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  • Explain ML type inference to a C++ programmer

    - by Tsubasa Gomamoto
    How does ML perform the type inference in the following function definition: let add a b = a + b Is it like C++ templates where no type-checking is performed until the point of template instantiation after which if the type supports the necessary operations, the function works or else a compilation error is thrown ? i.e. for example, the following function template template <typename NumType> NumType add(NumType a, NumType b) { return a + b; } will work for add<int>(23, 11); but won't work for add<ostream>(cout, fout); Is what I am guessing is correct or ML type inference works differently? PS: Sorry for my poor English; it's not my native language.

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  • functional dependencies vs type families

    - by mhwombat
    I'm developing a framework for running experiments with artificial life, and I'm trying to use type families instead of functional dependencies. Type families seems to be the preferred approach among Haskellers, but I've run into a situation where functional dependencies seem like a better fit. Am I missing a trick? Here's the design using type families. (This code compiles OK.) {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies, FlexibleContexts #-} import Control.Monad.State (StateT) class Agent a where agentId :: a -> String liveALittle :: Universe u => a -> StateT u IO a -- plus other functions class Universe u where type MyAgent u :: * withAgent :: (MyAgent u -> StateT u IO (MyAgent u)) -> String -> StateT u IO () -- plus other functions data SimpleUniverse = SimpleUniverse { mainDir :: FilePath -- plus other fields } defaultWithAgent :: (MyAgent u -> StateT u IO (MyAgent u)) -> String -> StateT u IO () defaultWithAgent = undefined -- stub -- plus default implementations for other functions -- -- In order to use my framework, the user will need to create a typeclass -- that implements the Agent class... -- data Bug = Bug String deriving (Show, Eq) instance Agent Bug where agentId (Bug s) = s liveALittle bug = return bug -- stub -- -- .. and they'll also need to make SimpleUniverse an instance of Universe -- for their agent type. -- instance Universe SimpleUniverse where type MyAgent SimpleUniverse = Bug withAgent = defaultWithAgent -- boilerplate -- plus similar boilerplate for other functions Is there a way to avoid forcing my users to write those last two lines of boilerplate? Compare with the version using fundeps, below, which seems to make things simpler for my users. (The use of UndecideableInstances may be a red flag.) (This code also compiles OK.) {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances #-} import Control.Monad.State (StateT) class Agent a where agentId :: a -> String liveALittle :: Universe u a => a -> StateT u IO a -- plus other functions class Universe u a | u -> a where withAgent :: Agent a => (a -> StateT u IO a) -> String -> StateT u IO () -- plus other functions data SimpleUniverse = SimpleUniverse { mainDir :: FilePath -- plus other fields } instance Universe SimpleUniverse a where withAgent = undefined -- stub -- plus implementations for other functions -- -- In order to use my framework, the user will need to create a typeclass -- that implements the Agent class... -- data Bug = Bug String deriving (Show, Eq) instance Agent Bug where agentId (Bug s) = s liveALittle bug = return bug -- stub -- -- And now my users only have to write stuff like... -- u :: SimpleUniverse u = SimpleUniverse "mydir"

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  • GHC.Generics and Type Families

    - by jberryman
    This is a question related to my module here, and is simplified a bit. It's also related to this previous question, in which I oversimplified my problem and didn't get the answer I was looking for. I hope this isn't too specific, and please change the title if you can think if a better one. Background My module uses a concurrent chan, split into a read side and write side. I use a special class with an associated type synonym to support polymorphic channel "joins": {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-} class Sources s where type Joined s newJoinedChan :: IO (s, Messages (Joined s)) -- NOT EXPORTED --output and input sides of channel: data Messages a -- NOT EXPORTED data Mailbox a instance Sources (Mailbox a) where type Joined (Mailbox a) = a newJoinedChan = undefined instance (Sources a, Sources b)=> Sources (a,b) where type Joined (a,b) = (Joined a, Joined b) newJoinedChan = undefined -- and so on for tuples of 3,4,5... The code above allows us to do this kind of thing: example = do (mb , msgsA) <- newJoinedChan ((mb1, mb2), msgsB) <- newJoinedChan --say that: msgsA, msgsB :: Messages (Int,Int) --and: mb :: Mailbox (Int,Int) -- mb1,mb2 :: Mailbox Int We have a recursive action called a Behavior that we can run on the messages we pull out of the "read" end of the channel: newtype Behavior a = Behavior (a -> IO (Behavior a)) runBehaviorOn :: Behavior a -> Messages a -> IO () -- NOT EXPORTED This would allow us to run a Behavior (Int,Int) on either of msgsA or msgsB, where in the second case both Ints in the tuple it receives actually came through separate Mailboxes. This is all tied together for the user in the exposed spawn function spawn :: (Sources s) => Behavior (Joined s) -> IO s ...which calls newJoinedChan and runBehaviorOn, and returns the input Sources. What I'd like to do I'd like users to be able to create a Behavior of arbitrary product type (not just tuples) , so for instance we could run a Behavior (Pair Int Int) on the example Messages above. I'd like to do this with GHC.Generics while still having a polymorphic Sources, but can't manage to make it work. spawn :: (Sources s, Generic (Joined s), Rep (Joined s) ~ ??) => Behavior (Joined s) -> IO s The parts of the above example that are actually exposed in the API are the fst of the newJoinedChan action, and Behaviors, so an acceptable solution can modify one or all of runBehaviorOn or the snd of newJoinedChan. I'll also be extending the API above to support sums (not implemented yet) like Behavior (Either a b) so I hoped GHC.Generics would work for me. Questions Is there a way I can extend the API above to support arbitrary Generic a=> Behavior a? If not using GHC's Generics, are there other ways I can get the API I want with minimal end-user pain (i.e. they just have to add a deriving clause to their type)?

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  • Cannot initialize non-const reference from convertible type

    - by Julien L.
    Hi, I cannot initialize a non-const reference to type T1 from a convertible type T2. However, I can with a const reference. long l; const long long &const_ref = l; // fine long long &ref = l; // error: invalid initialization of reference of // type 'long long int&' from expression of type // 'long int' Most problems I encountered were related to r-values that cannot be assigned to a non-const reference. This is not the case here -- can someone explain? Thanks.

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  • Indirect load of type fails in PowerShell

    - by Dan
    When invoking [System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager]::GetSection("MySection") from within a PowerShell prompt, it throws an exception because the assembly containing the type represented by "MySection" in the app config is unable to be loaded. However, I have previously loaded the assembly containing that type, and I am even able to instantiate the type directly using 'new-object'. How is the ConfigurationManager resolving types such that the assemblies already loaded into the PowerShell app domain are not visible to it?

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  • C#: Determine Type for (De-)Serialization

    - by dbemerlin
    Hi, i have a little problem implementing some serialization/deserialization logic. I have several classes that each take a different type of Request object, all implementing a common interface and inheriting from a default implementation: This is how i think it should be: Requests interface IRequest { public String Action {get;set;} } class DefaultRequest : IRequest { public String Action {get;set;} } class LoginRequest : DefaultRequest { public String User {get;set;} public String Pass {get;set;} } Handlers interface IHandler<T> { public Type GetRequestType(); public IResponse HandleRequest(IModel model, T request); } class DefaultHandler<T> : IHandler<T> // Used as fallback if the handler cannot be determined { public Type GetRequestType() { return /* ....... how to get the Type of T? ((new T()).GetType()) ? .......... */ } public IResponse HandleRequest(IModel model, T request) { /* ... */ } } class LoginHandler : DefaultHandler<LoginRequest> { public IResponse HandleRequest(IModel mode, LoginRequest request) { } } Calling class Controller { public ProcessRequest(String action, String serializedRequest) { IHandler handler = GetHandlerForAction(action); IRequest request = serializer.Deserialize<handler.GetRequestType()>(serializedRequest); handler(this.Model, request); } } Is what i think of even possible? My current Solution is that each handler gets the serialized String and is itself responsible for deserialization. This is not a good solution as it contains duplicate code, the beginning of each HandleRequest method looks the same (FooRequest request = Deserialize(serializedRequest); + try/catch and other Error Handling on failed deserialization). Embedding type information into the serialized Data is not possible and not intended. Thanks for any Hints.

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  • Obtain container type from (its) iterator type in C++ (STL)

    - by KRao
    It is easy given a container to get the associated iterators, example: std::vector<double>::iterator i; //An iterator to a std::vector<double> I was wondering if it is possible, given an iterator type, to deduce the type of the "corresponding container" (here I am assuming that for each container there is one and only one (non-const) iterator). More precisely, I would like a template metafunction that works with all STL containers (without having to specialize it manually for each single container) such that, for example: ContainerOf< std::vector<double>::iterator >::type evaluates to std::vector<double> Is it possible? If not, why? Thank you in advance for any help!

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  • Dynamically loading type in Silverlight with Type.GetType()

    - by ondesertverge
    Trying to specify the assembly name like this: Type.GetType(string.Format("{0}.{1}, {0}", widget.Assembly, widget.Class)); Throws this: The requested assembly version conflicts with what is already bound in the app domain or specified in the manifest Trying it without the the assembly: Type.GetType(string.Format("{0}.{1}", widget.Assembly, widget.Class)); Returns null. I am looking for a way to instantiate a class using it's fully qualified name in Silverlight 4.0. Thanks.

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  • Unable to cast object of type MyObject to type MyObject

    - by Robert W
    I have this scenario where a webservice method I'm consuming in C# returns a Business object, when calling the webservice method with the following code I get the exception "Unable to cast object of type ContactInfo to type ContactInfo" in the reference.cs class of the web reference Code: ContactInfo contactInfo = new ContactInfo(); Contact contact = new Contact(); contactInfo = contact.Load(this.ContactID.Value); Any help would be much appreciated.

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  • Object of type "X" cannot be converted to object of type "X"

    - by Benjol
    (Can't believe this hasn't already been asked, but I can't find a dup) In Visual Studio with lots of projects, when I first open the solution, I sometimes get the warning Object of type "X" cannot be converted to object of type "X". Generally rebuilding seems to make it go away, but does anyone know what this is caused by, and how to avoid it? UPDATE I read somewhere that deleting all your resx files and rebuilding can help. I unthinkingly tried this. Not a good idea...

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  • How to find out if an object is of <type> or a decendant of <type>

    - by Vaccano
    I have the following code: foreach (var control in this.Controls) { } I want to do something like control.Hide() in there. But the items in the this.Controls collection are not of type Control (they are Object). I can't seem to remember the safe way to cast this to call hide if it is really of type Control and do nothing otherwise. (I am a transplanted delphi programmer and I keep thinking something like control is Control.)

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  • Creating a Type object corresponding to a generic type

    - by Alexey Romanov
    In Java, how can I construct a Type object for Map<String, String>? System.out.println(Map<String, String>.class); doesn't compile. One workaround I can think of is private Map<String, String> dummy() { throw new Error(); } Type mapStringString = Class.forName("ThisClass").getMethod("dummy", null).getGenericReturnType(); Is this the correct way?

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  • changing restriction on simple type in extended complex type

    - by rotary_engine
    I am trying to create a schema that has 2 address types. The first AdressType requires an element Line 1 to have a value at least 10 characters. The second type OtherAdressType derives from this with the same elements, but does not require a value for Line 1. I've tried different ways but always get schema errors, this error is: Invalid particle derivation by restriction - 'Derived element '{namespace}:Line1' is not a valid restriction of base element '{namespace}:Line1' according to Elt:Elt -- NameAndTypeOK.'. If I add a type xs:string to OtherAdressType:Line1 then I get other errors. <xs:complexType name="AdressType"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="Line1" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"> <xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="10" /> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="Line2" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" /> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> <xs:complexType name="OtherAdressType"> <xs:complexContent> <xs:restriction base="AdressType"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="Line1" nillable="true"> <xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="0" /> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="Line2" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" /> </xs:sequence> </xs:restriction> </xs:complexContent> </xs:complexType>

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  • arp -n responds with (incomplete) on the wrong subnet, can't remove it

    - by Hannes
    context There are 2 servers: server1 - eth0 10.129.76.16 eth0.2 192.168.0.103 server2 - eth0 10.129.79.1 eth0.2 192.168.62.101 The 192.x.x.x addresses are connected to the same vlan (vlan2) and are able to see eachother. The 10.x.x.x addresses are connected to different vlan's which are not able to see eachother. on request of David Swartz: the routing table on server 1 is: ~$ sudo route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.129.76.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.192.0 U 0 0 0 eth0.2 0.0.0.0 192.168.61.254 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0.2 the routing table on server 2 is: ~$ sudo route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 <public IP gw> 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0.11 10.129.79.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 <public IP> 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.128 U 0 0 0 eth0.11 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.192.0 U 0 0 0 eth0.2 Problem: When I ping from server 1 to server 2, it seems no packets are arriving and vice versa. When I check the routes (route -n) I see the default gw uses eth0.2 on both servers. But when I use arping, I get a response one way (from server 2 to server 1) but no response vice versa. arping 192.168.62.101 ARPING 192.168.62.101 from 10.129.76.16 eth0 ^CSent 2 probes (2 broadcast(s)) Received 0 response(s) As you can see it uses the 10.x.x.x address instead of the 192.x.x.x. And as I told before, the 10.x.x.x address is unreachable from the other server. When I force arping to use eth0.2, it does work. I don't have any problems with ping'ing other servers from any of those 2 servers. I did see this in the arp tables: ~# arp -n | grep 192.168.0.103 192.168.0.103 (incomplete) eth0 and ~# arp -n | grep 192.168.62.101 Question quite obvious... How can I make these servers see each other again? Things I've tied clear the apropriate entries in the arptable and tried to get rid of the (incomplete) But I think the biggest problem is that eth0 is used instead of eth0.2 for the packets from server 1 to server 2 Because of David Swartz' remark about the routing tables, I added a route in there defining the host. I added 192.168.0.103 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0.2 and 192.168.62.101 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0.2 to the appropriate servers but this didn't solve the problem so I presume the problem is not in the routing. My guess I guess the problem lies in the following. ~$ arp -n | grep 192.168.0.103 192.168.0.103 (incomplete) eth0 but I'm unable to remove this entry. (arp -d 192.168.0.103 has no effect) Thanks for reading and even more thanks for answering!

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  • Bind postback data from a strong type view of type List<T>

    - by Robert Koritnik
    I have a strong type view of type List<List<MyViewModelClass>> The outer list will always have two lists of List<MyViewModelClass>. For each of the two outer lists I want to display a group of checkboxes. Each set can have an arbitrary number of choices. My view model class looks similar to this: public class MyViewModelClass { public Area Area { get; set; } public bool IsGeneric { get; set; } public string Code { get; set; } public bool IsChecked { get; set; } } So the final view will look something like: Please select those that apply: First set of choices: x Option 1 x Option 2 x Option 3 etc. Second set of choices: x Second Option 1 x Second Option 2 x Second Option 3 x Second Option 4 etc. Checkboxes should display MyViewModelClass.Area.Name, and their value should be related to MyViewModelClass.Area.Id. Checked state is of course related to MyViewModel.IsChecked. Question I wonder how should I use Html.CheckBox() or Html.CheckBoxFor() helper to display my checkboxes? I have to get these values back to the server on a postback of course. I would like to have my controller action like one of these: public ActionResult ConsumeSelections(List<List<MyViewModelClass>> data) { // process data } public ActionResult ConsumeSelections(List<MyViewModelClass> first, List<MyViewModelClass> second) { // process data } If it makes things simpler, I could make a separate view model type like: public class Options { public List First { get; set; } public List Second { get; set; } } As well as changing my first version of controller action to: public ActionResult ConsumeSelections(Options data) { // process data }

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  • Display a input type=file over another input type=file

    - by Kevin Sedgley
    WARNING: Lengthy description coming up! I have written an uploader based upon APC progress uploader for PHP. This works fine and dandy, but the script as a whole (apc etc) is intended to be used only for those with Javascript. To achieve this, I have searched for any input type=file, and replaced these with an absolutely positioned form that appears over the original area where the old file input area was. The reasons for this are so the new uploader can submit to a hidden in page IFrame has to be in a seperate <form> in order to submit to the APC reciever to display the progress upload bar. allows it to be used within any form with an input type=file throughout the site I have used JQuery to do this, with the following code: Original HTML form code: <div><input type="file" name="media" id="media" /></div> Find position of div block code: // get the parent div, and properties thereof parentDiv = $(this).closest('div'); w = $(parentDiv).width(); h = $(parentDiv).height(); loc = $(parentDiv).offset(); Locate new block over old block: $('#_sender').appendTo('body').css({left:loc.left,top:loc.top,position:'absolute',zIndex:400,height:h,width:w}).show(); This works fine, and shows over the old block OK. The problem: When other elements in the DOM before or above it change (in this case a "tree view" selector is pushing the old block down) the new upload form gets moved over other elements. Is there a JQuery (or JS) method for changing this upon DOM change? Some kind of .onchange for the page?! Or an .onmove for the original block? Thanks in advance you lovely people Before DOM change: . After: .

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  • Declaring an object of a conditional type with a System.Type

    - by Chapso
    I am attempting to launch a specific form depending on the selected node of a treeview on the doubleclick event. The code I need to use to launch the form is a little bulky becuase I have to ensure that the form is not disposed, and that the form is not already open, before launching a new instance. I'd like to have all of this checking happen in one place at the end of the function, which means that I have to be able to pass the right form type to the code at the end. I'm trying to do this with a System.Type, but that doesn't seem to be working. Could someone point me in the right direction, please? With TreeView.SelectedNode Dim formType As Type Select Case .Text Case "Email to VPs" formType = EmailForm.GetType() Case "Revise Replacers" formType = DedicatedReplacerForm.GetType() Case "Start Email" formType = EmailForm.GetType() End Select Dim form As formType Dim form As formType Try form = CType(.Tag, formType) If Not form.IsDisposed Then form.Activate() Exit Sub End If Catch ex As NullReferenceException 'This will error out the first time it is run as the form has not yet ' been defined. End Try form = New formType form.MdiParent = Me .Tag = form CType(TreeView.SelectedNode.Tag, Form).Show() End With

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  • warning: format ‘%s’ expects type ‘char *’, but argument 2 has type ‘int’

    - by pyz
    code: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *ptr, **pptr; struct hostent *hptr; char str[32]; //ptr = argv[1]; ptr = "www.google.com"; if ((hptr = gethostbyname(ptr)) == NULL) { printf("gethostbyname error for host:%s\n", ptr); } printf("official hostname:%s\n", hptr->h_name); for (pptr = hptr->h_aliases; *pptr != NULL; pptr++) printf(" alias:%s\n", *pptr); switch (hptr->h_addrtype) { case AF_INET: case AF_INET6: pptr = hptr->h_addr_list; for (; *pptr != NULL; pptr++) printf(" address:%s\n", inet_ntop(hptr->h_addrtype, *pptr, str, sizeof(str))); break; default: printf("unknown address type\n"); break; } return 0; } compiler output below: zhumatoMacBook:CProjects zhu$ gcc gethostbynamedemo.c gethostbynamedemo.c: In function ‘main’: gethostbynamedemo.c:31: warning: format ‘%s’ expects type ‘char *’, but argument 2 has type ‘int’

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  • Incomplete Apache logging

    - by Manz
    I have a problem with Apache running on a Linux server. This error undefined index on PHP, for example. The problem is that my Apache server doesn't log entire error messages. Some lines from the error.log file: [Thu Nov 29 05:29:06 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: lin [Thu Nov 29 05:29:06 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: 9 [Thu Nov 29 05:31:30 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link in /var/www/html/sit [Thu Nov 29 06:01:18 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link in /var [Thu Nov 29 06:06:09 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined [Thu Nov 29 06:06:15 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: [Thu Nov 29 06:13:04 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PH [Thu Nov 29 07:14:16 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undef [Thu Nov 29 07:32:16 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link in /var/www/ht [Thu Nov 29 07:34:26 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link [Thu Nov 29 07:34:30 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link in /var/www/html/site.com/ [Thu Nov 29 07:41:10 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Und [Thu Nov 29 07:41:11 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Und [Thu Nov 29 07:41:12 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Und [Thu Nov 29 08:14:20 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undef [Thu Nov 29 12:36:54 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: li [Thu Nov 29 12:37:04 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Unde [Thu Nov 29 12:46:52 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Notice: Undefined index: link in /var/www/htm [Thu Nov 29 13:00:33 2012] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: line 35 [Thu Nov 29 13:10:55 2012] [error] [client XXX.XX.XX.XX] File does not exist: /var/www/h Some lines are incomplete and truncate the error message. Anyone know Why Apache is saving incomplete error messages?

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