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  • Reusable skill class structure

    - by Martino Wullems
    Hello, Pretty new to the whole game development scene, but I have experience in other branches of programming. Anyway, I was wondering what methods are used to implement a skill structure. I imagine a skill in itself would a class. I'm using actionscript 3 for this project btw. public class Skill { public var power:int; public var delay:int; public var cooldown:int; public function Attack(user:Mob, target:Mob) { } } } Each skill would extend the Skill class and add it's own functionality. public class Tackle extends Skill { public function Tackle(user:Mob, target:Mob) { super(user, target); executeAttack(); } private function executeAttack():void { //multiply user.strength with power etc //play attack animation } } } This where I get stuck. How do I termine which mobs has which skills? And which skill will they later be able to retrieve (by reaching a certain level etc). How does the player actually execute the skill and how is it determine if it hits. It's all very new to me so I have no idea where to begin. Any links would also be appreciated. Thanks in advance.

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  • Canonical representation of a class object containing a list element in XML

    - by dendini
    I see that most implementations of JAX-RS represent a class object containing a list of elements as follows (assume a class House containing a list of People) <houses> <house> <person> <name>Adam</name> </person> <person> <name>Blake</name> </person> </house> <house> </house> </houses> The result above is obtained for instance from Jersey 2 JAX-RS implementation, notice Jersey creates a wrapper class "houses" around each house, however strangely it doesn't create a wrapper class around each person! I don't feel this is a correct mapping of a list, in other words I'd feel more confortable with something like this: <houses> <house> <persons> <person> <name>Adam</name> </person> <person> <name>Blake</name> </person> </persons> </house> <house> </house> </houses> Is there any document explaining how an object should be correctly mapped apart from any opninion?

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  • Inheritance vs composition in this example

    - by Gerenuk
    I'm wondering about the differences between inheritance and composition examined with concrete code relevant arguments. In particular my example was Inheritance: class Do: def do(self): self.doA() self.doB() def doA(self): pass def doB(self): pass class MyDo(Do): def doA(self): print("A") def doB(self): print("B") x=MyDo() vs Composition: class Do: def __init__(self, a, b): self.a=a self.b=b def do(self): self.a.do() self.b.do() x=Do(DoA(), DoB()) (Note for composition I'm missing code so it's not actually shorter) Can you name particular advantages of one or the other? I'm think of: composition is useful if you plan to reuse DoA() in another context inheritance seems easier; no additional references/variables/initialization method doA can access internal variable (be it a good or bad thing :) ) inheritance groups logic A and B together; even though you could equally introduce a grouped delegate object inheritance provides a preset class for the users; with composition you'd have to encapsule the initialization in a factory so that the user does have to assemble the logic and the skeleton ... Basically I'd like to examine the implications of inheritance vs composition. I heard often composition is prefered, but I'd like to understand that by example. Of course I can always start with one and refactor later to the other.

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  • Should you create a class within a method?

    - by Amndeep7
    I have made a program using Java that is an implementation of this project: http://nifty.stanford.edu/2009/stone-random-art/sml/index.html. Essentially, you create a mathematical expression and, using the pixel coordinate as input, make a picture. After I initially implemented this in serial, I then implemented it in parallel due to the fact that if the picture size is too large or if the mathematical expression is too complex (especially considering the fact that I made the expression recursively), it takes a really long time. During this process, I realized that I needed two classes which implemented the Runnable interface as I had to put in parameters for the run method, which you aren't allowed to do directly. One of these classes ended up being a medium sized static inner class (not large enough to make an independent class file for it though). The other though, just needed a few parameters to determine some indexes and the size of the for loop that I was making run in parallel - here it is: class DataConversionRunnable implements Runnable { int jj, kk, w; DataConversionRunnable(int column, int matrix, int wid) { jj = column; kk = matrix; w = wid; } public void run() { for(int i = 0; i < w; i++) colorvals[kk][jj][i] = (int) ((raw[kk][jj][i] + 1.0) * 255 / 2.0); increaseCounter(); } } My question is should I make it a static inner class or can I just create it in a method? What is the general programming convention followed in this case?

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  • Avoid overwriting all the methods in the child class

    - by Heckel
    The context I am making a game in C++ using SFML. I have a class that controls what is displayed on the screen (manager on the image below). It has a list of all the things to draw like images, text, etc. To be able to store them in one list I created a Drawable class from which all the other drawable class inherit. The image below represents how I would organize each class. Drawable has a virtual method Draw that will be called by the manager. Image and Text overwrite this method. My problem is that I would like Image::draw method to work for Circle, Polygon, etc. since sf::CircleShape and sf::ConvexShape inherit from sf::Shape. I thought of two ways to do that. My first idea would be for Image to have a pointer on sf::Shape, and the subclasses would make it point onto their sf::CircleShape or sf::ConvexShape classes (Like on the image below). In the Polygon constructor I would write something like ptr_shape = &polygon_shape; This doesn't look very elegant because I have two variables that are, in fact, just one. My second idea is to store the sf::CircleShape and sf::ConvexShape inside the ptr_shape like ptr_shape = new sf::ConvexShape(...); and to use a function that is only in ConvexShape I would cast it like so ((sf::ConvexShape*)ptr_shape)->convex_method(); But that doesn't look very elegant either. I am not even sure I am allowed to do that. My question I added details about the whole thing because I thought that maybe my whole architecture was wrong. I would like to know how I could design my program to be safe without overwriting all the Image methods. I apologize if this question has already been asked; I have no idea what to google.

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  • Reflective discovery of an inner class in an API

    - by wassup
    Let me ask you, as this bothers me for quite a while but appears to be subjectively the best solution for my problem, if reflective discovery of an inner class for API purposes is that bad idea? First, let me explain what I mean by saying "reflective discovery" and all that stuff. I am sketching an API for a Java database system, that'll be centered around block-based entities (don't ask me what that means - that's a long story), and those entities can be read and returned to the Java code as objects subclassed from the Entity class. I have an Entity.Factory class, that, by means of fluent interfaces, takes a Class<? extends Entity> argument and then, uses an instance of Section.Builder, Property.Builder, or whatever builder the entity has, to put it into the back-end storage. The idea about registering all entity types and their builders just doesn't appeal to me, so I thought that the closest solution to the problem that'd suffice my design needs would be to discover, using reflection, all inner classes of Entity classes and find one that's called Builder. Looking for some expert insight :) And if I missed some important design details (which could happen as I tried to make this question as concise as possible), just tell me and I'll add them.

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  • REST API wrapper - class design for 'lite' object responses

    - by sasfrog
    I am writing a class library to serve as a managed .NET wrapper over a REST API. I'm very new to OOP, and this task is an ideal opportunity for me to learn some OOP concepts in a real-life situation that makes sense to me. Some of the key resources/objects that the API returns are returned with different levels of detail depending on whether the request is for a single instance, a list, or part of a "search all resources" response. This is obviously a good design for the REST API itself, so that full objects aren't returned (thus increasing the size of the response and therefore the time taken to respond) unless they're needed. So, to be clear: .../car/1234.json returns the full Car object for 1234, all its properties like colour, make, model, year, engine_size, etc. Let's call this full. .../cars.json returns a list of Car objects, but only with a subset of the properties returned by .../car/1234.json. Let's call this lite. ...search.json returns, among other things, a list of car objects, but with minimal properties (only ID, make and model). Let's call this lite-lite. I want to know what the pros and cons of each of the following possible designs are, and whether there is a better design that I haven't covered: Create a Car class that models the lite-lite properties, and then have each of the more detailed responses inherit and extend this class. Create separate CarFull, CarLite and CarLiteLite classes corresponding to each of the responses. Create a single Car class that contains (nullable?) properties for the full response, and create constructors for each of the responses which populate it to the extent possible (and maybe include a property that returns the response type from which the instance was created). I expect among other things there will be use cases for consumers of the wrapper where they will want to iterate through lists of Cars, regardless of which response type they were created from, such that the three response types can contribute to the same list. Happy to be pointed to good resources on this sort of thing, and/or even told the name of the concept I'm describing so I can better target my research.

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  • ASP.NET with VS 2008 How to Run Root "/" with Local Web Server

    - by harrije
    I want to use the built-in web server for VS 2008 and have it run my web-site project as the top level root "/". Instructions for VS 2005 can be found at: http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2006/12/19/tip-trick-how-to-run-a-root-site-with-the-local-web-server-using-vs-2005-sp1.aspx My problem is with step 3 of the instructions. When the the web-site project node is selected, right click never gives me an option to select a property-grid like that shown under step 3. Nor could I find another way in the menu or tool bar to get the property-grid. I don't know if the UI difference I'm seeing has to do with me using VS 2008 and the instructions are for VS 2005 or what? How do I get the web-site property-grid for VS 2008, or is there an alternative way to get the root setup I want?

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  • ASP.NET 2.0 control is not shown up un VS 2010 toolbox

    - by user353653
    Hi, I have developed some ASP.NET controls in .NET 2.0 with VS 2008. Now, I upgraded my project to VS 2010 but did not change the target framework to .NET 4.0 yet. But, surprisingly, I found that, the toolbox is not showing the bitmaps for the control added to the toolbox in VS 2010. Moreover, when I dragged and dropped a control (.NET 2.0) from the toolbox to my Web Form, I see some junk xml code added to my web form. I dont know if I need to recompile the .NET 2.0 controls with VS 2010 ? or what should I do in order to make the controls compatible for both in VS 2008 and VS 2010 ? I found that, there is no problem with Windows Forms control, rather it is just with ASP.NET Controls.

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  • Class structure for the proposed data and its containers ?

    - by Prix
    First I would like to wish a happy new year to everyone that may read this :) I am having trouble on how to make a container for some data that I am importing into my application, and I am not sure on how to explain this very well and my english is not really a that good so I hope you can bear with my mistake and help me with some guidance. Currently with a foreach I am importing the follow fields from the data I receive: guid, itemid, name, owner(optional, can be null), zoneid, titleid, subid, heading, x, y, z, typeA, typeB, typeC From the above fields I need to store a Waypoint list of all coords a given item has moved to BUT for each guid I have a new list of waypoints. And from the waypoint list the first entry is also my initial item start location which would be my item initial position (if you notice i have a separate list for it which I was not sure would be better or not) not all items have a waypoint list but all items have the first position. So the first idea I came with to store this data was a list with a class with 2 inner classes with their list: public List<ItemList> myList = new List<ItemList>(); public class ItemList { public int guid { get; set; } public int itemid { get; set; } public string name { get; set; } public int titleid { get; set; } public itemType status { get; set; } public class Waypoint { public float posX { get; set; } public float posY { get; set; } public float posZ { get; set; } } public List<Waypoint> waypoint = new List<Waypoint>(); public class Location { public int zone { get; set; } public int subid { get; set; } public int heading { get; set; } public float posX { get; set; } public float posY { get; set; } public float posZ { get; set; } } public List<Location> position = new List<Location>(); } So here is an example of how I would add a new waypoint to a GUID that exists in the list bool itemExists = myList.Exists(item => item.guid == guid && item.itemid == itemid); if (itemExists) { int lastDistance = 3; ItemList.Waypoint nextWaypoint; ItemList myItem = myList.Find(item => item.guid == guid && item.itemid == itemid); if (myItem.waypoint.Count == 0) { nextWaypoint = new ItemList.Waypoint(); nextWaypoint.posX = PosX; nextWaypoint.posY = PosY; nextWaypoint.posZ = PosZ; } else { ItemList.Waypoint lastWaypoint = myItem.waypoint[myItem.waypoint.Count - 1]; if (lastWaypoint != null) { lastDistance = getDistance(x, y, z, lastWaypoint.posX, lastWaypoint.posY, lastWaypoint.posZ); } if (lastDistance > 2) { nextWaypoint = new ItemList.Waypoint(); nextWaypoint.posX = PosX; nextWaypoint.posY = PosY; nextWaypoint.posZ = PosZ; } } myItem.waypoint.Add(nextWaypoint); } Then to register a new item I would take advantage of the itemExist above so I won't register the same GUID again: ItemList newItem = new ItemList(); newItem.guid = guid; newItem.itemid = itemid; newItem.name = name; newItem.status = status; newItem.titleid = titleid; // Item location ItemList.Location itemLocation = new ItemList.Location(); itemLocation.subid = 0; itemLocation.zone= zone; itemLocation.heading = convertHeading(Heading); itemLocation.posX = PosX; itemLocation.posY = PosY; itemLocation.posZ = PosZ; newItem.position.Add(itemLocation); myList.Add(newItem); Could you help me with advices on how my class structure and lists should look like ? Are there better ways to interate with the lists to get lastWaypoint of a GUID or verify wether an item exist or not ? What else would you advise me in general ? PS: If you have any questions or if there is something I missed to post please let me know and I will update it.

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  • Class-Level Model Validation with EF Code First and ASP.NET MVC 3

    - by ScottGu
    Earlier this week the data team released the CTP5 build of the new Entity Framework Code-First library.  In my blog post a few days ago I talked about a few of the improvements introduced with the new CTP5 build.  Automatic support for enforcing DataAnnotation validation attributes on models was one of the improvements I discussed.  It provides a pretty easy way to enable property-level validation logic within your model layer. You can apply validation attributes like [Required], [Range], and [RegularExpression] – all of which are built-into .NET 4 – to your model classes in order to enforce that the model properties are valid before they are persisted to a database.  You can also create your own custom validation attributes (like this cool [CreditCard] validator) and have them be automatically enforced by EF Code First as well.  This provides a really easy way to validate property values on your models.  I showed some code samples of this in action in my previous post. Class-Level Model Validation using IValidatableObject DataAnnotation attributes provides an easy way to validate individual property values on your model classes.  Several people have asked - “Does EF Code First also support a way to implement class-level validation methods on model objects, for validation rules than need to span multiple property values?”  It does – and one easy way you can enable this is by implementing the IValidatableObject interface on your model classes. IValidatableObject.Validate() Method Below is an example of using the IValidatableObject interface (which is built-into .NET 4 within the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations namespace) to implement two custom validation rules on a Product model class.  The two rules ensure that: New units can’t be ordered if the Product is in a discontinued state New units can’t be ordered if there are already more than 100 units in stock We will enforce these business rules by implementing the IValidatableObject interface on our Product class, and by implementing its Validate() method like so: The IValidatableObject.Validate() method can apply validation rules that span across multiple properties, and can yield back multiple validation errors. Each ValidationResult returned can supply both an error message as well as an optional list of property names that caused the violation (which is useful when displaying error messages within UI). Automatic Validation Enforcement EF Code-First (starting with CTP5) now automatically invokes the Validate() method when a model object that implements the IValidatableObject interface is saved.  You do not need to write any code to cause this to happen – this support is now enabled by default. This new support means that the below code – which violates one of our above business rules – will automatically throw an exception (and abort the transaction) when we call the “SaveChanges()” method on our Northwind DbContext: In addition to reactively handling validation exceptions, EF Code First also allows you to proactively check for validation errors.  Starting with CTP5, you can call the “GetValidationErrors()” method on the DbContext base class to retrieve a list of validation errors within the model objects you are working with.  GetValidationErrors() will return a list of all validation errors – regardless of whether they are generated via DataAnnotation attributes or by an IValidatableObject.Validate() implementation.  Below is an example of proactively using the GetValidationErrors() method to check (and handle) errors before trying to call SaveChanges(): ASP.NET MVC 3 and IValidatableObject ASP.NET MVC 2 included support for automatically honoring and enforcing DataAnnotation attributes on model objects that are used with ASP.NET MVC’s model binding infrastructure.  ASP.NET MVC 3 goes further and also honors the IValidatableObject interface.  This combined support for model validation makes it easy to display appropriate error messages within forms when validation errors occur.  To see this in action, let’s consider a simple Create form that allows users to create a new Product: We can implement the above Create functionality using a ProductsController class that has two “Create” action methods like below: The first Create() method implements a version of the /Products/Create URL that handles HTTP-GET requests - and displays the HTML form to fill-out.  The second Create() method implements a version of the /Products/Create URL that handles HTTP-POST requests - and which takes the posted form data, ensures that is is valid, and if it is valid saves it in the database.  If there are validation issues it redisplays the form with the posted values.  The razor view template of our “Create” view (which renders the form) looks like below: One of the nice things about the above Controller + View implementation is that we did not write any validation logic within it.  The validation logic and business rules are instead implemented entirely within our model layer, and the ProductsController simply checks whether it is valid (by calling the ModelState.IsValid helper method) to determine whether to try and save the changes or redisplay the form with errors. The Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method calls within our view simply display the error messages our Product model’s DataAnnotations and IValidatableObject.Validate() method returned.  We can see the above scenario in action by filling out invalid data within the form and attempting to submit it: Notice above how when we hit the “Create” button we got an error message.  This was because we ticked the “Discontinued” checkbox while also entering a value for the UnitsOnOrder (and so violated one of our business rules).  You might ask – how did ASP.NET MVC know to highlight and display the error message next to the UnitsOnOrder textbox?  It did this because ASP.NET MVC 3 now honors the IValidatableObject interface when performing model binding, and will retrieve the error messages from validation failures with it. The business rule within our Product model class indicated that the “UnitsOnOrder” property should be highlighted when the business rule we hit was violated: Our Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method knew to display the business rule error message (next to the UnitsOnOrder edit box) because of the above property name hint we supplied: Keeping things DRY ASP.NET MVC and EF Code First enables you to keep your validation and business rules in one place (within your model layer), and avoid having it creep into your Controllers and Views.  Keeping the validation logic in the model layer helps ensure that you do not duplicate validation/business logic as you add more Controllers and Views to your application.  It allows you to quickly change your business rules/validation logic in one single place (within your model layer) – and have all controllers/views across your application immediately reflect it.  This help keep your application code clean and easily maintainable, and makes it much easier to evolve and update your application in the future. Summary EF Code First (starting with CTP5) now has built-in support for both DataAnnotations and the IValidatableObject interface.  This allows you to easily add validation and business rules to your models, and have EF automatically ensure that they are enforced anytime someone tries to persist changes of them to a database.  ASP.NET MVC 3 also now supports both DataAnnotations and IValidatableObject as well, which makes it even easier to use them with your EF Code First model layer – and then have the controllers/views within your web layer automatically honor and support them as well.  This makes it easy to build clean and highly maintainable applications. You don’t have to use DataAnnotations or IValidatableObject to perform your validation/business logic.  You can always roll your own custom validation architecture and/or use other more advanced validation frameworks/patterns if you want.  But for a lot of applications this built-in support will probably be sufficient – and provide a highly productive way to build solutions. Hope this helps, Scott P.S. In addition to blogging, I am also now using Twitter for quick updates and to share links. Follow me at: twitter.com/scottgu

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  • Part 15: Fail a build based on the exit code of a console application

    In the series the following parts have been published Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Add arguments and variables Part 3: Use more complex arguments Part 4: Create your own activity Part 5: Increase AssemblyVersion Part 6: Use custom type for an argument Part 7: How is the custom assembly found Part 8: Send information to the build log Part 9: Impersonate activities (run under other credentials) Part 10: Include Version Number in the Build Number Part 11: Speed up opening my build process template Part 12: How to debug my custom activities Part 13: Get control over the Build Output Part 14: Execute a PowerShell script Part 15: Fail a build based on the exit code of a console application When you have a Console Application or a batch file that has errors, the exitcode is set to another value then 0. You would expect that the build would see this and report an error. This is not true however. First we setup the scenario. Add a ConsoleApplication project to your solution you are building. In the Main function set the ExitCode to 1     class Program    {        static void Main(string[] args)        {            Console.WriteLine("This is an error in the script.");            Environment.ExitCode = 1;        }    } Checkin the code. You can choose to include this Console Application in the build or you can decide to add the exe to source control Now modify the Build Process Template CustomTemplate.xaml Add an argument ErrornousScript Scroll down beneath the TryCatch activity called “Try Compile, Test, and Associate Changesets and Work Items” Add an Sequence activity to the template In the Sequence, add a ConvertWorkspaceItem and an InvokeProcess activity (see Part 14: Execute a PowerShell script  for more detailed steps) In the FileName property of the InvokeProcess use the ErrornousScript so the ConsoleApplication will be called. Modify the build definition and make sure that the ErrornousScript is executing the exe that is setting the ExitCode to 1. You have now setup a build definition that will execute the errornous Console Application. When you run it, you will see that the build succeeds. This is not what you want! To solve this, you can make use of the Result property on the InvokeProcess activity. So lets change our Build Process Template. Add the new variables (scoped to the sequence where you run the Console Application) called ExitCode (type = Int32) and ErrorMessage Click on the InvokeProcess activity and change the Result property to ExitCode In the Handle Standard Output of the InvokeProcess add a Sequence activity In the Sequence activity, add an Assign primitive. Set the following properties: To = ErrorMessage Value = If(Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(ErrorMessage), Environment.NewLine + ErrorMessage, "") + stdOutput And add the default BuildMessage to the sequence that outputs the stdOutput Add beneath the InvokeProcess activity and If activity with the condition ExitCode <> 0 In the Then section add a Throw activity and set the Exception property to New Exception(ErrorMessage) The complete workflow looks now like When you now check in the Build Process Template and run the build, you get the following result And that is exactly what we want.   You can download the full solution at BuildProcess.zip. It will include the sources of every part and will continue to evolve.

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  • Java - Class type from inside static initialization block

    - by DutrowLLC
    Is it possible to get the class type from inside the static initialization block? This is a simplified version of what I currently have:: class Person extends SuperClass { String firstName; static{ // This function is on the "SuperClass": // I'd for this function to be able to get "Person.class" without me // having to explicitly type it in but "this.class" does not work in // a static context. doSomeReflectionStuff(Person.class); // IN "SuperClass" } } This is closer to what I am doing, which is to initialize a data structure that holds information about the object and its annotations, etc... Perhaps I am using the wrong pattern? public abstract SuperClass{ static void doSomeReflectionStuff( Class<?> classType, List<FieldData> fieldDataList ){ Field[] fields = classType.getDeclaredFields(); for( Field field : fields ){ // Initialize fieldDataList } } } public abstract class Person { @SomeAnnotation String firstName; // Holds information on each of the fields, I used a Map<String, FieldData> // in my actual implementation to map strings to the field information, but that // seemed a little wordy for this example static List<FieldData> fieldDataList = new List<FieldData>(); static{ // Again, it seems dangerous to have to type in the "Person.class" // (or Address.class, PhoneNumber.class, etc...) every time. // Ideally, I'd liken to eliminate all this code from the Sub class // since now I have to copy and paste it into each Sub class. doSomeReflectionStuff(Person.class, fieldDataList); } }

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  • Development/runtime Licensing mechanism for a C# class library?

    - by Darryl
    I'm developing a .Net class library (a data provider) and I'm starting to think about how I would handle licensing the library to prospective purchasers. By licensing, I mean the mechanics of trying to prevent my library from being used by those who haven't purchased it, not the software license (i.e., Apache, Gnu, etc). I've never dealt with licensing, and in the past, I've always developed apps, not libraries. I don't want to make things difficult for my customers; know it is not possible to make it ironclad. Just some mechanism that gives me decent protection without making the customer jump through hoops or gnash their teeth. I think the mechanism would check for a valid license when the class is being used in development mode, and not in runtime mode (when the customer's software is released to their customers). I think libraries are typically sold per developer, but I'm not sure how that could be accomplished without making the mechanism odious for my customers; maybe that gets left to the honor system. I Googled this and found many approaches. Ideally, I'd like to do something that is generally accepted and common, the "right" way class libraries are licensed, if that exists, rather than making my customers deal with yet another license mechanism. A firm push in the right direction will be greatly appreciated!

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  • Dynamically class creating by using Java Reflection, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException

    - by rubby
    Hi all; i want to use reflection in java, i want to do that third class will read the name of the class as String from console. Upon reading the name of the class, it will automatically and dynamically (!) generate that class and call its writeout method. If that class is not read from input, it will not be initialized. I wrote that codes but i am always taking to "java.lang.Class.Not.Found.Exception", and i don't know how i can fix it. Can anyone help me? class class3 { public Object dynamicsinif(String className, String fieldName, String value) throws Exception { Class cls = Class.forName(className,true,null); Object obj = cls.newInstance(); Field fld = cls.getField(fieldName); fld.set(obj, value); return obj; } public void writeout3() { System.out.println("class3"); } } public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { System.out.println("enter the class name : "); BufferedReader reader= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String line=reader.readLine(); String x="Text1"; try{ class3 trycls=new class3(); Object gelen=trycls.dynamicsinif(line, x, "rubby"); Class yeni=(Class)gelen; System.out.println(yeni); }catch(ClassNotFoundException ex){ System.out.print(ex.toString()); } } }

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  • Could this be considered a well-written PHP5 class?

    - by Ben Dauphinee
    I have been learning OOP principals on my own for a while, and taken a few cracks at writing classes. What I really need to know now is if I am actually using what I have learned correctly, or if I could improve as far as OOP is concerned. I have chopped a massive portion of code out of a class that I have been working on for a while now, and pasted it here. To all you skilled and knowledgeable programmers here I ask: Am I doing it wrong? class acl extends genericAPI{ // -- Copied from genericAPI class protected final function sanityCheck($what, $check, $vars){ switch($check){ case 'set': if(isset($vars[$what])){return(1);}else{return(0);} break; } } // --------------------------------- protected $db = null; protected $dataQuery = null; public function __construct(Zend_Db_Adapter_Abstract $db, $config = array()){ $this->db = $db; if(!empty($config)){$this->config = $config;} } protected function _buildQuery($selectType = null, $vars = array()){ // Removed switches for simplicity sake $this->dataQuery = $this->db->select( )->from( $this->config['table_users'], array('tf' => '(CASE WHEN count(*) > 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)') )->where( $this->config['uidcol'] . ' = ?', $vars['uid'] ); } protected function _sanityRun_acl($sanitycheck, &$vars){ switch($sanitycheck){ case 'uid_set': if(!$this->sanityCheck('uid', 'set', $vars)){ throw new Exception(ERR_ACL_NOUID); } $vars['uid'] = settype($vars['uid'], 'integer'); break; } } private function user($action = null, $vars = array()){ switch($action){ case 'exists': $this->_sanityRun_acl('uid_set', $vars); $this->_buildQuery('user_exists_idcheck', $vars); return($this->db->fetchOne($this->dataQuery->__toString())); break; } } public function user_exists($uid){ return($this->user('exists', array('uid' => $uid))); } } $return = $acl_test->user_exists(1);

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  • Could this be considered a well-written class (am I using OOP correctly)?

    - by Ben Dauphinee
    I have been learning OOP principals on my own for a while, and taken a few cracks at writing classes. What I really need to know now is if I am actually using what I have learned correctly, or if I could improve as far as OOP is concerned. I have chopped a massive portion of code out of a class that I have been working on for a while now, and pasted it here. To all you skilled and knowledgeable programmers here I ask: Am I doing it wrong? class acl extends genericAPI{ // -- Copied from genericAPI class protected final function sanityCheck($what, $check, $vars){ switch($check){ case 'set': if(isset($vars[$what])){return(1);}else{return(0);} break; } } // --------------------------------- protected $db = null; protected $dataQuery = null; public function __construct(Zend_Db_Adapter_Abstract $db, $config = array()){ $this->db = $db; if(!empty($config)){$this->config = $config;} } protected function _buildQuery($selectType = null, $vars = array()){ // Removed switches for simplicity sake $this->dataQuery = $this->db->select( )->from( $this->config['table_users'], array('tf' => '(CASE WHEN count(*) > 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)') )->where( $this->config['uidcol'] . ' = ?', $vars['uid'] ); } protected function _sanityRun_acl($sanitycheck, &$vars){ switch($sanitycheck){ case 'uid_set': if(!$this->sanityCheck('uid', 'set', $vars)){ throw new Exception(ERR_ACL_NOUID); } $vars['uid'] = settype($vars['uid'], 'integer'); break; } } private function user($action = null, $vars = array()){ switch($action){ case 'exists': $this->_sanityRun_acl('uid_set', $vars); $this->_buildQuery('user_exists_idcheck', $vars); return($this->db->fetchOne($this->dataQuery->__toString())); break; } } public function user_exists($uid){ return($this->user('exists', array('uid' => $uid))); } } $return = $acl_test->user_exists(1);

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  • Are there any other ways to iterate through the attributes of a custom class, excluding the in-built ones?

    - by Ricardo Altamirano
    Is there another way to iterate through only the attributes of a custom class that are not in-built (e.g. __dict__, __module__, etc.)? For example, in this code: class Terrain: WATER = -1 GRASS = 0 HILL = 1 MOUNTAIN = 2 I can iterate through all of these attributes like this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) which outputs: MOUNTAIN --> 2 __module__ --> __main__ WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 __dict__ --> <attribute '__dict__' of 'Terrain' objects> GRASS --> 0 __weakref__ --> <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Terrain' objects> __doc__ --> None If I just want the integer arguments (a rudimentary version of an enumerated type), I can use this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): if type(value) is int: # type(value) == int print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) this gives the expected result: MOUNTAIN --> 2 WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 GRASS --> 0 Is it possible to iterate through only the non-in-built attributes of a custom class independent of type, e.g. if the attributes are not all integral. Presumably I could expand the conditional to include more types, but I want to know if there are other ways I'm missing.

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  • Invariant code contracts – using class-wide contracts

    - by DigiMortal
    It is possible to define invariant code contracts for classes. Invariant contracts should always hold true whatever member of class is called. In this posting I will show you how to use invariant code contracts so you understand how they work and how they should be tested. This is my randomizer class I am using to demonstrate code contracts. I added one method for invariant code contracts. Currently there is one contract that makes sure that random number generator is not null. public class Randomizer {     private IRandomGenerator _generator;       private Randomizer() { }       public Randomizer(IRandomGenerator generator)     {         _generator = generator;     }       public int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max)     {         Contract.Requires<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(             min < max,             "Min must be less than max"         );           Contract.Ensures(             Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&             Contract.Result<int>() <= max,             "Return value is out of range"         );           return _generator.Next(min, max);     }       [ContractInvariantMethod]     private void ObjectInvariant()     {         Contract.Invariant(_generator != null);     } } Invariant code contracts are define in methods that have ContractInvariantMethod attribute. Some notes: It is good idea to define invariant methods as private. Don’t call invariant methods from your code because code contracts system does not allow it. Invariant methods are defined only as place where you can keep invariant contracts. Invariant methods are called only when call to some class member is made! The last note means that having invariant method and creating Randomizer object with null as argument does not automatically generate exception. We have to call at least one method from Randomizer class. Here is the test for generator. You can find more about contracted code testing from my posting Code Contracts: Unit testing contracted code. There is also explained why the exception handling in test is like it is. [TestMethod] [ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))] public void Should_fail_if_generator_is_null() {     try     {         var randomizer = new Randomizer(null);         randomizer.GetRandomFromRangeContracted(1, 4);     }     catch (Exception ex)     {         throw new Exception(ex.Message, ex);     } } Try out this code – with unit tests or with test application to see that invariant contracts are checked as soon as you call some member of Randomizer class.

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  • Building a project in VS that depends on a static and dynamic library

    - by fg nu
    Noob noobin'. I would appreciate some very careful handholding in setting up an example in Visual Studio 2010 Professional where I am trying to build a project which links: a previously built static library, for which the VS project folder is "C:\libjohnpaul\" a previously built dynamic library, for which the VS project folder is "C:\libgeorgeringo\" These are listed as Recipes 1.11, 1.12 and 1.13 in the C++ Cookbook. The project fails to compile for me with unresolved dependencies (see details below), and I can't figure out why. Project 1: Static Library The following are the header and source files that were compiled in this project. I was able to compile this project fine in VS2010, to the named standard library "libjohnpaul.lib" which lives in the folder ("C:/libjohnpaul/Release/"). // libjohnpaul/john.hpp #ifndef JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED #define JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED void john( ); // Prints "John, " #endif // JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/john.cpp #include <iostream> #include "john.hpp" void john( ) { std::cout << "John, "; } // libjohnpaul/paul.hpp #ifndef PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED #define PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED void paul( ); // Prints " Paul, " #endif // PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/paul.cpp #include <iostream> #include "paul.hpp" void paul( ) { std::cout << "Paul, "; } // libjohnpaul/johnpaul.hpp #ifndef JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED #define JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED void johnpaul( ); // Prints "John, Paul, " #endif // JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/johnpaul.cpp #include "john.hpp" #include "paul.hpp" #include "johnpaul.hpp" void johnpaul( ) { john( ); paul( ); Project 2: Dynamic Library Here are the header and source files for the second project, which also compiled fine with VS2010, and the "libgeorgeringo.dll" file lives in the directory "C:\libgeorgeringo\Debug". // libgeorgeringo/george.hpp #ifndef GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED #define GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED void george( ); // Prints "George, " #endif // GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/george.cpp #include <iostream> #include "george.hpp" void george( ) { std::cout << "George, "; } // libgeorgeringo/ringo.hpp #ifndef RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED #define RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED void ringo( ); // Prints "and Ringo\n" #endif // RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/ringo.cpp #include <iostream> #include "ringo.hpp" void ringo( ) { std::cout << "and Ringo\n"; } // libgeorgeringo/georgeringo.hpp #ifndef GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED #define GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // define GEORGERINGO_DLL when building libgerogreringo.dll # if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__GNUC__) # ifdef GEORGERINGO_DLL # define GEORGERINGO_DECL _ _declspec(dllexport) # else # define GEORGERINGO_DECL _ _declspec(dllimport) # endif # endif // WIN32 #ifndef GEORGERINGO_DECL # define GEORGERINGO_DECL #endif // Prints "George, and Ringo\n" #ifdef __MWERKS__ # pragma export on #endif GEORGERINGO_DECL void georgeringo( ); #ifdef __MWERKS__ # pragma export off #endif #endif // GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/ georgeringo.cpp #include "george.hpp" #include "ringo.hpp" #include "georgeringo.hpp" void georgeringo( ) { george( ); ringo( ); } Project 3: Executable that depends on the previous libraries Lastly, I try to link the aforecompiled static and dynamic libraries into one project called "helloBeatlesII" which has the project directory "C:\helloBeatlesII" (note that this directory does not nest the other project directories). The linking process that I did is described below: To the "helloBeatlesII" solution, I added the solutions "libjohnpaul" and "libgeorgeringo"; then I changed the properties of the "helloBeatlesII" project to additionally point to the include directories of the other two projects on which it depends ("C:\libgeorgeringo\libgeorgeringo" & "C:\libjohnpaul\libjohnpaul"); added "libgeorgeringo" and "libjohnpaul" to the project dependencies of the "helloBeatlesII" project and made sure that the "helloBeatlesII" project was built last. Trying to compile this project gives me the following unsuccessful build: 1------ Build started: Project: helloBeatlesII, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------ 1Build started 10/13/2012 5:48:32 PM. 1InitializeBuildStatus: 1 Touching "Debug\helloBeatlesII.unsuccessfulbuild". 1ClCompile: 1 helloBeatles.cpp 1ManifestResourceCompile: 1 All outputs are up-to-date. 1helloBeatles.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl georgeringo(void)" (?georgeringo@@YAXXZ) referenced in function _main 1helloBeatles.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl johnpaul(void)" (?johnpaul@@YAXXZ) referenced in function _main 1E:\programming\cpp\vs-projects\cpp-cookbook\helloBeatlesII\Debug\helloBeatlesII.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals 1 1Build FAILED. 1 1Time Elapsed 00:00:01.34 ========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 2 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== At this point I decided to call in the cavalry. I am new to VS2010, so in all likelihood I am missing something straightforward.

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  • Third-Grade Math Class

    - by andyleonard
    An Odd Thing Happened... ... when I was in third grade math class: I was handed a sheet of arithmetic problems to solve. There were maybe 20 problems on the page and we were given the remainder of the class to complete them. I don't remember how much time remained in the class, I remember I finished working on the problems before my classmates. That wasn't the odd part. The odd part was that I started working on the first problem, concentrating pretty hard. I worked the sum and moved to the next...(read more)

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  • Ways to ensure unique instances of a class?

    - by Peanut
    I'm looking for different ways to ensure that each instance of a given class is a uniquely identifiable instance. For example, I have a Name class with the field name. Once I have a Name object with name initialised to John Smith I don't want to be able to instantiate a different Name object also with the name as John Smith, or if instantiation does take place I want a reference to the orginal object to be passed back rather than a new object. I'm aware that one way of doing this is to have a static factory that holds a Map of all the current Name objects and the factory checks that an object with John Smith as the name doesn't already exist before passing back a reference to a Name object. Another way I could think of off the top of my head is having a static Map in the Name class and when the constructor is called throwing an exception if the value passed in for name is already in use in another object, however I'm aware throwing exceptions in a constructor is generally a bad idea. Are there other ways of achieving this?

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  • How to name an subclass that add a minor, detailed thing?

    - by Louis Rhys
    What is the most concise (yet descriptive) way of naming a subclass that only add a specific minor thing to the parent? I encountered this case a lot in WPF, where sometime I have to add a small functionality to an out-of-the-box control for specific cases. Example: TreeView doesn't change the SelectedItem on right-click, but I have to make one that does in my application. Some possible names are TreeViewThatChangesSelectedItemOnRightClick (way too wordy and maybe difficult to read because there is so many words concantenated together) TreeView_SelectedItemChangesOnRightClick (slightly more readable, but still too wordy and the underscore also breaks the normal convention for class names) TreeViewThatChangesSIOnRC (non-obvious acronym), ExtendedTreeView (more concise, but doesn't describe what it is doing. Besides, I already found a class called this in the library, that I don't want to use/modify in my application). LouisTreeView, MyTreeView, etc. (doesn't describe what it is doing). It seems that I can't find a name which sounds right. What do you do in situation like this?

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  • Best practice to propagate preferences of application

    - by Shebuka
    What is your approach with propagation to all classes/windows of preferences/settings of your application? Do you share the preference_manager class to all classes/windows who need it or you make variables in each classes/windows and update them manually each time setting are changed? Currently I have a PreferencesInterface class that hold all preferences and is responsible to default all values with a dedicated method called on create and when needed, all values are public, so non getters/setters, also it have virtual SavePreferences/LoadPreferences methods. Then I have PreferencesManager that extends from PreferencesInterface and is responsible for actually implementation of SavePreferences/LoadPreferences. I've made this basically for cross-platform so that every platform can have a different implementation of actual storage (registry, ini, plist, xml, whatever).

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  • Should a domain expert make class diagrams?

    - by Matthieu
    The domain expert in our team uses UML class diagrams to model the domain model. As a result, the class diagrams are more of technical models rather than domain models (it serves of some sort of technical specifications for developpers because they don't have to do any conception, they just have to implement the model). In the end, the domain expert ends up doing the job of the architect/technical expert right? Is it normal for a domain expert (not a developer or technical profile) to do class diagrams? If not, what kind of modeling should he be using?

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