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  • How can I get an Active Directory data code from System.DirectoryServices[.Protocols]?

    - by Alex Waddell
    When using .Protocols, I can run the following pseudocode to authenticate to an AD: try { LdapConnection c = new LdapConnection("User", "Password"); c.Bind(); } catch (LdapException le) { Debug.WriteLine(le.ResultCode); } This code will allow me to get the "Invalid Credentials" error string, and the AD code "49", but I need to get the additional data errors similar to an LDAP Java client : [LDAP: error code 49 - 80090308: LdapErr: DSID-0C09030F, comment: AcceptSecurityContext error, data **525**, vece ] 525 – user not found 52e – invalid credentials (bad password) 530 – logon time restriction 532 – password expired 533 – account disabled 701 – account expired 773 – user must reset password

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  • T-SQL (SCD) Slowly Changing Dimension Type 2 using a merge statement

    - by AtulThakor
    Working on stored procedure recently which loads records into a data warehouse I found that the existing record was being expired using an update statement followed by an insert to add the new active record. Playing around with the merge statement you can actually expire the current record and insert a new record within one clean statement. This is how the statement works, we do the normal merge statement to insert a record when there is no match, if we match the record we update the existing record by expiring it and deactivating. At the end of the merge statement we use the output statement to output the staging values for the update,  we wrap the whole merge statement within an insert statement and add new rows for the records which we inserted. I’ve added the full script at the bottom so you can paste it and play around.   1: INSERT INTO ExampleFactUpdate 2: (PolicyID, 3: Status) 4: SELECT -- these columns are returned from the output statement 5: PolicyID, 6: Status 7: FROM 8: ( 9: -- merge statement on unique id in this case Policy_ID 10: MERGE dbo.ExampleFactUpdate dp 11: USING dbo.ExampleStag s 12: ON dp.PolicyID = s.PolicyID 13: WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN -- when we cant match the record we insert a new record record and this is all that happens 14: INSERT (PolicyID,Status) 15: VALUES (s.PolicyID, s.Status) 16: WHEN MATCHED --if it already exists 17: AND ExpiryDate IS NULL -- and the Expiry Date is null 18: THEN 19: UPDATE 20: SET 21: dp.ExpiryDate = getdate(), --we set the expiry on the existing record 22: dp.Active = 0 -- and deactivate the existing record 23: OUTPUT $Action MergeAction, s.PolicyID, s.Status -- the output statement returns a merge action which can 24: ) MergeOutput -- be insert/update/delete, on our example where a record has been updated (or expired in our case 25: WHERE -- we'll filter using a where clause 26: MergeAction = 'Update'; -- here   Complete source for example 1: if OBJECT_ID('ExampleFactUpdate') > 0 2: drop table ExampleFactUpdate 3:  4: Create Table ExampleFactUpdate( 5: ID int identity(1,1), 3: go 6: PolicyID varchar(100), 7: Status varchar(100), 8: EffectiveDate datetime default getdate(), 9: ExpiryDate datetime, 10: Active bit default 1 11: ) 12:  13:  14: insert into ExampleFactUpdate( 15: PolicyID, 16: Status) 17: select 18: 1, 19: 'Live' 20:  21: /*Create Staging Table*/ 22: if OBJECT_ID('ExampleStag') > 0 23: drop table ExampleStag 24: go 25:  26: /*Create example fact table */ 27: Create Table ExampleStag( 28: PolicyID varchar(100), 29: Status varchar(100)) 30:  31: --add some data 32: insert into ExampleStag( 33: PolicyID, 34: Status) 35: select 36: 1, 37: 'Lapsed' 38: union all 39: select 40: 2, 41: 'Quote' 42:  43: select * 44: from ExampleFactUpdate 45:  46: select * 47: from ExampleStag 48:  49:  50: INSERT INTO ExampleFactUpdate 51: (PolicyID, 52: Status) 53: SELECT -- these columns are returned from the output statement 54: PolicyID, 55: Status 56: FROM 57: ( 58: -- merge statement on unique id in this case Policy_ID 59: MERGE dbo.ExampleFactUpdate dp 60: USING dbo.ExampleStag s 61: ON dp.PolicyID = s.PolicyID 62: WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN -- when we cant match the record we insert a new record record and this is all that happens 63: INSERT (PolicyID,Status) 64: VALUES (s.PolicyID, s.Status) 65: WHEN MATCHED --if it already exists 66: AND ExpiryDate IS NULL -- and the Expiry Date is null 67: THEN 68: UPDATE 69: SET 70: dp.ExpiryDate = getdate(), --we set the expiry on the existing record 71: dp.Active = 0 -- and deactivate the existing record 72: OUTPUT $Action MergeAction, s.PolicyID, s.Status -- the output statement returns a merge action which can 73: ) MergeOutput -- be insert/update/delete, on our example where a record has been updated (or expired in our case 74: WHERE -- we'll filter using a where clause 75: MergeAction = 'Update'; -- here 76:  77:  78: select * 79: from ExampleFactUpdate 80: 

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  • remove tomcat excesive logging (org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase )

    - by santiagozky
    Hello, We have a tomcat 5.5 which is logging a lot of messages like these: 2010-05-20 14:07:04,242 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - End expire sessions StandardManager processingTime 1 expired sessions: 0 2010-05-20 14:07:04,242 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - Start expire sessions StandardManager at 1274382424242 sessioncount 0 2010-05-20 14:07:04,242 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - End expire sessions StandardManager processingTime 0 expired sessions: 0 2010-05-20 14:08:04,394 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - Start expire sessions StandardManager at 1274382484394 sessioncount 0 2010-05-20 14:08:04,394 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - End expire sessions StandardManager processingTime 0 expired sessions: 0 2010-05-20 14:08:04,395 DEBUG [org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase] - Start expire sessions StandardManager at 1274382484394 sessioncount 0 I have modified the logging.properties file to set the levels to ERROR and SEVERE but the logging still appears: handlers = 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 4admin.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 5host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler .handlers = 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ERROR 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = catalina. 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ERROR 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = localhost. 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ERROR 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = manager. 4admin.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ERROR 4admin.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs 4admin.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = admin. 5host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ERROR 5host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs 5host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = host-manager. java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level = ERROR java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.formatter = java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].level = ERROR org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].handlers = 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/manager].level = ERROR org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/manager].handlers = 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/admin].level = ERROR org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/admin].handlers = 4admin.org.apache.juli.FileHandler org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/host-manager].level = ERROR org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/host-manager].handlers = 5host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.level = SEVERE org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.level = SEVERE org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase.level = SEVERE I don't know what is wrong in the configuration. Any ideas to shut them off?

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  • Anyone got a nifty credit expiry algorithm?

    - by garethkeenan
    Our website uses a credit system to allow users to purchase inexpensive digital goods (eg. photos). We use credits, rather than asking the user to pay for items individually, because the items are cheap and we are trying to keep our credit-card/PayPal overhead low. Because we aren't a bank, we have to expire credits after a certain amount of time. We expire deposit credits after a year, but other types of credits (bonuses, prizes, refunds) may have a different shelf-life. When a buyer buys an item, we spend the credit that is going to expire first. Our current system keeps track of every deposit by storing the original value and the remainder to be spent. We keep a list of all purchases as well, of course. I am currently moving to a system which is much more like a traditional double-entry accounting system. A deposit will create a ledger item, increasing the user's 'spending' account balance. Every purchase will also create a ledger item, decreasing the user's 'spending' account balance. The new system has running balances, while the old system does not, which greatly improves our ability to find problems and do reconciliations. We do not want to use the old system of keeping a 'remainder' value attached to each deposit record because it is inefficient to replay a user's activities to calculate what the remainder of each deposit is over time (for the user's statement). So, after all of this verbose introduction, my question is "Does anyone else out there have a similar system of expiring credits?" If you could describe how you calculate expired credits it would be a great help. If all expired credits had the exact same shelf life, we would be able to calculate the expired amount using: Total Deposits - Total Spending - Deposits Not Due To Expire = Amount to Expire However, because deposits can have different shelf lives, this formula does not work because more than one deposit can be partially spent at any given time.

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  • NPS EAP authentication failing after Windows Update

    - by sqlreader
    I have a Windows 2008 Std server running NPS. After applying the latest round of updates (including Root Certificates for April 2012 KB931125 (See:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/933430/)), EAP authentication is failing due to being malformed. Sample error (Security/Event ID 6273), truncated for brevity: Authentication Details: Proxy Policy Name: Use Windows authentication for all users Network Policy Name: Wireless Access Authentication Provider: Windows Authentication Server: nps-host.corp.contoso.com Authentication Type: PEAP EAP Type: - Account Session Identifier: - Reason Code: 266 Reason: The message received was unexpected or badly formatted. The NPS policy (Wireless Access) is configured accordingly (for Constraints/Authentication methods) EAP Types: Microsoft: Protected EAP (PEAP) - with a valid certificate from ADCS Microsoft: Secured password (EAP-MSCHAP v2) Less secure authentication methods: Microsoft Encrypted Authentication version 2 (MS-CHAP-v2) User can change password after it has expired Microsoft Encrypted Authentication (MS-CHAP) User can change password after it has expired We've tested a different RADIUS server without the aforementioned patch, and removed EAP as an authentication type and experienced success. Has anyone else experienced this issue?

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  • How to use rhythmbox-client on LAN?

    - by Kaustubh P
    A few days ago I had asked this question, and according to one suggestion, used rhythmote. It is a web-interface to change songs on a rhythmbox playing on some PC. However, its not what I had thought of, and I stumbled upon documentation for rhythmbox-client. I tried a few ways of using it, but was unsuccessful. Let me show you a few ways of how I did it. The rhythmbox is running at address 192.168.1.4, lets call it jukebox. Passing the address as a parameter Hoping that I would be able to see and browse through songs on the jukebox rhythmbox-client 192.168.1.4 But, I get this message (rhythmbox-client:8370): Rhythmbox-WARNING **: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken. (rhythmbox-client:8370): Rhythmbox-WARNING **: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken. SSH ssh -l jukebox 192.168.1.4 rhythmbox-client --print-playing Which spat this at me: (rhythmbox-client:9389): Rhythmbox-WARNING **: /bin/dbus-launch terminated abnormally with the following error: Autolaunch error: X11 initialization failed. rhythmbox-client as root gksudo rhythmbox-client 192.168.1.4 A rhythmbox client comes up, but with no music shown in the library. I am guessing this is running on my own computer. Can anyon tell me how rhythmbox-client is to be run, and is it even correct of me to think that I can get a rhythmbox window showing the songs on the jukebox? PS: There were a few other solutions mentioned, but I want to evaluate each and every one of them. Thanks.

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  • How can I expire non-active sessions on my Netscreen SSG140?

    - by David Mackintosh
    I have a Juniper Netscreen SSG-140. While experimenting with a VoIP service, I defined a custom policy that was to be used to permit the possible ports in use to be sent back to the VoIP server from systems connecting across the internet. Because I'd had problems in the past with VoIP systems getting broken when their UDP sessions were expired out faster than their keep-alives were generated, I set the timeout on this custom service to be 'never'. After much experimentation, I happened to notice that my session count on the firewall has grown from a couple thousand to over 36000. After discussion with the VoIP "expert", I set the timeout to be 30 minutes; however, all the sessions set up during the experimentation process are still there, more than 3 days later. Is there a way I can force these old sessions to get expired and removed from the session table, or am I looking at resetting my firewall? (Both firewalls, actually -- they are in a cluster.)

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  • TIME_WAIT connections not being cleaned up after timeout period expires

    - by Mark Dawson
    I am stress testing one of my servers by hitting it with a constant stream of new network connections, the tcp_fin_timeout is set to 60, so if I send a constant stream of something like 100 requests per second, I would expect to see a rolling average of 6000 (60 * 100) connections in a TIME_WAIT state, this is happening, but looking in netstat (using -o) to see the timers, I see connections like: TIME_WAIT timewait (0.00/0/0) where their timeout has expired but the connection is still hanging around, I then eventually run out of connections. Anyone know why these connections don't get cleaned up? If I stop creating new connections they do eventually disappear but while I am constantly creating new connections they don't, seems like the kernel isn't getting chance to clean them up? Is there some other config options I need to set to remove the connections as soon as they have expired? The server is running Ubuntu and my web server is nginx. Also it has iptables with connection tracking, not sure if that would cause these TIME_WAIT connections to live on. Thanks Mark.

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  • How to recertify Notes .id file if you can't get into Notes Admin

    - by Ben
    I've got a bit of a catch-22 situation here. My company used to use Notes, but migrated to Exchange several years ago. As such the Notes server was mothballed. I now need to get back into Notes to get some data from an old app we had. The trouble is, all my .id files have expired. I can't recertify them, as I can't log into Notes Admin - because the .id has expired. Is there any way round this? Thanks, Ben

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  • Bacula & Multiple Tape Devices, and so on

    - by Tom O'Connor
    Bacula won't make use of 2 tape devices simultaneously. (Search for #-#-# for the TL;DR) A little background, perhaps. In the process of trying to get a decent working backup solution (backing up 20TB ain't cheap, or easy) at $dayjob, we bought a bunch of things to make it work. Firstly, there's a Spectra Logic T50e autochanger, 40 slots of LTO5 goodness, and that robot's got a pair of IBM HH5 Ultrium LTO5 drives, connected via FibreChannel Arbitrated Loop to our backup server. There's the backup server.. A Dell R715 with 2x 16 core AMD 62xx CPUs, and 32GB of RAM. Yummy. That server's got 2 Emulex FCe-12000E cards, and an Intel X520-SR dual port 10GE NIC. We were also sold Commvault Backup (non-NDMP). Here's where it gets really complicated. Spectra Logic and Commvault both sent respective engineers, who set up the library and the software. Commvault was running fine, in so far as the controller was working fine. The Dell server has Ubuntu 12.04 server, and runs the MediaAgent for CommVault, and mounts our BlueArc NAS as NFS to a few mountpoints, like /home, and some stuff in /mnt. When backing up from the NFS mountpoints, we were seeing ~= 290GB/hr throughput. That's CRAP, considering we've got 20-odd TB to get through, in a <48 hour backup window. The rated maximum on the BlueArc is 700MB/s (2460GB/hr), the rated maximum write speed on the tape devices is 140MB/s, per drive, so that's 492GB/hr (or double it, for the total throughput). So, the next step was to benchmark NFS performance with IOzone, and it turns out that we get epic write performance (across 20 threads), and it's like 1.5-2.5TB/hr write, but read performance is fecking hopeless. I couldn't ever get higher than 343GB/hr maximum. So let's assume that the 343GB/hr is a theoretical maximum for read performance on the NAS, then we should in theory be able to get that performance out of a) CommVault, and b) any other backup agent. Not the case. Commvault seems to only ever give me 200-250GB/hr throughput, and out of experimentation, I installed Bacula to see what the state of play there is. If, for example, Bacula gave consistently better performance and speeds than Commvault, then we'd be able to say "**$.$ Refunds Plz $.$**" #-#-# Alas, I found a different problem with Bacula. Commvault seems pretty happy to read from one part of the mountpoint with one thread, and stream that to a Tape device, whilst reading from some other directory with the other thread, and writing to the 2nd drive in the autochanger. I can't for the life of me get Bacula to mount and write to two tape drives simultaneously. Things I've tried: Setting Maximum Concurrent Jobs = 20 in the Director, File and Storage Daemons Setting Prefer Mounted Volumes = no in the Job Definition Setting multiple devices in the Autochanger resource. Documentation seems to be very single-drive centric, and we feel a little like we've strapped a rocket to a hamster, with this one. The majority of example Bacula configurations are for DDS4 drives, manual tape swapping, and FreeBSD or IRIX systems. I should probably add that I'm not too bothered if this isn't possible, but I'd be surprised. I basically want to use Bacula as proof to stick it to the software vendors that they're overpriced ;) I read somewhere that @KyleBrandt has done something similar with a modern Tape solution.. Configuration Files: *bacula-dir.conf* # # Default Bacula Director Configuration file Director { # define myself Name = backuphost-1-dir DIRport = 9101 # where we listen for UA connections QueryFile = "/etc/bacula/scripts/query.sql" WorkingDirectory = "/var/lib/bacula" PidDirectory = "/var/run/bacula" Maximum Concurrent Jobs = 20 Password = "yourekiddingright" # Console password Messages = Daemon DirAddress = 0.0.0.0 #DirAddress = 127.0.0.1 } JobDefs { Name = "DefaultFileJob" Type = Backup Level = Incremental Client = backuphost-1-fd FileSet = "Full Set" Schedule = "WeeklyCycle" Storage = File Messages = Standard Pool = File Priority = 10 Write Bootstrap = "/var/lib/bacula/%c.bsr" } JobDefs { Name = "DefaultTapeJob" Type = Backup Level = Incremental Client = backuphost-1-fd FileSet = "Full Set" Schedule = "WeeklyCycle" Storage = "SpectraLogic" Messages = Standard Pool = AllTapes Priority = 10 Write Bootstrap = "/var/lib/bacula/%c.bsr" Prefer Mounted Volumes = no } # # Define the main nightly save backup job # By default, this job will back up to disk in /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir Job { Name = "BackupClient1" JobDefs = "DefaultFileJob" } Job { Name = "BackupThisVolume" JobDefs = "DefaultTapeJob" FileSet = "SpecialVolume" } #Job { # Name = "BackupClient2" # Client = backuphost-12-fd # JobDefs = "DefaultJob" #} # Backup the catalog database (after the nightly save) Job { Name = "BackupCatalog" JobDefs = "DefaultFileJob" Level = Full FileSet="Catalog" Schedule = "WeeklyCycleAfterBackup" # This creates an ASCII copy of the catalog # Arguments to make_catalog_backup.pl are: # make_catalog_backup.pl <catalog-name> RunBeforeJob = "/etc/bacula/scripts/make_catalog_backup.pl MyCatalog" # This deletes the copy of the catalog RunAfterJob = "/etc/bacula/scripts/delete_catalog_backup" Write Bootstrap = "/var/lib/bacula/%n.bsr" Priority = 11 # run after main backup } # # Standard Restore template, to be changed by Console program # Only one such job is needed for all Jobs/Clients/Storage ... # Job { Name = "RestoreFiles" Type = Restore Client=backuphost-1-fd FileSet="Full Set" Storage = File Pool = Default Messages = Standard Where = /srv/bacula/restore } FileSet { Name = "SpecialVolume" Include { Options { signature = MD5 } File = /mnt/SpecialVolume } Exclude { File = /var/lib/bacula File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir File = /proc File = /tmp File = /.journal File = /.fsck } } # List of files to be backed up FileSet { Name = "Full Set" Include { Options { signature = MD5 } File = /usr/sbin } Exclude { File = /var/lib/bacula File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir File = /proc File = /tmp File = /.journal File = /.fsck } } Schedule { Name = "WeeklyCycle" Run = Full 1st sun at 23:05 Run = Differential 2nd-5th sun at 23:05 Run = Incremental mon-sat at 23:05 } # This schedule does the catalog. It starts after the WeeklyCycle Schedule { Name = "WeeklyCycleAfterBackup" Run = Full sun-sat at 23:10 } # This is the backup of the catalog FileSet { Name = "Catalog" Include { Options { signature = MD5 } File = "/var/lib/bacula/bacula.sql" } } # Client (File Services) to backup Client { Name = backuphost-1-fd Address = localhost FDPort = 9102 Catalog = MyCatalog Password = "surelyyourejoking" # password for FileDaemon File Retention = 30 days # 30 days Job Retention = 6 months # six months AutoPrune = yes # Prune expired Jobs/Files } # # Second Client (File Services) to backup # You should change Name, Address, and Password before using # #Client { # Name = backuphost-12-fd # Address = localhost2 # FDPort = 9102 # Catalog = MyCatalog # Password = "i'mnotjokinganddontcallmeshirley" # password for FileDaemon 2 # File Retention = 30 days # 30 days # Job Retention = 6 months # six months # AutoPrune = yes # Prune expired Jobs/Files #} # Definition of file storage device Storage { Name = File # Do not use "localhost" here Address = localhost # N.B. Use a fully qualified name here SDPort = 9103 Password = "lalalalala" Device = FileStorage Media Type = File } Storage { Name = "SpectraLogic" Address = localhost SDPort = 9103 Password = "linkedinmakethebestpasswords" Device = Drive-1 Device = Drive-2 Media Type = LTO5 Autochanger = yes } # Generic catalog service Catalog { Name = MyCatalog # Uncomment the following line if you want the dbi driver # dbdriver = "dbi:sqlite3"; dbaddress = 127.0.0.1; dbport = dbname = "bacula"; DB Address = ""; dbuser = "bacula"; dbpassword = "bbmaster63" } # Reasonable message delivery -- send most everything to email address # and to the console Messages { Name = Standard mailcommand = "/usr/lib/bacula/bsmtp -h localhost -f \"\(Bacula\) \<%r\>\" -s \"Bacula: %t %e of %c %l\" %r" operatorcommand = "/usr/lib/bacula/bsmtp -h localhost -f \"\(Bacula\) \<%r\>\" -s \"Bacula: Intervention needed for %j\" %r" mail = root@localhost = all, !skipped operator = root@localhost = mount console = all, !skipped, !saved # # WARNING! the following will create a file that you must cycle from # time to time as it will grow indefinitely. However, it will # also keep all your messages if they scroll off the console. # append = "/var/lib/bacula/log" = all, !skipped catalog = all } # # Message delivery for daemon messages (no job). Messages { Name = Daemon mailcommand = "/usr/lib/bacula/bsmtp -h localhost -f \"\(Bacula\) \<%r\>\" -s \"Bacula daemon message\" %r" mail = root@localhost = all, !skipped console = all, !skipped, !saved append = "/var/lib/bacula/log" = all, !skipped } # Default pool definition Pool { Name = Default Pool Type = Backup Recycle = yes # Bacula can automatically recycle Volumes AutoPrune = yes # Prune expired volumes Volume Retention = 365 days # one year } # File Pool definition Pool { Name = File Pool Type = Backup Recycle = yes # Bacula can automatically recycle Volumes AutoPrune = yes # Prune expired volumes Volume Retention = 365 days # one year Maximum Volume Bytes = 50G # Limit Volume size to something reasonable Maximum Volumes = 100 # Limit number of Volumes in Pool } Pool { Name = AllTapes Pool Type = Backup Recycle = yes AutoPrune = yes # Prune expired volumes Volume Retention = 31 days # one Moth } # Scratch pool definition Pool { Name = Scratch Pool Type = Backup } # # Restricted console used by tray-monitor to get the status of the director # Console { Name = backuphost-1-mon Password = "LastFMalsostorePasswordsLikeThis" CommandACL = status, .status } bacula-sd.conf # # Default Bacula Storage Daemon Configuration file # Storage { # definition of myself Name = backuphost-1-sd SDPort = 9103 # Director's port WorkingDirectory = "/var/lib/bacula" Pid Directory = "/var/run/bacula" Maximum Concurrent Jobs = 20 SDAddress = 0.0.0.0 # SDAddress = 127.0.0.1 } # # List Directors who are permitted to contact Storage daemon # Director { Name = backuphost-1-dir Password = "passwordslinplaintext" } # # Restricted Director, used by tray-monitor to get the # status of the storage daemon # Director { Name = backuphost-1-mon Password = "totalinsecurityabound" Monitor = yes } Device { Name = FileStorage Media Type = File Archive Device = /srv/bacula/archive LabelMedia = yes; # lets Bacula label unlabeled media Random Access = Yes; AutomaticMount = yes; # when device opened, read it RemovableMedia = no; AlwaysOpen = no; } Autochanger { Name = SpectraLogic Device = Drive-1 Device = Drive-2 Changer Command = "/etc/bacula/scripts/mtx-changer %c %o %S %a %d" Changer Device = /dev/sg4 } Device { Name = Drive-1 Drive Index = 0 Archive Device = /dev/nst0 Changer Device = /dev/sg4 Media Type = LTO5 AutoChanger = yes RemovableMedia = yes; AutomaticMount = yes; AlwaysOpen = yes; RandomAccess = no; LabelMedia = yes } Device { Name = Drive-2 Drive Index = 1 Archive Device = /dev/nst1 Changer Device = /dev/sg4 Media Type = LTO5 AutoChanger = yes RemovableMedia = yes; AutomaticMount = yes; AlwaysOpen = yes; RandomAccess = no; LabelMedia = yes } # # Send all messages to the Director, # mount messages also are sent to the email address # Messages { Name = Standard director = backuphost-1-dir = all } bacula-fd.conf # # Default Bacula File Daemon Configuration file # # # List Directors who are permitted to contact this File daemon # Director { Name = backuphost-1-dir Password = "hahahahahaha" } # # Restricted Director, used by tray-monitor to get the # status of the file daemon # Director { Name = backuphost-1-mon Password = "hohohohohho" Monitor = yes } # # "Global" File daemon configuration specifications # FileDaemon { # this is me Name = backuphost-1-fd FDport = 9102 # where we listen for the director WorkingDirectory = /var/lib/bacula Pid Directory = /var/run/bacula Maximum Concurrent Jobs = 20 #FDAddress = 127.0.0.1 FDAddress = 0.0.0.0 } # Send all messages except skipped files back to Director Messages { Name = Standard director = backuphost-1-dir = all, !skipped, !restored }

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  • windows installer service could not be started

    - by Fischer
    I'm on windows 7 64 bit, i'm using the admin accouunt, i try to install some programs, but can't, i troubleshooted the error that i got, and turned out that windows installer service is stopped, i tried to start it, it says windows installer service could not be started because its disabled or it has no enabled devices associated with it. Error 1058 How to fix it? Note that the laptop has an expired bitdefender installed on it. I don't know if it's causing the problem or not, i just thought it was worth mentioning since i had many problems with misconfigured or expired antiviruses before. The MSIServer could not be started as well, and i tried to run as administrator The laptop is not mine, i'm just trying to fix it

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  • Notification framework for object lifecycle

    - by rlandster
    I am looking for an application, framework, or library that would help us with "object life-cycle management". There are many things that are created for users, departments, and services that, all too often, are left unmanaged. Some examples: user accounts groups SSL certificates access rights databases software license provisionings storage list-serve accounts These objects are created and managed by a wide variety of applications and systems. Typically, a user (person) requests (either explicitly or implicitly) one of these objects. A centralized management tool would help us manage such administration chores as: What objects does user X currently own/manage? Move the ownership of object P to user X; move all objects owned by user X (who was just been fired) to user Y. For all objects of type T that have expired be sure the objects have been disabled or deleted by their provider. How many active (expired, about-to-expire) objects of type P are there? Send periodic notifications to all users who own active objects of type P reminding them of what they own. There is a security alert for objects of type P; send a notification to all users who own these types of objects to take a specific remedial action. Delete or disable a set of objects based on expiration (or some other criteria). These objects are directly managed through their own applications (Active Directory, MySql, file systems, etc.) and may even have their own notification systems, but I want to centralize this into an "object management system". The OMS should allow the association with an external identity provider that defines who the users and groups are (e.g., LDAP, Active Directory) creation of objects association of an object to a specific user and/or group association with an expiration date creation of flexible reporting including letting users know what objects they currently own and their expiration dates integration with an external object "provider" via a plug-in We could write something from scratch, but I am hoping there is something already out there that will help, either an entire application or a set of libraries that provide much of what is needed. Any ideas?

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  • What is the best type of c# timer to use with a Unity game that uses many timers simultaneously?

    - by Kyle Seidlitz
    I am developing a stand-alone 3d game in Unity that will have anywhere from 1 to 200 timers running simultaneously. There will be a GameObject containing 1 timer. For this game timer durations will range from 5 minutes to 4 days. There will not be any countdown displays or any UI for the timers. Each object is a prefab, with all the necessary materials included. An attached script will handle the timer and all the necessary code to change the materials and make any sound effects. Once the timer is expired, the user will then click on the object again, and the object will be destroyed, and the user's inventory will be adjusted. If the user wants to save or end the game before all the timers are done, the start value of the still running timers is to be saved to an XML file such that when the game is started again, any still running timers will be checked to see if they have expired, where the object's materials will be changed appropriately. I am still trying to figure out what type of timer to use, and see also if there are any suggestions for saving and calculating times over several days. What class(es) of timers should I use? Are there any special issues I should look out for in terms of performance?

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  • Web service access fails when users password is in warning period

    - by uSlackr
    We have a number of locally installed .Net apps that communicate via web services. Authentication in IIS is handled by Windows Authentication so no additional login is required. We recently began seeing a problem where users are getting a application 403 error when there password is 14 days (or less) from expiring. As this sometime happens in the the middle of the day (login in the morning OK, but password reaches <14 days during the day), this comes as a surprise as they haven't been warned to change their password. Of course, one would expect they should be able to work until the password is expired. Any idea on what could be happening here? Why would IIS reject a login if the passsword hasn't actually expired? Can we change that behaviour? Thanks \\Greg

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  • Failure connecting to Dell MD3200i from XenServer 6.2 pool

    - by Tom Sparrow
    This question also asked at Citrix Forums http://forums.citrix.com/thread.jspa?threadID=332289 I have a MD3200i that is currently working fine with my Xen5.6 pool, but I cannot get a connection to the new 6.2 pool to work. I previously had a problem with a 6.0 upgrade (which is why the old pool is still on 5.6), but rolled back rather than fix it as it wasn't urgent at the time. This install is on new machines - I tried 6.1 first (which had the same problems) then 6.2 was released the second day after installation so I switched to that. I've not installed anything from the Dell resource DVD at this point - I can't find anything saying I should, and everything I have read suggests it shouldn't be necessary. I can ping all 8 ip addresses from both servers in the pool, iscsiadm -m discovery works fine, I can login to the nodes and iscsiadm reports the sessions active correctly. I've added the required sections to multipath.conf, but multipath -ll reports DM multipath kernel driver not loaded immediately after boot. The following is a log of a test session immediately after boot. root@xen3 ~]# iscsiadm -m node --loginall=all Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.101,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.101,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.104,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.102,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.103,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.104,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.102,3260] Logging in to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.103,3260] Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.101,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.101,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.104,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.102,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.103,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.104,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.130.102,3260]: successful Login to [iface: default, target: iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91, portal: 192.168.131.103,3260]: successful [root@xen3 ~]# iscsiadm -m session tcp: [1] 192.168.130.101:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [2] 192.168.131.101:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [3] 192.168.131.104:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [4] 192.168.131.102:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [5] 192.168.130.103:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [6] 192.168.130.104:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [7] 192.168.130.102:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [8] 192.168.131.103:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 [root@xen3 ~]# service multipathd restart ok Stopping multipathd daemon: [ OK ] Starting multipathd daemon: [ OK ] [root@xen3 ~]# multipath Jul 04 09:58:47 | DM multipath kernel driver not loaded Jul 04 09:58:47 | DM multipath kernel driver not loaded [root@xen3 ~]# multipath -ll Jul 04 09:59:03 | DM multipath kernel driver not loaded Jul 04 09:59:03 | DM multipath kernel driver not loaded [ root@xen3 ~]# modprobe dm_multipath [root@xen3 ~]# multipath Jul 04 10:19:50 | 36b8ca3a0e7024800194a0bd11891cd14: ignoring map create: 1Dell_Internal_Dual_SD_0123456789AB undef Dell,Internal Dual SD size=1.9G features='0' hwhandler='0' wp=undef `-+- policy='round-robin 0' prio=1 status=undef `- 7:0:0:0 sdb 8:16 undef ready running [root@xen3 ~]# multipath -ll 1Dell_Internal_Dual_SD_0123456789AB dm-1 Dell,Internal Dual SD size=1.9G features='0' hwhandler='0' wp=rw `-+- policy='round-robin 0' prio=1 status=enabled `- 7:0:0:0 sdb 8:16 active ready running [root@xen3 ~]# iscsiadm -m session tcp: [1] 192.168.130.101:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [2] 192.168.131.101:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [3] 192.168.131.104:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [4] 192.168.131.102:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [5] 192.168.130.103:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [6] 192.168.130.104:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [7] 192.168.130.102:3260,2 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 tcp: [8] 192.168.131.103:3260,1 iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 [root@xen3 ~]# dmesg | tail -n 50 [ 1161.881010] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Unhandled error code [ 1161.881013] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1161.881017] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1161.881024] end_request: I/O error, dev sdf, sector 0 [ 1161.881031] Buffer I/O error on device sdf, logical block 0 [ 1161.881045] sd 15:0:0:0: [sdi] Unhandled error code [ 1161.881048] sd 15:0:0:0: [sdi] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1161.881052] sd 15:0:0:0: [sdi] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1161.881058] end_request: I/O error, dev sdi, sector 0 [ 1161.881065] Buffer I/O error on device sdi, logical block 0 [ 1161.881122] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdg] Unhandled error code [ 1161.881124] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdg] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1161.881126] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdg] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1161.881132] end_request: I/O error, dev sdg, sector 0 [ 1161.881140] Buffer I/O error on device sdg, logical block 0 [ 1168.220951] connection6:0: ping timeout of 15 secs expired, recv timeout 10, last rx 84060, last ping 85060, now 86560 [ 1168.220957] connection7:0: ping timeout of 15 secs expired, recv timeout 10, last rx 84060, last ping 85060, now 86560 [ 1168.220967] connection7:0: detected conn error (1011) [ 1168.220969] connection4:0: ping timeout of 15 secs expired, recv timeout 10, last rx 84060, last ping 85060, now 86560 [ 1168.220973] connection4:0: detected conn error (1011) [ 1168.220975] connection3:0: ping timeout of 15 secs expired, recv timeout 10, last rx 84060, last ping 85060, now 86560 [ 1168.220978] connection3:0: detected conn error (1011) [ 1168.220985] connection6:0: detected conn error (1011) [ 1168.480994] sd 14:0:0:0: [sde] Unhandled error code [ 1168.480998] sd 14:0:0:0: [sde] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1168.481001] sd 14:0:0:0: [sde] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1168.481009] end_request: I/O error, dev sde, sector 0 [ 1168.481015] Buffer I/O error on device sde, logical block 0 [ 1168.481076] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [ 1168.481078] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdc] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1168.481080] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1168.481087] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 0 [ 1168.481092] Buffer I/O error on device sdc, logical block 0 [ 1168.481144] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Unhandled error code [ 1168.481147] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1168.481150] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1168.481156] end_request: I/O error, dev sdd, sector 0 [ 1168.481163] Buffer I/O error on device sdd, logical block 0 [ 1168.481168] sd 13:0:0:0: [sdj] Unhandled error code [ 1168.481170] sd 13:0:0:0: [sdj] Result: hostbyte=DID_TRANSPORT_DISRUPTED driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [ 1168.481172] sd 13:0:0:0: [sdj] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 [ 1168.481178] end_request: I/O error, dev sdj, sector 0 [ 1168.481184] Buffer I/O error on device sdj, logical block 0 [ 1457.105996] device-mapper: multipath round-robin: version 1.0.0 loaded [ 1457.106155] device-mapper: multipath: Cannot access device path 8:0: -16 [ 1457.106164] device-mapper: table: 252:1: multipath: error getting device [ 1457.106172] device-mapper: ioctl: error adding target to table [ 1457.171292] device-mapper: multipath: Cannot access device path 8:0: -16 [ 1457.171299] device-mapper: table: 252:1: multipath: error getting device [ 1457.171304] device-mapper: ioctl: error adding target to table [root@xen3 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 299.4 GB, 299439751168 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36404 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 5 40131 de Dell Utility /dev/sda2 * 6 528 4194304 83 Linux Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 528 1050 4194304 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1050 36404 283986359+ 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 2040 MB, 2040528896 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 248 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 248 1992028+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/dm-1: 2040 MB, 2040528896 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 248 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/dm-1p1 1 248 1992028+ 83 Linux [root@xen3 ~]# xe sr-probe type=lvmoiscsi device-config:target=192.168.130.101 device-config:targetIQN=iqn.1984-05.com.dell:powervault.md3200i.6782bcb0006bd850000000004ed88b91 Error code: SR_BACKEND_FAILURE_107 Error parameters: , The SCSIid parameter is missing or incorrect, <?xml version="1.0" ?> <iscsi-target/> Note: the xml ends there correctly on the last line - it doesn't ever return a list of LUNs (and there is one in the group on the SAN for those servers.

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  • How mod_cache working with "must-revalidate" and "max-age"?

    - by Dmitriy Sosunov
    Quick question before I will explain my flow: ?an mod_cache perform revalidate with if-none-match only if max-age is expired in case if it configured in reverse proxy mode? My goal is to reduce a number of revalidation requests to our the origin server. For instance: The first request goes to the origin server and then mod_cache save a response in to the cache according to header cache-control: max-age. And only when max-age is expired then mod_cache will revalidate with if-none-match. Currently, mod_cache revalidate each request, regardless that max-age is defined or not. My configuration of Apache 2.4.3 (Windows), on linux I see the same behavior that I will show below. ServerName proxy.lo ProxyRequests Off ProxyPreserveHost Off Header set Vary "Accept, Content-Type, Content-Encoding, Accept-Language" RequestHeader set X-Forwarded-Proto "http" # modify header for user agent's Header set Cache-Control "private, no-cache, no-store, no-transform" CacheQuickHandler off CacheDefaultExpire 300 # the origin server do not provide last-modified CacheIgnoreNoLastMod On CacheIgnoreCacheControl On # the origin server define cache-control: private, no-store only for user agents # Therefore, I would like ignore those headers on the proxy server. CacheStorePrivate On CacheStoreNoStore On CacheEnable disk / CacheRoot "C:/Apache.Cache" CacheDirLevels 5 CacheDirLength 4 CacheMinExpire 15 CacheDetailHeader on CacheHeader on KeepAlive Off ProxyPass / http://origin.lo/ ProxyPassReverse / http://origin.lo/ Also, I have turned on debug log level to see how mod_cache handles a content for caching: I provided this to show that mod_proxy always decides that a content isn't fresh. Why?I provided this to show that mod_proxy always decide that a content isn't fresh. Why? max-age was provided (see below). [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] cache_storage.c(624): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00698: cache: Key for entity /testpage?(null) is http://proxy.lo/testpage? [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache_disk:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache_disk.c(569): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00709: Recalled cached URL info header http://proxy.lo/testpage? [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache_disk:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache_disk.c(865): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00720: Recalled headers for URL http://proxy.lo/testpage? [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] cache_storage.c(320): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00695: Cached response for /testpage isn't fresh. Adding/replacing conditional request headers. [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache.c(414): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00757: Adding CACHE_SAVE filter for /testpage [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache.c(448): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00759: Adding CACHE_REMOVE_URL filter for /testpage [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_proxy.c(1068): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH01143: Running scheme http handler (attempt 0) [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] proxy_util.c(1976): AH00942: HTTP: has acquired connection for (origin.lo) [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.899890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] proxy_util.c(2029): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00944: connecting http://origin.lo/testpage to origin.lo:80 [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.901890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] proxy_util.c(2151): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00947: connected /testpage to origin.lo:80 [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.901890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] proxy_util.c(2554): AH00962: HTTP: connection complete to 192.168.1.100:80 (origin.lo) [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.903890 2012] [proxy:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] proxy_util.c(1991): AH00943: http: has released connection for (origin.lo) [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.903890 2012] [headers:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_headers.c(800): AH01502: headers: ap_headers_output_filter() [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.903890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache.c(1190): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00769: cache: Caching url: /testpage [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.903890 2012] [cache:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache.c(1196): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00770: cache: Removing CACHE_REMOVE_URL filter. [Sun Nov 04 11:58:42.904890 2012] [cache_disk:debug] [pid 6492:tid 1400] mod_cache_disk.c(1318): [client 192.168.1.100:63741] AH00737: commit_entity: Headers and body for URL http://proxy.lo/testpage? cached. The first request to the origin server without mod_proxy to http://origin.lo/ GET http://origin.lo/testpage HTTP/1.1 Host: origin.lo Connection: keep-alive User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.94 Safari/537.4 Accept: application/json Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 The first response from the origin without mod_proxy HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=30 Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 ETag: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5 X-AspNet-Version: 4.0.30319 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 10:11:01 GMT Content-Length: 1877 So, I assumed that revalidation must be occur only in 30 seconds after the success response. Is't right? Let's check it:) Within 30 sec, the Google Chrome didn't perform any requests to the origin server to revalidate a request and has return the response from local cache. When max-age is expired, the Google Chrome perform a request to revalidate: GET http://origin.lo/testpage HTTP/1.1 Host: origin.lo Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.94 Safari/537.4 Accept: application/xml If-None-Match: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 and response: HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Cache-Control: must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=30 ETag: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5 X-AspNet-Version: 4.0.30319 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 10:16:20 GMT As you can see, all works as expected. User agent revalidates request only when max-age is expired. Let's now try perform the folling flow though mod_proxy (see configuration above). The first request: GET http://proxy.lo/testpage HTTP/1.1 Host: proxy.lo Connection: keep-alive User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.94 Safari/537.4 Accept: application/json Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 and the response was: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 10:23:36 GMT Server: Apache Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, no-transform Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 ETag: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Content-Length: 1932 Vary: Accept,Content-Type,Content-Encoding,Accept-Language X-Cache: MISS from proxy.lo X-Cache-Detail: "cache miss: attempting entity save" from proxy.lo Connection: close Ok, let's see to the disk cache and try to see how request and response was stored. (I cut binary data) http://proxy.lo/testpage? Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, no-transform Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 ETag: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 10:27:15 GMT Content-Length: 1932 Vary: Accept, Content-Type, Content-Encoding, Accept-Language Host: proxy.lo User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.94 Safari/537.4 Accept: application/json Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 X-Forwarded-Proto: http Cache-Control: max-age=300, must-revalidate X-Forwarded-For: 192.168.1.100 X-Forwarded-Host: proxy.lo X-Forwarded-Server: origin.lo Ok, what we see? We see that the first request was performed with max-age=300 & must-revalidate Ok, looks good, as for me, lets perform the next call: GET http://proxy.lo/testpage HTTP/1.1 Host: proxy.lo Connection: keep-alive User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.94 Safari/537.4 Accept: application/json Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 and the second response from mod_proxy: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 10:31:58 GMT Server: Apache Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, no-transform ETag: "7cf651e2-176f-4ac1-808e-0e0c17cfd0a2" Content-Length: 1932 Vary: Accept,Content-Type,Content-Encoding,Accept-Language X-Cache: REVALIDATE from proxy.lo X-Cache-Detail: "conditional cache hit: entity refreshed" from proxy.lo Connection: close Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 SO, MY QUESTION IS: WHY mod_proxy perform revalidation on each request regardless that max-age is defined? N.B. Apache 2.4.3 Thanks, I would be grateful for any help.

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  • What does sub error code 568 mean for Ldap Error 49 with Active Directory

    - by Dean Povey
    I am writing some Java code that authenticates to Active Directory using SASL GSSAPI. Mostly this code is working fine but for one user I am getting the response: javax.naming.AuthenticationException: [LDAP: error code 49 - 8 0090304: LdapErr: DSID-0C0904D1, comment: AcceptSecurityContext error, data 568, v1772 ] I know that 49 means this is an authentication failure, and that the relevant sub code is 568, but I am only aware of the following meanings for that data: 525 - user not found 52e - invalid credentials 530 - not permitted to logon at this time 532 - password expired 533 - account disabled 701 - account expired 773 - user must reset password So far I am unable to find an authorative source of these error codes from Microsoft (this list is pieced together from forum posts) and I can't find anything for that 568 error. Does anyone know what it means?

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  • AppFabric Cache errors

    - by Joseph
    The AppFabric Cache in our production crashes almost every day, and is highly unstable. The below errors are logged: Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCacheException: ErrorCode:SubStatus:There is a temporary failure. Please retry later. (Sufficient secondaries not present or they are in throttled state.) Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCacheException: ErrorCode:SubStatus:There is a temporary failure. Please retry later. (The request did not find the primary.) AppFabric Caching service crashed.{Lease with external store expired: Microsoft.Fabric.Federation.ExternalRingStateStoreException: Lease already expired at Microsoft.Fabric.Data.ExternalStoreAuthority.UpdateNode(NodeInfo nodeInfo, TimeSpan timeout) at Microsoft.Fabric.Federation.SiteNode.PerformExternalRingStateStoreOperations(Boolean& canFormRing, Boolean isInsert, Boolean isJoining)} Could someone please provide me some inputs? This is a HA enabled cache environment with 3 cache hosts. All of them are running on Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition, and the SQL Server is used for config.

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  • PHP/codeigniter - use of exit()

    - by Patrick
    I have a few pages that require login, so all controllers that link to these pages start with $this->checkSession(); //...rest of the code CheckSession should verify the session is still live, otherwise display a message and stop the execution of the rest of the code in the controller: function checkSession() { if (!$this->session->userdata('is_logged_in')) { //the session has expired! $data['main'] = 'confirmation_message'; $data['title'] = "Session expired"; $this->load->vars($data); $this->load->view('template'); exit(); } } . I was expecting these instructions to happen in sequence, but I only get a blank page. How can I make sure exit() gets executed only after all views are loaded?

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  • Evaluating server certificate

    - by Raven
    Hi, How can I detect a self signed certificate from a revoked or expired ones? I'm using NSURLConnection and implementing connection:didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge: on delegate: - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge{ if ([challenge.protectionSpace.authenticationMethod isEqualToString:NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]){ NSURLProtectionSpace *tmpSpace=[challenge protectionSpace]; SecTrustRef currentServerTrust=[tmpSpace serverTrust]; SecTrustResultType trustResult; OSStatus err = SecTrustEvaluate(currentServerTrust, &trustResult); BOOL trusted = (err == noErr) && ((trustResult == kSecTrustResultProceed) || (trustResult == kSecTrustResultUnspecified)); if (trusted){ // Do something } } } Currently the "if (trusted){}" block only work for certificates trusted by iOS, I want it to work for others as well, but only if the certificate isn't revoked or expired. The documentation is using SecTrustSettingsSetTrustSettings for changing the settings and reevaluate the trust. but I couldn't find this method (or the SecTrustSetting) for iOS, only for Mac. Thanks

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  • SSL Certificated Validity

    - by Haluk
    Hi, I'm using an SSL certificate from geotrust. I just ordered and installed it this weekend. However when I try to access my website using https, firefox (and the other browsers as well) the browser warns that the certificate expired a few days ago. I guess there could be two reasons: I made a mistake during the installation of the certificate Geotrust did not sign the certificate properly. First I want to rule out the second reason considering my browser tells me the certificate expired a few days ago. This does not make sense at all. Is there a way to extract the expiration date from the certificate? Thanks!

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  • Iphone does not recognize reneweed ad hoc provising profile

    - by Amnon Dekel
    I installed a new version of an app we are developing, and also a new ad hoc provisioning profile (the old one had expired). I removed the app and profile from the phone and from itunes. Added the new profile and app to itunes and synched. All seemed well- the new profile was on the phone and the new app too. But when trying to launch the app, I get an alert: "the application cannot be opened because the provisioning profile has expired". I removed and reinstalled. I rebooted the phone. Nothing helped. Any ideas? Thanks

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  • MySQL for Excel 1.1.3 has been released

    - by Javier Treviño
    The MySQL Windows Experience Team is proud to announce the release of MySQL for Excel version 1.1.3, the  latest addition to the MySQL Installer for Windows. MySQL for Excel is an application plug-in enabling data analysts to very easily access and manipulate MySQL data within Microsoft Excel. It enables you to directly work with a MySQL database from within Microsoft Excel so you can easily do tasks such as: Importing MySQL Data into Excel Exporting Excel data directly into MySQL to a new or existing table Editing MySQL data directly within Excel MySQL for Excel is installed using the MySQL Installer for Windows. The MySQL installer comes in 2 versions   Full (150 MB) which includes a complete set of MySQL products with their binaries included in the download Web (1.5 MB - a network install) which will just pull MySQL for Excel over the web and install it when run.   You can download MySQL Installer from our official Downloads page at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/. MySQL for Excel 1.1.3 introduces the following features:   Upon saving a Workbook containing Worksheets in Edit Mode, the user is asked if he wants to exit the Edit Mode on all Worksheets before their parent Workbook is saved so the Worksheets are saved unprotected, otherwise the Worksheets will remain protected and the users will be able to unprotect them later retrieving the passkeys from the application log after closing MySQL for Excel. Added background coloring to the column names header row of an Import Data operation to have the same look as the one in an Edit Data operation (i.e. gray-ish background). Connection passwords can be stored securely just like MySQL Workbench does and these secured passwords are shared with Workbench in the same way connections are. Changed the way the MySQL for Excel ribbon toggle button works, instead of just showing or hiding the add-in it actually opens and closes it. Added a connection test before any operation against the database (schema creation, data import, append, export or edition) so the operation dialog is not shown and a friendlier error message is shown.   Also this release contains the following bug fixes:   Added a check on every connection test for an expired password, if the password has been expired a dialog is now shown to the user to reset the password. Bug #17354118 - DON'T HANDLE EXPIRED PASSWORDS Added code to escape text values to be imported to an Excel worksheet that start with an equals sign so Excel does not treat those values as formulas that will fail evaluation. This is an option turned on by default that can be turned off by users if they wish to import values to be treated as Excel formulas. Bug #17354102 - ERROR IMPORTING TEXT VALUES TO EXCEL STARTING WITH AN EQUALS SIGN Added code to properly check the reason for a failing connection, if it's a failing password the user gets a dialog to retry the connection with a different password until the connection succeeds, a connection error not related to the password is thrown or the user cancels. If the failing connection is not related to a bad password an error message is shown to the users indicating the reason of the failure. Bug #16239007 - CONNECTIONS TO MYSQL SERVICES NOT RUNNING DISPLAY A WRONG PASSWORD ERROR MESSAGE Added global options dialog that can be accessed from the Schema Selection and DB Object Selection panels where the timeouts for the connection to the DB Server and for the query commands can be changed from their default values (15 seconds for the connection timeout and 30 seconds for the query timeout). MySQL Bug #68732, Bug #17191646 - QUERY TIMEOUT CANNOT BE ADJUSTED IN MYSQL FOR EXCEL Changed the Varchar(65,535) data type shown in the Export Data data type combo box to Text since the maximum row size is 65,535 bytes and any autodetected column data type with a length greater than 4,000 should be set to Text actually for the table to be created successfully. MySQL Bug #69779, Bug #17191633 - EXPORT FAILS FOR EXCEL FILES CONTAINING > 4000 CHARACTERS OF TEXT PER CELL Removed code that was replacing all spaces typed by the user in an overriden data type for a new column in an Export Data operation, also improved the data type detection code to flag as invalid data types with parenthesis but without any text inside or where the contents inside the parenthesis are not valid for the specific data type. Bug #17260260 - EXPORT DATA SET TYPE NOT WORKING WITH MEMBER VALUES CONTAINING SPACES Added support for the year data type with a length of 2 or 4 and a validation that valid values are integers between 1901-2155 (for 4-digit years) or between 0-99 (for 2-digit years). Bug #17259915 - EXPORT DATA YEAR DATA TYPE NOT RECOGNIZED IF DECLARED WITH A DISPLAY WIDTH) Fixed code for Export Data operations where users overrode the data type for columns typing Text in the data type combobox, which is a valid data type but was not recognized as such. Bug #17259490 - EXPORT DATA TEXT DATA TYPE NOT RECOGNIZED AS A VALID DATA TYPE Changed the location of the registry where the MySQL for Excel add-in is installed to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE instead of HKEY_CURRENT_USER so the add-in is accessible by all users and not only to the user that installed it. For this to work with Excel 2007 a hotfix may be required (see http://support.microsoft.com/kb/976477). MySQL Bug #68746, Bug #16675992 - EXCEL-ADD-IN IS ONLY INSTALLED FOR USER ACCOUNT THAT THE INSTALLATION RUNS UNDER Added support for Excel 2013 Single Document Interface, now that Excel 2013 creates 1 window per workbook also the Excel Add-In maintains an independent custom task pane in each window. MySQL Bug #68792, Bug #17272087 - MYSQL FOR EXCEL SIDEBAR DOES NOT APPEAR IN EXCEL 2013 (WITH WORKAROUND) Included the latest MySQL Utility with a code fix for the COM exception thrown when attempting to open Workbench in the Manage Connections window. Bug #17258966 - MYSQL WORKBENCH NOT OPENED BY CLICKING MANAGE CONNECTIONS HOTLABEL Fixed code for Append Data operations that was not applying a calculated automatic mapping correctly when the source and target tables had different number of columns, some columns with the same name but some of those lying on column indexes beyond the limit of the other source/target table. MySQL Bug #69220, Bug #17278349 - APPEND DOESN'T AUTOMATICALLY DETECT EXCEL COL HEADER WITH SAME NAME AS SQL FIELD Fixed some code for Edit Data operations that was escaping special characters twice (during edition in Excel and then upon sending the query to the MySQL server). MySQL Bug #68669, Bug #17271693 - A BACKSLASH IS INSERTED BEFORE AN APOSTROPHE EDITING TABLE WITH MYSQL FOR EXCEL Upgraded MySQL Utility with latest version that encapsulates dialog base classes and introduces more classes to handle Workbench connections, and removed these from the Excel project. Bug #16500331 - CAN'T DELETE CONNECTIONS CREATED WITHIN ADDIN You can access the MySQL for Excel documentation at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mysql-for-excel.html You can find our team’s blog at http://blogs.oracle.com/MySQLOnWindows. You can also post questions on our MySQL for Excel forum found at http://forums.mysql.com/. Enjoy and thanks for the support!

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  • C#/.NET Little Wonders: The Generic Func Delegates

    - by James Michael Hare
    Once again, in this series of posts I look at the parts of the .NET Framework that may seem trivial, but can help improve your code by making it easier to write and maintain. The index of all my past little wonders posts can be found here. Back in one of my three original “Little Wonders” Trilogy of posts, I had listed generic delegates as one of the Little Wonders of .NET.  Later, someone posted a comment saying said that they would love more detail on the generic delegates and their uses, since my original entry just scratched the surface of them. Last week, I began our look at some of the handy generic delegates built into .NET with a description of delegates in general, and the Action family of delegates.  For this week, I’ll launch into a look at the Func family of generic delegates and how they can be used to support generic, reusable algorithms and classes. Quick Delegate Recap Delegates are similar to function pointers in C++ in that they allow you to store a reference to a method.  They can store references to either static or instance methods, and can actually be used to chain several methods together in one delegate. Delegates are very type-safe and can be satisfied with any standard method, anonymous method, or a lambda expression.  They can also be null as well (refers to no method), so care should be taken to make sure that the delegate is not null before you invoke it. Delegates are defined using the keyword delegate, where the delegate’s type name is placed where you would typically place the method name: 1: // This delegate matches any method that takes string, returns nothing 2: public delegate void Log(string message); This delegate defines a delegate type named Log that can be used to store references to any method(s) that satisfies its signature (whether instance, static, lambda expression, etc.). Delegate instances then can be assigned zero (null) or more methods using the operator = which replaces the existing delegate chain, or by using the operator += which adds a method to the end of a delegate chain: 1: // creates a delegate instance named currentLogger defaulted to Console.WriteLine (static method) 2: Log currentLogger = Console.Out.WriteLine; 3:  4: // invokes the delegate, which writes to the console out 5: currentLogger("Hi Standard Out!"); 6:  7: // append a delegate to Console.Error.WriteLine to go to std error 8: currentLogger += Console.Error.WriteLine; 9:  10: // invokes the delegate chain and writes message to std out and std err 11: currentLogger("Hi Standard Out and Error!"); While delegates give us a lot of power, it can be cumbersome to re-create fairly standard delegate definitions repeatedly, for this purpose the generic delegates were introduced in various stages in .NET.  These support various method types with particular signatures. Note: a caveat with generic delegates is that while they can support multiple parameters, they do not match methods that contains ref or out parameters. If you want to a delegate to represent methods that takes ref or out parameters, you will need to create a custom delegate. We’ve got the Func… delegates Just like it’s cousin, the Action delegate family, the Func delegate family gives us a lot of power to use generic delegates to make classes and algorithms more generic.  Using them keeps us from having to define a new delegate type when need to make a class or algorithm generic. Remember that the point of the Action delegate family was to be able to perform an “action” on an item, with no return results.  Thus Action delegates can be used to represent most methods that take 0 to 16 arguments but return void.  You can assign a method The Func delegate family was introduced in .NET 3.5 with the advent of LINQ, and gives us the power to define a function that can be called on 0 to 16 arguments and returns a result.  Thus, the main difference between Action and Func, from a delegate perspective, is that Actions return nothing, but Funcs return a result. The Func family of delegates have signatures as follows: Func<TResult> – matches a method that takes no arguments, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T, TResult> – matches a method that takes an argument of type T, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T1, T2, TResult> – matches a method that takes arguments of type T1 and T2, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T1, T2, …, TResult> – and so on up to 16 arguments, and returns value of type TResult. These are handy because they quickly allow you to be able to specify that a method or class you design will perform a function to produce a result as long as the method you specify meets the signature. For example, let’s say you were designing a generic aggregator, and you wanted to allow the user to define how the values will be aggregated into the result (i.e. Sum, Min, Max, etc…).  To do this, we would ask the user of our class to pass in a method that would take the current total, the next value, and produce a new total.  A class like this could look like: 1: public sealed class Aggregator<TValue, TResult> 2: { 3: // holds method that takes previous result, combines with next value, creates new result 4: private Func<TResult, TValue, TResult> _aggregationMethod; 5:  6: // gets or sets the current result of aggregation 7: public TResult Result { get; private set; } 8:  9: // construct the aggregator given the method to use to aggregate values 10: public Aggregator(Func<TResult, TValue, TResult> aggregationMethod = null) 11: { 12: if (aggregationMethod == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("aggregationMethod"); 13:  14: _aggregationMethod = aggregationMethod; 15: } 16:  17: // method to add next value 18: public void Aggregate(TValue nextValue) 19: { 20: // performs the aggregation method function on the current result and next and sets to current result 21: Result = _aggregationMethod(Result, nextValue); 22: } 23: } Of course, LINQ already has an Aggregate extension method, but that works on a sequence of IEnumerable<T>, whereas this is designed to work more with aggregating single results over time (such as keeping track of a max response time for a service). We could then use this generic aggregator to find the sum of a series of values over time, or the max of a series of values over time (among other things): 1: // creates an aggregator that adds the next to the total to sum the values 2: var sumAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>((total, next) => total + next); 3:  4: // creates an aggregator (using static method) that returns the max of previous result and next 5: var maxAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>(Math.Max); So, if we were timing the response time of a web method every time it was called, we could pass that response time to both of these aggregators to get an idea of the total time spent in that web method, and the max time spent in any one call to the web method: 1: // total will be 13 and max 13 2: int responseTime = 13; 3: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 4: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 5:  6: // total will be 20 and max still 13 7: responseTime = 7; 8: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 9: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 10:  11: // total will be 40 and max now 20 12: responseTime = 20; 13: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 14: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); The Func delegate family is useful for making generic algorithms and classes, and in particular allows the caller of the method or user of the class to specify a function to be performed in order to generate a result. What is the result of a Func delegate chain? If you remember, we said earlier that you can assign multiple methods to a delegate by using the += operator to chain them.  So how does this affect delegates such as Func that return a value, when applied to something like the code below? 1: Func<int, int, int> combo = null; 2:  3: // What if we wanted to aggregate the sum and max together? 4: combo += (total, next) => total + next; 5: combo += Math.Max; 6:  7: // what is the result? 8: var comboAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>(combo); Well, in .NET if you chain multiple methods in a delegate, they will all get invoked, but the result of the delegate is the result of the last method invoked in the chain.  Thus, this aggregator would always result in the Math.Max() result.  The other chained method (the sum) gets executed first, but it’s result is thrown away: 1: // result is 13 2: int responseTime = 13; 3: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 4:  5: // result is still 13 6: responseTime = 7; 7: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 8:  9: // result is now 20 10: responseTime = 20; 11: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); So remember, you can chain multiple Func (or other delegates that return values) together, but if you do so you will only get the last executed result. Func delegates and co-variance/contra-variance in .NET 4.0 Just like the Action delegate, as of .NET 4.0, the Func delegate family is contra-variant on its arguments.  In addition, it is co-variant on its return type.  To support this, in .NET 4.0 the signatures of the Func delegates changed to: Func<out TResult> – matches a method that takes no arguments, and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Func<in T, out TResult> – matches a method that takes an argument of type T (or a less derived type), and returns value of type TResult(or a more derived type). Func<in T1, in T2, out TResult> – matches a method that takes arguments of type T1 and T2 (or less derived types), and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Func<in T1, in T2, …, out TResult> – and so on up to 16 arguments, and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Notice the addition of the in and out keywords before each of the generic type placeholders.  As we saw last week, the in keyword is used to specify that a generic type can be contra-variant -- it can match the given type or a type that is less derived.  However, the out keyword, is used to specify that a generic type can be co-variant -- it can match the given type or a type that is more derived. On contra-variance, if you are saying you need an function that will accept a string, you can just as easily give it an function that accepts an object.  In other words, if you say “give me an function that will process dogs”, I could pass you a method that will process any animal, because all dogs are animals.  On the co-variance side, if you are saying you need a function that returns an object, you can just as easily pass it a function that returns a string because any string returned from the given method can be accepted by a delegate expecting an object result, since string is more derived.  Once again, in other words, if you say “give me a method that creates an animal”, I can pass you a method that will create a dog, because all dogs are animals. It really all makes sense, you can pass a more specific thing to a less specific parameter, and you can return a more specific thing as a less specific result.  In other words, pay attention to the direction the item travels (parameters go in, results come out).  Keeping that in mind, you can always pass more specific things in and return more specific things out. For example, in the code below, we have a method that takes a Func<object> to generate an object, but we can pass it a Func<string> because the return type of object can obviously accept a return value of string as well: 1: // since Func<object> is co-variant, this will access Func<string>, etc... 2: public static string Sequence(int count, Func<object> generator) 3: { 4: var builder = new StringBuilder(); 5:  6: for (int i=0; i<count; i++) 7: { 8: object value = generator(); 9: builder.Append(value); 10: } 11:  12: return builder.ToString(); 13: } Even though the method above takes a Func<object>, we can pass a Func<string> because the TResult type placeholder is co-variant and accepts types that are more derived as well: 1: // delegate that's typed to return string. 2: Func<string> stringGenerator = () => DateTime.Now.ToString(); 3:  4: // This will work in .NET 4.0, but not in previous versions 5: Sequence(100, stringGenerator); Previous versions of .NET implemented some forms of co-variance and contra-variance before, but .NET 4.0 goes one step further and allows you to pass or assign an Func<A, BResult> to a Func<Y, ZResult> as long as A is less derived (or same) as Y, and BResult is more derived (or same) as ZResult. Sidebar: The Func and the Predicate A method that takes one argument and returns a bool is generally thought of as a predicate.  Predicates are used to examine an item and determine whether that item satisfies a particular condition.  Predicates are typically unary, but you may also have binary and other predicates as well. Predicates are often used to filter results, such as in the LINQ Where() extension method: 1: var numbers = new[] { 1, 2, 4, 13, 8, 10, 27 }; 2:  3: // call Where() using a predicate which determines if the number is even 4: var evens = numbers.Where(num => num % 2 == 0); As of .NET 3.5, predicates are typically represented as Func<T, bool> where T is the type of the item to examine.  Previous to .NET 3.5, there was a Predicate<T> type that tended to be used (which we’ll discuss next week) and is still supported, but most developers recommend using Func<T, bool> now, as it prevents confusion with overloads that accept unary predicates and binary predicates, etc.: 1: // this seems more confusing as an overload set, because of Predicate vs Func 2: public static SomeMethod(Predicate<int> unaryPredicate) { } 3: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, int, bool> binaryPredicate) { } 4:  5: // this seems more consistent as an overload set, since just uses Func 6: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, bool> unaryPredicate) { } 7: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, int, bool> binaryPredicate) { } Also, even though Predicate<T> and Func<T, bool> match the same signatures, they are separate types!  Thus you cannot assign a Predicate<T> instance to a Func<T, bool> instance and vice versa: 1: // the same method, lambda expression, etc can be assigned to both 2: Predicate<int> isEven = i => (i % 2) == 0; 3: Func<int, bool> alsoIsEven = i => (i % 2) == 0; 4:  5: // but the delegate instances cannot be directly assigned, strongly typed! 6: // ERROR: cannot convert type... 7: isEven = alsoIsEven; 8:  9: // however, you can assign by wrapping in a new instance: 10: isEven = new Predicate<int>(alsoIsEven); 11: alsoIsEven = new Func<int, bool>(isEven); So, the general advice that seems to come from most developers is that Predicate<T> is still supported, but we should use Func<T, bool> for consistency in .NET 3.5 and above. Sidebar: Func as a Generator for Unit Testing One area of difficulty in unit testing can be unit testing code that is based on time of day.  We’d still want to unit test our code to make sure the logic is accurate, but we don’t want the results of our unit tests to be dependent on the time they are run. One way (of many) around this is to create an internal generator that will produce the “current” time of day.  This would default to returning result from DateTime.Now (or some other method), but we could inject specific times for our unit testing.  Generators are typically methods that return (generate) a value for use in a class/method. For example, say we are creating a CacheItem<T> class that represents an item in the cache, and we want to make sure the item shows as expired if the age is more than 30 seconds.  Such a class could look like: 1: // responsible for maintaining an item of type T in the cache 2: public sealed class CacheItem<T> 3: { 4: // helper method that returns the current time 5: private static Func<DateTime> _timeGenerator = () => DateTime.Now; 6:  7: // allows internal access to the time generator 8: internal static Func<DateTime> TimeGenerator 9: { 10: get { return _timeGenerator; } 11: set { _timeGenerator = value; } 12: } 13:  14: // time the item was cached 15: public DateTime CachedTime { get; private set; } 16:  17: // the item cached 18: public T Value { get; private set; } 19:  20: // item is expired if older than 30 seconds 21: public bool IsExpired 22: { 23: get { return _timeGenerator() - CachedTime > TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30.0); } 24: } 25:  26: // creates the new cached item, setting cached time to "current" time 27: public CacheItem(T value) 28: { 29: Value = value; 30: CachedTime = _timeGenerator(); 31: } 32: } Then, we can use this construct to unit test our CacheItem<T> without any time dependencies: 1: var baseTime = DateTime.Now; 2:  3: // start with current time stored above (so doesn't drift) 4: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime; 5:  6: var target = new CacheItem<int>(13); 7:  8: // now add 15 seconds, should still be non-expired 9: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime.AddSeconds(15); 10:  11: Assert.IsFalse(target.IsExpired); 12:  13: // now add 31 seconds, should now be expired 14: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime.AddSeconds(31); 15:  16: Assert.IsTrue(target.IsExpired); Now we can unit test for 1 second before, 1 second after, 1 millisecond before, 1 day after, etc.  Func delegates can be a handy tool for this type of value generation to support more testable code.  Summary Generic delegates give us a lot of power to make truly generic algorithms and classes.  The Func family of delegates is a great way to be able to specify functions to calculate a result based on 0-16 arguments.  Stay tuned in the weeks that follow for other generic delegates in the .NET Framework!   Tweet Technorati Tags: .NET, C#, CSharp, Little Wonders, Generics, Func, Delegates

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