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Out of nowhere, ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote hot me too

- by dgerman

See similar: Out of nowhere, ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host Today, 6/19/12 attempting to ssh to the same host as usual ssh replied ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host two additional attempts failed ssh -v $RWS OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to Real-World-Systems.com [174.127.119.33] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host ping host was successful, ftp host was successful, ssh now successful, ssh -v $RWS OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to Real-World-Systems.com [174.127.119.33] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_4.3 debug1: match: OpenSSH_4.3 pat OpenSSH_4* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host 'real-world-systems.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/dgerman/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Trying private key: /Users/dgerman/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Next authentication method: password ++++ What gives?? +++++++++++ Mac OS X 10.4.7 , OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011, /Users/dgerman/.ssh > ls -la total 24 drwx------ 7 dgerman staff 238 Jun 19 15:46 . drwxr-xr-x 389 dgerman staff 13226 Jun 19 15:46 .. -rw------- 1 dgerman staff 1766 Feb 26 18:25 id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 400 Feb 26 18:25 id_rsa.pub -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 67 Feb 26 18:27 keyfingerprint -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 6215 May 1 08:11 known_hosts -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 220 Feb 26 18:26 randomart

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Error sending email to alias with Postfix

- by Burning the Codeigniter

I'm on Ubuntu 11.04 64bit. I'm trying to set up Postfix on my VPS, which has been configured but when I send an email to an alias e.g. [email protected] it will send it to [email protected]. Now when I sent the email from my GMail account, I got this returned: Delivery to the following recipient failed permanently: [email protected] Technical details of permanent failure: Google tried to deliver your message, but it was rejected by the recipient domain. We recommend contacting the other email provider for further information about the cause of this error. The error that the other server returned was: 550 550 #5.1.0 Address rejected [email protected] (state 14). ----- Original message ----- DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20120113; h=mime-version:date:message-id:subject:from:to:content-type; bh=R1WtjVRWywfkWCR2g4QKbSjAfUaU9DAAMKbg9UAWqvs=; b=FiSfdhEaV4pEq/76ENlH4tvOgm35Ow3ulRg06kDYrIQTaDf3eOEgfSEgH25PjZuAj/ 7Hg1CL++o6Rt/tl80ZiR2AWekhA0zIn2JkqE7KssMG7WbBmMmbf8V9KDo2jOw+mZv+C/ KDKsQ65AudBZ/NYLDDpTT7MkKf8DzqeGCKj9MAct6sHDoC0wCciXYxNfTf+MKxrZvRHQ oICTkH5LOugKW9wEjPF2AoO8X0qgYmTLYeSUtXxu46VeNKRBGmdRkkpPOoJlQN9ank7i SW6kU6M9bk2bYOgKwV/YPsaantmYlu1XdmYx+kWeJkNJAyYOfXfZZ8WUJhbbFFD9bZCi m/hw== MIME-Version: 1.0 Received: by 10.101.3.5 with SMTP id f5mr783908ani.86.1334247306547; Thu, 12 Apr 2012 09:15:06 -0700 (PDT) Received: by 10.236.73.136 with HTTP; Thu, 12 Apr 2012 09:15:06 -0700 (PDT) Date: Thu, 12 Apr 2012 17:15:06 +0100 Message-ID: <CAN+9S2aB=xjiDxVZx3qYZoBMFD4XuadUyR_3OYWaxw1ecrZmOQ@mail.gmail.com> Subject: Test Email From: My Name <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=001636c597eabfd21504bd7da8fd Now that I don't understand why it isn't working, my aliases are set up correctly - I see no error messages being produced in /var/log/mail.log or any other mail logs, which makes it harder for me to debug. This is my postfix configuration (postconf -n): alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases append_dot_mydomain = no biff = no config_directory = /etc/postfix inet_interfaces = all mailbox_command = procmail -a "$EXTENSION" mailbox_size_limit = 0 mydestination = $mydomain, $myhostname, localhost, localhost.localdomain, localhost mydomain = domain.com myhostname = localhost mynetworks = 192.168.1.0/24 127.0.0.0/8 readme_directory = no recipient_delimiter = + smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu) smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache smtpd_use_tls = yes Does anyone know how to solve this specific issue?

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Confused with DKIM, SPF and Exim Configs

- by 0pt1m1z3

I've now spent 2 hours trying to figure out this issue and I am about to give up and go to bed. I've been having issues with Gmail rejecting emails from my VPS server because of false spam alerts (probably caused by lfd sending too many emails). So I changed my Exim config to send emails from a different IP (my VPS comes with 3) and that fixed the issue. I also enabled DKIM and SPF on my domains for added measure. But now, all my emails appear as ("From: Sender Name via server.domain1.com") where server.domain1.com is my VPS hostname. I previously had the same issue in Outlook and turning off "Set SMTP Sender: headers" solved that problem. But I believe adding the DKIM and SPF now makes Gmail add "via server.domain1.com" to my messages. How do I fix this? This is a typical header for a message (as it appears at gmail): Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.60.44.163 with SMTP id f3csp248622oem; Thu, 29 Mar 2012 21:23:18 -0700 (PDT) Received: by 10.50.106.200 with SMTP id gw8mr452788igb.10.1333081398523; Thu, 29 Mar 2012 21:23:18 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from domain2.com ([X.X.X.X]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id y1si810998igb.3.2012.03.29.21.23.18 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=OTHER); Thu, 29 Mar 2012 21:23:18 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates X.X.X.X as permitted sender) client-ip=X.X.X.X; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates X.X.X.X as permitted sender) [email protected]; dkim=pass [email protected] DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; q=dns/txt; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=server.domain1.com; s=default; h=Date:Message-Id:From:Content-type:MIME-Version:Subject:To; bh=wF8bBRgh01EYg4t5DAeVPv1Ps906UVIeRnQCb/HvSYw=; b=k/Pg7lnrO+Ud/z1mOTv+O/3DiJzzQgyBhfIizIaFHM8tF/eNJt5P2k+9yQB224sxYstZIWwVRBJmiqvcM1QhARv1HWqWma0crppZ3JOn+LRHANan634OBi+58SIRA+gu; Received: (Exim 4.77) id 1SDTVE-0005HA-9Y for [email protected]; Fri, 30 Mar 2012 00:31:56 -0400 To: [email protected] Subject: Password Reset Request MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 From: Sender Name <[email protected]> Message-Id: <[email protected]> Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2012 00:31:56 -0400 X-AntiAbuse: This header was added to track abuse, please include it with any abuse report X-AntiAbuse: Primary Hostname - server.domain1.com X-AntiAbuse: Original Domain - domain2.com X-AntiAbuse: Originator/Caller UID/GID - [507 504] / [47 12] X-AntiAbuse: Sender Address Domain - server.domain1.com

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GMail detecting mail as spam

- by Petru Toader

I've been trying for a long time to get our company's mail server send mail that will get accepted by the GMail spam filter. I have managed making it work for Yahoo Mail and Hotmail, sadly GMail is still marking our mails as spam. I have configured DKIM, SPF, DMARC and verified our mail server IP address against blacklists. I also have pasted here the headers GMail gets when we send a mail. Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.42.215.6 with SMTP id hc6csp107427icb; Wed, 20 Aug 2014 07:34:26 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.194.100.34 with SMTP id ev2mr59101019wjb.76.1408545265402; Wed, 20 Aug 2014 07:34:25 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from mail.phyramid.com (mail.phyramid.com. [178.157.82.23]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id dj10si4827754wib.79.2014.08.20.07.34.24 for <[email protected]> (version=TLSv1.1 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA bits=128/128); Wed, 20 Aug 2014 07:34:25 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 178.157.82.23 as permitted sender) client-ip=178.157.82.23; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 178.157.82.23 as permitted sender) [email protected]; dkim=pass [email protected] Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mail.phyramid.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id ED2BB2017AC for <[email protected]>; Wed, 20 Aug 2014 17:33:23 +0300 (EEST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=phyramid.com; h= content-type:content-type:mime-version:x-mailer:subject:subject :message-id:to:from:from:date:date; s=dkim; t=1408545197; x= 1409409197; bh=e04RtoyF7G39lfCvA9LLhTz4nF64siZtN5IYmC18Xsc=; b=o +6mO8Uz4Uf1G4U2q6tKUiEy2N2n/5R2VtPPwIvBE5xzK/hEd2sDGMxVzQVgIDCsK Q0Xh+auPaQpxldQ+AEcL2XSZMrk/g0mJONjkpI19I5AwGIJCR1SVvxdecohTn9iR bCHzrGi2wAicfDBzOH6lUBNfh2thri79aubdCYc97U= X-Amavis-Modified: Mail body modified (using disclaimer) - mail.phyramid.com X-Virus-Scanned: Debian amavisd-new at mail.phyramid.com Received: from mail.phyramid.com ([127.0.0.1]) by localhost (mail.phyramid.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id 3JcgXZAXeFtX for <[email protected]>; Wed, 20 Aug 2014 17:33:17 +0300 (EEST) Received: from whiterock.local (unknown [109.98.21.30]) by mail.phyramid.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 05CAE200280 for <[email protected]>; Wed, 20 Aug 2014 17:33:15 +0300 (EEST) Date: Wed, 20 Aug 2014 17:34:15 +0300 From: Company Mail <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Message-ID: <[email protected]> Subject: hey there! X-Mailer: Airmail (247) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline How was your summer? ---- Thanks a lot!

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Two-Hop SSH connection with two separate public keys

- by yigit

We have the following ssh hop setup: localhost -> hub -> server hubuser@hub accepts the public key for localuser@localhost. serveruser@server accepts the public key for hubuser@hub. So we are issuing ssh -t hubuser@hub ssh serveruser@server for connecting to server. The problem with this setup is we can not scp directly to the server. I tried creating .ssh/config file like this: Host server user serveruser port 22 hostname server ProxyCommand ssh -q hubuser@hub 'nc %h %p' But I am not able to connect (yigit is localuser): $ ssh serveruser@server -v OpenSSH_6.1p1, OpenSSL 1.0.1c 10 May 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /home/yigit/.ssh/config debug1: /home/yigit/.ssh/config line 19: Applying options for server debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: Executing proxy command: exec ssh -q hubuser@hub 'nc server 22' debug1: permanently_drop_suid: 1000 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_rsa type 1000 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/yigit/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH_5* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA cb:ee:1f:78:82:1e:b4:39:c6:67:6f:4d:b4:01:f2:9f debug1: Host 'server' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/yigit/.ssh/known_hosts:33 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/yigit/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /home/yigit/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/yigit/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). Notice that it is trying to use the public key localuser@localhost for authenticating on server and fails since it is not the right one. Is it possible to modify the ProxyCommand so that the key for hubuser@hub is used for authenticating on server?

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git private server error: "Permission denied (publickey)."

- by goddfree

I followed the instructions here in order to set up a private git server on my Amazon EC2 instance. However, I am having problems when trying to SSH into the git account. Specifically, I get the error "Permission denied (publickey)." Here are the permissions of my files/folders on the EC2 server: drwx------ 4 git git 4096 Aug 13 19:52 /home/git/ drwx------ 2 git git 4096 Aug 13 19:52 /home/git/.ssh -rw------- 1 git git 400 Aug 13 19:51 /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys Here are the permissions of my files/folders on my own computer: drwx------ 5 CYT staff 170 Aug 13 14:51 .ssh -rw------- 1 CYT staff 1679 Aug 13 13:53 .ssh/id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 CYT staff 400 Aug 13 13:53 .ssh/id_rsa.pub -rw-r--r-- 1 CYT staff 1585 Aug 13 13:53 .ssh/known_hosts When checking my logs in /var/log/secure, I used to get the following error message every time I tried to SSH: Authentication refused: bad ownership or modes for file /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys However, after making a few permission changes, I no longer get this error message. Despite this, I am still getting the "Permission denied (publickey)." message every time I try to SSH. The command I am using to SSH is ssh -T git@my-ip. Here is the full log I get when I run ssh -vT [email protected]: OpenSSH_6.2p2, OSSLShim 0.9.8r 8 Dec 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 20: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to my-ip [my-ip] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.2 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_6.2 debug1: match: OpenSSH_6.2 pat OpenSSH* debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr [email protected] none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr [email protected] none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Server host key: RSA 08:ad:8a:bc:ab:4d:5f:73:24:b2:78:69:46:1a:a5:5a debug1: Host 'my-ip' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/CYT/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /Users/CYT/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). I have spent a few hours going through threads on various sites, including SO and SF, looking for a solution. It seems that the permissions for my files are all okay, but I just can't figure out the problem. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Edit: EEAA: Here are the outputs you requested: $ getent passwd git git:x:503:504::/home/git:/bin/bash $ grep ssh ~git/.ssh/authorized_keys | wc -l grep: /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys: Permission denied 0

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OpenSSH (Windows) does not forward X11

- by Shulhi Sapli

I'm running Ubuntu 13.04 in VM and I wanted to do X11 forwarding to my host (Win 8), so far it works fine using PuTTY and XMing server for Windows. But I am curious why it doesn't work if I use OpenSSH binaries (it comes together with Git for windows). This is what I've done so far: ssh -X [email protected] (also tried with -Y) then gedit but received error of Cannot open display. echo $DISPLAY came out as empty. So, I try to export DISPLAY=localhost:0.0 but it still won't work. The DISPLAY environment that I set is exactly as when it runs with Putty. I also try changing the DISPLAY to 192.168.2.3:0.0 and other display number as well, but still it won't work. Of course I could just use Putty to make it work, but I was wondering why OpenSSH binaries does not work. I have enabled all settings required in both /etc/ssh/ssh_config and /etc/ssh/sshd_config. If I run with -v option, this is what I get F:\SkyDrive\Projects> ssh -X -v [email protected] OpenSSH_4.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8e 23 Feb 2007 debug1: Connecting to 192.168.2.3 [192.168.2.3] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4 debug1: match: OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '192.168.2.3' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/known_hosts:2 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Next authentication method: password [email protected]'s password: It seems that there is no request for X11 (I'm not sure if there is should be one too here). Any pointers why it doesn't work?

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Why isn't passwordless ssh working?

- by Nelson

I have two Ubuntu Server machines sitting at home. One is 192.168.1.15 (we'll call this 15), and the other is 192.168.1.25 (we'll call this 25). For some reason, when I want to setup passwordless login from 15 to 25, it works like a champ. When I repeat the steps on 25, so that 25 can login without a password on 15, no dice. I have checked both sshd_config files. Both have: RSAAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes I have checked permissions on both servers: drwx------ 2 bion2 bion2 4096 Dec 4 12:51 .ssh -rw------- 1 bion2 bion2 398 Dec 4 13:10 authorized_keys On 25. drwx------ 2 shimdidly shimdidly 4096 Dec 4 19:15 .ssh -rw------- 1 shimdidly shimdidly 1018 Dec 4 18:54 authorized_keys On 15. I just don't understand when things would work one way and not the other. I know it's probably something obvious just staring me in the face, but for the life of me, I can't figure out what is going on. Here's what ssh -v says when I try to ssh from 25 to 15: ssh -v -p 51337 192.168.1.15 OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1, OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to 192.168.1.15 [192.168.1.15] port 51337. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: Checking blacklist file /usr/share/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048 debug1: Checking blacklist file /etc/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048 debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_dsa type 2 debug1: Checking blacklist file /usr/share/ssh/blacklist.DSA-1024 debug1: Checking blacklist file /etc/ssh/blacklist.DSA-1024 debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA 54:5c:60:80:74:ab:ab:31:36:a1:d3:9b:db:31:2a:ee debug1: Host '[192.168.1.15]:51337' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/shimdidly/.ssh/known_hosts:2 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Offering DSA public key: /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Trying private key: /home/shimdidly/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Next authentication method: password

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Novo Suporte para Combinação e Minificação de Arquivos JavaScript e CSS (Série de posts sobre a ASP.NET 4.5)

- by Leniel Macaferi

Este é o sexto post de uma série de posts que estou escrevendo sobre a ASP.NET 4.5. Os próximos lançamentos do .NET e Visual Studio incluem vários novos e ótimos recursos e capacidades. Com a ASP.NET 4.5 você vai ver um monte de melhorias realmente emocionantes em formulários da Web ( Web Forms ) e MVC - assim como no núcleo da base de código da ASP.NET, no qual estas tecnologias são baseadas. O post de hoje cobre um pouco do trabalho que estamos realizando para adicionar suporte nativo para combinação e minificação de arquivos JavaScript e CSS dentro da ASP.NET - o que torna mais fácil melhorar o desempenho das aplicações. Este recurso pode ser utilizado por todas as aplicações ASP.NET, incluindo tanto a ASP.NET MVC quanto a ASP.NET Web Forms. Noções básicas sobre Combinação e Minificação Como mais e mais pessoas usando dispositivos móveis para navegar na web, está se tornando cada vez mais importante que os websites e aplicações que construímos tenham um bom desempenho neles. Todos nós já tentamos carregar sites em nossos smartphones - apenas para, eventualmente, desistirmos em meio à frustração porque os mesmos são carregados lentamente através da lenta rede celular. Se o seu site/aplicação carrega lentamente assim, você está provavelmente perdendo clientes em potencial por causa do mau desempenho/performance. Mesmo com máquinas desktop poderosas, o tempo de carregamento do seu site e o desempenho percebido podem contribuir enormemente para a percepção do cliente. A maioria dos websites hoje em dia são construídos com múltiplos arquivos de JavaScript e CSS para separar o código e para manter a base de código coesa. Embora esta seja uma boa prática do ponto de vista de codificação, muitas vezes isso leva a algumas consequências negativas no tocante ao desempenho geral do site. Vários arquivos de JavaScript e CSS requerem múltiplas solicitações HTTP provenientes do navegador - o que pode retardar o tempo de carregamento do site. Exemplo Simples A seguir eu abri um site local no IE9 e gravei o tráfego da rede usando as ferramentas do desenvolvedor nativas do IE (IE Developer Tools) que podem ser acessadas com a tecla F12. Como mostrado abaixo, o site é composto por 5 arquivos CSS e 4 arquivos JavaScript, os quais o navegador tem que fazer o download. Cada arquivo é solicitado separadamente pelo navegador e retornado pelo servidor, e o processo pode levar uma quantidade significativa de tempo proporcional ao número de arquivos em questão. Combinação A ASP.NET está adicionando um recurso que facilita a "união" ou "combinação" de múltiplos arquivos CSS e JavaScript em menos solicitações HTTP. Isso faz com que o navegador solicite muito menos arquivos, o que por sua vez reduz o tempo que o mesmo leva para buscá-los. A seguir está uma versão atualizada do exemplo mostrado acima, que tira vantagem desta nova funcionalidade de combinação de arquivos (fazendo apenas um pedido para JavaScript e um pedido para CSS): O navegador agora tem que enviar menos solicitações ao servidor. O conteúdo dos arquivos individuais foram combinados/unidos na mesma resposta, mas o conteúdo dos arquivos permanece o mesmo - por isso o tamanho do arquivo geral é exatamente o mesmo de antes da combinação (somando o tamanho dos arquivos separados). Mas note como mesmo em uma máquina de desenvolvimento local (onde a latência da rede entre o navegador e o servidor é mínima), o ato de combinar os arquivos CSS e JavaScript ainda consegue reduzir o tempo de carregamento total da página em quase 20%. Em uma rede lenta a melhora de desempenho seria ainda maior. Minificação A próxima versão da ASP.NET também está adicionando uma nova funcionalidade que facilita reduzir ou "minificar" o tamanho do download do conteúdo. Este é um processo que remove espaços em branco, comentários e outros caracteres desnecessários dos arquivos CSS e JavaScript. O resultado é arquivos menores, que serão enviados e carregados no navegador muito mais rapidamente. O gráfico a seguir mostra o ganho de desempenho que estamos tendo quando os processos de combinação e minificação dos arquivos são usados ??em conjunto: Mesmo no meu computador de desenvolvimento local (onde a latência da rede é mínima), agora temos uma melhoria de desempenho de 40% a partir de onde originalmente começamos. Em redes lentas (e especialmente com clientes internacionais), os ganhos seriam ainda mais significativos. Usando Combinação e Minificação de Arquivos dentro da ASP.NET A próxima versão da ASP.NET torna realmente fácil tirar proveito da combinação e minificação de arquivos dentro de projetos, possibilitando ganhos de desempenho como os que foram mostrados nos cenários acima. A forma como ela faz isso, te permite evitar a execução de ferramentas personalizadas/customizadas, como parte do seu processo de construção da aplicação/website - ao invés disso, a ASP.NET adicionou suporte no tempo de execução/runtime para que você possa executar a combinação/minificação dos arquivos dinamicamente (cacheando os resultados para ter certeza de que a performance seja realmente satisfatória). Isto permite uma experiência de desenvolvimento realmente limpa e torna super fácil começar a tirar proveito destas novas funcionalidades. Vamos supor que temos um projeto simples com 4 arquivos JavaScript e 6 arquivos CSS: Combinando e Minificando os Arquivos CSS Digamos que você queira referenciar em uma página todas as folhas de estilo que estão dentro da pasta "Styles" mostrada acima. Hoje você tem que adicionar múltiplas referências para os arquivos CSS para obter todos eles - o que se traduziria em seis requisições HTTP separadas: O novo recurso de combinação/minificação agora permite que você combine e minifique todos os arquivos CSS da pasta Styles - simplesmente enviando uma solicitação de URL para a pasta (neste caso, "styles"), com um caminho adicional "/css" na URL. Por exemplo: Isso fará com que a ASP.NET verifique o diretório, combine e minifique os arquivos CSS que estiverem dentro da pasta, e envie uma única resposta HTTP para o navegador com todo o conteúdo CSS. Você não precisa executar nenhuma ferramenta ou pré-processamento para obter esse comportamento. Isso te permite separar de maneira limpa seus estilos em arquivos CSS separados e condizentes com cada funcionalidade da aplicação mantendo uma experiência de desenvolvimento extremamente limpa - e mesmo assim você não terá um impacto negativo de desempenho no tempo de execução da aplicação. O designer do Visual Studio também vai honrar a lógica de combinação/minificação - assim você ainda terá uma experiência WYSWIYG no designer dentro VS. Combinando e Minificando os Arquivos JavaScript Como a abordagem CSS mostrada acima, se quiséssemos combinar e minificar todos os nossos arquivos de JavaScript em uma única resposta, poderíamos enviar um pedido de URL para a pasta (neste caso, "scripts"), com um caminho adicional "/js": Isso fará com que a ASP.NET verifique o diretório, combine e minifique os arquivos com extensão .js dentro dele, e envie uma única resposta HTTP para o navegador com todo o conteúdo JavaScript. Mais uma vez - nenhuma ferramenta customizada ou etapas de construção foi necessária para obtermos esse comportamento. Este processo funciona em todos os navegadores. Ordenação dos Arquivos dentro de um Pacote Por padrão, quando os arquivos são combinados pela ASP.NET, eles são ordenados em ordem alfabética primeiramente, exatamente como eles são mostrados no Solution Explorer. Em seguida, eles são automaticamente reorganizados de modo que as bibliotecas conhecidas e suas extensões personalizadas, tais como jQuery, MooTools e Dojo sejam carregadas antes de qualquer outra coisa. Assim, a ordem padrão para a combinação dos arquivos da pasta Scripts, como a mostrada acima será: jquery-1.6.2.js jquery-ui.js jquery.tools.js a.js Por padrão, os arquivos CSS também são classificados em ordem alfabética e depois são reorganizados de forma que o arquivo reset.css e normalize.css (se eles estiverem presentes na pasta) venham sempre antes de qualquer outro arquivo. Assim, o padrão de classificação da combinação dos arquivos da pasta "Styles", como a mostrada acima será: reset.css content.css forms.css globals.css menu.css styles.css A ordenação/classificação é totalmente personalizável, e pode ser facilmente alterada para acomodar a maioria dos casos e qualquer padrão de nomenclatura que você prefira. O objetivo com a experiência pronta para uso, porém, é ter padrões inteligentes que você pode simplesmente usar e ter sucesso com os mesmos. Qualquer número de Diretórios/Subdiretórios é Suportado No exemplo acima, nós tivemos apenas uma única pasta "Scripts" e "Styles" em nossa aplicação. Isso funciona para alguns tipos de aplicação (por exemplo, aplicações com páginas simples). Muitas vezes, porém, você vai querer ter múltiplos pacotes/combinações de arquivos CSS/JS dentro de sua aplicação - por exemplo: um pacote "comum", que tem o núcleo dos arquivos JS e CSS que todas as páginas usam, e então arquivos específicos para páginas ou seções que não são utilizados globalmente. Você pode usar o suporte à combinação/minificação em qualquer número de diretórios ou subdiretórios em seu projeto - isto torna mais fácil estruturar seu código de forma a maximizar os benefícios da combinação/minificação dos arquivos. Cada diretório por padrão pode ser acessado como um pacote separado e endereçável através de uma URL. Extensibilidade para Combinação/Minificação de Arquivos O suporte da ASP.NET para combinar e minificar é construído com extensibilidade em mente e cada parte do processo pode ser estendido ou substituído. Regras Personalizadas Além de permitir a abordagem de empacotamento - baseada em diretórios - que vem pronta para ser usada, a ASP.NET também suporta a capacidade de registrar pacotes/combinações personalizadas usando uma nova API de programação que estamos expondo. O código a seguir demonstra como você pode registrar um "customscript" (script personalizável) usando código dentro da classe Global.asax de uma aplicação. A API permite que você adicione/remova/filtre os arquivos que farão parte do pacote de maneira muito granular: O pacote personalizado acima pode ser referenciado em qualquer lugar dentro da aplicação usando a referência de <script> mostrada a seguir: Processamento Personalizado Você também pode substituir os pacotes padrão CSS e JavaScript para suportar seu próprio processamento personalizado dos arquivos do pacote (por exemplo: regras personalizadas para minificação, suporte para Saas, LESS ou sintaxe CoffeeScript, etc). No exemplo mostrado a seguir, estamos indicando que queremos substituir as transformações nativas de minificação com classes MyJsTransform e MyCssTransform personalizadas. Elas são subclasses dos respectivos minificadores padrão para CSS e JavaScript, e podem adicionar funcionalidades extras: O resultado final desta extensibilidade é que você pode se plugar dentro da lógica de combinação/minificação em um nível profundo e fazer algumas coisas muito legais com este recurso. Vídeo de 2 Minutos sobre Combinação e Minificacão de Arquivos em Ação Mads Kristensen tem um ótimo vídeo de 90 segundo (em Inglês) que demonstra a utilização do recurso de Combinação e Minificação de Arquivos. Você pode assistir o vídeo de 90 segundos aqui. Sumário O novo suporte para combinação e minificação de arquivos CSS e JavaScript dentro da próxima versão da ASP.NET tornará mais fácil a construção de aplicações web performáticas. Este recurso é realmente fácil de usar e não requer grandes mudanças no seu fluxo de trabalho de desenvolvimento existente. Ele também suporta uma rica API de extensibilidade que permite a você personalizar a lógica da maneira que você achar melhor. Você pode facilmente tirar vantagem deste novo suporte dentro de aplicações baseadas em ASP.NET MVC e ASP.NET Web Forms. Espero que ajude, Scott P.S. Além do blog, eu uso o Twitter para disponibilizar posts rápidos e para compartilhar links.Lidar com o meu Twitter é: @scottgu Texto traduzido do post original por Leniel Macaferi. google_ad_client = "pub-8849057428395760"; /* 728x90, created 2/15/09 */ google_ad_slot = "4706719075"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90;

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header() function in php : No any redirection!

- by jasmine

I have written a very very very simple!! script in php. header redirection not working. 1- encoding : UTF-8 without BOM 2- with adding ob_start() the problem is countiueing. What is wrong in my code; login.php: <?php session_start(); require_once("funcs.php"); db_connection(); $username = $_POST['username']; $password = $_POST['pwd']; $submit = $_POST['login']; if($submit){ if (!filled_out($_POST)) { echo "please fill all fields"; } else{ $query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username ='{$username}' AND password ='{$password}'"; $result = mysql_query($query); if(mysql_num_rows($result) == 1){ $found_user = mysql_fetch_array($result); $_SESSION['id'] = $found_user['id']; $_SESSION['username'] = $found_user['username']; $_SESSION['password'] = $found_user['password']; setcookie(session_name(), '', time()+86400, '/'); header("Location: tst.php"); } else{ echo "incorrect username or password"; } } } ?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org /TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Untitled Document</title> </head> <body> <form id="form1" name="form1" method="post" action=""> <p> <label for="username">Username:</label> <input type="text" name="username" id="username" /> </p> <p> <label for="textfield">Password</label> <input type="password" name="pwd" id="pwd" /> </p> <p> <input name="login" type="submit" id="login" value="Log in" /> </p> </form> </body> </html> <?php db_disconnect();?> and tst.php: <?php session_start(); require_once("funcs.php"); if (!isset($_SESSION['id'])){ header("Location : login.php"); } ?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Untitled Document</title> </head> <body> <table id="structure"> <tr> <td id="navigation">  </td> <td id="page"> <?php echo "welcome"."". $_SESSION['username']; ?> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> <?php db_disconnect();?> wthit oppening tst.php directly, header() doesnot redirect to login.php

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Entity Framework 4.0: Creating objects of correct type when using lazy loading

- by DigiMortal

In my posting about Entity Framework 4.0 and POCOs I introduced lazy loading in EF applications. EF uses proxy classes for lazy loading and this means we have new types in that come and go dynamically in runtime. We don’t have these types available when we write code but we cannot forget that EF may expect us to use dynamically generated types. In this posting I will give you simple hint how to use correct types in your code. The background of lazy loading and proxy classes As a first thing I will explain you in short what is proxy class. Business classes when designed correctly have no knowledge about their birth and death – they don’t know how they are created and they don’t know how their data is persisted. This is the responsibility of object runtime. When we use lazy loading we need a little bit different classes that know how to load data for properties when code accesses the property first time. As we cannot add this functionality to our business classes (they may be stored through more than one data access technology or by more than one Data Access Layer (DAL)) we create proxy classes that extend our business classes. If we have class called Product and product has lazy loaded property called Customer then we need proxy class, let’s say ProductProxy, that has same public signature as Product so we can use it INSTEAD OF product in our code. ProductProxy overrides Customer property. If customer is not asked then customer is null. But if we ask for Customer property then overridden property of ProductProxy loads it from database. This is how lazy loading works. Problem – two types for same thing As lazy loading may introduce dynamically generated proxy types we don’t know in our application code which type is returned. We cannot be sure that we have Product not ProductProxy returned. This leads us to the following question: how can we create Product of correct type if we don’t know the correct type? In EF solution is simple. Solution – use factory methods If you are using repositories and you are not using factories (imho it is pretty pointless with mapper) you can add factory methods to your EF based repositories. Take a look at this class. public class Event { public int ID { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Location { get; set; } public virtual Party Organizer { get; set; } public DateTime Date { get; set; } } We have virtual member called Organizer. This property is virtual because we want to use lazy loading on this class so Organizer is loaded only when we ask it. EF provides us with method called CreateObject<T>(). CreateObject<T>() is member of ObjectContext class and it creates the object based on given type. In runtime proxy type for Event is created for us automatically and when we call CreateObject<T>() for Event it returns as object of Event proxy type. The factory method for events repository is as follows. public Event CreateEvent() { var evt = _context.CreateObject<Event>(); return evt; } And we are done. Instead of creating factory classes we created factory methods that guarantee that created objects are of correct type. Conclusion Although lazy loading introduces some new objects we cannot use at design time because they live only in runtime we can write code without worrying about exact implementation type of object. This holds true until we have clean code and we don’t make any decisions based on object type. EF4.0 provides us with very simple factory method that create and return objects of correct type. All we had to do was adding factory methods to our repositories.

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Posting from ASP.NET WebForms page to another URL

- by hajan

Few days ago I had a case when I needed to make FORM POST from my ASP.NET WebForms page to an external site URL. More specifically, I was working on implementing Simple Payment System (like Amazon, PayPal, MoneyBookers). The operator asks to make FORM POST request to a given URL in their website, sending parameters together with the post which are computed on my application level (access keys, secret keys, signature, return-URL… etc). So, since we are not allowed nesting another form inside the <form runat=”server”> … </form>, which is required because other controls in my ASPX code work on server-side, I thought to inject the HTML and create FORM with method=”POST”. After making some proof of concept and testing some scenarios, I’ve concluded that I can do this very fast in two ways: Using jQuery to create form on fly with the needed parameters and make submit() Using HttpContext.Current.Response.Write to write the form on server-side (code-behind) and embed JavaScript code that will do the post Both ways seemed fine. 1. Using jQuery to create FORM html code and Submit it. Let’s say we have ‘PAY NOW’ button in our ASPX code: <asp:Button ID="btnPayNow" runat="server" Text="Pay Now" /> Now, if we want to make this button submit a FORM using POST method to another website, the jQuery way should be as follows: <script src="http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jquery/jquery-1.5.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function () { $("#btnPayNow").click(function (event) { event.preventDefault(); //construct htmlForm string var htmlForm = "<form id='myform' method='POST' action='http://www.microsoft.com'>" + "<input type='hidden' id='name' value='hajan' />" + "</form>"; //Submit the form $(htmlForm).appendTo("body").submit(); }); }); </script> Yes, as you see, the code fires on btnPayNow click. It removes the default button behavior, then creates htmlForm string. After that using jQuery we append the form to the body and submit it. Inside the form, you can see I have set the htttp://www.microsoft.com URL, so after clicking the button you should be automatically redirected to the Microsoft website (just for test, of course for Payment I’m using Operator's URL). 2. Using HttpContext.Current.Response.Write to write the form on server-side (code-behind) and embed JavaScript code that will do the post The C# code behind should be something like this: public void btnPayNow_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string Url = "http://www.microsoft.com"; string formId = "myForm1"; StringBuilder htmlForm = new StringBuilder(); htmlForm.AppendLine("<html>"); htmlForm.AppendLine(String.Format("<body onload='document.forms[\"{0}\"].submit()'>",formId)); htmlForm.AppendLine(String.Format("<form id='{0}' method='POST' action='{1}'>", formId, Url)); htmlForm.AppendLine("<input type='hidden' id='name' value='hajan' />"); htmlForm.AppendLine("</form>"); htmlForm.AppendLine("</body>"); htmlForm.AppendLine("</html>"); HttpContext.Current.Response.Clear(); HttpContext.Current.Response.Write(htmlForm.ToString()); HttpContext.Current.Response.End(); } So, with this code we create htmlForm string using StringBuilder class and then just write the html to the page using HttpContext.Current.Response.Write. The interesting part here is that we submit the form using JavaScript code: document.forms["myForm1"].submit() This code runs on body load event, which means once the body is loaded the form is automatically submitted. Note: In order to test both solutions, create two applications on your web server and post the form from first to the second website, then get the values in the second website using Request.Form[“input-field-id”] I hope this was useful post for you. Regards, Hajan

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RIDC Accelerator for Portal

- by Stefan Krantz

What is RIDC?Remote IntraDoc Client is a Java enabled API that leverages simple transportation protocols like Socket, HTTP and JAX/WS to execute content service operations in WebCenter Content Server. Each operation by design in the Content Server will execute stateless and return a complete result of the request. Each request object simply specifies the in a Map format (key and value pairs) what service to call and what parameters settings to apply. The result responded with will be built on the same Map format (key and value pairs). The possibilities with RIDC is endless since you can consume any available service (even custom made ones), RIDC can be executed from any Java SE application that has any WebCenter Content Services needs. WebCenter Portal and the example Accelerator RIDC adapter frameworkWebCenter Portal currently integrates and leverages WebCenter Content Services to enable available use cases in the portal today, like Content Presenter and Doc Lib. However the current use cases only covers few of the scenarios that the Content Server has to offer, in addition to the existing use cases it is not rare that the customer requirements requires additional steps and functionality that is provided by WebCenter Content but not part of the use cases from the WebCenter Portal.The good news to this is RIDC, the second good news is that WebCenter Portal already leverages the RIDC and has a connection management framework in place. The million dollar question here is how can I leverage this infrastructure for my custom use cases. Oracle A-Team has during its interactions produced a accelerator adapter framework that will reuse and leverage the existing connections provisioned in the webcenter portal application (works for WebCenter Spaces as well), as well as a very comprehensive design patter to minimize the work involved when exposing functionality. Let me introduce the RIDCCommon framework for accelerating WebCenter Content consumption from WebCenter Portal including Spaces. How do I get started?Through a few easy steps you will be on your way, Extract the zip file RIDCCommon.zip to the WebCenter Portal Application file structure (PortalApp) Open you Portal Application in JDeveloper (PS4/PS5) select to open the project in your application - this will add the project as a member of the application Update the Portal project dependencies to include the new RIDCCommon project Make sure that you WebCenter Content Server connection is marked as primary (a checkbox at the top of the connection properties form) You should by this stage have a similar structure in your JDeveloper Application Project Portal Project PortalWebAssets Project RIDCCommon Since the API is coming with some example operations that has already been exposed as DataControl actions, if you open Data Controls accordion you should see following: How do I implement my own operation? Create a new Java Class in for example com.oracle.ateam.portal.ridc.operation call it (GetDocInfoOperation) Extend the abstract class com.oracle.ateam.portal.ridc.operation.RIDCAbstractOperation and implement the interface com.oracle.ateam.portal.ridc.operation.IRIDCOperation The only method you actually are required to implement is execute(RIDCManager, IdcClient, IdcContext) The best practice to set object references for the operation is through the Constructor, example below public GetDocInfoOperation(String dDocName)By leveraging the constructor you can easily force the implementing class to pass right information, you can also overload the Constructor with more or less parameters as required Implement the execute method, the work you supposed to execute here is creating a new request binder and retrieve a response binder with the information in the request binder.In this case the dDocName for which we want the DocInfo Secondly you have to process the response binder by extracting the information you need from the request and restore this information in a simple POJO Java BeanIn the example below we do this in private void processResult(DataBinder responseData) - the new SearchDataObject is a Member of the GetDocInfoOperation so we can return this from a access method. Since the RIDCCommon API leverage template pattern for the operations you are now required to add a method that will enable access to the result after the execution of the operationIn the example below we added the method public SearchDataObject getDataObject() - this method returns the pre processed SearchDataObject from the execute method This is it, as you can see on the code below you do not need more than 32 lines of very simple code 1: public class GetDocInfoOperation extends RIDCAbstractOperation implements IRIDCOperation { 2: private static final String DOC_INFO_BY_NAME = "DOC_INFO_BY_NAME"; 3: private String dDocName = null; 4: private SearchDataObject sdo = null; 5: 6: public GetDocInfoOperation(String dDocName) { 7: super(); 8: this.dDocName = dDocName; 9: } 10: 11: public boolean execute(RIDCManager manager, IdcClient client, 12: IdcContext userContext) throws Exception { 13: DataBinder dataBinder = createNewRequestBinder(DOC_INFO_BY_NAME); 14: dataBinder.putLocal(DocumentAttributeDef.NAME.getName(), dDocName); 15: 16: DataBinder responseData = getResponseBinder(dataBinder); 17: processResult(responseData); 18: return true; 19: } 20: 21: private void processResult(DataBinder responseData) { 22: DataResultSet rs = responseData.getResultSet("DOC_INFO"); 23: for(DataObject dobj : rs.getRows()) { 24: this.sdo = new SearchDataObject(dobj); 25: } 26: super.setMessage(responseData.getLocal(ATTR_MESSAGE)); 27: } 28: 29: public SearchDataObject getDataObject() { 30: return this.sdo; 31: } 32: } How do I execute my operation? In the previous section we described how to create a operation, so by now you should be ready to execute the operation Step one either add a method to the class com.oracle.ateam.portal.datacontrol.ContentServicesDC or a class of your own choiceRemember the RIDCManager is a very light object and can be created where needed Create a method signature look like this public SearchDataObject getDocInfo(String dDocName) throws Exception In the method body - create a new instance of GetDocInfoOperation and meet the constructor requirements by passing the dDocNameGetDocInfoOperation docInfo = new GetDocInfoOperation(dDocName) Execute the operation via the RIDCManager instance rMgr.executeOperation(docInfo) Return the result by accessing it from the executed operationreturn docInfo.getDataObject() 1: private RIDCManager rMgr = null; 2: private String lastOperationMessage = null; 3: 4: public ContentServicesDC() { 5: super(); 6: this.rMgr = new RIDCManager(); 7: } 8: .... 9: public SearchDataObject getDocInfo(String dDocName) throws Exception { 10: GetDocInfoOperation docInfo = new GetDocInfoOperation(dDocName); 11: boolean boolVal = rMgr.executeOperation(docInfo); 12: lastOperationMessage = docInfo.getMessage(); 13: return docInfo.getDataObject(); 14: } Get the binaries! The enclosed code in a example that can be used as a reference on how to consume and leverage similar use cases, user has to guarantee appropriate quality and support. Download link: https://blogs.oracle.com/ATEAM_WEBCENTER/resource/stefan.krantz/RIDCCommon.zip RIDC API Referencehttp://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23943_01/apirefs.1111/e17274/toc.htm

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Parallelism in .NET – Part 17, Think Continuations, not Callbacks

- by Reed

In traditional asynchronous programming, we’d often use a callback to handle notification of a background task’s completion. The Task class in the Task Parallel Library introduces a cleaner alternative to the traditional callback: continuation tasks. Asynchronous programming methods typically required callback functions. For example, MSDN’s Asynchronous Delegates Programming Sample shows a class that factorizes a number. The original method in the example has the following signature: public static bool Factorize(int number, ref int primefactor1, ref int primefactor2) { //... .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } However, calling this is quite “tricky”, even if we modernize the sample to use lambda expressions via C# 3.0. Normally, we could call this method like so: int primeFactor1 = 0; int primeFactor2 = 0; bool answer = Factorize(10298312, ref primeFactor1, ref primeFactor2); Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1} [Succeeded {2}]", primeFactor1, primeFactor2, answer); If we want to make this operation run in the background, and report to the console via a callback, things get tricker. First, we need a delegate definition: public delegate bool AsyncFactorCaller( int number, ref int primefactor1, ref int primefactor2); Then we need to use BeginInvoke to run this method asynchronously: int primeFactor1 = 0; int primeFactor2 = 0; AsyncFactorCaller caller = new AsyncFactorCaller(Factorize); caller.BeginInvoke(10298312, ref primeFactor1, ref primeFactor2, result => { int factor1 = 0; int factor2 = 0; bool answer = caller.EndInvoke(ref factor1, ref factor2, result); Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1} [Succeeded {2}]", factor1, factor2, answer); }, null); This works, but is quite difficult to understand from a conceptual standpoint. To combat this, the framework added the Event-based Asynchronous Pattern, but it isn’t much easier to understand or author. Using .NET 4’s new Task<T> class and a continuation, we can dramatically simplify the implementation of the above code, as well as make it much more understandable. We do this via the Task.ContinueWith method. This method will schedule a new Task upon completion of the original task, and provide the original Task (including its Result if it’s a Task<T>) as an argument. Using Task, we can eliminate the delegate, and rewrite this code like so: var background = Task.Factory.StartNew( () => { int primeFactor1 = 0; int primeFactor2 = 0; bool result = Factorize(10298312, ref primeFactor1, ref primeFactor2); return new { Result = result, Factor1 = primeFactor1, Factor2 = primeFactor2 }; }); background.ContinueWith(task => Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1} [Succeeded {2}]", task.Result.Factor1, task.Result.Factor2, task.Result.Result)); This is much simpler to understand, in my opinion. Here, we’re explicitly asking to start a new task, then continue the task with a resulting task. In our case, our method used ref parameters (this was from the MSDN Sample), so there is a little bit of extra boiler plate involved, but the code is at least easy to understand. That being said, this isn’t dramatically shorter when compared with our C# 3 port of the MSDN code above. However, if we were to extend our requirements a bit, we can start to see more advantages to the Task based approach. For example, supposed we need to report the results in a user interface control instead of reporting it to the Console. This would be a common operation, but now, we have to think about marshaling our calls back to the user interface. This is probably going to require calling Control.Invoke or Dispatcher.Invoke within our callback, forcing us to specify a delegate within the delegate. The maintainability and ease of understanding drops. However, just as a standard Task can be created with a TaskScheduler that uses the UI synchronization context, so too can we continue a task with a specific context. There are Task.ContinueWith method overloads which allow you to provide a TaskScheduler. This means you can schedule the continuation to run on the UI thread, by simply doing: Task.Factory.StartNew( () => { int primeFactor1 = 0; int primeFactor2 = 0; bool result = Factorize(10298312, ref primeFactor1, ref primeFactor2); return new { Result = result, Factor1 = primeFactor1, Factor2 = primeFactor2 }; }).ContinueWith(task => textBox1.Text = string.Format("{0}/{1} [Succeeded {2}]", task.Result.Factor1, task.Result.Factor2, task.Result.Result), TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext()); This is far more understandable than the alternative. By using Task.ContinueWith in conjunction with TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext(), we get a simple way to push any work onto a background thread, and update the user interface on the proper UI thread. This technique works with Windows Presentation Foundation as well as Windows Forms, with no change in methodology.

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Alien deletes .deb when converting from .rpm

- by Andre

I'm trying to convert .rpm to .deb using alien. sudo alien -k libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Alien says that: libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.deb generated But when I check the folder - there is just original .rpm and no .deb. Also - I can see that for a split second there is a .deb file in a folder. so it looks like alien create .deb and deletes it right away. I suspect that it's maybe because I run 64 bit os and package is 32? Can somebody explain why alien deletes .deb automatically? Verbose output: LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{NAME} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{VERSION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{RELEASE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{ARCH} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{CHANGELOGTEXT} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{SUMMARY} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{DESCRIPTION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREFIXES} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{LICENSE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qcp libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm rpm -qpi libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qpl libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm mkdir libtetra-1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | lzma -t -q > /dev/null 2>&1 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | (cd libtetra-1.0.0; cpio --extract --make-directories --no-absolute-filenames --preserve-modification-time) 2>&1 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./ chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr/lib chown 0:0 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0/debian date -R date -R chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/debian/rules debian/rules binary 2>&1 libtetra_1.0.0-3_i386.deb generated find libtetra-1.0.0 -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ; rm -rf libtetra-1.0.0 Very Verbose output LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{NAME} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm libtetra LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{VERSION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm 1.0.0 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{RELEASE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm 2 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{ARCH} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm i386 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{CHANGELOGTEXT} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm - First RPM Package LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{SUMMARY} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{DESCRIPTION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm This software is Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. You can print from applications by using CUPS(Common Unix Printing System) which is the printing system for Linux. Other functions for KX-MC6000 series are not supported by this software. LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREFIXES} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{LICENSE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm GPL and LGPL (Version2) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qcp libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm rpm -qpi libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Name : libtetra Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 1.0.0 Vendor: Panasonic Communications Co., Ltd. Release : 2 Build Date: Tue 27 Apr 2010 05:16:40 AM EDT Install Date: (not installed) Build Host: localhost.localdomain Group : System Environment/Daemons Source RPM: libtetra-1.0.0-2.src.rpm Size : 31808 License: GPL and LGPL (Version2) Signature : (none) URL : http://panasonic.net/pcc/support/fax/world.htm Summary : Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. Description : This software is Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. You can print from applications by using CUPS(Common Unix Printing System) which is the printing system for Linux. Other functions for KX-MC6000 series are not supported by this software. LANG=C rpm -qpl libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm /usr/lib/libtetra.so /usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | lzma -t -q > /dev/null 2>&1 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | (cd libtetra-1.0.0; cpio --extract --make-directories --no-absolute-filenames --preserve-modification-time) 2>&1 63 blocks chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./ chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr/lib chown 0:0 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0/debian date -R Mon, 07 Feb 2011 11:03:58 -0500 date -R Mon, 07 Feb 2011 11:03:58 -0500 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/debian/rules debian/rules binary 2>&1 dh_testdir dh_testdir dh_testroot dh_clean -k -d dh_clean: No packages to build. dh_installdirs dh_installdocs dh_installchangelogs find . -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -not -name debian -print0 | \ xargs -0 -r -i cp -a {} debian/ dh_compress dh_makeshlibs dh_installdeb dh_shlibdeps dh_gencontrol dh_md5sums dh_builddeb libtetra_1.0.0-2_i386.deb generated find libtetra-1.0.0 -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ; rm -rf libtetra-1.0.0

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How-to call server side Java from JavaScript

- by frank.nimphius

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The af:serverListener tag in Oracle ADF Faces allows JavaScript to call into server side Java. The example shown below uses an af:clientListener tag to invoke client side JavaScript in response to a key stroke in an Input Text field. The script then call a defined af:serverListener by its name defined in the type attribute. The server listener can be defined anywhere on the page, though from a code readability perspective it sounds like a good idea to put it close to from where it is invoked. <af:inputText id="it1" label="..."> <af:clientListener method="handleKeyUp" type="keyUp"/> <af:serverListener type="MyCustomServerEvent" method="#{mybean.handleServerEvent}"/> </af:inputText> The JavaScript function below reads the event source from the event object that gets passed into the called JavaScript function. The call to the server side Java method, which is defined on a managed bean, is issued by a JavaScript call to AdfCustomEvent. The arguments passed to the custom event are the event source, the name of the server listener, a message payload formatted as an array of key:value pairs, and true/false indicating whether or not to make the call immediate in the request lifecycle. <af:resource type="javascript"> function handleKeyUp (evt) { var inputTextComponen = event.getSource(); AdfCustomEvent.queue(inputTextComponent, "MyCustomServerEvent ", {fvalue:component.getSubmittedValue()}, false); event.cancel();} </af:resource> The server side managed bean method uses a single argument signature with the argument type being ClientEvent. The client event provides information about the event source object - as provided in the call to AdfCustomEvent, as well as the payload keys and values. The payload is accessible from a call to getParameters, which returns a HashMap to get the values by its key identifiers. public void handleServerEvent(ClientEvent ce){ String message = (String) ce.getParameters().get("fvalue"); ... } Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Find the tag library at: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E15523_01/apirefs.1111/e12419/tagdoc/af_serverListener.html

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SSH error: Permission denied, please try again

- by Kamal

I am new to ubuntu. Hence please forgive me if the question is too simple. I have a ubuntu server setup using amazon ec2 instance. I need to connect my desktop (which is also a ubuntu machine) to the ubuntu server using SSH. I have installed open-ssh in ubuntu server. I need all systems of my network to connect the ubuntu server using SSH (no need to connect through pem or pub keys). Hence opened SSH port 22 for my static IP in security groups (AWS). My SSHD-CONFIG file is: # Package generated configuration file # See the sshd_config(5) manpage for details # What ports, IPs and protocols we listen for Port 22 # Use these options to restrict which interfaces/protocols sshd will bind to #ListenAddress :: #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 Protocol 2 # HostKeys for protocol version 2 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key #Privilege Separation is turned on for security UsePrivilegeSeparation yes # Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key KeyRegenerationInterval 3600 ServerKeyBits 768 # Logging SyslogFacility AUTH LogLevel INFO # Authentication: LoginGraceTime 120 PermitRootLogin yes StrictModes yes RSAAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes #AuthorizedKeysFile %h/.ssh/authorized_keys # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files IgnoreRhosts yes # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh_known_hosts RhostsRSAAuthentication no # similar for protocol version 2 HostbasedAuthentication no # Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication #IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes # To enable empty passwords, change to yes (NOT RECOMMENDED) PermitEmptyPasswords no # Change to yes to enable challenge-response passwords (beware issues with # some PAM modules and threads) ChallengeResponseAuthentication no # Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords #PasswordAuthentication yes # Kerberos options #KerberosAuthentication no #KerberosGetAFSToken no #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes #KerberosTicketCleanup yes # GSSAPI options #GSSAPIAuthentication no #GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes X11Forwarding yes X11DisplayOffset 10 PrintMotd no PrintLastLog yes TCPKeepAlive yes #UseLogin no #MaxStartups 10:30:60 #Banner /etc/issue.net # Allow client to pass locale environment variables AcceptEnv LANG LC_* Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server # Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing, # and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will # be allowed through the ChallengeResponseAuthentication and # PasswordAuthentication. Depending on your PAM configuration, # PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypass # the setting of "PermitRootLogin without-password". # If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without # PAM authentication, then enable this but set PasswordAuthentication # and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'. UsePAM yes Through webmin (Command shell), I have created a new user named 'senthil' and added this new user to 'sudo' group. sudo adduser -y senthil sudo adduser senthil sudo I tried to login using this new user 'senthil' in 'webmin'. I was able to login successfully. When I tried to connect ubuntu server from my terminal through SSH, ssh senthil@SERVER_IP It asked me to enter password. After the password entry, it displayed: Permission denied, please try again. On some research I realized that, I need to monitor my server's auth log for this. I got the following error in my auth log (/var/log/auth.log) Jul 2 09:38:07 ip-192-xx-xx-xxx sshd[3037]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=MY_CLIENT_IP user=senthil Jul 2 09:38:09 ip-192-xx-xx-xxx sshd[3037]: Failed password for senthil from MY_CLIENT_IP port 39116 ssh2 When I tried to debug using: ssh -v senthil@SERVER_IP OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1, OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to SERVER_IP [SERVER_IP] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: Checking blacklist file /usr/share/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048 debug1: Checking blacklist file /etc/ssh/blacklist.RSA-2048 debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.8p1 Debian-7ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.8p1 Debian-7ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA {SERVER_HOST_KEY} debug1: Host 'SERVER_IP' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in {MY-WORKSPACE}/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: password debug1: Next authentication method: password senthil@SERVER_IP's password: debug1: Authentications that can continue: password Permission denied, please try again. senthil@SERVER_IP's password: For password, I have entered the same value which I normally use for 'ubuntu' user. Can anyone please guide me where the issue is and suggest some solution for this issue?

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Alien deletes .deb when converting from .rpm

- by Stann

I'm trying to convert .rpm to .deb using alien. sudo alien -k libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Alien says that: libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.deb generated But when I check the folder - there is just original .rpm and no .deb. Also - I can see that for a split second there is a .deb file in a folder. so it looks like alien create .deb and deletes it right away. I suspect that it's maybe because I run 64 bit os and package is 32? Can somebody explain why alien deletes .deb automatically? Verbose output: LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{NAME} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{VERSION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{RELEASE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{ARCH} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{CHANGELOGTEXT} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{SUMMARY} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{DESCRIPTION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREFIXES} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{LICENSE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qcp libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm rpm -qpi libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm LANG=C rpm -qpl libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm mkdir libtetra-1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | lzma -t -q > /dev/null 2>&1 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | (cd libtetra-1.0.0; cpio --extract --make-directories --no-absolute-filenames --preserve-modification-time) 2>&1 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./ chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr/lib chown 0:0 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0/debian date -R date -R chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/debian/rules debian/rules binary 2>&1 libtetra_1.0.0-3_i386.deb generated find libtetra-1.0.0 -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ; rm -rf libtetra-1.0.0 Very Verbose output LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{NAME} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm libtetra LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{VERSION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm 1.0.0 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{RELEASE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm 2 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{ARCH} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm i386 LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{CHANGELOGTEXT} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm - First RPM Package LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{SUMMARY} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{DESCRIPTION} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm This software is Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. You can print from applications by using CUPS(Common Unix Printing System) which is the printing system for Linux. Other functions for KX-MC6000 series are not supported by this software. LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREFIXES} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{POSTUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREUN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{LICENSE} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm GPL and LGPL (Version2) LANG=C rpm -qp --queryformat %{PREIN} libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm (none) LANG=C rpm -qcp libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm rpm -qpi libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm Name : libtetra Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 1.0.0 Vendor: Panasonic Communications Co., Ltd. Release : 2 Build Date: Tue 27 Apr 2010 05:16:40 AM EDT Install Date: (not installed) Build Host: localhost.localdomain Group : System Environment/Daemons Source RPM: libtetra-1.0.0-2.src.rpm Size : 31808 License: GPL and LGPL (Version2) Signature : (none) URL : http://panasonic.net/pcc/support/fax/world.htm Summary : Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. Description : This software is Panasonic KX-MC6000 series Printer Driver for Linux. You can print from applications by using CUPS(Common Unix Printing System) which is the printing system for Linux. Other functions for KX-MC6000 series are not supported by this software. LANG=C rpm -qpl libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm /usr/lib/libtetra.so /usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | lzma -t -q > /dev/null 2>&1 rpm2cpio libtetra-1.0.0-2.i386.rpm | (cd libtetra-1.0.0; cpio --extract --make-directories --no-absolute-filenames --preserve-modification-time) 2>&1 63 blocks chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./ chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/./usr/lib chown 0:0 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0//usr/lib/libtetra.so.1.0.0 mkdir libtetra-1.0.0/debian date -R Mon, 07 Feb 2011 11:03:58 -0500 date -R Mon, 07 Feb 2011 11:03:58 -0500 chmod 755 libtetra-1.0.0/debian/rules debian/rules binary 2>&1 dh_testdir dh_testdir dh_testroot dh_clean -k -d dh_clean: No packages to build. dh_installdirs dh_installdocs dh_installchangelogs find . -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -not -name debian -print0 | \ xargs -0 -r -i cp -a {} debian/ dh_compress dh_makeshlibs dh_installdeb dh_shlibdeps dh_gencontrol dh_md5sums dh_builddeb libtetra_1.0.0-2_i386.deb generated find libtetra-1.0.0 -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ; rm -rf libtetra-1.0.0 Resolution Oh well. It looks like it's perhaps a bug? or I don't know. I simply installed 32-bit version of Ubuntu in VirtualBox and converted package there. For some reason I couldn't convert 32-bit package in 64 OS. and that is that. If someone ever finds the reason ffor this behavior - plz. post somewhere in comments. Thanks

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XNA Notes 002

- by George Clingerman

This past week (much like every week in the XNA community) was filled with things happening and people doing cool things (and getting noticed for doing cool things!). You can definitely tell there are some Xbox LIVE Indie game developers starting to make some names for themselves. Can’t wait to name drop them at bars. Me- “Oh you played Game X? Yeah, I know the guy that made that. Pretty cool guy.” Yeah, I’ll be THAT guy. Time Critical XNA News 30 days left to submit XBLIGs made in XNA Game Studio 3.1 http://blogs.msdn.com/b/xna/archive/2011/01/08/30-days-left-to-submit-xna-gs-3-1-games-to-app-hub.aspx Jeromy Walsh wants you to know his XNA 4.0 Winter Workshop starting soon, go get signed up! And the forum is now LIVE on GameDev.net http://gamedevelopedia.com/ http://tinyurl.com/4gg2cfv The XNA Team Per Nick Gravelyn, Aaron Stebner’s blog post is a must read for icons on Windows Phone http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/p/72022/439597.aspx#439597 http://blogs.msdn.com/b/astebner/archive/2010/10/01/10070507.aspx Shawn Hargreaves writes about Sprite Billboards in a 3D world http://blogs.msdn.com/b/shawnhar/archive/2011/01/12/spritebatch-billboards-in-a-3d-world.aspx XNA MVPs Andy “The ZMan” Dunn wants YOU to come to the MVP Summit and run a 5K http://www.indiegameguy.com/blogs/zman/archive/2010/12/26/come-to-the-mvp-summit-and-run-a-5k-yes-you.aspx Jim Perry updates his forum signature just to make it clear that he’s not speaking for Microsoft or giving official information (LOL, thanks Jim, now if only people will take the time to read that...) XNA MVP | Please use the Forum Search and read the Forum FAQs | My posts are not official info http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/p/70849/439613.aspx#439613 XNA Developers Robert Boyd (@werezombie) working hard at converting his RPG engine used to make Breath of Death VII and Chtulu Saves the World to XNA 4.0. If you haven’t done the upgrade yet yourself, might be useful to read back through his tweets and recent forum posts to see the problems/solutions he’s encountered. http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/p/71834/438099.aspx#438099 http://www.twitter.com/werezompire SpynDoctorGames is in the final phase before the release of Your Doodles are Bugged for the PC! Going to be interesting to watch as more XNA game developers explore the PC game market for their games. http://twitter.com/SpynDoctorGames/statuses/24503173217521664 http://www.spyn-doctor.de @DrMistry shares some details of his next title YoYoYo http://www.mstargames.co.uk/mistryblogmain/35-genblog/177-a-new-year-a-new-game-and-maybe-a-new-approach.html Travis Woodward (@RabidLionGames) has a blog post coming this weekend on Farseer and Mario-like platformer movement. http://twitter.com/RabidLionGames/statuses/24992762021548032 http://www.rabidlion.com/ S4G Interview with Radiangames http://n4g.com/news/679492/s4g-interview-with-radiangames XBLAratings.com interviews Steve Flores (@DragonDivide) developer of Alpha Squad http://www.xblaratings.com/developer-qaa/3621-alpha-squad-developer-interview XBox LIVE Indie Games If you haven’t been reading the roundups on IndieGames by NaviFairy on GayGamer, you’ve been missing out! http://gaygamer.net/2011/01/xbox_indie_review_roundup_1112.html Armless Octopus posts the Top 20 Games of 2010 Part 1 http://www.armlessoctopus.com/2011/01/10/top-20-xbox-live-indie-games-of-2010-part-1/ Armless Octopus posts the Top 20 Games of 2010 Part 2 http://www.armlessoctopus.com/2011/01/12/top-20-xbox-live-indie-games-of-2010-%E2%80%93-part-2/ Xbox LIVE Indie Game Reviews http://www.gamemarx.com/ Don’t forget to be following @XboxHornet . That’s a great way to snag free copies of Xbox LIVE Indie Games http://twitter.com/XboxHornet/statuses/24471103808208896 http://www.xboxhornet.com/wordpress/ Xbox LIVE Indie Game Review posts the top 20 Xbox 360 LIVE Indie Games of 2010 http://www.xbox-360-community-games-reviews.com/top-20-best-xbox-360-live-indie-games-of-2010/ VVGtv to Stream #XBLIG Again! Help out if you can. http://vvgtv.com/2011/01/07/vvgtv-to-stream-xblig-again/ Indie Gamer Magazine Issue 14 has a look at the Xbox LIVE Winter Indie Game Uprisiing http://www.indiegamemag.com/issue14/ XNA Game Development Andrew Russell announced and asked for help in his development of ExEn: XNA for iPhone, Android and Silverlight http://rockethub.com/projects/752-exen-xna-for-iphone-android-and-silverlight App Hub forums letting you down? Don’t forget about StackOverflow and the game development specific version gamedev.stackexchange http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/xna http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/xna Transmute gets an update from Aaron Foley (@slyprid) and you can now add and visually edit parallax layers to your 2D tile game. http://twitpic.com/3nudj0 http://twitter.com/slyprid/statuses/23418379574448128 http://forgottenstarstudios.com/Transmute/default.html Webcomics Weekly #75 touches on some feelings I’ve seen people try to express (myself included) when talking about game development and what types of games should be released for XBLIG http://www.pvponline.com/2011/01/05/webcomics-weekly-75-sour-oats/ Setting up a new PC for XNA development? Here’s a site that helps you quickly build a installer for all the most common applications developers use. http://ninite.com/ Fun wew thread on the XNA forums asking XBLIG/XNA developers just what their Top 10 favorite video games of all time are. http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/107.aspx Christopher Hill (@Xalterax) stumbled across an entire community that does nothing but create box art. This is a great potential resource for Xbox LIVE Indie Game developers to get some awesome box art for their games. http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/p/46582/441451.aspx#441451 http://www.vgboxart.com/browse/plat/360/ Don’t forget about the XNA Wiki, fantastic community resource (and roll up those sleeves and contribute already!) http://xnawiki.com/index.php?title=Main_Page

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Token based Authentication for WCF HTTP/REST Services: Authentication

- by Your DisplayName here!

This post shows some of the implementation techniques for adding token and claims based security to HTTP/REST services written with WCF. For the theoretical background, see my previous post. Disclaimer The framework I am using/building here is not the only possible approach to tackle the problem. Based on customer feedback and requirements the code has gone through several iterations to a point where we think it is ready to handle most of the situations. Goals and requirements The framework should be able to handle typical scenarios like username/password based authentication, as well as token based authentication The framework should allow adding new supported token types Should work with WCF web programming model either self-host or IIS hosted Service code can rely on an IClaimsPrincipal on Thread.CurrentPrincipal that describes the client using claims-based identity Implementation overview In WCF the main extensibility point for this kind of security work is the ServiceAuthorizationManager. It gets invoked early enough in the pipeline, has access to the HTTP protocol details of the incoming request and can set Thread.CurrentPrincipal. The job of the SAM is simple: Check the Authorization header of the incoming HTTP request Check if a “registered” token (more on that later) is present If yes, validate the token using a security token handler, create the claims principal (including claims transformation) and set Thread.CurrentPrincipal If no, set an anonymous principal on Thread.CurrentPrincipal. By default, anonymous principals are denied access – so the request ends here with a 401 (more on that later). To wire up the custom authorization manager you need a custom service host – which in turn needs a custom service host factory. The full object model looks like this: Token handling A nice piece of existing WIF infrastructure are security token handlers. Their job is to serialize a received security token into a CLR representation, validate the token and turn the token into claims. The way this works with WS-Security based services is that WIF passes the name/namespace of the incoming token to WIF’s security token handler collection. This in turn finds out which token handler can deal with the token and returns the right instances. For HTTP based services we can do something very similar. The scheme on the Authorization header gives the service a hint how to deal with an incoming token. So the only missing link is a way to associate a token handler (or multiple token handlers) with a scheme and we are (almost) done. WIF already includes token handler for a variety of tokens like username/password or SAML 1.1/2.0. The accompanying sample has a implementation for a Simple Web Token (SWT) token handler, and as soon as JSON Web Token are ready, simply adding a corresponding token handler will add support for this token type, too. All supported schemes/token types are organized in a WebSecurityTokenHandlerCollectionManager and passed into the host factory/host/authorization manager. Adding support for basic authentication against a membership provider would e.g. look like this (in global.asax): var manager = new WebSecurityTokenHandlerCollectionManager(); manager.AddBasicAuthenticationHandler((username, password) => Membership.ValidateUser(username, password)); Adding support for Simple Web Tokens with a scheme of Bearer (the current OAuth2 scheme) requires passing in a issuer, audience and signature verification key: manager.AddSimpleWebTokenHandler( "Bearer", "http://identityserver.thinktecture.com/trust/initial", "https://roadie/webservicesecurity/rest/", "WFD7i8XRHsrUPEdwSisdHoHy08W3lM16Bk6SCT8ht6A="); In some situations, SAML token may be used as well. The following configures SAML support for a token coming from ADFS2: var registry = new ConfigurationBasedIssuerNameRegistry(); registry.AddTrustedIssuer( "d1 c5 b1 25 97 d0 36 94 65 1c e2 64 fe 48 06 01 35 f7 bd db", "ADFS"); var adfsConfig = new SecurityTokenHandlerConfiguration(); adfsConfig.AudienceRestriction.AllowedAudienceUris.Add( new Uri("https://roadie/webservicesecurity/rest/")); adfsConfig.IssuerNameRegistry = registry; adfsConfig.CertificateValidator = X509CertificateValidator.None; // token decryption (read from config) adfsConfig.ServiceTokenResolver = IdentityModelConfiguration.ServiceConfiguration.CreateAggregateTokenResolver(); manager.AddSaml11SecurityTokenHandler("SAML", adfsConfig); Transformation The custom authorization manager will also try to invoke a configured claims authentication manager. This means that the standard WIF claims transformation logic can be used here as well. And even better, can be also shared with e.g. a “surrounding” web application. Error handling A WCF error handler takes care of turning “access denied” faults into 401 status codes and a message inspector adds the registered authentication schemes to the outgoing WWW-Authenticate header when a 401 occurs. The next post will conclude with authorization as well as the source code download. (Wanna learn more about federation, WIF, claims, tokens etc.? Click here.)

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Get and Set property accessors are ‘actually’ methods

- by nmarun

Well, they are ‘special’ methods, but they indeed are methods. See the class below: 1: public class Person 2: { 3: private string _name; 4: 5: public string Name 6: { 7: get 8: { 9: return _name; 10: } 11: set 12: { 13: if (value == "aaa") 14: { 15: throw new ArgumentException("Invalid Name"); 16: } 17: _name = value; 18: } 19: } 20: 21: public void Save() 22: { 23: Console.WriteLine("Saving..."); 24: } 25: } Ok, so a class with a field, a property with the get and set accessors and a method. Now my calling code says: 1: static void Main() 2: { 3: try 4: { 5: Person person1 = new Person 6: { 7: Name = "aaa", 8: }; 9: 10: } 11: catch (Exception ex) 12: { 13: Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); 14: Console.WriteLine(ex.StackTrace); 15: Console.WriteLine("--------------------"); 16: } 17: } When the code is run, you’ll get the following exception message displayed: Now, you see the first line of the stack trace where it says that the exception was thrown in the method set_Name(String value). Wait a minute, we have not declared any method with that name in our Person class. Oh no, we actually have. When you create a property, this is what happens behind the screen. The CLR creates two methods for each get and set property accessor. Let’s look at the signature once again: set_Name(String value) This also tells you where the ‘value’ keyword comes from in our set property accessor. You’re actually wiring up a method parameter to a field. 1: set 2: { 3: if (value == "aaa") 4: { 5: throw new ArgumentException("Invalid Name"); 6: } 7: _name = value; 8: } Digging deeper on this, I ran the ILDasm tool and this is what I see: We see the ‘free’ constructor (named .ctor) that the compiler gives us, the _name field, the Name property and the Save method. We also see the get_Name and set_Name methods. In order to compare the Save and the set_Name methods, I double-clicked on the two methods and this is what I see: The ‘.method’ keyword tells that both Save and set_Name are both methods (no guessing there!). Seeing the set_Name method as a public method did kinda surprise me. So I said, why can’t I do a person1.set_Name(“abc”) since it is declared as public. This cannot be done because the get_Name and set_Name methods have an extra attribute called ‘specialname’. This attribute is used to identify an IL (Intermediate Language) token that can be treated with special care by the .net language. So the thumb-rule is that any method with the ‘specialname’ attribute cannot be generally called / invoked by the user (a simple test using intellisense proves this). Their functionality is exposed through other ways. In our case, this is done through the property itself. The same concept gets extended to constructors as well making them special methods too. These so-called ‘special’ methods can be identified through reflection. 1: static void ReflectOnPerson() 2: { 3: Type personType = typeof(Person); 4: 5: MethodInfo[] methods = personType.GetMethods(); 6: 7: for (int i = 0; i < methods.Length; i++) 8: { 9: Console.Write("Method: {0}", methods[i].Name); 10: // Determine whether or not each method is a special name. 11: if (methods[i].IsSpecialName) 12: { 13: Console.Write(" has 'SpecialName' attribute"); 14: } 15: Console.WriteLine(); 16: } 17: } Line 11 shows the ‘IsSpecialName’ boolean property. So a method with a ‘specialname’ attribute gets mapped to the IsSpecialName property. The output is displayed as: Wuhuuu! There they are.. our special guests / methods. Verdict: Getting to know the internals… helps!

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Becoming A Great Developer

- by Lee Brandt

Image via Wikipedia I’ve been doing the whole programming thing for awhile and reading and watching some of the best in the business. I have come to notice that the really great developers do a few things that (I think) makes them great. Now don’t get me wrong, I am not saying that I am one of these few. I still struggle with doing some of the things that makes one great at development. Coincidently, many of these things also make you a better person period. Believe That Guidance Is Better Than Answers This is one I have no problem with. I prefer guidance any time I am learning from another developer. Answers may get you going, but guidance will leave you stranded. At some point, you will come across a problem that can only be solved by thinking for yourself and this is where that guidance will really come in handy. You can use that guidance and extrapolate whatever technology to salve that problem (if it’s the right tool for solving that problem). The problem is, lots of developers simply want someone to tell them, “Do this, then this, then set that, and write this.” Favor thinking and learn the guidance of doing X and don’t ask someone to show you how to do X, if that makes sense. Read, Read and Read If you don’t like reading, you’re probably NOT going to make it into the Great Developer group. Great developers read books, they read magazines and they read code. Open source playgrounds like SourceForge, CodePlex and GitHub, have made it extremely easy to download code from developers you admire and see how they do stuff. Chances are, if you read their blog too, they’ll even explain WHY they did what they did (see “Guidance” above). MSDN and Code Magazine have not only code samples, but explanations of how to use certain technologies and sometimes even when NOT to use that same technology. Books are also out on just about every topic. I still favor the less technology centric books. For instance, I generally don’t buy books like, “Getting Started with Jiminy Jappets”. I look for titles like, “How To Write More Effective Code” (again, see guidance). The Addison-Wesley Signature Series is a great example of these types of books. They teach technology-agnostic concepts. Head First Design Patterns is another great guidance book. It teaches the "Gang Of Four" Design Patterns in a very easy-to-understand, picture-heavy way (I LIKE pictures). Hang Your Balls Out There Even though the advice came from a 3rd-shift Kinko’s attendant, doesn’t mean it’s not sound advice. Write some code and put it out for others to read, criticize and castigate you for. Understand that there are some real jerks out there who are absolute geniuses. Don’t be afraid to get some great advice wrapped in some really nasty language. Try to take what’s good about it and leave what’s not. I have a tough time with this myself. I don’t really have any code out there that is available for review (other than my demo code). It takes some guts to do, but in the end, there is no substitute for getting a community of developers to critique your code and give you ways to improve. Get Involved Speaking of community, the local and online user groups and discussion forums are a great place to hear about technologies and techniques you might never come across otherwise. Mostly because you might not know to look. But, once you sit down with a bunch of other developers and start discussing what you’re interested in, you may open up a whole new perspective on it. Don’t just go to the UG meetings and watch the presentations either, get out there and talk, socialize. I realize geeks weren’t meant to necessarily be social creatures, but if you’re amongst other geeks, it’s much easier. I’ve learned more in the last 3-4 years that I have been involved in the community that I did in my previous 8 years of coding without it. Socializing works, even if socialism doesn’t. Continuous Improvement Lean proponents might call this “Kaizen”, but I call it progress. We all know, especially in the technology realm, if you’re not moving ahead, you’re falling behind. It may seem like drinking from a fire hose, but step back and pick out the technologies that speak to you. The ones that may you’re little heart go pitter-patter. Concentrate on those. If you’re still overloaded, pick the best of the best. Just know that if you’re not looking at the code you wrote last week or at least last year with some embarrassment, you’re probably stagnating. That’s about all I can say about that, cause I am all out of clichés to throw at it. :0) Write Code Great painters paint, great writers write, and great developers write code. The most sure-fire way to improve your coding ability is to continue writing code. Don’t just write code that your work throws on you, pick that technology you love or are curious to know more about and walk through some blog demo examples. Take the language you use everyday and try to get it to do something crazy. Who knows, you might create the next Google search algorithm! All in all, being a great developer is about finding yourself in all this code. If it is just a job to you, you will probably never be one of the “Great Developers”, but you’re probably okay with that. If, on the other hand, you do aspire to greatness, get out there and GET it. No one’s going hand it to you.

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Need help with testdisk output

- by dan

I had (note the past tense) an ubuntu 12.04 system with separate partitions for the base and /home directories. It started acting wonky, so I decided to do a reinstall with 12.10, intending just to do a reinstall to the base partition. After several seconds, I realize that the installer was repartitioning the drive and reinstalling, so I pulled the power cord. I'm now trying to recover as much as I can with testdisk, but it seems that testdisk is finding 100 unique partitions when I run it - they mostly tend to be HFS+ or solaris /home (which I think is just an ext4; I've never had solaris on the machine). I've pasted an abbreviated version of the testdisk output below (first ~100 lines, and then ~100 lines from the middle of the output). Is there a way to combine or recreate the partitions and then data recovery, or some other way maximize what I can recover (ideally as much of the file system as possible)? I really only care about what was in the /home directory - I'd rather not use photorec since I don't have another 2 TB HD lying around to recover to. Thanks, Dan Mon Dec 10 06:03:00 2012 Command line: TestDisk TestDisk 6.13, Data Recovery Utility, November 2011 Christophe GRENIER <[email protected]> http://www.cgsecurity.org OS: Linux, kernel 3.2.34-std312-amd64 (#2 SMP Sat Nov 17 08:06:32 UTC 2012) x86_64 Compiler: GCC 4.4 Compilation date: 2012-11-27T22:44:52 ext2fs lib: 1.42.6, ntfs lib: libntfs-3g, reiserfs lib: 0.3.1-rc8, ewf lib: none /dev/sda: LBA, HPA, LBA48, DCO support /dev/sda: size 3907029168 sectors /dev/sda: user_max 3907029168 sectors /dev/sda: native_max 3907029168 sectors Warning: can't get size for Disk /dev/mapper/control - 0 B - CHS 1 1 1, sector size=512 /dev/sr0 is not an ATA disk Hard disk list Disk /dev/sda - 2000 GB / 1863 GiB - CHS 243201 255 63, sector size=512 - WDC WD20EARS-00J2GB0, S/N:WD-WCAYY0075071, FW:80.00A80 Disk /dev/sdb - 1013 MB / 967 MiB - CHS 1014 32 61, sector size=512 - Generic Flash Disk, FW:8.07 Disk /dev/sr0 - 367 MB / 350 MiB - CHS 179470 1 1 (RO), sector size=2048 - PLDS DVD+/-RW DH-16AAS, FW:JD12 Partition table type (auto): Intel Disk /dev/sda - 2000 GB / 1863 GiB - WDC WD20EARS-00J2GB0 Partition table type: EFI GPT Analyse Disk /dev/sda - 2000 GB / 1863 GiB - CHS 243201 255 63 Current partition structure: Bad GPT partition, invalid signature. search_part() Disk /dev/sda - 2000 GB / 1863 GiB - CHS 243201 255 63 recover_EXT2: s_block_group_nr=0/14880, s_mnt_count=5/4294967295, s_blocks_per_group=32768, s_inodes_per_group=8192 recover_EXT2: s_blocksize=4096 recover_EXT2: s_blocks_count 487593984 recover_EXT2: part_size 3900751872 MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB Linux Swap 3900755968 3907028975 6273008 SWAP2 version 1, 3211 MB / 3062 MiB Results P MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB P Linux Swap 3900755968 3907028975 6273008 SWAP2 version 1, 3211 MB / 3062 MiB interface_write() 1 P MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 2 P Linux Swap 3900755968 3907028975 6273008 search_part() Disk /dev/sda - 2000 GB / 1863 GiB - CHS 243201 255 63 recover_EXT2: s_block_group_nr=0/14880, s_mnt_count=5/4294967295, s_blocks_per_group=32768, s_inodes_per_group=8192 recover_EXT2: s_blocksize=4096 recover_EXT2: s_blocks_count 487593984 recover_EXT2: part_size 3900751872 MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB block_group_nr 1 recover_EXT2: "e2fsck -b 32768 -B 4096 device" may be needed recover_EXT2: s_block_group_nr=1/14880, s_mnt_count=0/4294967295, s_blocks_per_group=32768, s_inodes_per_group=8192 recover_EXT2: s_blocksize=4096 recover_EXT2: s_blocks_count 487593984 recover_EXT2: part_size 3900751872 MS Data 2046 3900753917 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB block_group_nr 1 recover_EXT2: "e2fsck -b 32768 -B 4096 device" may be needed recover_EXT2: s_block_group_nr=1/14880, s_mnt_count=0/4294967295, s_blocks_per_group=32768, s_inodes_per_group=8192 recover_EXT2: s_blocksize=4096 recover_EXT2: s_blocks_count 487593984 recover_EXT2: part_size 3900751872 MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB block_group_nr 1 recover_EXT2: "e2fsck -b 32768 -B 4096 device" may be needed recover_EXT2: s_block_group_nr=1/14584, s_mnt_count=0/27, s_blocks_per_group=32768, s_inodes_per_group=8192 recover_EXT2: s_blocksize=4096 recover_EXT2: s_blocks_count 477915164 recover_EXT2: part_size 3823321312 MS Data 4094 3823325405 3823321312 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1957 GB / 1823 GiB block_group_nr 1 ....snip...... MS Data 2046 3900753917 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB MS Data 2048 3900753919 3900751872 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock, 1997 GB / 1860 GiB MS Data 4094 3823325405 3823321312 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1957 GB / 1823 GiB MS Data 4096 3823325407 3823321312 EXT4 Large file Sparse superblock Backup superblock, 1957 GB / 1823 GiB MS Data 7028840 7033383 4544 FAT12, 2326 KB / 2272 KiB Mac HFS 67856948 67862179 5232 HFS+ found using backup sector!, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67862176 67867407 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67862244 67867475 5232 HFS+ found using backup sector!, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67867404 67872635 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67867472 67872703 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67872700 67877931 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67937834 67948067 10234 [EasyInstall_OSX] HFS found using backup sector!, 5239 KB / 5117 KiB Mac HFS 67938012 67948155 10144 HFS+ found using backup sector!, 5193 KB / 5072 KiB Mac HFS 67948064 67958297 10234 [EasyInstall_OSX] HFS, 5239 KB / 5117 KiB Mac HFS 67948070 67958303 10234 [EasyInstall_OSX] HFS found using backup sector!, 5239 KB / 5117 KiB Mac HFS 67948152 67958295 10144 HFS+, 5193 KB / 5072 KiB Mac HFS 67958292 67968435 10144 HFS+, 5193 KB / 5072 KiB Mac HFS 67958300 67968533 10234 [EasyInstall_OSX] HFS, 5239 KB / 5117 KiB Mac HFS 67992596 67997827 5232 HFS+ found using backup sector!, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67997824 68003055 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 67997892 68003123 5232 HFS+ found using backup sector!, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 68003052 68008283 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 68003120 68008351 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Mac HFS 68008348 68013579 5232 HFS+, 2678 KB / 2616 KiB Solaris /home 84429840 123499141 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84429952 123499253 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84493136 123562437 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84493248 123562549 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84566088 123635389 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84566200 123635501 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84571232 123640533 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84571344 123640645 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84659952 123729253 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84660064 123729365 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84690504 123759805 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84690616 123759917 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84700424 123769725 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84700536 123769837 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84797720 123867021 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84797832 123867133 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84812544 123881845 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84812656 123881957 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84824552 123893853 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84824664 123893965 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84847528 123916829 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84847640 123916941 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84886840 123956141 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84886952 123956253 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84945488 124014789 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84945600 124014901 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84957992 124027293 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84958104 124027405 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84962240 124031541 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84962352 124031653 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84977168 124046469 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB Solaris /home 84977280 124046581 39069302 UFS1, 20 GB / 18 GiB MS Data 174395467 178483851 4088385 ..... snip (it keeps going on for quite a while)

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Override an IOCTL Handler in PQOAL

- by Kate Moss' Big Fan

When porting or creating a BSP to a new platform, we often need to make change to OEMIoControl or HAL IOCTL handler for more specific. Since Microsoft introduced PQOAL in CE 5.0 and more and more BSP today leverages PQOAL to simplify the OAL, we no longer define the OEMIoControl directly. It is somehow analogous to migrate from pure Windows SDK to MFC; people starts to define those MFC handlers and forgot the WinMain and the big message loop. If you ever take a look at the interface between OAL and Kernel, PUBLIC\COMMON\OAK\INC\oemglobal.h, the pfnOEMIoctl is still there just as the entry point of Windows Program is WinMain since day one. (For those may argue about pfnOEMIoctl is not OEMIoControl, I will encourage you to dig into PRIVATE\WINCEOS\COREOS\NK\OEMMAIN\oemglobal.c which initialized pfnOEMIoctl to OEMIoControl. The interface is just to split OAL and Kernel which no longer linked to one executable file in CE 6, all of the function signature is still identical) So let's trace into PQOAL to realize how it implements OEMIoControl and how can we override an IOCTL handler we interest. First thing to know is the entry point (just as finding the WinMain in MFC), OEMIoControl is defined in PLATFORM\COMMON\SRC\COMMON\IOCTL\ioctl.c. Basically, it does nothing special but scan a pre-defined IOCTL table, g_oalIoCtlTable, and then execute the handler. (The highlight part) Other than that is just for error handling and the use of critical section to serialize the function. BOOL OEMIoControl( DWORD code, VOID *pInBuffer, DWORD inSize, VOID *pOutBuffer, DWORD outSize, DWORD *pOutSize ) { BOOL rc = FALSE; UINT32 i; ... // Search the IOCTL table for the requested code. for (i = 0; g_oalIoCtlTable[i].pfnHandler != NULL; i++) { if (g_oalIoCtlTable[i].code == code) break; } // Indicate unsupported code if (g_oalIoCtlTable[i].pfnHandler == NULL) { NKSetLastError(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED); OALMSG(OAL_IOCTL, ( L"OEMIoControl: Unsupported Code 0x%x - device 0x%04x func %d\r\n", code, code >> 16, (code >> 2)&0x0FFF )); goto cleanUp; } // Take critical section if required (after postinit & no flag) if ( g_ioctlState.postInit && (g_oalIoCtlTable[i].flags & OAL_IOCTL_FLAG_NOCS) == 0 ) { // Take critical section EnterCriticalSection(&g_ioctlState.cs); } // Execute the handler rc = g_oalIoCtlTable[i].pfnHandler( code, pInBuffer, inSize, pOutBuffer, outSize, pOutSize ); // Release critical section if it was taken above if ( g_ioctlState.postInit && (g_oalIoCtlTable[i].flags & OAL_IOCTL_FLAG_NOCS) == 0 ) { // Release critical section LeaveCriticalSection(&g_ioctlState.cs); } cleanUp: OALMSG(OAL_IOCTL&&OAL_FUNC, (L"-OEMIoControl(rc = %d)\r\n", rc )); return rc; } Where is the g_oalIoCtlTable? It is defined in your BSP. Let's use DeviceEmulator BSP as an example. The PLATFORM\DEVICEEMULATOR\SRC\OAL\OALLIB\ioctl.c defines the table as const OAL_IOCTL_HANDLER g_oalIoCtlTable[] = { #include "ioctl_tab.h" }; And that leads to PLATFORM\DEVICEEMULATOR\SRC\INC\ioctl_tab.h which defined some of IOCTL handler but others are defined in oal_ioctl_tab.h which is under PLATFORM\COMMON\SRC\INC\. Finally, we got the full table body! (Just like tracing MFC, always jumping back and forth). The format of table is very straight forward, IOCTL code, Flags and Handler Function // IOCTL CODE, Flags Handler Function //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ { IOCTL_HAL_INITREGISTRY, 0, OALIoCtlHalInitRegistry }, { IOCTL_HAL_INIT_RTC, 0, OALIoCtlHalInitRTC }, { IOCTL_HAL_REBOOT, 0, OALIoCtlHalReboot }, The PQOAL scans through the table until it find a matched IOCTL code, then invokes the handler function. Since it scans the table from the top which means if we define TWO handler with same IOCTL code, the first one is always invoked with no exception. Now back to the PLATFORM\DEVICEEMULATOR\SRC\INC\ioctl_tab.h, with the following table { IOCTL_HAL_INITREGISTRY, 0, OALIoCtlDeviceEmulatorHalInitRegistry }, ... #include <oal_ioctl_tab.h> Note the IOCTL_HAL_INITREGISTRY handler are defined in both BSP's local ioctl_tab.h and the common oal_ioctl_tab.h, but due to BSP's local handler comes before "#include <oal_ioctl_tab.h>" so we know the OALIoCtlDeviceEmulatorHalInitRegistry always get called. In this example, the DeviceEmulator BSP overrides the IOCTL_HAL_INITREGISTRY handler from OALIoCtlHalInitRegistry to OALIoCtlDeviceEmulatorHalInitRegistry by manipulating the g_oalIoCtlTable table. (In some point of view, it is similar to message map in MFC) Please be aware, when you override an IOCTL handler in PQOAL, you may want to clone the original implementation to your BSP and change to meet your need. It is recommended and save you the redundant works but remember to rename the handler function (Just like the DeviceEmulator it changes the name of OALIoCtlHalInitRegistry to OALIoCtlDeviceEmulatorHalInitRegistry). If you don't change the name, linker may not be happy (due to name conflict) and the more important is by using different handler name, you could always redirect the handler back to original one. (It is like the concept of OOP that calling a function in base class; still not so clear? I am goinf to show you soon!) The OALIoCtlDeviceEmulatorHalInitRegistry setups DeviceEmulator specific registry settings and in the end, if everything goes well, it calls the OALIoCtlHalInitRegistry (PLATFORM\COMMON\SRC\COMMON\IOCTL\reginit.c) to do the rest. if(fOk) { fOk = OALIoCtlHalInitRegistry(code, pInpBuffer, inpSize, pOutBuffer, outSize, pOutSize); } Now you got the picture, whenever you want to override an IOCTL hadnler that is implemented in PQOAL just Clone the handler function to your BSP as a template. Simple name change for the handler function, and a name change in the IOCTL table header file that maps the IOCTL with the function Implement your IOCTL handler and whenever you need to redirect it back just calling the original handler function. It is the standard way of implementing a custom IOCTL and most Microsoft developers prefer. The mapping of IOCTL routine to IOCTL code is platform specific - you control the header file that does that mapping.

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Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 14 – Insuring Integrity & Availability

- by MarkPearl

After reading this section you should be able to Identify the characteristics of a network that keep data safe from loss or damage Protect an enterprise-wide network from viruses Explain network and system level fault tolerance techniques Discuss issues related to network backup and recovery strategies Describe the components of a useful disaster recovery plan and the options for disaster contingencies What are integrity and availability? Integrity – the soundness of a networks programs, data, services, devices, and connections Availability – How consistently and reliably a file or system can be accessed by authorized personnel A number of phenomena can compromise both integrity and availability including… security breaches natural disasters malicious intruders power flaws human error users etc Although you cannot predict every type of vulnerability, you can take measures to guard against the most damaging events. The following are some guidelines… Allow only network administrators to create or modify NOS and application system users. Monitor the network for unauthorized access or changes Record authorized system changes in a change management system’ Install redundant components Perform regular health checks on the network Check system performance, error logs, and the system log book regularly Keep backups Implement and enforce security and disaster recovery policies These are just some of the basics… Malware Malware refers to any program or piece of code designed to intrude upon or harm a system or its resources. Types of Malware… Boot sector viruses Macro viruses File infector viruses Worms Trojan Horse Network Viruses Bots Malware characteristics Some common characteristics of Malware include… Encryption Stealth Polymorphism Time dependence Malware Protection There are various tools available to protect you from malware called anti-malware software. These monitor your system for indications that a program is performing potential malware operations. A number of techniques are used to detect malware including… Signature Scanning Integrity Checking Monitoring unexpected file changes or virus like behaviours It is important to decide where anti-malware tools will be installed and find a balance between performance and protection. There are several general purpose malware policies that can be implemented to protect your network including… Every compute in an organization should be equipped with malware detection and cleaning software that regularly runs Users should not be allowed to alter or disable the anti-malware software Users should know what to do in case the anti-malware program detects a malware virus Users should be prohibited from installing any unauthorized software on their systems System wide alerts should be issued to network users notifying them if a serious malware virus has been detected. Fault Tolerance Besides guarding against malware, another key factor in maintaining the availability and integrity of data is fault tolerance. Fault tolerance is the ability for a system to continue performing despite an unexpected hardware or software malfunction. Fault tolerance can be realized in varying degrees, the optimal level of fault tolerance for a system depends on how critical its services and files are to productivity. Generally the more fault tolerant the system, the more expensive it is. The following describe some of the areas that need to be considered for fault tolerance. Environment (Temperature and humidity) Power Topology and Connectivity Servers Storage Power Typical power flaws include Surges – a brief increase in voltage due to lightening strikes, solar flares or some idiot at City Power Noise – Fluctuation in voltage levels caused by other devices on the network or electromagnetic interference Brownout – A sag in voltage for just a moment Blackout – A complete power loss The are various alternate power sources to consider including UPS’s and Generators. UPS’s are found in two categories… Standby UPS – provides continuous power when mains goes down (brief period of switching over) Online UPS – is online all the time and the device receives power from the UPS all the time (the UPS is charged continuously) Servers There are various techniques for fault tolerance with servers. Server mirroring is an option where one device or component duplicates the activities of another. It is generally an expensive process. Clustering is a fault tolerance technique that links multiple servers together to appear as a single server. They share processing and storage responsibilities and if one unit in the cluster goes down, another unit can be brought in to replace it. Storage There are various techniques available including the following… RAID Arrays NAS (Storage (Network Attached Storage) SANs (Storage Area Networks) Data Backup A backup is a copy of data or program files created for archiving or safekeeping. Many different options for backups exist with various media including… These vary in cost and speed. Optical Media Tape Backup External Disk Drives Network Backups Backup Strategy After selecting the appropriate tool for performing your servers backup, devise a backup strategy to guide you through performing reliable backups that provide maximum data protection. Questions that should be answered include… What data must be backed up At what time of day or night will the backups occur How will you verify the accuracy of the backups Where and for how long will backup media be stored Who will take responsibility for ensuring that backups occurred How long will you save backups Where will backup and recovery documentation be stored Different backup methods provide varying levels of certainty and corresponding labour cost. There are also different ways to determine which files should be backed up including… Full backup – all data on all servers is copied to storage media Incremental backup – Only data that has changed since the last full or incremental backup is copied to a storage medium Differential backup – Only data that has changed since the last backup is coped to a storage medium Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery is the process of restoring your critical functionality and data after an enterprise wide outage has occurred. A disaster recovery plan is for extreme scenarios (i.e. fire, line fault, etc). A cold site is a place were the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exist but they are not appropriately configured. A warm site is a place where the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exists with some appropriately configured devices. A hot site is a place where the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exists and all are appropriately configured.

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