs class B(A): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(B, self).__init__(args, kwargs) print 'Instance A:', A('monkey', banana=True) #Instance A: {'args': ('monkey',), 'kwargs': {'banana': True}} print 'Instance B:', B('monkey', banana=True) #Instance B: {'args': (('monkey',), {'banana': True}), 'kwargs': {}} I'm just trying to get classes A and B to have consistent values set. I'm not sure why the kwargs are being inserted into the args, but I'm to presume I am either calling init() wrong from the subclass or I'm trying to do something that you just can't do. Any tips?

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• problems with extended classes and overwrite with methods

  - by Marco

  I have a .net website written in C# and will make functionalities that other developers can use. So i will make some default implementation and a developer can overwrite some methods Example: i have a class ShoppingCart and a class Product the class product haves a method getProductPrice the shoppingcart will call the method getProductPrice for calculating the total price of cart The Shoppingcart and Product are in the same project and i will give the developers the .dll so they can't change the source code so we can update the assembly later So they need to make a other project and extend the product class and overwrite the method getProductPrice so they can implement there own logic The problem is that the shoppingcart will not call the extended method but the original If we make already a extended project for the developers and the shoppingcart will call the extended method then we have a circular reference because the extended product needs a reference to product and the shopping cart to the extended product partial classes also don't works because we only can use partials within the same assembly anyone a suggestion ? thanks in advance

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• migrating C++ code from structures to classes

  - by eSKay

  I am migrating some C++ code from structures to classes. I was using structures mainly for bit-field optimizations which I do not need any more (I am more worried about speed than saving space now). What are the general guidelines for doing this migration? I am still in the planning stage as this is a very big move affecting a major part of the code. I want to plan everything first before doing it. What are all the essential things I should keep in mind?

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• Exception during iteration on collection and remove items from that collection

  - by Muhammad Kashif Nadeem

  I remove item from ArrayList in foreach loop and get follwing exception. Collection was modified; enumeration operation may not execute. How can I remove items in foreach Following is my code: /* * Need to remove all items from 'attachementsFielPath' which does not exist in names array. */ try { string attachmentFileNames = txtAttachment.Text.Trim(); // Textbox having file names. string[] names = attachmentFileNames.Split(new char[] { ';' }); int index = 0; // attachmentsFilePath is ArrayList holding full path of fiels user selected at any time. foreach (var fullFilePath in attachmentsFilePath) { bool isNeedToRemove = true; // Extract filename from full path. string fileName = fullFilePath.ToString().Substring(fullFilePath.ToString().LastIndexOf('\\') + 1); for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++) { // If filename found in array then no need to check remaining items. if (fileName.Equals(names[i].Trim())) { isNeedToRemove = false; break; } } // If file not found in names array, remove it. if (isNeedToRemove) { attachmentsFilePath.RemoveAt(index); isNeedToRemove = true; } index++; } } catch (Exception ex) { throw ex; }

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• FLV performance and garbage collection

  - by justinbach

  I'm building a large flash site (AS3) that uses huge FLVs as transition videos from section to section. The FLVs are 1280x800 and are being scaled to 1680x1050 (much of which is not displayed to users with smaller screens), and are around 5-8 seconds apiece. I'm encoding the videos using On2's hi-def codec, VP6-S, and playback is pretty good with native FLV players, Perian-equipped Quicktime, and simple proof-of-concept FLV playback apps built in AS3. The problem I'm having is that in the context of the actual site, playback isn't as smooth; the framerate isn't quite as good as it should be, and more problematically, there's occasional jerkiness and dropped frames (sometimes pausing the video for as long as a quarter of a second or so). My guess is that this is being caused by garbage collection in the Flash player, which happens nondeterministically and is therefore hard to test and control for. I'm using a single instance of FLVPlayback to play the videos; I originally was using NetStream objects and so forth directly but switched to FLVPlayback for this reason. Has anyone experienced this sort of jerkiness with FLVPlayback (or more generally, with hi-def Flash video)? Am I right about GC being the culprit here, and if so, is there any way to prevent it during playback of these system-intensive transitions?

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• Some Async Socket Code - Help with Garbage Collection?

  - by divinci

  Hi all, I think this question is really about my understanding of Garbage collection and variable references. But I will go ahead and throw out some code for you to look at. // Please note do not use this code for async sockets, just to highlight my question // SocketTransport // This is a simple wrapper class that is used as the 'state' object // when performing Async Socket Reads/Writes public class SocketTransport { public Socket Socket; public byte[] Buffer; public SocketTransport(Socket socket, byte[] buffer) { this.Socket = socket; this.Buffer = buffer; } } // Entry point - creates a SocketTransport, then passes it as the state // object when Asyncly reading from the socket. public void ReadOne(Socket socket) { SocketTransport socketTransport_One = new SocketTransport(socket, new byte[10]); socketTransport_One.Socket.BeginRecieve ( socketTransport_One.Buffer, // Buffer to store data 0, // Buffer offset 10, // Read Length SocketFlags.None // SocketFlags new AsyncCallback(OnReadOne), // Callback when BeginRead completes socketTransport_One // 'state' object to pass to Callback. ); } public void OnReadOne(IAsyncResult ar) { SocketTransport socketTransport_One = ar.asyncState as SocketTransport; ProcessReadOneBuffer(socketTransport_One.Buffer); // Do processing // New Read // Create another! SocketTransport (what happens to first one?) SocketTransport socketTransport_Two = new SocketTransport(socket, new byte[10]); socketTransport_Two.Socket.BeginRecieve ( socketTransport_One.Buffer, 0, 10, SocketFlags.None new AsyncCallback(OnReadTwo), socketTransport_Two ); } public void OnReadTwo(IAsyncResult ar) { SocketTransport socketTransport_Two = ar.asyncState as SocketTransport; .............. So my question is: The first SocketTransport to be created (socketTransport_One) has a strong reference to a Socket object (lets call is ~SocketA~). Once the async read is completed, a new SocketTransport object is created (socketTransport_Two) also with a strong reference to ~SocketA~. Q1. Will socketTransport_One be collected by the garbage collector when method OnReadOne exits? Even though it still contains a strong reference to ~SocketA~ Thanks all!

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• Android ListActivity with Bitmaps and Garbage Collection issue

  - by chis54

  I have a ListActivity and in it I set my list items with a class that extends SimpleCursorAdapter. I'm overriding bindView to set my Views. I have some TextViews and ImageViews. This is how I set my list items in my cursor adapter: String variableName = "drawable/q" + num + "_200px"; int imageResource = context.getResources().getIdentifier(variableName, "drawable", context.getPackageName()); if (imageResource != 0 ) { // The drawable exists Bitmap b = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), imageResource); width = b.getWidth(); height = b.getHeight(); imageView.getLayoutParams().width = (int) (width); imageView.getLayoutParams().height = (int) (height); imageView.setImageResource(imageResource); } else { imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.25trans_200px); } The problem I'm having is whenever I update my list with setListAdapter I get a large amount of garbage collection: D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 125K, 51% free 2710K/5447K, external 2022K/2137K, paused 75ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 30K, 51% free 2701K/5447K, external 2669K/2972K, paused 64ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 23K, 51% free 2713K/5447K, external 3479K/3579K, paused 53ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 22K, 51% free 2706K/5447K, external 3303K/3352K, paused 64ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 21K, 51% free 2722K/5447K, external 3569K/3685K, paused 102ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 23K, 50% free 2755K/5447K, external 3499K/3605K, paused 65ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 23K, 50% free 2771K/5447K, external 4213K/4488K, paused 53ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 18K, 49% free 2796K/5447K, external 5057K/5343K, paused 75ms D/dalvikvm(18637): GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC freed 28K, 49% free 2803K/5447K, external 5944K/5976K, paused 53ms D/dalvikvm( 435): GC_EXPLICIT freed 6K, 54% free 2544K/5511K, external 1625K/2137K, paused 50ms D/dalvikvm( 165): GC_EXPLICIT freed 85K, 52% free 2946K/6087K, external 4838K/5980K, paused 111ms D/dalvikvm( 448): GC_EXPLICIT freed 1K, 54% free 2540K/5511K, external 1625K/2137K, paused 50ms D/dalvikvm( 294): GC_EXPLICIT freed 8K, 55% free 2598K/5703K, external 1625K/2137K, paused 64ms What can I do to avoid this? It's causing my UI to be sluggish and when I scroll, too.

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• Criteria for triggering garbage collection in .Net

  - by Kennet Belenky

  I've come across some curious behavior with regard to garbage collection in .Net. The following program will throw an OutOfMemoryException very quickly (after less than a second on a 32-bit, 2GB machine). The Foo finalizer is never called. class Foo { static Dictionary<Guid, WeakReference> allFoos = new Dictionary<Guid, WeakReference>(); Guid guid = Guid.NewGuid(); byte[] buffer = new byte[1000000]; static Random rand = new Random(); public Foo() { // Uncomment the following line and the program will run forever. // rand.NextBytes(buffer); allFoos[guid] = new WeakReference(this); } ~Foo() { allFoos.Remove(guid); } static public void Main(string args[]) { for (; ; ) { new Foo(); } } } If the rand.nextBytes line is uncommented, it will run ad infinitum, and the Foo finalizer is regularly invoked. Why is that? My best guess is that in the former case, either the CLR or the Windows VMM is lazy about allocating physical memory. The buffer never gets written to, so the physical memory is never used. When the address space runs out, the system crashes. In the latter case, the system runs out of physical memory before it runs out of address space, the GC is triggered and the objects are collected. However, here's the part I don't get. Assuming my theory is correct, why doesn't the GC trigger when the address space runs low? If my theory is incorrect, then what's the real explanation?

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• Python many-to-one mapping (creating equivalence classes)

  - by Adam Matan

  Hi, I have a project of converting one database to another. One of the original database columns defines the row's category. This coulmn should be mapepd to a new category in the new databse. For example, let's assume the original categories are:parrot, spam, cheese_shop, Cleese, Gilliam, Palin Now that's a little verbose for me, And I want to have these rows categorized as sketch, actor - That is, define all the sketches and all the actors as two equivalence classes. >>> monty={'parrot':'sketch', 'spam':'sketch', 'cheese_shop':'sketch', 'Cleese':'actor', 'Gilliam':'actor', 'Palin':'actor'} >>> monty {'Gilliam': 'actor', 'Cleese': 'actor', 'parrot': 'sketch', 'spam': 'sketch', 'Palin': 'actor', 'cheese_shop': 'sketch'} That's quite awkward- I would prefer having something like: monty={ ('parrot','spam','cheese_shop'): 'sketch', ('Cleese', 'Gilliam', 'Palin') : 'actors'} But this, of course, sets the entire tuple as a key: >>> monty['parrot'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#29>", line 1, in <module> monty['parrot'] KeyError: 'parrot' Any ideas how to create an elegant many-to-one dictionary in Python? Thanks, Adam

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• Obj-C: Passing pointers to initialized classes in other classes

  - by FnGreg7

  Hey all. I initialized a class in my singleton called DataModel. Now, from my UIViewController, when I click a button, I have a method that is trying to access that class so that I may add an object to one of its dictionaries. My get/set method passes back the pointer to the class from my singleton, but when I am back in my UIViewController, the class passed back doesn't respond to methods. It's like it's just not there. I think it has something to do with the difference in passing pointers around classes or something. I even tried using the copy method to throw a copy back, but no luck. UIViewController: ApplicationSingleton *applicationSingleton = [[ApplicationSingleton alloc] init]; DataModel *dataModel = [applicationSingleton getDataModel]; [dataModel retrieveDataCategory:dataCategory]; Singleton: ApplicationSingleton *m_instance; DataModel *m_dataModel; - (id) init { NSLog(@"ApplicationSingleton.m initialized."); self = [super init]; if(self != nil) { if(m_instance != nil) { return m_instance; } NSLog(@"Initializing the application singleton."); m_instance = self; m_dataModel = [[DataModel alloc] init]; } NSLog(@"ApplicationSingleton init method returning."); return m_instance; } -(DataModel *)getDataModel { DataModel *dataModel_COPY = [m_dataModel copy]; return dataModel_COPY; } For the getDataModel method, I also tried this: -(DataModel *)getDataModel { return m_dataModel; } In my DataModel retrieveDataCategory method, I couldn't get anything to work. I even just tried putting a NSLog in there but it never would come onto the console. Any ideas?

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• What are the steps to grouping related classes into packages

  - by user2368481

  I've been googling this for some time, but what I haven't found are the clear steps needed to be taken to group related classes into packages in Java. In my case, I have about a number of .java files that I'd like to group into 3 packages according to the MVC pattern. One package for Model classes, one package for View classes and one package for Controller classes. I've identified which belong in what package, but not sure of the next step.

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• What are the differences between abstract classes, interfaces, and when to use them

  - by user66662

  Recently I have started to wrap my head around OOP, and I am now to the point where the more I read about the differences between Abstract classes and Interfaces the more confused I become. So far, neither can be instantiated. Interfaces are more or less structural blueprints that determine the skeleton and abstracts are different by being able to partially develop code. I would like to learn more about these through my specific situation. Here is a link to my first question if you would like a little more background information: What is a good design model for my new class? Here are two classes I created: class Ad { $title; $description $price; function get_data($website){ } function validate_price(){ } } class calendar_event { $title; $description $start_date; function get_data($website){ //guts } function validate_dates(){ //guts } } So, as you can see these classes are almost identical. Not shown here, but there are other functions, like get_zip(), save_to_database() that are common across my classes. I have also added other classes Cars and Pets which have all the common methods and of course properties specific to those objects (mileage, weight, for example). Now I have violated the DRY principle and I am managing and changing the same code across multiple files. I intend on having more classes like boats, horses, or whatever. So is this where I would use an interface or abstract class? From what I understand about abstract classes I would use a super class as a template with all of the common elements built into the abstract class, and then add only the items specifically needed in future classes. For example: abstract class content { $title; $description function get_data($website){ } function common_function2() { } function common_function3() { } } class calendar_event extends content { $start_date; function validate_dates(){ } } Or would I use an interface and, because these are so similar, create a structure that each of the subclasses are forced to use for integrity reasons, and leave it up to the end developer who fleshes out that class to be responsible for each of the details of even the common functions. my thinking there is that some 'common' functions may need to be tweaked in the future for the needs of their specific class. Despite all that above, if you believe I am misunderstanding the what and why of abstracts and interfaces altogether, by all means let a valid answer to be stop thinking in this direction and suggest the proper way to move forward! Thanks!

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• Serializing Class Derived from Generic Collection yet Deserializing the Generic Collection

  - by Stacey

  I have a Repository Class with the following method... public T Single<T>(Predicate<T> expression) { using (var list = (Models.Collectable<T>)System.Xml.Serializer.Deserialize(typeof(Models.Collectable<T>), FileName)) { return list.Find(expression); } } Where Collectable is defined.. [Serializable] public class Collectable<T> : List<T>, IDisposable { public Collectable() { } public void Dispose() { } } And an Item that uses it is defined.. [Serializable] [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRoot("Titles")] public partial class Titles : Collectable<Title> { } The problem is when I call the method, it expects "Collectable" to be the XmlRoot, but the XmlRoot is "Titles" (all of object Title). I have several classes that are collected in .xml files like this, but it seems pointless to rewrite the basic methods for loading each up when the generic accessors do it - but how can I enforce the proper root name for each file without hard coding methods for each one? The [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRoot] seems to be ignored. When called like this... var titles = Repository.List<Models.Title>(); I get the exception <Titlesxmlns=''> was not expected. The XML is formatted such as. .. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?> <Titles xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Title> <Id>442daf7d-193c-4da8-be0b-417cec9dc1c5</Id> </Title> </Titles> Here is the deserialization code. public static T Deserialize<T>(String xmlString) { System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer XmlFormatSerializer = new System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer(typeof(T)); StreamReader XmlStringReader = new StreamReader(xmlString); //XmlTextReader XmlFormatReader = new XmlTextReader(XmlStringReader); try { return (T)XmlFormatSerializer.Deserialize(XmlStringReader); } catch (Exception e) { throw e; } finally { XmlStringReader.Close(); } }

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• Advice/suggestions for my first project PHP Classes

  - by Philip

  Hi guys, Any advice is welcome! I have a very limited understanding of php classes but below is my starting point for the route I would like to take. The code is a reflection of what I see in my head and how I would like to go about business. Does my code even look ok, or am I way off base? What are your thoughts, how would you go about achieving such a task as form-validate-insertquery-sendmail-return messages and errors? Please try and keep your answers simple enough for me to digest as for me its about understanding whats going on and not just a copy/paste job. Kindest regards, Phil. Note: This is a base structure only, no complete code added. <?php //======================================= //class.logging.php //======================================== class logging { public $data = array(); public $errors = array(); function __construct() { array_pop($_POST); $this->data =($this->_logging)? is_isset(filterStr($_POST) : ''; foreach($this->data as $key=> $value) { $this->data[$key] = $value; } //print_r($this->data); de-bugging } public function is_isset($str) { if(isset($str)) ? true: false; } public function filterStr($str) { return preg_match(do somthing, $str); } public function validate_post() { try { if(!is_numeric($data['cardID'])) ? throw new Exception('CardID must be numeric!') : continue; } catch (Exception $e) { return $errors = $e->getCode(); } } public function showErrors() { foreach($errors as $error => $err) { print('<div class="notok"></div><br />'); } } public function insertQ() { $query = ""; } } //======================================= //Usercp.php //======================================== if(isset($_GET['mode'])) { $mode = $_GET['mode']; } else { $mode = 'usercp'; } switch($mode) { case 'usercp': echo 'Welcome to the User Control Panel'; break; case 'logging': require_once 'class.logging.php'; $logger = new logging(); if(isset($_POST['submit']) { if($logger->validate_post === true) { $logger->insertQ(); require_once '/scripts/PHPMailer/class.phpmailer.php'; $mailer = new PHPMailer(); $mailer->PHPMailer(); } else { echo ''.$logger->showErrors.''; } } else { echo ' <form action="'.$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'].'?mode=logging" method="post"> </form> '; } break; case 'user_logout': // do somthing break; case 'user_settings': // do somthing break; ?>

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• Number of Classes in a Namespace - Code Smell?

  - by Tim Claason

  I have a C# library that's used by several executables. There's only a couple namespaces in the library, and I just noticed that one of the namespaces has quite a few classes in it. I've always avoided having too many classes in a single namespace because of categorization, and because subconsciously, I think it looks "prettier" to have a deeper hierarchy of namespaces. My question is: does anyone else consider it a "code smell" when a namespace has many classes - even if the classes relate to each other? Would you put in a lot of effort to find nuances in the classes that allows for subcategorization?

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• Should concrete classes avoid calling other concrete classes, except for data objects?

  - by Kazark

  In Appendix A to The Art of Unit Testing, Roy Osherove, speaking about ways to write testable code from the start, says, An abstract class shouldn't call concrete classes, and concerete classes shouldn't call concrete classes either, unless they're data objects (objects holding data, with no behavior). (259) The first half of the sentence is simply Dependency Inversion from SOLID. The second half seems rather extreme to me. That means that every time I'm going to write a class that isn't a simple data structure, which is most classes, I should write an interface or abstract class first, right? Is it really worthwhile to go that far in defining abstract classes an interfaces? Can anyone explain why in more detail, or refute it in spite of its benefit for testability?

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• Should I use a collection here?

  - by Eva

  So I have code set up like this: public interface IInterface { public void setField(Object field); } public abstract class AbstractClass extends JPanel implements IInterface { private Object field_; public void setField(Object field) { field_ = field; } } public class ClassA extends AbstractClass { public ClassA() { // unique ClassA constructor stuff } public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(1, 1); } } public class ClassB extends AbstractClass { public ClassB() { // unique ClassB constructor stuff } public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(42, 42); } } public class ConsumerA { public ConsumerA(Collection<AbstractClass> collection) { for (AbstractClass abstractClass : collection) { abstractClass.setField(this); abstractClass.repaint(); } } } All hunky-dory so far, until public class ConsumerB { // Option 1 public ConsumerB(ClassA a, ClassB b) { methodThatOnlyTakesA(a); methodThatOnlyTakesB(b); } // Option 2 public ConsumerB(Collection<AbstractClass> collection) { for (IInterface i : collection) { if (i instanceof ClassA) { methodThatOnlyTakesA((ClassA) i); else if (i instanceof ClassB) { methodThatOnlyTakesB((ClassB) i); } } } } public class UsingOption1 { public static void main(String[] args) { ClassA a = new ClassA(); ClassB b = new ClassB(); Collection<AbstractClass> collection = Arrays.asList(a, b); ConsumerA consumerA = new ConsumerA(collection); ConsumerB consumerB = new ConsumerB(a, b); } } public class UsingOption2 { public static void main(String[] args) { Collection<AbstractClass> collection = Arrays.asList(new ClassA(), new ClassB()); ConsumerA = new ConsumerA(collection); ConsumerB = new ConsumerB(collection); } } With a lot more classes extending AbstractClass, both options get unwieldly. Option1 would make the constructor of ConsumerB really long. Also UsingOption1 would get long too. Option2 would have way more if statements than I feel comfortable with. Is there a viable Option3? If it helps, ClassA and ClassB have all the same methods, they're just implemented differently. Thanks for slogging through my code!

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• WinForm partial classes

  - by nivlam

  I have a WinForm project that contains a form called MainUI. You can see that the automatically generated partial class shows up as a node under MainUI.cs. Is there a way to "move" my self created partial class MainUI.Other.cs under MainUI.cs so that it'll show as another node?

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• Strings and Garbage Collection

  - by Kyle Rozendo

  I have heard conflicting stories on this topic and am looking for a little bit of clarity. How would one dispose of a string object immediately, or at the very least clear traces of it?

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• How does Garbage Collection in Java work?

  - by Bright010957

  I was wondering how the garbage collector in Java deals with the following situation. Object A has a reference to Object B and Object B has a reference to Object C. The main program has a reference to Object A. So you can use Object B trough Object A, and Object C trough Object B trough Object A. What happens to Object B and Object C, if the link between Object A and Object B is set to null? Should Object B and Object C now been collected by the Garbage Collector? I mean there is still a connection between Object B and Object C.

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• Why other languages don't have automatic garbage collection similar as that of the Java Garbage Coll

  - by anonymous

  What are the reason/s behind other languages not having a Garbage Collector?

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• Collection.contains(Enum.Value) in HQL?

  - by Seth

  I'm a little confused about how to do something in HQL. So let's say I have a class Foo that I'm persisting in hibernate. It contains a set of enum values, like so: public class Foo { @CollectionOfElements private Set<Bar> barSet = new HashSet<Bar>(); //getters and setters here ... } and public enum Bar { A, B } Is there an HQL statement I can use to fetch only Foo instances who'se barSet containst Bar.B? List foos = session.createQuery("from Foo as foo " + "where foo.barSet.contains.Bar.B").list(); Or am I stuck fetching all Foo instances and filtering them out at the DAO level? List foos = session.createQuery("from Foo as foo").list(); List results = new ArrayList(); for(Foo f : foos) { if(f.barSet.contains(Bar.B)) results.add(f); } Thanks!

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• C# collection/string .Contains vs collection/string.IndexOf

  - by Daniel

  Is there a reason to use .Contains on a string/list instead of .IndexOf? Most code that I would write using .Contains would shortly after need the index of the item and therefore would have to do both statements. But why not both in one? if ((index = blah.IndexOf(something) = 0) // i know that Contains is true and i also have the index

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• Python: combining making two scripts into one

  - by Alex

  I have two separately made python scripts one that makes a sine wave sound based off time, and another that produces a sine wave graph that is based off the same time factors. I need help combining them into one running file. Here's the first: from struct import pack from math import sin, pi import time def au_file(name, freq, freq1, dur, vol): fout = open(name, 'wb') # header needs size, encoding=2, sampling_rate=8000, channel=1 fout.write('.snd' + pack('>5L', 24, 8*dur, 2, 8000, 1)) factor = 2 * pi * freq/8000 factor1 = 2 * pi * freq1/8000 # write data for seg in range(8 * dur): # sine wave calculations sin_seg = sin(seg * factor) + sin(seg * factor1) fout.write(pack('b', vol * 64 * sin_seg)) fout.close() t = time.strftime("%S", time.localtime()) ti = time.strftime("%M", time.localtime()) tis = float(t) tis = tis * 100 tim = float(ti) tim = tim * 100 if __name__ == '__main__': au_file(name='timeSound.au', freq=tim, freq1=tis, dur=1000, vol=1.0) import os os.startfile('timeSound.au') and the second is this: from Tkinter import * import math import time t = time.strftime("%S", time.localtime()) ti = time.strftime("%M", time.localtime()) tis = float(t) tis = tis / 100 tim = float(ti) tim = tim / 100 root = Tk() root.title("This very moment") width = 400 height = 300 center = height//2 x_increment = 1 # width stretch x_factor1 = tis x_factor2 = tim # height stretch y_amplitude = 50 c = Canvas(width=width, height=height, bg='black') c.pack() str1 = "sin(x)=white" c.create_text(10, 20, anchor=SW, text=str1) center_line = c.create_line(0, center, width, center, fill='red') # create the coordinate list for the sin() curve, have to be integers xy1 = [] xy2 = [] for x in range(400): # x coordinates xy1.append(x * x_increment) xy2.append(x * x_increment) # y coordinates xy1.append(int(math.sin(x * x_factor1) * y_amplitude) + center) xy2.append(int(math.sin(x * x_factor2) * y_amplitude) + center) sinS_line = c.create_line(xy1, fill='white') sinM_line = c.create_line(xy2, fill='yellow') root.mainloop()

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