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  • What's the relation between website's traffic and Google Adsense revenue?

    - by user1592845
    Are there some relations between the website's daily traffic and Google's Adsense revenue? In other word, Suppose the same Ad. will be published on two different websites, the first has average daily traffic 2000 visits while the other has only 100 visits. Does one click on that ad. on the first website will make revenue more than the second website? I've got misunderstand with Google documentation and I need to make a clear idea about this subject.

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  • Building a Mac/PC Network in a Dorm with Network Restrictions

    - by user70340
    I have been a Windows XP user for the last few years, but I recently bought a 15'' MacBook Pro for research purposes. I would like to set up a no-hassle Mac/PC Network at home so that I can access the internet on both computers and hardware between computers (i.e. a harddrive, or a mouse/keyboard with Synergy). Unfortunately, I live in a dorm with silly network restrictions so a solution is not straightforward. In particular: The dorm has a wired and wireless network, both which provide an internet connection. The wired network provides way faster internet (download speeds of 15 MB/s vs. 2 MB/s on wireless), so I would like to somehow exploit this, at least on my PC for Bittorrent :) Multiple devices can connect to the wireless network, but cannot "see" each other on the network (so software like Synergy would not work). Only 1 MAC address can connect to the wired network at a time. Ideally I would just connect a wireless router to the wired network and then have both the Mac and the PC on that, but the 1 MAC address restriction will not allow the both computer to access the internet simultaneously. I cannot think of a way to bypass this restriction (though I'm not network savvy), so I am planning to create a private no-internet network to allow the devices to see each other and share hardware. Here are some thoughts. I would appreciate any feedback at all! If I build a private wireless network: (first choice) I will use a wireless router that is not connected to the internet. My PC and Mac will be connected to each other wirelessly. I can then connect the PC to the internet via a wired network, but then the Mac will not have internet access as its wireless card is already in use. In this case, could I stream internet access from the PC to the Mac via the wireless network? Or could I buy a USB wireless card for the Mac so that it can connect to both my private network and the dorm network? If I build a private wired network: (second choice) Then both the PC and the Mac will connect to the internet wirelessly, which means I cannot take advantage of the faster download speeds.

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  • Use Network-Manager to Connect to a wifi Access Point on the command-line

    - by Stefano Palazzo
    I'd like to connect to a wireless access point from the command-line. ideally, I'd only need the name of the AP. But the hardware-address would work as well. I know I can use nmcli to connect to a managed network connection, but in my case, the access point may not be configured for Network-Manager yet (See the difference between the output of nm-tool and nmcli con). Example output of nmcli: Auto pwln 3a3d62b1-bbdf-4f76-b4d2-c211fd5cfb03 802-11-wireless [...] Wired Network aa586921-accf-4932-98c4-c873c310f08e 802-3-ethernet [...] Cisco-UDP Uni 7f94847b-04dc-40b7-9955-5246fb77cc65 vpn [...] T-mobile (D1) 867f345a-cbbf-4bd4-b883-a5e5ae0932f0 gsm [...] Example output of nm-tool: State: connected - Device: eth1 [Auto pwln] ---------------------------------------------------- [...] Wireless Access Points (* = current AP) *pwln: Infra, [...], Freq 2472 MHz, Rate 54 Mb/s, Strength 80 WPA WPA2 WLAN: Infra, [...], Freq 2422 MHz, Rate 54 Mb/s, Strength 20 WPA WPA2 [...] How do I connect to an access point that may or may not be known to NM? Extra: Finding out if the connection needs a pass-phrase, and submitting it on the command-line as well would be great too (that is to say It'd be nice if network-manager wouldn't pop open any keyring dialogues or errors on the gui)

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  • UFW: force traffic thru OpenVPN tunnel / do not leak any traffic

    - by hotzen
    I have VPN access using OpenVPN and try to create a safe machine that does not leak traffic over non-VPN interfaces. Using the firewall UFW I try to achieve the following: Allow Access from LAN to the machine's web-interface Otherwise only allow Traffic on tun0 (OpenVPN-Tunnel interface when established) Reject (or forward?) any traffic over other interfaces Currently I am using the following rules (sudo ufw status): To Action From -- ------ ---- 192.168.42.11 9999/tcp ALLOW Anywhere # allow web-interface Anywhere on tun0 ALLOW Anywhere # out only thru tun0 Anywhere ALLOW OUT Anywhere on tun0 # in only thru tun0 My problem is that the machine is initially not able to establish the OpenVPN-connection since only tun0 is allowed, which is not yet established (chicken-egg-problem) How do I allow creating the OpenVPN connection and from this point onward force every single packet to go thru the VPN-tunnel?

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  • Can't connect to hidden network with BCM4313

    - by poomerang
    The wireless works fine with all the other wi-fi nets I have tried, the only problem is with this hidden network. I should add it's the only hidden network I've tried, so I am not sure if the problem is it being hidden or somethings else, but I've checked the settings of NetworkManager against another Ubuntu system (which can connect) and they appear to be the same, passphrase included. The network is using WPA2 Personal with AES encryption, I don't know how to check this setting but I believe it's the usual for WPA2, and therefore usually not a problem. Also, I can connect through ethernet, which should exclude any blacklisting of my device, I believe. I usually use brcmsmac drivers, I've tried also STA but the result is the same. I've also tried the suggestion from Unable to connect to hidden SSID with no luck output of lspci -v is 03:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4313 802.11b/g/n Wireless LAN Controller (rev 01) Subsystem: Askey Computer Corp. Device 7175 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at d4000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: brcmsmac Kernel modules: bcma, brcmsmac

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  • "Enable Wireless" option is disabled in network settings

    - by silenTK
    I'm using Ubuntu 11.10 (dual booted with Windows 7) but I'm unable to access Internet wireless even though I can do so on Windows 7. The output for rfkill list all is given below: rfkill list all 0: brcmwl-0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes 1: hp-wifi: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: no The output for sudo lshw -C network *-network DISABLED is: description: Wireless interface product: BCM4313 802.11b/g/n Wireless LAN Controller vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 logical name: eth1 version: 01 serial: 11:11:11:11:11:11 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=wl0 driverversion=5.100.82.38 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11 resources: irq:16 memory:c2500000-c2503fff *-network description: Ethernet interface product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 05 serial: 22:22:22:22:22:22 size: 100Mbit/s capacity: 100Mbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s resources: irq:42 ioport:3000(size=256) memory:c0404000-c0404fff memory:c0400000-c0403fff Broadcom STA wireless driver is installed, activated, and currently in use. My laptop is a HP-Pavilion-g6-1004tx. My hardware switch is on. Enable Wireless option is also disabled in network settings.

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 on Vm Player showing Wired Network Instead of Wireless Network

    - by Fak365
    I am new to Ubuntu, recently I installed ubuntu 12.04 in Vm Player (Virtual Machine) on my Dell laptop having windows 7 ultimate 32 bit for just to check the security of my wireless network and want to crack the WiFi (WPA-PSK) password but in ubuntu it does not show the wireless network it shows the 2 arrow sign as i have not connect the ethernet cable to my laptop and connected through WiFi on my main OS (windows 7) but it shows the wired network and internet is working but it does not show wifi connection. On windows 7 WiFi is connected and showing the WiFi connection and working correctly.But my main motive is to crack the WiFi password as it can't detect WiFi network so what to do? Please Help.!!thanks My Laptop Specification : Laptop : Dell Latitude D620 OS : Windows 7 Ultimate 32 bit Processor : Core Duo 2 T7200 @ 2Ghz Ram : 2 GB WiFi card : Intel Pro/Wireless 3945 ABG Virtual Machine : Vm Player V 5.0.1 If Need to Install Drivers Please Give Me Full Information how to install and which driver I should install. Thanks In Advance.

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  • Cannot turn on "Network Discovery and File Sharing" when Windows Firewall is enabled

    - by Cheeso
    I have a problem similar to this one. Windows Firewall prevents File and Printer sharing from working and Why does File and Printer Sharing keep turning off in Windows 7? I cannot turn on Network Discovery. This is Windows 7 Home Premium, x64. It's a Dell XPS 1340 and Windows came installed from the OEM. This used to work. Now it doesn't. I don't know what has changed. In windows Explorer, the UI looks like this: When I click the yellow panel that says "Click to change...", the panel disappears, then immediately reappears, with exactly the same text. If I go through the control panel "Network and Sharing Center" thing, the UI looks like this: If I tick the box to "turn on network discovery", the "Save Changes" button becomes enabled. If I then click that button, the dialog box just closes, with no message or confirmation. Re-opening the same dialog box shows that Network Discovery has not been turned on. If I turn off Windows Firewall, I can then turn on Network Discovery via either method. The machine is connected to a wireless home network, via a router. The network is marked as "Home Network" in the Network and Sharing Center, which I think corresponds to the "Private" profile in Windows Firewall Advanced Settings app. (Confirm?) The PC is not part of a domain, and has never been part of a domain. The machine is not bridging any networks. There is a regular 100baseT connector but I have the network adapter for that disabled in Windows. Something else that seems odd. Within Windows Firewall Advanced Settings, there are no predefined rules available. If I click the "New Rule...." Action on the action pane, the "Predefined" option is greyed out. like this: In order to attempt to allow the network discovery protocols through on the private network, I hand-coded a bunch of rules, intending to allow the necessary UPnP and WDP protocols supporting network discovery. I copied them from a working Windows 7 Ultimate PC, running on the same network. This did not work. Even with the hand-coded rules, I still cannot turn on Network Discovery. I looked on the interwebs, and the only solution that appears to work is a re-install of Windows. Seriously? If I try netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group="Network Discovery" new enable=Yes ...it says "No rules match the specified criteria" EDIT: by the way, these services are running. DNS Client Function Discovery Resource Publication SSDP Discovery UPnP Device Host in any case, since it works with no firewall, I would assume all necessary services are present and running. The issue is a firewall thing, but I don't know how to diagnose further, or fix it. Q1: Is there a way to definitively insure the correct holes are punched through the Windows Firewall to allow Network Discovery to function? Q2: Should I expect the "predefined" firewall rules to be greyed out? Q3: Why did this change?

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  • Free Windows traffic monitor that can run a command when reaching a limit

    - by leromarinvit
    Does anyone know a free traffic monitor tool for Windows XP which can run a configurable program when reaching a limit? Hoo Net Meter and DU Meter can do that, but they both cost money. What I'm trying to do is throttle the connection when getting close to the monthly limit, so that watching YouTube or downloading large files isn't fun any longer, but e-mail or looking something up still work. The throttling part is settled, Traffic Shaper XP works nicely. I just need something to automatically call a batch script when reaching the limit.

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  • Flexible traffic & bandwidth monitor

    - by BrNathan
    I have looked around, but have not found anything to meet our needs. I need something that can log all connections & bandwidth consumption. We need it for analysis: by protocol, source IP (& MAC if possible), destination, etc. Ideally we are looking for something that can produce custom graphs & also uses mysql. All connections go through one server on a bridged connection (2 network cards) so it is easy to pickup traffic. We are not concerned so much with internal LAN traffic as what passes in & out to the firewall. Thanks for you suggestions. Update: I use Ubuntu 10.04

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  • capture nimbuzz traffic

    - by lurscher
    I need to capture all the traffic, specially during login, between nimbuzz pc client and nimbuzz server. The reason is that i need to debug outgoing packets at login that mark the user visibility status in order to reproduce them in a in-house XMPP client application I've tried doing this with wireshark, but i seem to be pretty helpless with this tool. Also, the packets i've been able to see are all before the SASL negotiation happens, after that, i cannot see the xml packets being exchanged any help for how to achieve this task is greatly appreciated (preferably on Windows, since there is no nimbuzz client for linux, in any case i can install one in a VM and monitor the traffic between the VM instance in the linux host)

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  • Traffic shaping L2TP/IPsec VPN (via accounts not connection)

    - by Cromulent
    I need to be able to control the amount of bandwidth a specific user account can use on a VPN connection. One account I want to be able to use the VPN with no restrictions and another account I want to limit to a reasonable amount of bandwidth (say 10GB or so a month). I'm aware that you can traffic shape individual connections but that does not quite solve the problem as the limited account can just disconnect and reconnect to get a new connection. I need to be able to limit bandwidth on a login basis for a given period of time (monthly limit). I'm really not that familiar with traffic shaping in general so any advice would be appreciated. Thank you.

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  • Where does traffic shaping typically take place?

    - by eekmeter
    As part of upgrading our network infrastructure we are looking to traffic shape our bandwidth since we only have about 3Mb down / 1 Mb up. We're looking to prioritize it so that web browsing gets priority and in the future some VOIP might be added in as well. Internal LAN traffic doesn't need to be controlled just our outbound connection. I've been looking at Cisco hardware and it seems that several of their products do shaping at the core switch, firewall, and router level. I'm wondering where does shaping normally take place? Is it normally done at the router, core switch, or firewall?

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  • Network config with pppoe and Ubuntu 13.10

    - by Pavel
    I have an internet connection that is using pppoe. In my windows I do not assign an ip address for my network and I am able to connect using password and username. I installed Ubintu 13.10 today, and I did pppoeconf, and I setup an ip/network mask and changed the mac address in the options, and I was able to connect to the Internet. I restarted the computer, and I got a message saying that the wired connection is not managed. Internet was not working. I went to network manager file, and I changed the option to true, but I still can't connect to the Internet. I am pretty new to linux. How can I get my Internet working? Thanks

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  • Connectify Dispatch: Link All Your Network Connections into a Super Pipeline

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Connectify Dispatch is a network management tool that takes all the connections around you–Ethernet, Wi-Fi nodes, even 3G/4G cellular connections–and combines them into one giant data pipeline. At its most simple, Connectify Dispatch takes all the network inputs available to your computer (be those connections hard-line Ethernet, Wi-Fi nodes, or cellular connections) and merges the separate data connections seamlessly into one master connection. If any of the connections should falter (like your 3G reception goes out), Connectify automatically shifts the data to other available networks without any interruption. In addition you can specify which network Connectify should favor with connection prioritization; perfect for using your cellular connection without breaking through your data cap for the month right away. Hit up the link below to read more about Connectify Dispatch and the companion app Connectify Hotspot. Connectify Dispatch Secure Yourself by Using Two-Step Verification on These 16 Web Services How to Fix a Stuck Pixel on an LCD Monitor How to Factory Reset Your Android Phone or Tablet When It Won’t Boot

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  • Ubuntu Software Center not recognising my network connection

    - by Chethan S.
    I have installed Oneiric Beta on my laptop. As my Mobile Broadband refused to connect to Internet through network manager I'm now using wvdial to connect. Hence the network manager shows I'm not connected to any networks. When I try to install software from Ubuntu Software Center the 'Install' option remains disabled and under reviews section it says no network connection! As a workaround I kept installing applications from terminal which works fine. Therefore, my question is how to make Software Center recognize that I am connected to Internet?

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  • How to route my internet from mobile broadband from a third party software to network manager

    - by user86865
    I use mobile broadband connection (Reliance Netconnect+ USB) for internet. I can connect to this network from Network Manager easily. There is a 3rd party software which is given by the service provider. I can also connect to the internet by using this software (Software from ZTE). But when i am using this software, i cannot upload files to Ubuntu One, Cannot install packages from Software Center, etc except i can load web pages from FireFox. But when using the connection from NM, i can do all the stuffs. But, there are so many options available in this 3rd party software. So, can i route my internet connection from this software to my Network Manager? There are some options available in the settings as;- Dns, alternate dns, static IP, CHAP, PAP. Can anyone help me?? I use 12.04.

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  • Kubuntu won't go into suspend mode while connected to network

    - by PaulW2U
    I'm currently testing Kubuntu 11.04 but I don't think this is a bug regarding what I appreciate is still an alpha version. After extensive searching of various forums and websites I found something that made me suspect that the reason I could not go into suspend mode was due to the fact that my network connection was still active. I found that if I unmount my network connection then I can go into suspend mode without any problem. I then have to remember to mount the connection when I next use the PC. Am I missing a program or setting? Is there a config file that I can edit? How can I fix this so that my network connection is broken and remade at the appropriate time? I haven't found any indication that a bug has been reported relating to this. Thanks in advance.

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  • Need solutions in sharing a 3Mb/768Kbps DSL line to 60+ users and faster bandwidth

    - by elistp
    Two parts. Part 1: We currently have 2 DSL Lines with 3Mb/768Kbps speeds load balanced for 60+ users. Accessing the Internet is borderline unusable. The simple solution would be to get a faster DSL Line but the highest DSL package is 6Mb/768Kbps, has quite the price jump, and doesn't do anything to help with upload speeds. I'm looking for free or extremely low cost solutions (web cache, traffic shaping, bandwidth controls, etc) to help with making Internet access more bearable until the next funding year. Can anyone give any advice? Part 2: We're looking into a 4.5Mb bonded T1 in the next funding year which is of course significantly more expensive than 2 DSL lines. Are bonded T1s our only hope for faster speeds? Are there any better alternatives?

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  • Does anyone really understand how HFSC scheduling in Linux/BSD works?

    - by Mecki
    I read the original SIGCOMM '97 PostScript paper about HFSC, it is very technically, but I understand the basic concept. Instead of giving a linear service curve (as with pretty much every other scheduling algorithm), you can specify a convex or concave service curve and thus it is possible to decouple bandwidth and delay. However, even though this paper mentions to kind of scheduling algorithms being used (real-time and link-share), it always only mentions ONE curve per scheduling class (the decoupling is done by specifying this curve, only one curve is needed for that). Now HFSC has been implemented for BSD (OpenBSD, FreeBSD, etc.) using the ALTQ scheduling framework and it has been implemented Linux using the TC scheduling framework (part of iproute2). Both implementations added two additional service curves, that were NOT in the original paper! A real-time service curve and an upper-limit service curve. Again, please note that the original paper mentions two scheduling algorithms (real-time and link-share), but in that paper both work with one single service curve. There never have been two independent service curves for either one as you currently find in BSD and Linux. Even worse, some version of ALTQ seems to add an additional queue priority to HSFC (there is no such thing as priority in the original paper either). I found several BSD HowTo's mentioning this priority setting (even though the man page of the latest ALTQ release knows no such parameter for HSFC, so officially it does not even exist). This all makes the HFSC scheduling even more complex than the algorithm described in the original paper and there are tons of tutorials on the Internet that often contradict each other, one claiming the opposite of the other one. This is probably the main reason why nobody really seems to understand how HFSC scheduling really works. Before I can ask my questions, we need a sample setup of some kind. I'll use a very simple one as seen in the image below: Here are some questions I cannot answer because the tutorials contradict each other: What for do I need a real-time curve at all? Assuming A1, A2, B1, B2 are all 128 kbit/s link-share (no real-time curve for either one), then each of those will get 128 kbit/s if the root has 512 kbit/s to distribute (and A and B are both 256 kbit/s of course), right? Why would I additionally give A1 and B1 a real-time curve with 128 kbit/s? What would this be good for? To give those two a higher priority? According to original paper I can give them a higher priority by using a curve, that's what HFSC is all about after all. By giving both classes a curve of [256kbit/s 20ms 128kbit/s] both have twice the priority than A2 and B2 automatically (still only getting 128 kbit/s on average) Does the real-time bandwidth count towards the link-share bandwidth? E.g. if A1 and B1 both only have 64kbit/s real-time and 64kbit/s link-share bandwidth, does that mean once they are served 64kbit/s via real-time, their link-share requirement is satisfied as well (they might get excess bandwidth, but lets ignore that for a second) or does that mean they get another 64 kbit/s via link-share? So does each class has a bandwidth "requirement" of real-time plus link-share? Or does a class only have a higher requirement than the real-time curve if the link-share curve is higher than the real-time curve (current link-share requirement equals specified link-share requirement minus real-time bandwidth already provided to this class)? Is upper limit curve applied to real-time as well, only to link-share, or maybe to both? Some tutorials say one way, some say the other way. Some even claim upper-limit is the maximum for real-time bandwidth + link-share bandwidth? What is the truth? Assuming A2 and B2 are both 128 kbit/s, does it make any difference if A1 and B1 are 128 kbit/s link-share only, or 64 kbit/s real-time and 128 kbit/s link-share, and if so, what difference? If I use the seperate real-time curve to increase priorities of classes, why would I need "curves" at all? Why is not real-time a flat value and link-share also a flat value? Why are both curves? The need for curves is clear in the original paper, because there is only one attribute of that kind per class. But now, having three attributes (real-time, link-share, and upper-limit) what for do I still need curves on each one? Why would I want the curves shape (not average bandwidth, but their slopes) to be different for real-time and link-share traffic? According to the little documentation available, real-time curve values are totally ignored for inner classes (class A and B), they are only applied to leaf classes (A1, A2, B1, B2). If that is true, why does the ALTQ HFSC sample configuration (search for 3.3 Sample configuration) set real-time curves on inner classes and claims that those set the guaranteed rate of those inner classes? Isn't that completely pointless? (note: pshare sets the link-share curve in ALTQ and grate the real-time curve; you can see this in the paragraph above the sample configuration). Some tutorials say the sum of all real-time curves may not be higher than 80% of the line speed, others say it must not be higher than 70% of the line speed. Which one is right or are they maybe both wrong? One tutorial said you shall forget all the theory. No matter how things really work (schedulers and bandwidth distribution), imagine the three curves according to the following "simplified mind model": real-time is the guaranteed bandwidth that this class will always get. link-share is the bandwidth that this class wants to become fully satisfied, but satisfaction cannot be guaranteed. In case there is excess bandwidth, the class might even get offered more bandwidth than necessary to become satisfied, but it may never use more than upper-limit says. For all this to work, the sum of all real-time bandwidths may not be above xx% of the line speed (see question above, the percentage varies). Question: Is this more or less accurate or a total misunderstanding of HSFC? And if assumption above is really accurate, where is prioritization in that model? E.g. every class might have a real-time bandwidth (guaranteed), a link-share bandwidth (not guaranteed) and an maybe an upper-limit, but still some classes have higher priority needs than other classes. In that case I must still prioritize somehow, even among real-time traffic of those classes. Would I prioritize by the slope of the curves? And if so, which curve? The real-time curve? The link-share curve? The upper-limit curve? All of them? Would I give all of them the same slope or each a different one and how to find out the right slope? I still haven't lost hope that there exists at least a hand full of people in this world that really understood HFSC and are able to answer all these questions accurately. And doing so without contradicting each other in the answers would be really nice ;-)

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  • Cisco ASA not forwarding traffic from one interface to another

    - by Antoine Benkemoun
    Hello ServerFault, I am needing help in the configuration process of my Cisco ASA 5510. I have set up 4 Cisco ASA interconnected together via a big LAN. Each Cisco ASA has 3 or 4 LANs attached to them. The IP routing part is taken care of by OSPF. My problem is on another level. A computer connected to one of the LANs attached to an ASA has no problem communicating with the outside world. The outside world being anything "after" the ASA. My problem is that I am completely unable to have them communicate with another LAN connected to the same ASA. To rephrase this, I am unable to send traffic from one interface of a given ASA to another interface of the same ASA. My configuration is the following : ! hostname Fuji ! interface Ethernet0/0 speed 100 duplex full nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.0 no shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/1 speed 100 duplex full nameif cs4 no shutdown security-level 100 ip address 10.1.4.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet0/2 speed 100 duplex full no shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/2.15 vlan 15 nameif cs5 security-level 100 ip address 10.1.5.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet0/2.16 vlan 16 nameif cs6 security-level 100 ip address 10.1.6.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Management0/0 speed 100 duplex full nameif management security-level 100 ip address 10.6.0.252 255.255.255.0 ! access-list nat_cs4 extended permit ip 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 any access-list acl_cs4 extended permit ip 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 any access-list nat_cs5 extended permit ip 10.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 any access-list acl_cs5 extended permit ip 10.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 any access-list nat_cs6 extended permit ip 10.1.6.0 255.255.255.0 any access-list acl_cs6 extended permit ip 10.1.6.0 255.255.255.0 any ! access-list nat_outside extended permit ip any any access-list acl_outside extended permit ip any 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 access-list acl_outside extended permit ip any 10.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 access-list acl_outside extended permit ip any 10.1.6.0 255.255.255.0 ! nat (outside) 0 access-list nat_outside nat (cs4) 0 access-list nat_cs4 nat (cs5) 0 access-list nat_cs5 nat (cs6) 0 access-list nat_cs6 ! static (outside,cs4) 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 static (outside,cs5) 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 static (outside,cs6) 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 ! static (cs4,outside) 10.1.4.0 10.1.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs4,cs5) 10.1.4.0 10.1.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs4,cs6) 10.1.4.0 10.1.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ! static (cs5,outside) 10.1.5.0 10.1.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs5,cs4) 10.1.5.0 10.1.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs5,cs6) 10.1.5.0 10.1.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ! static (cs6,outside) 10.1.6.0 10.1.6.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs6,cs4) 10.1.6.0 10.1.6.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 static (cs6,cs5) 10.1.6.0 10.1.6.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ! access-group acl_outside in interface outside access-group acl_cs4 in interface cs4 access-group acl_cs5 in interface cs5 access-group acl_cs6 in interface cs6 ! router ospf 1 network 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 area 1 network 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 area 1 network 10.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 area 1 network 10.1.6.0 255.255.255.0 area 1 log-adj-changes ! There is nothing really complicated in this configuration. It just NATs from one interface to another and that's it. I have tried enabling same-security-traffic permit inter-interface but that doesn't help. I therefore must be missing something a little bit more complicated. Does anyone know why I cannot foward traffic from one interface to another ? Thank you in advance for your help, Antoine

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  • Does anyone really understand how HFSC scheduling in Linux/BSD works?

    - by Mecki
    I read the original SIGCOMM '97 PostScript paper about HFSC, it is very technically, but I understand the basic concept. Instead of giving a linear service curve (as with pretty much every other scheduling algorithm), you can specify a convex or concave service curve and thus it is possible to decouple bandwidth and delay. However, even though this paper mentions to kind of scheduling algorithms being used (real-time and link-share), it always only mentions ONE curve per scheduling class (the decoupling is done by specifying this curve, only one curve is needed for that). Now HFSC has been implemented for BSD (OpenBSD, FreeBSD, etc.) using the ALTQ scheduling framework and it has been implemented Linux using the TC scheduling framework (part of iproute2). Both implementations added two additional service curves, that were NOT in the original paper! A real-time service curve and an upper-limit service curve. Again, please note that the original paper mentions two scheduling algorithms (real-time and link-share), but in that paper both work with one single service curve. There never have been two independent service curves for either one as you currently find in BSD and Linux. Even worse, some version of ALTQ seems to add an additional queue priority to HSFC (there is no such thing as priority in the original paper either). I found several BSD HowTo's mentioning this priority setting (even though the man page of the latest ALTQ release knows no such parameter for HSFC, so officially it does not even exist). This all makes the HFSC scheduling even more complex than the algorithm described in the original paper and there are tons of tutorials on the Internet that often contradict each other, one claiming the opposite of the other one. This is probably the main reason why nobody really seems to understand how HFSC scheduling really works. Before I can ask my questions, we need a sample setup of some kind. I'll use a very simple one as seen in the image below: Here are some questions I cannot answer because the tutorials contradict each other: What for do I need a real-time curve at all? Assuming A1, A2, B1, B2 are all 128 kbit/s link-share (no real-time curve for either one), then each of those will get 128 kbit/s if the root has 512 kbit/s to distribute (and A and B are both 256 kbit/s of course), right? Why would I additionally give A1 and B1 a real-time curve with 128 kbit/s? What would this be good for? To give those two a higher priority? According to original paper I can give them a higher priority by using a curve, that's what HFSC is all about after all. By giving both classes a curve of [256kbit/s 20ms 128kbit/s] both have twice the priority than A2 and B2 automatically (still only getting 128 kbit/s on average) Does the real-time bandwidth count towards the link-share bandwidth? E.g. if A1 and B1 both only have 64kbit/s real-time and 64kbit/s link-share bandwidth, does that mean once they are served 64kbit/s via real-time, their link-share requirement is satisfied as well (they might get excess bandwidth, but lets ignore that for a second) or does that mean they get another 64 kbit/s via link-share? So does each class has a bandwidth "requirement" of real-time plus link-share? Or does a class only have a higher requirement than the real-time curve if the link-share curve is higher than the real-time curve (current link-share requirement equals specified link-share requirement minus real-time bandwidth already provided to this class)? Is upper limit curve applied to real-time as well, only to link-share, or maybe to both? Some tutorials say one way, some say the other way. Some even claim upper-limit is the maximum for real-time bandwidth + link-share bandwidth? What is the truth? Assuming A2 and B2 are both 128 kbit/s, does it make any difference if A1 and B1 are 128 kbit/s link-share only, or 64 kbit/s real-time and 128 kbit/s link-share, and if so, what difference? If I use the seperate real-time curve to increase priorities of classes, why would I need "curves" at all? Why is not real-time a flat value and link-share also a flat value? Why are both curves? The need for curves is clear in the original paper, because there is only one attribute of that kind per class. But now, having three attributes (real-time, link-share, and upper-limit) what for do I still need curves on each one? Why would I want the curves shape (not average bandwidth, but their slopes) to be different for real-time and link-share traffic? According to the little documentation available, real-time curve values are totally ignored for inner classes (class A and B), they are only applied to leaf classes (A1, A2, B1, B2). If that is true, why does the ALTQ HFSC sample configuration (search for 3.3 Sample configuration) set real-time curves on inner classes and claims that those set the guaranteed rate of those inner classes? Isn't that completely pointless? (note: pshare sets the link-share curve in ALTQ and grate the real-time curve; you can see this in the paragraph above the sample configuration). Some tutorials say the sum of all real-time curves may not be higher than 80% of the line speed, others say it must not be higher than 70% of the line speed. Which one is right or are they maybe both wrong? One tutorial said you shall forget all the theory. No matter how things really work (schedulers and bandwidth distribution), imagine the three curves according to the following "simplified mind model": real-time is the guaranteed bandwidth that this class will always get. link-share is the bandwidth that this class wants to become fully satisfied, but satisfaction cannot be guaranteed. In case there is excess bandwidth, the class might even get offered more bandwidth than necessary to become satisfied, but it may never use more than upper-limit says. For all this to work, the sum of all real-time bandwidths may not be above xx% of the line speed (see question above, the percentage varies). Question: Is this more or less accurate or a total misunderstanding of HSFC? And if assumption above is really accurate, where is prioritization in that model? E.g. every class might have a real-time bandwidth (guaranteed), a link-share bandwidth (not guaranteed) and an maybe an upper-limit, but still some classes have higher priority needs than other classes. In that case I must still prioritize somehow, even among real-time traffic of those classes. Would I prioritize by the slope of the curves? And if so, which curve? The real-time curve? The link-share curve? The upper-limit curve? All of them? Would I give all of them the same slope or each a different one and how to find out the right slope? I still haven't lost hope that there exists at least a hand full of people in this world that really understood HFSC and are able to answer all these questions accurately. And doing so without contradicting each other in the answers would be really nice ;-)

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  • Network is not working anymore - Ubuntu 12.04

    - by Jonathan
    Network is not working anymore - Ubuntu 12.04 Hello, I have a problem with my network connection. I have been using the same laptop with Ubuntu and the same connection for more than a year, and suddenly yesterday the connection stopped working (both wireless and wired). I've tested with another computer and the connection is fine (both wireless and wired). I've been reading similar posts but I haven't found a solution yet. I tried a few commands that I'm posting here (my system is in spanish, so I have traslated it to english, maybe the terms are not accurate): grep -i eth /var/log/syslog | tail Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: (eth0): now managed Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: (eth0): device state change: unmanaged - unavailable (reason 'managed') [10 20 2] Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: (eth0): bringing up device. Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: (eth0): preparing device. Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc kernel: [ 7351.845743] forcedeth 0000:00:0a.0: irq 41 for MSI/MSI-X Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc kernel: [ 7351.845984] forcedeth 0000:00:0a.0: eth0: no link during initialization Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc kernel: [ 7351.847103] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: (eth0): deactivating device (reason 'managed') [2] Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc NetworkManager[3584]: Added default wired connection 'Wired connection 1' for /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0a.0/net/eth0 Jun 3 18:45:40 vanesa-pc kernel: [ 7351.848817] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet addressHW 00:1b:24:fc:a8:d1 ACTIVE BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Packages RX:0 errors:16 lost:0 overruns:0 frame:16 Packages TX:123 errors:0 lost:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colissions:0 length.tailTX:1000 Bytes RX:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:26335 (26.3 KB) Interruption:41 Base address: 0x2000 lo Link encap:Local loop Inet address:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 Inet6 address: ::1/128 Scope:Host ACTIVE LOOP WORKING MTU:16436 Metrics:1 Packages RX:1550 errors:0 lost:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Packages TX:1550 errors:0 lost:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colissions:0 long.tailTX:0 Bytes RX:125312 (125.3 KB) TX bytes:125312 (125.3 KB) iwconfig lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. sudo lshw -C network *-network description: Ethernet interface product: MCP67 Ethernet manufacturer: NVIDIA Corporation Physical id: a bus information: pci@0000:00:0a.0 logical name: eth0 version: a2 series: 00:1b:24:fc:a8:d1 capacity: 100Mbit/s width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capacities: pm msi ht bus_master cap_list ethernet physical mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=forcedeth driverversion=0.64 latency=0 link=no maxlatency=20 mingnt=1 multicast=yes port=MII resources: irq:41 memoria:f6288000-f6288fff ioport:30f8(size=8) memoria:f6289c00-f6289cff memoria:f6289800-f628980f lsmod Module Size Used by usbhid 41906 0 hid 77367 1 usbhid rfcomm 38139 0 parport_pc 32114 0 ppdev 12849 0 bnep 17830 2 bluetooth 158438 10 rfcomm,bnep binfmt_misc 17292 1 joydev 17393 0 hp_wmi 13652 0 sparse_keymap 13658 1 hp_wmi nouveau 708198 3 ttm 65344 1 nouveau drm_kms_helper 45466 1 nouveau drm 197692 5 nouveau,ttm,drm_kms_helper i2c_algo_bit 13199 1 nouveau psmouse 87213 0 mxm_wmi 12859 1 nouveau serio_raw 13027 0 k8temp 12905 0 i2c_nforce2 12906 0 wmi 18744 2 hp_wmi,mxm_wmi video 19068 1 nouveau mac_hid 13077 0 lp 17455 0 parport 40930 3 parport_pc,ppdev,lp forcedeth 58096 0 Let me know if I can give you more information. Thank you very much in advance, Jonathan

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