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• Common practice in handling bounce message

  - by foodil

  At now I mainly create a mail account separately (with different domain name [email protected]) and i add this mail as one return path. So the bounce message will only go to that mailbox and i parse the mail message one by one to check the failure receipent and the error code, then i convert the error code to the actual error message. Finally, the error message and the fail receipent's mail are post to my system and let my system user check the bounce information. Is it a common practice? Since i am worry about the mail other from bounce message have sent to my mail box, that would be a disaster if i parse them without filter them out, but how can i filter out between bounce message and normal mail? Thank you for any kind of help.

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• Postfix / Dovecot and Email Retrieval

  - by Eric J.

  I have setup Postfix and Dovecot on an Ubuntu box following the instructions http://www.exratione.com/2012/05/a-mailserver-on-ubuntu-1204-postfix-dovecot-mysql/ I can see that email is being delivered to and accepted by the server, but the email is not available for retrieval via POP3. What could be missing in my configuraton? It seems that email is not being properly handed off to Dovecot. Here are what I believe are the relevant /var/log/mail.log entries for an attempt to send email from another domain (hosted by Gmail) to the domain I have setup: Logged during SMTP connection postfix/smtpd[14689]: connect from mail-vb0-f50.google.com[209.85.212.50] postfix/smtpd[14689]: Anonymous TLS connection established from mail-vb0-f50.google.com[209.85.212.50]: TLSv1 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA (128/128 bits) postfix/smtpd[14689]: 5782740ACF: client=mail-vb0-f50.google.com[209.85.212.50] postfix/cleanup[14696]: 5782740ACF: message-id=<CAEjmKcjHnTY4yk=3QXoNrD76=04g-s9utPguTFB02Fx53GMPmw@mail.gmail.com> postfix/qmgr[14687]: 5782740ACF: from=<[email protected]>, size=1947, nrcpt=1 (queue active) postfix/smtpd[14702]: connect from mail.destinationdomain.com[127.0.0.1] postfix/smtpd[14702]: 2940A41AA9: client=mail.destinationdomain.com[127.0.0.1] postfix/cleanup[14696]: 2940A41AA9: message-id=<CAEjmKcjHnTY4yk=3QXoNrD76=04g-s9utPguTFB02Fx53GMPmw@mail.gmail.com> postfix/qmgr[14687]: 2940A41AA9: from=<[email protected]>, size=2450, nrcpt=1 (queue active) amavis[21309]: (21309-02) Passed CLEAN, [209.85.212.50] <[email protected]> -> <[email protected]>, Message-ID: <CAEjmKcjHnTY4yk=3QXoNrD76=04g-s9utPguTFB02Fx53GMPmw@mail.gmail.com>, mail_id: W52ZB8FAAA+8, Hits: -0.101, size: 1946, queued_as: 2940A41AA9, [email protected], 784 ms postfix/smtpd[14702]: disconnect from mail.destinationdomain.com[127.0.0.1] postfix/smtp[14698]: 5782740ACF: to=<[email protected]>, relay=127.0.0.1[127.0.0.1]:10024, delay=1.1, delays=0.29/0.01/0/0.79, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 2.0.0 from MTA([127.0.0.1]:10025): 250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as 2940A41AA9) postfix/qmgr[14687]: 5782740ACF: removed dovecot: lda([email protected]): msgid=<CAEjmKcjHnTY4yk=3QXoNrD76=04g-s9utPguTFB02Fx53GMPmw@mail.gmail.com>: saved mail to INBOX postfix/pipe[14703]: 2940A41AA9: to=<[email protected]>, relay=dovecot, delay=0.08, delays=0.02/0.02/0/0.04, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (delivered via dovecot service) postfix/qmgr[14687]: 2940A41AA9: removed Logged during POP3 retrieval attempts dovecot: pop3-login: Login: user=<[email protected]>, method=PLAIN, rip=209.85.220.135, lip=10.195.83.10, mpid=14706 dovecot: pop3([email protected]): Disconnected: Logged out top=0/0, retr=1/2557, del=1/1, size=2540 postfix/smtpd[14689]: disconnect from mail-vb0-f50.google.com[209.85.212.50] dovecot: pop3-login: Login: user=<[email protected]>, method=PLAIN, rip=209.85.212.31, lip=10.195.83.10, mpid=14708 dovecot: pop3([email protected]): Disconnected: Logged out top=0/0, retr=0/0, del=0/0, size=0

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• Using SSIS to send a HTML E-Mail Message with built-in table of Counts.

  - by Kevin Shyr

  For the record, this can be just as easily done with a .NET class with a DLL call.  The two major reasons for this ending up as a SSIS package are: There are a lot of SQL resources for maintenance, but not as many .NET developers. There is an existing automated process that links up SQL Jobs (more on that in the next post), and this is part of that process.   To start, this is what the SSIS looks like: The first part of the control flow is just for the override scenario.   In the Execute SQL Task, it calls a stored procedure, which already formats the result into XML by using "FOR XML PATH('Row'), ROOT(N'FieldingCounts')".  The result XML string looks like this: <FieldingCounts>   <Row>     <CellId>M COD</CellId>     <Mailed>64</Mailed>     <ReMailed>210</ReMailed>     <TotalMail>274</TotalMail>     <EMailed>233</EMailed>     <TotalSent>297</TotalSent>   </Row>   <Row>     <CellId>M National</CellId>     <Mailed>11</Mailed>     <ReMailed>59</ReMailed>     <TotalMail>70</TotalMail>     <EMailed>90</EMailed>     <TotalSent>101</TotalSent>   </Row>   <Row>     <CellId>U COD</CellId>     <Mailed>91</Mailed>     <ReMailed>238</ReMailed>     <TotalMail>329</TotalMail>     <EMailed>291</EMailed>     <TotalSent>382</TotalSent>   </Row>   <Row>     <CellId>U National</CellId>     <Mailed>63</Mailed>     <ReMailed>286</ReMailed>     <TotalMail>349</TotalMail>     <EMailed>374</EMailed>     <TotalSent>437</TotalSent>   </Row> </FieldingCounts>  This result is saved into an internal SSIS variable with the following settings on the General tab and the Result Set tab:   Now comes the trickier part.  We need to use the XML Task to format the XML string result into an HTML table, and I used Direct input XSLT And here is the code of XSLT: <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <xsl:output method="html" indent="yes"/>   <xsl:template match="/ROOT">         <table border="1" cellpadding="6">           <tr>             <td></td>             <td>Mailed</td>             <td>Re-mailed</td>             <td>Total Mail (Mailed, Re-mailed)</td>             <td>E-mailed</td>             <td>Total Sent (Mailed, E-mailed)</td>           </tr>           <xsl:for-each select="FieldingCounts/Row">             <tr>               <xsl:for-each select="./*">                 <td>                   <xsl:value-of select="." />                 </td>               </xsl:for-each>             </tr>           </xsl:for-each>         </table>   </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>    Then a script task is used to send out an HTML email (as we are all painfully aware that SSIS Send Mail Task only sends plain text) Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 using System; using System.Data; using Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Runtime; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Net.Mail; using System.Net;   namespace ST_b829a2615e714bcfb55db0ce97be3901.csproj {     [System.AddIn.AddIn("ScriptMain", Version = "1.0", Publisher = "", Description = "")]     public partial class ScriptMain : Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Tasks.ScriptTask.VSTARTScriptObjectModelBase     {           #region VSTA generated code         enum ScriptResults         {             Success = Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Runtime.DTSExecResult.Success,             Failure = Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Runtime.DTSExecResult.Failure         };         #endregion           public void Main()         {             String EmailMsgBody = String.Format("<HTML><BODY><P>{0}</P><P>{1}</P></BODY></HTML>"                                                 , Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_MessageSourceText"].Value.ToString()                                                 , Dts.Variables["InternalStr_CountResultAfterXSLT"].Value.ToString());             MailMessage EmailCountMsg = new MailMessage(Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_From"].Value.ToString().Replace(";", ",")                                                         , Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_Success_To"].Value.ToString().Replace(";", ",")                                                         , Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_SubjectLinePrefix"].Value.ToString() + " " + Dts.Variables["InternalStr_FieldingDate"].Value.ToString()                                                         , EmailMsgBody);             //EmailCountMsg.From.             EmailCountMsg.CC.Add(Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_Success_CC"].Value.ToString().Replace(";", ","));             EmailCountMsg.IsBodyHtml = true;               SmtpClient SMTPForCount = new SmtpClient(Dts.Variables["Config_SMTP_ServerAddress"].Value.ToString());             SMTPForCount.Credentials = CredentialCache.DefaultNetworkCredentials;               SMTPForCount.Send(EmailCountMsg);               Dts.TaskResult = (int)ScriptResults.Success;         }     } } Note on this code: notice the email list has Replace(";", ",").  This is only here because the list is configurable in the SQL Job Step at Set Values, which does not react well with colons as email separator, but system.Net.Mail only handles comma as email separator, hence the extra replace in the string. The result is a nicely formatted email message with count information:

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• Java Alphabetize Algorithm Insertion sort vs Bubble Sort

  - by Chris Okyen

  I am supposed to "Develop a program that alphabetizes three strings. The program should allow the user to enter the three strings, and then display the strings in alphabetical order." It's instructed that I need to use the String library compareTo()/charAt()/toLowerCase() to make all the characters lowercase so the Lexicon comparison is also a alphabetical comparison. Input Pseudo Code: String input[3]; Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter three strings: "); for(byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) input[i] = keyboard.next() The sorting would be Insertion Sort: 321 2 3 1 2 31 231 1 23 1 2 3 1 23 1 23 123 Bubble Sort 321 231 213 123 Which would be more efficient in this case? The bubble sort seems to be more efficient though they seem to have equal stats for worst best and avg case, but I read the Insertion Sort is quicker for small amounts of data like my case.

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• help with javamail api

  - by bobby

  import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; import javax.mail.*; import javax.mail.internet.*; import javax.mail.event.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.*; public class servletmail extends HttpServlet { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException,IOException { PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); response.setContentType("text/html"); try { Properties props=new Properties(); props.put("mail.transport.protocol", "smtp"); props.put("mail.smtp.host","smtp.gmail.com"); props.put("mail.smtp.port", "25"); props.put("mail.smtp.auth", "true"); Authenticator authenticator = new Authenticator() { protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() { return new PasswordAuthentication("user", "pass"); } }; Session sess=Session.getDefaultInstance(props,authenticator); Message msg=new MimeMessage(sess); msg.setFrom(new InternetAddress("[email protected]")); msg.addRecipient(Message.RecipientType.TO, new InternetAddress("[email protected]")); msg.setSubject("Hello JavaMail"); msg.setText("Welcome to JavaMail"); Transport.send(msg); out.println("mail has been sent"); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println("err"+e); } } } im working with above im gettin d following error servletmail.java:22: reference to Authenticator is ambiguous, both class java.ne t.Authenticator in java.net and class javax.mail.Authenticator in javax.mail mat ch Authenticator authenticator = new Authenticator() ^ servletmail.java:22: reference to Authenticator is ambiguous, both class java.ne t.Authenticator in java.net and class javax.mail.Authenticator in javax.mail mat ch Authenticator authenticator = new Authenticator() ^ 2 errors i have followed the example in http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/JavaMail/contents.html how should i get the output..will the above code...work what are the changes that need to be made..im using thunderbird smtp server

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• If attacker has original data and encrypted data, can they determine the passphrase?

  - by Brad Cupit

  If an attacker has several distinct items (for example: e-mail addresses) and knows the encrypted value of each item, can the attacker more easily determine the secret passphrase used to encrypt those items? Meaning, can they determine the passphrase without resorting to brute force? This question may sound strange, so let me provide a use-case: User signs up to a site with their e-mail address Server sends that e-mail address a confirmation URL (for example: https://my.app.com/confirmEmailAddress/bill%40yahoo.com) Attacker can guess the confirmation URL and therefore can sign up with someone else's e-mail address, and 'confirm' it without ever having to sign in to that person's e-mail account and see the confirmation URL. This is a problem. Instead of sending the e-mail address plain text in the URL, we'll send it encrypted by a secret passphrase. (I know the attacker could still intercept the e-mail sent by the server, since e-mail are plain text, but bear with me here.) If an attacker then signs up with multiple free e-mail accounts and sees multiple URLs, each with the corresponding encrypted e-mail address, could the attacker more easily determine the passphrase used for encryption? Alternative Solution I could instead send a random number or one-way hash of their e-mail address (plus random salt). This eliminates storing the secret passphrase, but it means I need to store that random number/hash in the database. The original approach above does not require storage in the database. I'm leaning towards the the one-way-hash-stored-in-the-db, but I still would like to know the answer: does having multiple unencrypted e-mail addresses and their encrypted counterparts make it easier to determine the passphrase used?

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• If attacker has original data, and encrypted data, can they determine the passphrase?

  - by Brad Cupit

  If an attacker has several distinct items (for example: e-mail addresses) and knows the encrypted value of each item, can the attacker more easily determine the secret passphrase used to encrypt those items? Meaning, can they determine the passphrase without resorting to brute force? This question may sound strange, so let me provide a use-case: User signs up to a site with their e-mail address Server sends that e-mail address a confirmation URL (for example: https://my.app.com/confirmEmailAddress/bill%40yahoo.com) Attacker can guess the confirmation URL and therefore can sign up with someone else's e-mail address, and 'confirm' it without ever having to sign in to that person's e-mail account and see the confirmation URL. This is a problem. Instead of sending the e-mail address plain text in the URL, we'll send it encrypted by a secret passphrase. (I know the attacker could still intercept the e-mail sent by the server, since e-mail are plain text, but bear with me here.) If an attacker then signs up with multiple free e-mail accounts and sees multiple URLs, each with the corresponding encrypted e-mail address, could the attacker more easily determine the passphrase used for encryption? Alternative Solution I could instead send a random number or one-way hash of their e-mail address (plus random salt). This eliminates storing the secret passphrase, but it means I need to store that random number/hash in the database. The original approach above does not require this extra table. I'm leaning towards the the one-way hash + extra table solution, but I still would like to know the answer: does having multiple unencrypted e-mail addresses and their encrypted counterparts make it easier to determine the passphrase used?

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• Transfer all 1&1 web and e-mail services to own Synology NAS using No-IP for DDNS

  - by Neo

  I have a domain x-treem.net. The registrar is DomainDiscover and I have a hosting package with 1&1 which includes web and e-mail. I also have an additional package with 1&1 - Microsoft Exchange which centralises all my e-mails, tasks, contacts, notes, etc. and I connect to it with my PC (Outlook) and my Android phone. I have just purchased a Synology NAS (DS213) and I can see I can run a web server (Web Station), e-mail server (Mail Server) on it amongst other things. I am behind a dynamic IP. So, I'm looking to get some clarification on what I must do to consolidate my services and make use of my NAS to do as much as possible and save third-party hosting costs. My registrar specifies nameservers as NS45.1AND1.CO.UK and NS46.1AND1.CO.UK. The MX record is mx00.1and1.co.uk and mx01.1and1.co.uk. I'm aware of the concept of DDNS and I am looking at using No-IP.com for this. This is where I need clarification. If I registered with the No-IP paid service and pointed my registrar to No-IP's nameservers, and used the DDNS support on my NAS (which supports No-IP), then any requests to x-treem.net would go to my NAS. Is that correct? Therefore, web requests would hit the web server on my NAS, and e-mails would hit the mail server on my NAS? So, given all of the above, I can then drop 1&1 completely and use my NAS for everything. I use MySQL, phpMyAdmin, phpBB on 1&1 all of which the Synology NAS appears to support in its available packages. As for Microsoft Exchange, Synology offers Zafara which appears to be a drop-in replacement for Exchange. Am I on the right track here, or is there anything I am missing?

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• smtpd_helo_restrictions = ..., reject_unknown_helo_hostname occasionally rejects mail I care about, how to handle?

  - by lkraav

  I have configured my postfix as follows: smtpd_helo_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated, permit_mynetworks, reject_unknown_helo_hostname This is working well because most spambots don't seem to have correct reverse lookups. But every once in a while I run into mail I care about getting reject, because the mail source server admin doesn't care about configuring his server correctly. For example here the server introduces itself as "srv1.xbmc.org" which has no DNS record and fails my basic check. Jan 6 04:42:36 mail postfix/smtpd[660]: connect from xbmc.org[205.251.128.242] Jan 6 04:42:37 mail postfix/smtpd[660]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from xbmc.org[205.251.128.242]: 450 4.7.1 <srv1.xbmc.org>: Helo command rejected: Host not found; from=<[email protected]> to=<[email protected]> proto=ESMTP helo=<srv1.xbmc.org> I have tried to contact the server admin several times, but there is no response. What is the optimal way to handle this from my side? Is adding these "special" hosts to mynetworks = my only option? Is perhaps my whole smtpd_helo_restrictions setup wrong in some significant way?

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• How to change the mail domain server so it's not displaying IP? Changing [email protected] to [email protected]

  - by Pavel

  Hi guys. I'm kinda a noob as a server admin so please bear with me. I've installed postfix mail server and everything is working fine but the 'from' box is displaying [email protected]. I want to set it up so it displays domainname.com instead of IP. I just hope you know what I mean. My main.cf in postfix folder looks like this: # See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version # Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first # line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default # is /etc/mailname. myorigin = /etc/mailname smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu) biff = no # appending .domain is the MUA's job. append_dot_mydomain = no # Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings #delay_warning_time = 4h readme_directory = no # TLS parameters smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key smtpd_use_tls=yes smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache # See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for # information on enabling SSL in the smtp client. myhostname = mail.thevinylfactory alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases myorigin = /etc/mailname mydestination = mail.thevinylfactory.com, thevinylfactory, localhost.localdomain, localhost relayhost = mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 mailbox_size_limit = 0 recipient_delimiter = + inet_interfaces = all Can anyone help me with this one? If you need any more details please let me know. Thanks in advance!

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• How to modify a message, so it will be for 100% recognizable as spam by Exchange junk e-mail filter

  - by user71061

  Hi! I have an sendmail server, sitting in front of my Exchange server. This server filter spam with SpamAssassin (and do it incredibly well!), but it merely tag spam messages with appropriate header flags and by modifying message subject. When such a message arrives to user mailbox on Exchange server, where it is examined by Echange/Outlook junk e-mail filter, which put most of spam in junk message folder. And that is my problem: most, but not all! To put all spam in junk e-mail message folder, user has to define an rule, saying f.e: "If header contains text 'X-Spam-Flag: YES' then move it to 'Junk e-mail messages' folder". Fine, but it has to be done on every user (for some users, this task is too "complicated" to made it themselves :-) . So I want to know, how could I modify message header in such a way, that Exchange junk e-mail filter will for 100% recognize this message as a spam, freeing user from task of defining his own rule. Some solution could be defining such a rule by using AD and group policy, but I wan't to avoid this due to many possible caveats: there are so many combination of different operating system and different Outlook versions, and to be honest, I doubt if it is even possible.

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• File does not exist: /var/www/mailman

  - by Thufir

  I'm following the guide for installing mailman: root@dur:~# root@dur:~# ln -s /etc/mailman/apache.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/mailman -v `/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/mailman' -> `/etc/mailman/apache.conf' root@dur:~# root@dur:~# service apache2 restart * Restarting web server apache2 ... waiting . [ OK ] root@dur:~# root@dur:~# curl http://localhost/mailman/admin/ <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"> <html><head> <title>404 Not Found</title> </head><body> <h1>Not Found</h1> <p>The requested URL /mailman/admin/ was not found on this server.</p> <hr> <address>Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) Server at localhost Port 80</address> </body></html> root@dur:~# root@dur:~# tail /var/log/apache2/error.log [Mon Aug 27 13:08:02 2012] [error] [client 127.0.0.1] File does not exist: /var/www/mailman [Mon Aug 27 13:10:16 2012] [error] [client 127.0.0.1] File does not exist: /var/www/mailman [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [error] python_init: Python version mismatch, expected '2.7.2+', found '2.7.3'. [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [error] python_init: Python executable found '/usr/bin/python'. [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [error] python_init: Python path being used '/usr/lib/python2.7/:/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-linux2:/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk:/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old:/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload'. [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [notice] mod_python: Creating 8 session mutexes based on 6 max processes and 25 max threads. [Mon Aug 27 13:29:27 2012] [notice] mod_python: using mutex_directory /tmp [Mon Aug 27 13:29:28 2012] [notice] Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) mod_python/3.3.1 Python/2.7.3 mod_ruby/1.2.6 Ruby/1.8.7(2011-06-30) configured -- resuming normal operations [Mon Aug 27 13:29:58 2012] [error] [client 127.0.0.1] File does not exist: /var/www/mailman root@dur:~# root@dur:~# root@dur:~# root@dur:~# cat /etc/aliases usenet: root ## mailman mailing list mailman: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman post mailman" mailman-admin: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman admin mailman" mailman-bounces: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman bounces mailman" mailman-confirm: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman confirm mailman" mailman-join: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman join mailman" mailman-leave: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman leave mailman" mailman-owner: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman owner mailman" mailman-request: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman request mailman" mailman-subscribe: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman subscribe mailman" mailman-unsubscribe: "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman unsubscribe mailman" root@dur:~# What's wrong with the link? or is apache not running right?

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• Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 10 &ndash; In Depth TCP/IP Networking

  - by MarkPearl

  After reading this section you should be able to Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation Explain the differences between public and private TCP/IP networks Describe protocols used between mail clients and mail servers, including SMTP, POP3, and IMAP4 Employ multiple TCP/IP utilities for network discovery and troubleshooting Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks The following sections explain how network and host information in an IPv4 address can be manipulated to subdivide networks into smaller segments. Subnetting Subnetting separates a network into multiple logically defined segments, or subnets. Networks are commonly subnetted according to geographic locations, departmental boundaries, or technology types. A network administrator might separate traffic to accomplish the following… Enhance security Improve performance Simplify troubleshooting The challenges of Classful Addressing in IPv4 (No subnetting) The simplest type of IPv4 is known as classful addressing (which was the Class A, Class B & Class C network addresses). Classful addressing has the following limitations. Restriction in the number of usable IPv4 addresses (class C would be limited to 254 addresses) Difficult to separate traffic from various parts of a network Because of the above reasons, subnetting was introduced. IPv4 Subnet Masks Subnetting depends on the use of subnet masks to identify how a network is subdivided. A subnet mask indicates where network information is located in an IPv4 address. The 1 in a subnet mask indicates that corresponding bits in the IPv4 address contain network information (likewise 0 indicates the opposite) Each network class is associated with a default subnet mask… Class A = 255.0.0.0 Class B = 255.255.0.0 Class C = 255.255.255.0 An example of calculating  the network ID for a particular device with a subnet mask is shown below.. IP Address = 199.34.89.127 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Resultant Network ID = 199.34.89.0 IPv4 Subnetting Techniques Subnetting breaks the rules of classful IPv4 addressing. Read page 490 for a detailed explanation Calculating IPv4 Subnets Read page 491 – 494 for an explanation Important… Subnetting only applies to the devices internal to your network. Everything external looks at the class of the IP address instead of the subnet network ID. This way, traffic directed to your network externally still knows where to go, and once it has entered your internal network it can then be prioritized and segmented. CIDR (classless Interdomain Routing) CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. In CIDR conventional network class distinctions do not exist, a subnet boundary can move to the left, therefore generating more usable IP addresses on your network. A subnet created by moving the subnet boundary to the left is known as a supernet. With CIDR also came new shorthand for denoting the position of subnet boundaries known as CIDR notation or slash notation. CIDR notation takes the form of the network ID followed by a forward slash (/) followed by the number of bits that are used for the extended network prefix. To take advantage of classless routing, your networks routers must be able to interpret IP addresses that don;t adhere to conventional network class parameters. Routers that rely on older routing protocols (i.e. RIP) are not capable of interpreting classless IP addresses. Internet Gateways Gateways are a combination of software and hardware that enable two different network segments to exchange data. A gateway facilitates communication between different networks or subnets. Because on device cannot send data directly to a device on another subnet, a gateway must intercede and hand off the information. Every device on a TCP/IP based network has a default gateway (a gateway that first interprets its outbound requests to other subnets, and then interprets its inbound requests from other subnets). The internet contains a vast number of routers and gateways. If each gateway had to track addressing information for every other gateway on the Internet, it would be overtaxed. Instead, each handles only a relatively small amount of addressing information, which it uses to forward data to another gateway that knows more about the data’s destination. The gateways that make up the internet backbone are called core gateways. Address Translation An organizations default gateway can also be used to “hide” the organizations internal IP addresses and keep them from being recognized on a public network. A public network is one that any user may access with little or no restrictions. On private networks, hiding IP addresses allows network managers more flexibility in assigning addresses. Clients behind a gateway may use any IP addressing scheme, regardless of whether it is recognized as legitimate by the Internet authorities but as soon as those devices need to go on the internet, they must have legitimate IP addresses to exchange data. When a clients transmission reaches the default gateway, the gateway opens the IP datagram and replaces the client’s private IP address with an Internet recognized IP address. This process is known as NAT (Network Address Translation). TCP/IP Mail Services All Internet mail services rely on the same principles of mail delivery, storage, and pickup, though they may use different types of software to accomplish these functions. Email servers and clients communicate through special TCP/IP application layer protocols. These protocols, all of which operate on a variety of operating systems are discussed below… SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) The protocol responsible for moving messages from one mail server to another over TCP/IP based networks. SMTP belongs to the application layer of the ODI model and relies on TCP as its transport protocol. Operates from port 25 on the SMTP server Simple sub-protocol, incapable of doing anything more than transporting mail or holding it in a queue MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) The standard message format specified by SMTP allows for lines that contain no more than 1000 ascii characters meaning if you relied solely on SMTP you would have very short messages and nothing like pictures included in an email. MIME us a standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ascii character sets within an email message. MIME identifies each element of a mail message according to content type. MIME does not replace SMTP but works in conjunction with it. Most modern email clients and servers support MIME POP (Post Office Protocol) POP is an application layer protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server POP3 relies on TCP and operates over port 110 With POP3 mail is delivered and stored on a mail server until it is downloaded by a user Disadvantage of POP3 is that it typically does not allow users to save their messages on the server because of this IMAP is sometimes used IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) IMAP is a retrieval protocol that was developed as a more sophisticated alternative to POP3 The single biggest advantage IMAP4 has over POP3 is that users can store messages on the mail server, rather than having to continually download them Users can retrieve all or only a portion of any mail message Users can review their messages and delete them while the messages remain on the server Users can create sophisticated methods of organizing messages on the server Users can share a mailbox in a central location Disadvantages of IMAP are typically related to the fact that it requires more storage space on the server. Additional TCP/IP Utilities Nearly all TCP/IP utilities can be accessed from the command prompt on any type of server or client running TCP/IP. The syntaxt may differ depending on the OS of the client. Below is a list of additional TCP/IP utilities – research their use on your own! Ipconfig (Windows) & Ifconfig (Linux) Netstat Nbtstat Hostname, Host & Nslookup Dig (Linux) Whois (Linux) Traceroute (Tracert) Mtr (my traceroute) Route

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• configure postfix to send as different domains

  - by Cerales

  I have postfix configured to receive mail for multiple domains. The primary domain goes through a standard postfix setup, whereas a secondary domain is handed by a /etc/postfix/virtual.db file which maps addresses for the secondary domain to other unix users. Incoming mail works perfectly, but when I send mail as users on the secondary domain, the mail receiver still sees it as coming from [unix username]@[primarydomain].net. Can anyone help me figure out how to configure the virtual postfix domain to send mail through the same domain it receives it as?

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• MFMailComposeViewController broke CSS styles in html template

  - by Victor

  I use MFMailComposeViewController to send a message in html format. If my html template contains the css styles: <div class="margin:10 10 10 0"> <a href="domain.name">Go To</a></div> In this case it works good. But if I send: <a href="domain.name">Go&nbsp;To</a> then I see the letter that comes with broken styles as there (3D is not my misprint) <div style=3D"margin:10 10 10 10;"><a href=3D"www.google.com">Go=C2=A0To</a></div> Well as the letter goes broken when I insert in the template symbols from national alphabets. Somebody can tell what the problem and check with yourself?

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• SmtpClient.SendAsync - How to ensure my application doesn't finish before callback?

  - by James

  Hi, I need to send emails asychronously through a console application. I need to do some DB updates on the callback but my application is exiting before the callback code gets run! How can I stop this from happening in a nice manner rather than simply guessing how long to wait before exiting. I would imagine the Async calls get placed in some form of thread? Is it possible to check if any are waiting to be called? Sample Code private static void SendCompletedCallback(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e) { // Get the unique identifier for this asynchronous operation. String token = (string) e.UserState; if (e.Cancelled) { Console.WriteLine("[{0}] Send canceled.", token); } if (e.Error != null) { Console.WriteLine("[{0}] {1}", token, e.Error.ToString()); } else { // update DB Console.WriteLine("Message sent."); } } public static void Main(string[] args) { var users = Repository.GetUsers(); SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("Host"); client.SendCompleted += new SendCompletedEventHandler(SendCompletedCallback); MailAddress from = new MailAddress("[email protected]", "System", Encoding.UTF8); foreach (var user in users) { MailAddress to = new MailAddress(user.Email); MailMessage message = new MailMessage(from, to); message.Body = "This is a test"; message.BodyEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8; message.Subject = "test message 1" + someArrows; message.SubjectEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8; string userState = String.Format("Message for user id {0}", user.ID); client.SendAsync(message, userState); message.Dispose(); } // need to wait here until I have received a callback for each message // otherwise the application will exit }

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• How to retrieve a IMAP body with the right charset?

  - by Erik

  Hi Guys, I'm trying to make an "IMAP fetch" command to retrieve the message body. I need to pass/use the correct charset, otherwise the response will come with special characters. How can I make the IMAP request/command to consider the charset I received in the BODYSTRUCTURE result??

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• c# library that extracts gmail,yahoomail and AOL contacts..

  - by Pandiya Chendur

  Is there any good c# library that extracts gmail,yahoomail and AOL contacts? Any suggestion... I looked at Opencontacts.net and i used opencontacts.dll in my asp.net web application but i can't able to make it work... It shows an error Could not load file or assembly 'Utilities, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified..... I did this, OpenContactsNet.GmailExtract gm = new OpenContactsNet.GmailExtract(); NetworkCredential nw =new NetworkCredential("[email protected]","***"); OpenContactsNet.MailContactList ml = new OpenContactsNet.MailContactList(); gm.Extract(nw, out ml); I am in search of any other c# library which would do my needs....

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• Deliver large volume of automatic notification emails without being throttled

  - by jack

  I think most website has certain needs to deliver emails to its users, e.g. account activation emails, private messsage notification, comment notification, etc. Take my site as example, among 5,000 registered users, about 1,500 signed up using gmail.com box, 1,000 using yahoo.com and another 1,000 using hotmail.com. Every now and then I receive complaints from users that they never receive account activation email, sometime it goes to junk folder sometimes it just not show in any folder. Maybe it's kind of being "throttled" when exceeded maximum number of messages sent from same ip address to gmail.com/yahoo.com/hotmail.com during certain period of time? I'm using Postfix and there seems no problem with configuration since 90% of emails can be delivered to gmail.com/yahoo.com/hotmail.com boxes successfully. I noticed twitter is delivering millions of such automatic notifications to its users but I never missed a message from them. How do they archive this? Is there a permanent white list on gmail.com, yahoo.com or hotmail.com? Thanks in advance.

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• Sending email via GMail in .NET

  - by VP

  I am getting the following error when I try to send an email in my C# program. I am using Visual Studio 2008 on windows 7. I would paste my code first and then the error: class email_log_files { private string login_username = "my_gmail_id"; private string login_password = "my_gmail_password"; public void send_email() { string src_address = "[email protected]"; string dest_address = "[email protected]"; try { MailMessage email_msg = new MailMessage(); SmtpClient email_client = new SmtpClient(); email_msg.From = new MailAddress(src_address); email_msg.Sender = new MailAddress(src_address); email_msg.ReplyTo = new MailAddress(src_address); email_msg.To.Add(dest_address); email_msg.Subject = "Test"; email_msg.Body = "Body of the message"; NetworkCredential credentials = new NetworkCredential(login_username, login_password); email_client.Credentials = credentials; email_client.Host = "smtp.gmail.com"; email_client.Port = 465; email_client.EnableSsl = true; email_client.Send(email_msg); Console.WriteLine("Message Sent Successfully!!"); Console.ReadLine(); } } } And the error message is as follows: The operation has timed out. Why is it always timing out? I am sure that I have the correct smtp server address and port number for gmail as I have configured my outlook with the same. Any help or ideas?

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• The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process

  - by Xenon

  I have an asp.net website and I allready did .Dispose() here is my code below; try { MailMessage newMail = new MailMessage(MailFrom, MailTo, MailSubject, MailMsg); if (MailAttachment != "") { Attachment data = new Attachment(MailAttachment, MediaTypeNames.Application.Octet); newMail.Attachments.Add(data); } newMail.BodyEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8; newMail.IsBodyHtml = true; SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("192.168.2.205"); client.Credentials = CredentialCache.DefaultNetworkCredentials; client.Send(newMail); newMail.Attachments.Dispose(); newMail.Dispose(); DeleteAttachment(MailAttachment); lblSuccess.Text = "Basvurunuz alinmistir tesekkürler."; lblSuccess.Visible = true; ClearForm(); } catch (Exception ex) { lblSuccess.Text = ex.Message; //lblSuccess.Text = "Bir sorun olustu bir daha deneyiniz."; lblSuccess.Visible = true; } But i' m getting the same error, it' s running fine in my localhost but in server i' m getting this error. How can i fix it?

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• Java postal address parser

  - by Yishai

  Somewhat related to this question, but in the absence of any answer about QuickBooks specifically, does anyone knows of an address parser for Java. Something that can take unstructured address information and parse out the address line 1, 2 and city state postal code and country?

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• Reading multipart and text messages using Zend framework - funny characters?

  - by Ali

  Hi guys I've shifted to using the zend framework for reading messages from an inbox however when reading some html messages I see a lot of weird charcters like: don’t looks like don=92t Plus other weird characters like =20 .. whats going on? Is it an ecoding issue? How do I fix it?

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• Parse usable Street Address, City, State, Zip from a string

  - by Rob Allen

  Problem: I have an address field from an Access database which has been converted to Sql Server 2005. This field has everything all in one field. I need to parse out the individual sections of the address into their appropriate fields in a normalized table. I need to do this for approximately 4,000 records and it needs to be repeatable. Here are the rules for this exercise: 1 - no whining about how this should have been separate fields in the first place, we are often confronted with less than ideal situations and have to make the best of them 2- for this post, use any language you want 3- feel free to play code golf 4 - Assume an address in the US (for now) 5 - assume that the input string will sometimes contain an addressee (the person being addressed) and/or a second street address (i.e. Suite B) 6 - states may be abbreviated 7 - zip code could be standard 5 digit or zip+4 8 - there are typos in some instances UPDATE: In response to the questions posed, standards were not universally followed, I need need to store the individual values, not just geocode and errors means typo (corrected above) Sample Data: A. P. Croll & Son 2299 Lewes-Georgetown Hwy, Georgetown, DE 19947 11522 Shawnee Road, Greenwood DE 19950 144 Kings Highway, S.W. Dover, DE 19901 Intergrated Const. Services 2 Penns Way Suite 405 New Castle, DE 19720 Humes Realty 33 Bridle Ridge Court, Lewes, DE 19958 Nichols Excavation 2742 Pulaski Hwy Newark, DE 19711 2284 Bryn Zion Road, Smyrna, DE 19904 VEI Dover Crossroads, LLC 1500 Serpentine Road, Suite 100 Baltimore MD 21 580 North Dupont Highway Dover, DE 19901 P.O. Box 778 Dover, DE 19903

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• Easiest way to programmatically create email accounts for use by web app?

  - by cadwag

  I have a web app that create groups. Each group gets their own discussion board. I would like to add the feature of allowing users to send emails to their "group" within the web app to start a new discussion or reply to an email from the "group" to make a new post in an already ongoing discussion. For example, to start a new discussion a user would send: From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Hey guys! Meet up on Tuesday? Body: Yes? No? All members of the group would receive an email: From: [email protected] Subject: Hey guys! Meet up on Tuesday? Body: Yes? No? Reply-To: group1@ example.com And, the app would start a new discussion with: Author: Bill Fake Subject: Hey guys! Meet up on Tuesday? Body: Yes? No? This is a pretty standard feature for Google Groups and other big sites. So how do us mere mortals go about implementing this? Is there an easy way? Or do I: 1. Install postfix 2. Write scripts to create new accounts for each new group 3. Access the server periodically via pop3 (or imap?) to retrieve the email messages sent to each account? 4. Parse the message for content If it's the latter, did I miss a step?

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