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• How do I use theme preprocessor functions for my own templates?

  - by Jergason

  I have several .tpl.php files for nodes, CCK fields, and Views theming. These template files have a lot of logic in them to move things around, strip links, create new links, etc. I understand that this is bad development and not "The Drupal Way". If I understand correctly, "The Drupal Way" is to use preprocessor functions in your template.php file to manipulate variables and add new variables. A few questions about that: Is there a naming convention for creating a preprocessor function for a specific theme? For example, if I have a CCK field template called content-field-field_transmission_make_model.tpl, how would I name the preprocessor function? Can I use template preprocessor functions for node templates, CCK field templates, and Views templates? Do they have different methods of modifying template variables or adding new ones?

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• How do I generate different yyparse functions from lex/yacc for use in the same program?

  - by th

  Hi, I want to generate two separate parsing functions from lex/yacc. Normally yacc gives you a function yyparse() that you can call when you need to do some parsing, but I need to have several different yyparses each associated with different lexers and grammars. The man page seems to suggest the -p (prefix) flag, but this didn't work for me. I got errors from gcc that indicated that yylval was not properly being relabeled (i.e. it claims that several different tokens are not defined). Does anyone know the general rpocedure for generating these separate functions? thanks

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• Just wondering what is the reason of InvalidOperationException in Enumerable.Aggregate<TSource>?

  - by the_joric

  Why only one overload throws this exception?

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• How do I refactor these two C# functions to abstract their logic from the specific class properties

  - by ObligatoryMoniker

  I have two functions whose underlying logic is the same but in one case it sets one property value on a class and in another case it sets a different one. How can I rewrite the following two functions to abstract away as much of the algorithm as possible so that I can make changes in logic in a single place? SetBillingAddress private void SetBillingAddress(OrderAddress newBillingAddress) { BasketHelper basketHelper = new BasketHelper(SiteConstants.BasketName); OrderAddress oldBillingAddress = basketHelper.Basket.Addresses[basketHelper.BillingAddressID]; bool NewBillingAddressIsNotOldBillingAddress = ((oldBillingAddress == null) || (newBillingAddress.OrderAddressId != oldBillingAddress.OrderAddressId)); bool BillingAddressHasBeenPreviouslySet = (oldBillingAddress != null); bool BillingAddressIsNotSameAsShippingAddress = (basketHelper.ShippingAddressID != basketHelper.BillingAddressID); bool NewBillingAddressIsNotShippingAddress = (newBillingAddress.OrderAddressId != basketHelper.ShippingAddressID); if (NewBillingAddressIsNotOldBillingAddress && BillingAddressHasBeenPreviouslySet && BillingAddressIsNotSameAsShippingAddress) { basketHelper.Basket.Addresses.Remove(oldBillingAddress); } if (NewBillingAddressIsNotOldBillingAddress && NewBillingAddressIsNotShippingAddress) { basketHelper.Basket.Addresses.Add(newBillingAddress); } basketHelper.BillingAddressID = newBillingAddress.OrderAddressId; basketHelper.Basket.Save(); } And here is the second one: SetShippingAddress private void SetBillingAddress(OrderAddress newShippingAddress) { BasketHelper basketHelper = new BasketHelper(SiteConstants.BasketName); OrderAddress oldShippingAddress = basketHelper.Basket.Addresses[basketHelper.ShippingAddressID]; bool NewShippingAddressIsNotOldShippingAddress = ((oldShippingAddress == null) || (newShippingAddress.OrderAddressId != oldShippingAddress.OrderAddressId)); bool ShippingAddressHasBeenPreviouslySet = (oldShippingAddress != null); bool ShippingAddressIsNotSameAsBillingAddress = (basketHelper.ShippingAddressID != basketHelper.BillingAddressID); bool NewShippingAddressIsNotBillingAddress = (newShippingAddress.OrderAddressId != basketHelper.BillingAddressID); if (NewShippingAddressIsNotOldShippingAddress && ShippingAddressHasBeenPreviouslySet && ShippingAddressIsNotSameAsBillingAddress) { basketHelper.Basket.Addresses.Remove(oldShippingAddress); } if (NewShippingAddressIsNotOldShippingAddress && NewShippingAddressIsNotBillingAddress) { basketHelper.Basket.Addresses.Add(newShippingAddress); } basketHelper.ShippingAddressID = newShippingAddress.OrderAddressId; basketHelper.Basket.Save(); } My initial thought was that if I could pass a class's property by refernce then I could rewrite the previous functions into something like private void SetPurchaseOrderAddress(OrderAddress newAddress, ref String CurrentChangingAddressIDProperty) and then call this function and pass in either basketHelper.BillingAddressID or basketHelper.ShippingAddressID as CurrentChangingAddressIDProperty but since I can't pass C# properties by reference I am not sure what to do with this code to be able to reuse the logic in both places. Thanks for any insight you can give me.

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• Is it safe to use the same parameters for input and output in D3DX functions?

  - by JB

  Using the D3DX library that is a part of directX, specifically directx9 in this case, I'm wondering if it's safe to use the same matrix (or vector etc) for input and ouput D3DXMATRIX mat; D3DXMatrixInverse(&mat, NULL, &mat); I've been avoiding doing so, assuming that it would result in bad things happening when parts of the array got partly overwritten as results are calculated but I see an awful lot of code around that does exactly this. A brief test indicates that it seems to work ok, so I'm assuming that the D3DX functions take a copy where necessary of the input data, or some other method to ensure that this works ok, but I can't find it documented anywhere so I'm reluctant to rely on it working. Is there any official statement on using the functions like this?

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• Does the JPQL avg aggregate function work with Integers?

  - by Kyle Renfro

  I have a JPA 2 Entity named Surgery. It has a member named transfusionUnits that is an Integer. There are two entries in the database. Executing this JPQL statement: Select s.transfusionUnits from Surgery s produces the expected result: 2 3 The following statement produces the expected answer of 5: Select sum(s.transfusionUnits) from Surgery s I expect the answer of the following statement to be 2.5, but it returns 2.0 instead. Select avg(s.transfusionUnits) from Surgery s If I execute the statement on a different (Float) member, the result is correct. Any ideas on why this is happening? Do I need to do some sort of cast in JPQL? Is this even possible? Surely I am missing something trivial here.

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• How can I call some javascript functions but, waiting for the previous has finished?

  - by texai

  I want to call some functions but waiting for the previous one has finished. I know jQuery provides a callback argument in several functions, but I want to learn how implement this behaviour in my own jQuery plugin. So this is the case: After read answers from my previous question I wrote this: (function(callback){ $('#art1').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000); callback(); })((function(callback2){ $('#art2').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000); callback2(); })(function(){ $('#art3').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000); })); But still not working. Three animates still starting at same time. I want they were called one after other. But without using: $('#art1').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000,'linear',function(){ $('#art2').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000,'linear',function(){ $('#art3').animate({'width':'1000px'},1000); }); });

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• Why Microsoft not provide for C# a static Win32 class with the most native functions and structures

  - by Oleg

  Everybody who used P/Invoke of Windows API knows a long list of declarations of static functions with attributes like [DllImport ("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Auto)] The declaration of structures copied from Windows headers like WinNT.h or from web sites like www.pinvoke.net take also a lot of place in our programs. Why we all have to spend our time for this? Why Microsoft not give us a simple way to include a line like in old unmanaged programs #include <windows.h> and we would be have access to a static class Native with all or the most Windows functions and structures inside?

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• Is there a consolidated way of writing several prototype functions for a single object?

  - by Christopher Altman

  I have about eight prototype functions for the Date object. I would like to avoid repeating Date.prototype. Is there a consolidated way of writing several prototype functions for a single object? I tried this to no avail: Date.prototype = { getMonthText: function(date){ var month = this.getMonth(); if(month==12) month = 0; return ['JAN','FEB','MAR','APR','MAY','JUN','JUL','AUG','SEP','OCT','NOV','DEC'][month]; }, getDaysInMonth: function(date){ return 32 - new Date(this.getFullYear(), this.getMonth(), 32).getDate(); } };

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• In Java ,where in memory are class functions put?

  - by husain

  In java ,where in memory are class functions put?

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• JPA and aggregate functions. How do I use the result of the query?

  - by Bogdan

  Hey guys, I'm new to ORM stuff and I need some help understanding something. Let's assume I have the following standard SQL query: SELECT *, COUNT(test.testId) AS noTests FROM inspection LEFT JOIN test ON inspection.inspId = test.inspId GROUP BY inspection.inspId which I want to use in JPA. I have an Inspection entity with a one-to-many relationship to a Test entity. (an inspection has many tests) I tried writing this in JPQL: Query query = em.createQuery("SELECT insp, COUNT(???what???) FROM Inspection insp LEFT JOIN insp.testList " + "GROUP BY insp.inspId"); 1) How do I write the COUNT clause? I'd have to apply count to elements from the test table but testList is a collection, so I can't do smth like COUNT(insp.testList.testId) 2) Assuming 1 is resolved, what type of object will be returned. It will definitely not be an Inspection object... How do I use the result?

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• CLR: Multi Param Aggregate, Argument not in Final Output?

  - by OMG Ponies

  Why is my delimiter not appearing in the final output? It's initialized to be a comma, but I only get ~5 white spaces between each attribute using: SELECT [article_id] , dbo.GROUP_CONCAT(0, t.tag_name, ',') AS col FROM [AdventureWorks].[dbo].[ARTICLE_TAG_XREF] atx JOIN [AdventureWorks].[dbo].[TAGS] t ON t.tag_id = atx.tag_id GROUP BY article_id The bit for DISTINCT works fine, but it operates within the Accumulate scope... Output: article_id | col ------------------------------------------------- 1 | a a b c I only have rudimentary C# API knowledge... C# Code: using System; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Data.SqlTypes; using Microsoft.SqlServer.Server; using System.Xml.Serialization; using System.Xml; using System.IO; using System.Collections; using System.Text; [Serializable] [SqlUserDefinedAggregate(Format.UserDefined, MaxByteSize = 8000)] public struct GROUP_CONCAT : IBinarySerialize { ArrayList list; string delimiter; public void Init() { list = new ArrayList(); delimiter = ","; } public void Accumulate(SqlBoolean isDistinct, SqlString Value, SqlString separator) { delimiter = (separator.IsNull) ? "," : separator.Value ; if (!Value.IsNull) { if (isDistinct) { if (!list.Contains(Value.Value)) { list.Add(Value.Value); } } else { list.Add(Value.Value); } } } public void Merge(GROUP_CONCAT Group) { list.AddRange(Group.list); } public SqlString Terminate() { string[] strings = new string[list.Count]; for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++) { strings[i] = list[i].ToString(); } return new SqlString(string.Join(delimiter, strings)); } #region IBinarySerialize Members public void Read(BinaryReader r) { int itemCount = r.ReadInt32(); list = new ArrayList(itemCount); for (int i = 0; i < itemCount; i++) { this.list.Add(r.ReadString()); } } public void Write(BinaryWriter w) { w.Write(list.Count); foreach (string s in list) { w.Write(s); } } #endregion }

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• OOP question about functions that struck me all of a sudden.

  - by Nitesh Panchal

  Hello, May be my question is stupid. But i would like to get it cleared. We know that functions are loaded in memory only once and when you create new objects, only instance variables gets created, functions are never created. My question is, say suppose there is server and all clients access a method named createCustomer(). Say suppose all clients do something which fired createCustomer on server. So, if the method is in middle of execution and new client fires it. Will the new request be put on wait? or new request also will start executing the method? How does it all get managed when there is only one copy of function in memory? No book mentions answers to this type of questions. So i am posting here where i am bound to get answers :).

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• C++ vector of strings, pointers to functions, and the resulting frustration.

  - by Kyle

  So I am a first year computer science student, for on of my final projects, I need to write a program that takes a vector of strings, and applies various functions to these. Unfortunately, I am really confused on how to use pointer to pass the vector from function to function. Below is some sample code to give an idea of what I am talking about. I also get an error message when I try to deference any pointer. thanks. #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <vector> #include <string> using namespace std; vector<string>::pointer function_1(vector<string>::pointer ptr); void function_2(vector<string>::pointer ptr); int main() { vector<string>::pointer ptr; vector<string> svector; ptr = &svector[0]; function_1(ptr); function_2(ptr); } vector<string>::pointer function_1(vector<string>::pointer ptr) { string line; for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << "enter some input ! \n"; // i need to be able to pass a reference of the vector getline(cin, line); // through various functions, and have the results *ptr.pushback(line); // reflectedin main(). But I cannot use member functions } // of vector with a deferenced pointer. return(ptr); } void function_2(vector<string>::pointer ptr) { for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << *ptr[i] << endl; } }

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• Move email off Small Business Server to Google Apps, retain other SBS functions?

  - by Paul S.

  Recently, an in-house Microsoft Small Business Server 2011 was installed where I work. Unfortunately, our buildings have a bad electrical power supply and we suffer frequent outages. We have a large percentage of staff working off-site. Now when the power goes off here, everyone everywhere loses email functionality. I have been assigned to research the possibility of routing our email to Google Apps while maintaining LAN functions on the SBS. I haven't worked with Microsoft products for several years now, so do not know how SBS is structured. Can anyone here tell me if this is possible, or point me to good resources that explain our options?

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• Is it possible to aggregate over differing where clauses?

  - by BenAlabaster

  Is it possible to calculate multiple aggregates based on differing where clauses? For instance: Let's say I have two tables, one for Invoice and one for InvoiceLineItems. The invoice table has a total field for the invoice total, and each of the invoice line item records in the InvoiceLineItems table contains a field that denotes whether the line item is discountable or not. I want three sum totals, one where Discountable = 0 and one where Discountable = 1 and one where Discountable is irrelevant. Such that my output would be: InvoiceNumber Total DiscountableTotal NonDiscountableTotal ------------- ----- ----------------- -------------------- 1 53.27 27.27 16.00 2 38.94 4.76 34.18 3... The only way I've found so far is by using something like: Select i.InvoiceNumber, i.Total, t0.Total As DiscountableTotal, t1.Total As NonDiscountableTotal From Invoices i Left Join ( Select InvoiceNumber, Sum(Amount), From InvoiceLineItems Where Discountable = 0 Group By InvoiceNumber ) As t0 On i.InvoiceNumber = t0.InvoiceNumber Left Join ( Select InvoiceNumber, Sum(Amount) From InvoiceLineItems Where Discountable = 1 Group By InvoiceNumber ) As t1 On i.InvoiceNumber = t1.InvoiceNumber This seems somewhat cumbersome, it would be nice if I could do something like: Select InvoiceNumber, Sum(Amount) Where Discountable = 1 As Discountable Sum(Amount) Where Discountable = 0 As NonDiscountable Group By InvoiceNumber I realize that SQL is completely invalid, but it logically portrays what I'm trying to do... TIA P.S. I need this to run on a SQL Server 2000 instance, but I am also interested (for future reference) if/how I would achieve this on SQL Server 2005/2008.

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• Do I must expose the aggregate children as public properties to implement the Persistence ignorance?

  - by xuehua

  Hi all, I'm very glad that i found this website recently, I've learned a lot from here. I'm from China, and my English is not so good. But i will try to express myself what i want to say. Recently, I've started learning about Domain Driven Design, and I'm very interested about it. And I plan to develop a Forum website using DDD. After reading lots of threads from here, I understood that persistence ignorance is a good practice. Currently, I have two questions about what I'm thinking for a long time. Should the domain object interact with repository to get/save data? If the domain object doesn't use repository, then how does the Infrastructure layer (like unit of work) know which domain object is new/modified/removed? For the second question. There's an example code: Suppose i have a user class: public class User { public Guid Id { get; set; } public string UserName { get; set; } public string NickName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// A Roles collection which represents the current user's owned roles. /// But here i don't want to use the public property to expose it. /// Instead, i use the below methods to implement. /// </summary> //public IList<Role> Roles { get; set; } private List<Role> roles = new List<Role>(); public IList<Role> GetRoles() { return roles; } public void AddRole(Role role) { roles.Add(role); } public void RemoveRole(Role role) { roles.Remove(role); } } Based on the above User class, suppose i get an user from the IUserRepository, and add an Role for it. IUserRepository userRepository; User user = userRepository.Get(Guid.NewGuid()); user.AddRole(new Role() { Name = "Administrator" }); In this case, i don't know how does the repository or unit of work can know that user has a new role? I think, a real persistence ignorance ORM framework should support POCO, and any changes occurs on the POCO itself, the persistence framework should know automatically. Even if change the object status through the method(AddRole, RemoveRole) like the above example. I know a lot of ORM can automatically persistent the changes if i use the Roles property, but sometimes i don't like this way because of the performance reason. Could anyone give me some ideas for this? Thanks. This is my first question on this site. I hope my English can be understood. Any answers will be very appreciated.

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• Where is the rand php function located? localhost php running, path of default functions?

  - by Bona Chon

  I have a local server installed on my Mac (MAMP). My question is, where I can find the php functions in my computer? What is the path to the functions folder? For instance, rand() time() isset() explode(). I would like to se the code to learn of it. I have a while looking for it, but I can't find it. Or is it that is already compiled? Can someone help me here? I'm kind of lost. Thanks people. EDIT: can you be a little bit more positive? I;m trying to learn here, forgive me if I'm not to smart for you. Thanks again. Explanations would help better than giving links I guess?

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• How to get aggregate days from PHP's DateTime::diff?

  - by razic

  $now = new DateTime('now'); $tomorrow = new DateTime('tomorrow'); $next_year = new DateTime('+1 year'); echo "<pre>"; print_r($now->diff($tomorrow)); print_r($now->diff($next_year)); echo "</pre>"; DateInterval Object ( [y] => 0 [m] => 0 [d] => 0 [h] => 10 [i] => 17 [s] => 14 [invert] => 0 [days] => 6015 ) DateInterval Object ( [y] => 1 [m] => 0 [d] => 0 [h] => 0 [i] => 0 [s] => 0 [invert] => 0 [days] => 6015 ) any ideas why 'days' shows 6015? why won't it show the total number of days? 1 year difference means nothing to me, since months have varying number of days.

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• Can we use wmain() functions with Unix compilers or it'll work only on windows?

  - by Ole Jak

  Can we use wmain() functions with Unix compilers (git) or it'll work only on\for windows?

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• How do I exclude outliers from an aggregate query?

  - by Margaret

  I'm creating a report comparing total time and volume across units. Here a simplification of the query I'm using at the moment: SELECT m.Unit, COUNT(*) AS Count, SUM(m.TimeInMinutes) AS TotalTime FROM main_table m WHERE m.unit <> '' AND m.TimeInMinutes > 0 GROUP BY m.Unit HAVING COUNT(*) > 15 However, I have been told that I need to exclude cases where the row's time is in the highest or lowest 5% to try and get rid of a few wacky outliers. (As in, remove the rows before the aggregates are applied.) How do I do that?

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• Learning Python Basics

  - by StaticExtasy

  So I'm trying to learn python better and i've been using this website http://www.learnpython.org/ I'm on to functions right now, heres the code #Add your functions here (before the existing functions) def list_benefits(): myList = ['More organized code','More readable code','Easier code reuse','Allowing programmers to share and connect code together'] return myList def build_sentence(info): addMe = " is a benefit of functions!" for i in info: meInfo = i + addMe return meInfo def name_the_benefits_of_functions(): list_of_benefits = list_benefits() for benefit in list_of_benefits: print build_sentence(benefit) name_the_benefits_of_functions() the output being e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! r is a benefit of functions! What am i missing to return the whole scentence

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• Reading a user input (character or string of letters) into ggplot command inside a switch statement or a nested ifelse (with functions in it)

  - by statisticalbeginner

  I have code like AA <- as.integer(readline("Select any number")) switch(AA, 1={ num <-as.integer(readline("Select any one of the options \n")) print('You have selected option 1') #reading user data var <- readline("enter the variable name \n") #aggregating the data based on required condition gg1 <- aggregate(cbind(get(var))~Mi+hours,a, FUN=mean) #Ploting ggplot(gg1, aes(x = hours, y = get(var), group = Mi, fill = Mi, color = Mi)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth(stat="smooth", alpha = I(0.01)) }, 2={ print('bar') }, { print('default') } ) The dataset is [dataset][1] I have loaded the dataset into object list a <- read.table(file.choose(), header=FALSE,col.names= c("Ei","Mi","hours","Nphy","Cphy","CHLphy","Nhet","Chet","Ndet","Cdet","DON","DOC","DIN","DIC","AT","dCCHO","TEPC","Ncocco","Ccocco","CHLcocco","PICcocco","par","Temp","Sal","co2atm","u10","dicfl","co2ppm","co2mol","pH")) I am getting error like source ("switch_statement_check.R") Select any one of the options 1 [1] "You have selected option 1" enter the variable name Nphy Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos) : (list) object cannot be coerced to type 'double' > gg1 is getting data that is fine. I dont know what to do to make the variable entered by user to work in that ggplot command. Please suggest any solution for this. The dput output structure(list(Ei = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), Mi = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), hours = 1:6, Nphy = c(0.1023488, 0.104524, 0.1064772, 0.1081702, 0.1095905, 0.110759), Cphy = c(0.6534707, 0.6448216, 0.6369597, 0.6299084, 0.6239005, 0.6191941), CHLphy = c(0.1053458, 0.110325, 0.1148174, 0.1187672, 0.122146, 0.1249877), Nhet = c(0.04994161, 0.04988347, 0.04982555, 0.04976784, 0.04971029, 0.04965285), Chet = c(0.3308593, 0.3304699, 0.3300819, 0.3296952, 0.3293089, 0.3289243), Ndet = c(0.04991916, 0.04984045, 0.04976363, 0.0496884, 0.04961446, 0.04954156), Cdet = c(0.3307085, 0.3301691, 0.3296314, 0.3290949, 0.3285598, 0.3280252), DON = c(0.05042275, 0.05085697, 0.05130091, 0.05175249, 0.05220978, 0.05267118 ), DOC = c(49.76304, 49.52745, 49.29323, 49.06034, 48.82878, 48.59851), DIN = c(14.9933, 14.98729, 14.98221, 14.9781, 14.97485, 14.97225), DIC = c(2050.132, 2050.264, 2050.396, 2050.524, 2050.641, 2050.758), AT = c(2150.007, 2150.007, 2150.007, 2150.007, 2150.007, 2150.007), dCCHO = c(0.964222, 0.930869, 0.8997098, 0.870544, 0.843196, 0.8175117), TEPC = c(0.1339044, 0.1652179, 0.1941872, 0.2210289, 0.2459341, 0.2690721), Ncocco = c(0.1040715, 0.1076058, 0.1104229, 0.1125141, 0.1140222, 0.1151228), Ccocco = c(0.6500288, 0.6386706, 0.6291149, 0.6213265, 0.6152447, 0.6108502), CHLcocco = c(0.1087667, 0.1164099, 0.1225822, 0.1273103, 0.1308843, 0.1336465), PICcocco = c(0.1000664, 0.1001396, 0.1007908, 0.101836, 0.1034179, 0.1055634), par = c(0, 0, 0.8695131, 1.551317, 2.777707, 4.814341), Temp = c(9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9, 9.9), Sal = c(31.31, 31.31, 31.31, 31.31, 31.31, 31.31), co2atm = c(370, 370, 370, 370, 370, 370), u10 = c(0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01), dicfl = c(-2.963256, -2.971632, -2.980446, -2.989259, -2.997877, -3.005702), co2ppm = c(565.1855, 565.7373, 566.3179, 566.8983, 567.466, 567.9814), co2mol = c(0.02562326, 0.02564828, 0.0256746, 0.02570091, 0.02572665, 0.02575002 ), pH = c(7.879427, 7.879042, 7.878636, 7.878231, 7.877835, 7.877475)), .Names = c("Ei", "Mi", "hours", "Nphy", "Cphy", "CHLphy", "Nhet", "Chet", "Ndet", "Cdet", "DON", "DOC", "DIN", "DIC", "AT", "dCCHO", "TEPC", "Ncocco", "Ccocco", "CHLcocco", "PICcocco", "par", "Temp", "Sal", "co2atm", "u10", "dicfl", "co2ppm", "co2mol", "pH"), row.names = c(NA, 6L), class = "data.frame") As per the below suggestions I have tried a lot but it is not working. Summarizing I will say: var <- readline("enter a variable name") I cant use get(var) inside any command but not inside ggplot, it wont work. gg1$var it also doesnt work, even after changing the column names. Does it have a solution or should I just choose to import from an excel sheet, thats better? Tried with if else and functions fun1 <- function() { print('You have selected option 1') my <- as.character((readline("enter the variable name \n"))) gg1 <- aggregate(cbind(get(my))~Mi+hours,a, FUN=mean) names(gg1)[3] <- my #print(names(gg1)) ggplot (gg1,aes_string(x="hours",y=(my),group="Mi",color="Mi")) + geom_point() } my <- as.integer(readline("enter a number")) ifelse(my == 1,fun1(),"") ifelse(my == 2,print ("its 2"),"") ifelse(my == 3,print ("its 3"),"") ifelse(my != (1 || 2|| 3) ,print("wrong number"),"") Not working either...:(

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• JavaScript Class Patterns

  - by Liam McLennan

  To write object-oriented programs we need objects, and likely lots of them. JavaScript makes it easy to create objects: var liam = { name: "Liam", age: Number.MAX_VALUE }; But JavaScript does not provide an easy way to create similar objects. Most object-oriented languages include the idea of a class, which is a template for creating objects of the same type. From one class many similar objects can be instantiated. Many patterns have been proposed to address the absence of a class concept in JavaScript. This post will compare and contrast the most significant of them. Simple Constructor Functions Classes may be missing but JavaScript does support special constructor functions. By prefixing a call to a constructor function with the ‘new’ keyword we can tell the JavaScript runtime that we want the function to behave like a constructor and instantiate a new object containing the members defined by that function. Within a constructor function the ‘this’ keyword references the new object being created -  so a basic constructor function might be: function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; this.toString = function() { return this.name + " is " + age + " years old."; }; } var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); Note that by convention the name of a constructor function is always written in Pascal Case (the first letter of each word is capital). This is to distinguish between constructor functions and other functions. It is important that constructor functions be called with the ‘new’ keyword and that not constructor functions are not. There are two problems with the pattern constructor function pattern shown above: It makes inheritance difficult The toString() function is redefined for each new object created by the Person constructor. This is sub-optimal because the function should be shared between all of the instances of the Person type. Constructor Functions with a Prototype JavaScript functions have a special property called prototype. When an object is created by calling a JavaScript constructor all of the properties of the constructor’s prototype become available to the new object. In this way many Person objects can be created that can access the same prototype. An improved version of the above example can be written: function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } Person.prototype = { toString: function() { return this.name + " is " + this.age + " years old."; } }; var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); In this version a single instance of the toString() function will now be shared between all Person objects. Private Members The short version is: there aren’t any. If a variable is defined, with the var keyword, within the constructor function then its scope is that function. Other functions defined within the constructor function will be able to access the private variable, but anything defined outside the constructor (such as functions on the prototype property) won’t have access to the private variable. Any variables defined on the constructor are automatically public. Some people solve this problem by prefixing properties with an underscore and then not calling those properties by convention. function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } Person.prototype = { _getName: function() { return this.name; }, toString: function() { return this._getName() + " is " + this.age + " years old."; } }; var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); Note that the _getName() function is only private by convention – it is in fact a public function. Functional Object Construction Because of the weirdness involved in using constructor functions some JavaScript developers prefer to eschew them completely. They theorize that it is better to work with JavaScript’s functional nature than to try and force it to behave like a traditional class-oriented language. When using the functional approach objects are created by returning them from a factory function. An excellent side effect of this pattern is that variables defined with the factory function are accessible to the new object (due to closure) but are inaccessible from anywhere else. The Person example implemented using the functional object construction pattern is: var personFactory = function(name, age) { var privateVar = 7; return { toString: function() { return name + " is " + age * privateVar / privateVar + " years old."; } }; }; var john2 = personFactory("John Lennon", 40); console.log(john2.toString()); Note that the ‘new’ keyword is not used for this pattern, and that the toString() function has access to the name, age and privateVar variables because of closure. This pattern can be extended to provide inheritance and, unlike the constructor function pattern, it supports private variables. However, when working with JavaScript code bases you will find that the constructor function is more common – probably because it is a better approximation of mainstream class oriented languages like C# and Java. Inheritance Both of the above patterns can support inheritance but for now, favour composition over inheritance. Summary When JavaScript code exceeds simple browser automation object orientation can provide a powerful paradigm for controlling complexity. Both of the patterns presented in this article work – the choice is a matter of style. Only one question still remains; who is John Galt?

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• JavaScript Class Patterns

  - by Liam McLennan

  To write object-oriented programs we need objects, and likely lots of them. JavaScript makes it easy to create objects: var liam = { name: "Liam", age: Number.MAX_VALUE }; But JavaScript does not provide an easy way to create similar objects. Most object-oriented languages include the idea of a class, which is a template for creating objects of the same type. From one class many similar objects can be instantiated. Many patterns have been proposed to address the absence of a class concept in JavaScript. This post will compare and contrast the most significant of them. Simple Constructor Functions Classes may be missing but JavaScript does support special constructor functions. By prefixing a call to a constructor function with the ‘new’ keyword we can tell the JavaScript runtime that we want the function to behave like a constructor and instantiate a new object containing the members defined by that function. Within a constructor function the ‘this’ keyword references the new object being created -  so a basic constructor function might be: function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; this.toString = function() { return this.name + " is " + age + " years old."; }; } var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); Note that by convention the name of a constructor function is always written in Pascal Case (the first letter of each word is capital). This is to distinguish between constructor functions and other functions. It is important that constructor functions be called with the ‘new’ keyword and that not constructor functions are not. There are two problems with the pattern constructor function pattern shown above: It makes inheritance difficult The toString() function is redefined for each new object created by the Person constructor. This is sub-optimal because the function should be shared between all of the instances of the Person type. Constructor Functions with a Prototype JavaScript functions have a special property called prototype. When an object is created by calling a JavaScript constructor all of the properties of the constructor’s prototype become available to the new object. In this way many Person objects can be created that can access the same prototype. An improved version of the above example can be written: function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } Person.prototype = { toString: function() { return this.name + " is " + this.age + " years old."; } }; var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); In this version a single instance of the toString() function will now be shared between all Person objects. Private Members The short version is: there aren’t any. If a variable is defined, with the var keyword, within the constructor function then its scope is that function. Other functions defined within the constructor function will be able to access the private variable, but anything defined outside the constructor (such as functions on the prototype property) won’t have access to the private variable. Any variables defined on the constructor are automatically public. Some people solve this problem by prefixing properties with an underscore and then not calling those properties by convention. function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } Person.prototype = { _getName: function() { return this.name; }, toString: function() { return this._getName() + " is " + this.age + " years old."; } }; var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); Note that the _getName() function is only private by convention – it is in fact a public function. Functional Object Construction Because of the weirdness involved in using constructor functions some JavaScript developers prefer to eschew them completely. They theorize that it is better to work with JavaScript’s functional nature than to try and force it to behave like a traditional class-oriented language. When using the functional approach objects are created by returning them from a factory function. An excellent side effect of this pattern is that variables defined with the factory function are accessible to the new object (due to closure) but are inaccessible from anywhere else. The Person example implemented using the functional object construction pattern is: var john = new Person("John Galt", 50); console.log(john.toString()); var personFactory = function(name, age) { var privateVar = 7; return { toString: function() { return name + " is " + age * privateVar / privateVar + " years old."; } }; }; var john2 = personFactory("John Lennon", 40); console.log(john2.toString()); Note that the ‘new’ keyword is not used for this pattern, and that the toString() function has access to the name, age and privateVar variables because of closure. This pattern can be extended to provide inheritance and, unlike the constructor function pattern, it supports private variables. However, when working with JavaScript code bases you will find that the constructor function is more common – probably because it is a better approximation of mainstream class oriented languages like C# and Java. Inheritance Both of the above patterns can support inheritance but for now, favour composition over inheritance. Summary When JavaScript code exceeds simple browser automation object orientation can provide a powerful paradigm for controlling complexity. Both of the patterns presented in this article work – the choice is a matter of style. Only one question still remains; who is John Galt?

  Read the article

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