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  • C# Change dynamically NavigateUrl HyperLinkField

    - by Martijn
    Hi, In my code i create a HyperLinkField object. Depending on a database field value, i want to set the NavigateUrl property. This is my problem, i don't know how. With: objHF.DataNavigateUrlFields = new[] { "id", "Stype" }; i get my database field. Now i want to check the Stype value. Depeding on this value i want to set the page where to navigate to. How can i do this?? At the end i set my datasource to the gridview and after that i call the bind() method. I hope someone can help me out

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  • ORM in the realworld

    - by josh
    I am begining a new project that i think will last for some years. Am in the point of deciding the ORM framework to use (or whether to use one at all). Can anyone with experience tell me whether orm frameworks are used in realworld applications. The problem i have in mind is this: The orm tool will generate for me tables and columns etc as i create and modify my entities. However, after the project has gone live and is in production, certain database changes will not be possible. Can this hinder the advancement of the project. If i had used a framework like ibatis for example, i know i would only need to adjust the sql statements based on the database changes. Can someone tell me whether ORM tools have survived the live environment. At my office, we use java based ERP that was done long ago and it was never done using any ORM framework. Regards. Josh

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  • Specify which row to return on SQLite Group By

    - by lozzar
    I'm faced with a bit of a difficult problem. I store all the versions of all documents in a single table. Each document has a unique id, and the version is stored as an integer which is incremented everytime there is a new version. I need a query that will only select the latest version of each document from the database. While using GROUP BY works, it appears that it will break if the versions are not inserted in the database in the order of version (ie. it takes the maximum ROWID which will not always be the latest version). Note, that the latest version of each document will most likely be a different number (ie. document A is at version 3, and document B is at version 6). I'm at my wits end, does anybody know how to do this (select all the documents, but only return a single record for each document_id, and that the record returned should have the highest version number)?

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  • Updating Checked Checkboxes using CodeIgniter + MySQL

    - by Tim
    Hello I have about 8 check boxes that are being generated dynamically from my database. This is the code in my controller //Start Get Processes Query $this->db->select('*'); $this->db->from('projects_processes'); $this->db->where('process_enabled', '1'); $data['getprocesses'] = $this->db->get(); //End Get Processes Query //Start Get Checked Processes Query $this->db->select('*'); $this->db->from('projects_processes_reg'); $this->db->where('project_id', $project_id); $data['getchecked'] = $this->db->get(); //End Get Processes Query This is the code in my view. <?php if($getprocesses->result_array()) { ?> <?php foreach($getprocesses->result_array() as $getprocessrow): ?> <tr> <td><input <?php if($getchecked->result_array()) { foreach($getchecked->result_array() as $getcheckedrow): if($getprocessrow['process_id'] == $getcheckedrow['process_id']) { echo 'checked'; } endforeach; }?> type="checkbox" name="progresscheck[]" value="<?php echo $getprocessrow['process_id']; ?>"><?php echo $getprocessrow['process_name']; ?><br> </td> </tr> <?php endforeach; ?> This generates the checkboxes into the form and also checks the appropriate ones as specified by the database. The problem is updating them. What I have been doing so far is simply deleting all checkbox entries for the project and then re-inserting all the values into the database. This is bad because 1. It's slow and horrible. 2. I lose all my meta data of when the check boxes were checked. So I guess my question is, how do I update only the checkboxes that have been changed? Thanks, Tim

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  • A cycle in object graph detected in JPA.

    - by Nitesh Panchal
    Hello, I am trying to figure out this error since 5 hours without any success. SO i finally thought of posting in here. Please help i am really in big trouble. I am stuck on this and see no way of solving this error. This is my database structure tblBlogRegion BlogRegionId (primary key) BlogRegionName tblGadget GadgetId(primary key) GadgetName tblBlogs BlogId(primary key) Blogname BlogTypeId (reference key from tblSiteTerm tblSiteTerms SiteTermsId(primary key) SiteTermsName tblBlogGadgets BlogGadgetsId(primary key) BlogRegionId(foreign key from tblBlogRegion) BlogId(foreign key from tblBlog) GadgetId(foreign key from tblGadget) Is it not normal database structure? Do you see anything that is cyclic? WHen i try to fetch list from tblGadgets i get this error :- [com.sun.istack.SAXException2: A cycle is detected in the object graph. This will cause infinitely deep XML: entity.BlogGadgets[blogGadgetsId=1] -> entity.Blogs[blogId=2] -> entity.BlogGadgets[blogGadgetsId=1]] I am trying to get list from web service using JAS-WS.

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  • how to connect java and mysql using mysql connector java 5.1.12

    - by user225269
    I'm still a beginner in java. I dont have any idea on how to import the files that I have downloaded into my java class. Its in this path: E:\Users\user\Downloads\mysql-connector-java-5.1.12 I don't know what to do with the files I extracted from the file that I have downloaded in the mysql site for me to connect my java application and mysql database. I'm using Netbeans 6.8. And have also installed wampserver. ive already check out This: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2118369/java-trouble-connecting-to-mysql and this: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1640910/connecting-to-a-mysql-database But they don't seem to have answers on how to make use of the mysql java connector file from mysql site. Please help, thanks.

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  • Memory efficient import many data files into panda DataFrame in Python

    - by richardh
    I import into a panda DataFrame a directory of |-delimited.dat files. The following code works, but I eventually run out of RAM with a MemoryError:. import pandas as pd import glob temp = [] dataDir = 'C:/users/richard/research/data/edgar/masterfiles' for dataFile in glob.glob(dataDir + '/master_*.dat'): print dataFile temp.append(pd.read_table(dataFile, delimiter='|', header=0)) masterAll = pd.concat(temp) Is there a more memory efficient approach? Or should I go whole hog to a database? (I will move to a database eventually, but I am baby stepping my move to pandas.) Thanks! FWIW, here is the head of an example .dat file: cik|cname|ftype|date|fileloc 1000032|BINCH JAMES G|4|2011-03-08|edgar/data/1000032/0001181431-11-016512.txt 1000045|NICHOLAS FINANCIAL INC|10-Q|2011-02-11|edgar/data/1000045/0001193125-11-031933.txt 1000045|NICHOLAS FINANCIAL INC|8-K|2011-01-11|edgar/data/1000045/0001193125-11-005531.txt 1000045|NICHOLAS FINANCIAL INC|8-K|2011-01-27|edgar/data/1000045/0001193125-11-015631.txt 1000045|NICHOLAS FINANCIAL INC|SC 13G/A|2011-02-14|edgar/data/1000045/0000929638-11-00151.txt

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  • How to the view count of a question in momery?

    - by Freewind
    My website is like stackoverflow, there are many questions. I want to record how many times a question has been visited. I have a column called "view_count" in the question table to save it. When a user visited a question many times, the view_count should be increased only 1. So I have to record which user has visited which question, and I think it is too much expensive to save them in the database, because the records will be huge. So I want to keep them in the memory, and persistent the number to database every 10 minutes. I have searched about "cache" of rails, but I haven't found an example. I need an simple sample of how to do this, thanks for help~

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  • IEnumerable<> to IList<>

    - by nachid
    I am using Linq to query my database and returning a generic IList. Whatever I tried I couldn't convert an IQueryable to an IList. Here is my code. I cannot write simpler than this and I don't understand why it is not working. public IList<IRegion> GetRegionList(string countryCode) { var query = from c in Database.RegionDataSource where (c.CountryCode == countryCode) orderby c.Name select new {c.RegionCode, c.RegionName}; return query.Cast<IRegion>().ToList(); } This returns an list with the right number of items but they are all empty Please help, I am bloqued with this for a couple of days now

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  • MySQL "OR MATCH" hangs (long pause with no answer) on multiple tables

    - by Kerry
    After learning how to do MySQL Full-Text search, the recommended solution for multiple tables was OR MATCH and then do the other database call. You can see that in my query below. When I do this, it just gets stuck in a "busy" state, and I can't access the MySQL database. SELECT a.`product_id`, a.`name`, a.`slug`, a.`description`, b.`list_price`, b.`price`, c.`image`, c.`swatch`, e.`name` AS industry, MATCH( a.`name`, a.`sku`, a.`description` ) AGAINST ( '%s' IN BOOLEAN MODE ) AS relevance FROM `products` AS a LEFT JOIN `website_products` AS b ON (a.`product_id` = b.`product_id`) LEFT JOIN ( SELECT `product_id`, `image`, `swatch` FROM `product_images` WHERE `sequence` = 0) AS c ON (a.`product_id` = c.`product_id`) LEFT JOIN `brands` AS d ON (a.`brand_id` = d.`brand_id`) INNER JOIN `industries` AS e ON (a.`industry_id` = e.`industry_id`) WHERE b.`website_id` = %d AND b.`status` = %d AND b.`active` = %d AND MATCH( a.`name`, a.`sku`, a.`description` ) AGAINST ( '%s' IN BOOLEAN MODE ) OR MATCH ( d.`name` ) AGAINST ( '%s' IN BOOLEAN MODE ) GROUP BY a.`product_id` ORDER BY relevance DESC LIMIT 0, 9 Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How to Save custom DockWidgets

    - by Tobias
    Hello, I want to save my custom DockWidgets (inherited from QDockWidget) with the saveState() / restoreState() function my MainWindow provides. I have two questions: 1. How can I save and restore my Dockwidgets? - I already tried registering my custom DockWidgets as a QMetaType and implementing the default Constructor, copy Constructor, Destructor and Streaming operators. 2. How can I identify the loaded DockWidgets? - For example: If 2 DockWidgets where saved and I load them with restoreState(), is there a way to get pointers to these loaded Widgets? Thanks, Tobias

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  • SQL Server 2000 tables

    - by klork
    We currently have an SQL Server 2000 database with one table containing data for multiple users. The data is keyed by memberid which is an integer field. The table has a clustered index on memberid. The table is now about 200 million rows. Indexing and maintenance are becoming issues. We are debating splitting the table into one table per user model. This would imply that we would end up with a very large number of tables potentially upto the 2,147,483,647, considering just positive values. My questions: Does anyone have any experience with a SQL Server (2000/2005) installation with millions of tables? What are the implications of this architecture with regards to maintenance and access using Query Analyzer, Enterprise Manager etc. What are the implications to having such a large number of indexes in a database instance. All comments are appreciated. Thanks

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  • Combobox in bound DataGridView

    - by Dan
    Hi. I've got a DataGridView control which is bound to a database table. I want one of the columns in the gridview to be of combobox type. The combobox should contain a list of hardcoded strings, which is the same for all rows in the datagridview. One of the fields in my database table is an index for this list of hardcoded strings. I've programatically added a new column to the gridview of type "DataGridViewComboBoxColumn", which successfully creates the column with comboboxes in it. However, that's then not bound to the index field in my DB table. The index field in my DB table is actually automatically bound to a column via the DataAdapter::Fill method. I've set this column to hidden, so it's hidden to the user. Obviously just before updating the dataadapter, I can programatically fixup the hidden column in my datatable with the SelectedIndex of my combobox. Just wondering if there's a better way of doing this? Thankyou for any help with this, Dan.

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  • Rails 2.3 - Storing sessions in different schema

    - by sa125
    Hi - I want to config my app to use a different schema than the default for storing sessions. Basically, I want the app to store all its active_record objects in app_development and only its sessions in app_sessions. Normally this could be done by defining the sessions db in database.yml: development: # ... sessions: host: localhost database: app_sessions username: blah password: sssshhh #.... And then setting in the model: class Session < ActiveRecord::Base establish_connection :sessions #... end But since session doesn't have a model class defined, I'm looking for a way to tell it where to store its data. I've noticed the session comes from ActionController::Session, but couldn't find what I needed there. Any thoughts? thanks.

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  • jqgrid ASP.NET MVC -- getting data right for the grid.

    - by SamM09
    Here is my dilemma, I have not been able to manipulate my data to a form fitting to jqgrid standards. This is my first time using the jqgrid and I've spent a lot of time reading up on it. My js code is as follows: jQuery("#list").jqGrid({ url: '/Home/ListContacts/', dataType: "json", contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", mtype: 'POST', colNames: ['First Name', 'MI', 'Last Name'], colModel: [ { name: 'First Name', index: 'FName', width: 40, align: 'left' }, { name: 'MI', index: 'MInitial', width: 40, align: 'left' }, { name: 'Last Name', index: 'LName', width: 400, align: 'left'}], pager: jQuery('#pager'), rowNum: 10, rowList: [5, 10, 20, 50], sortname: 'Id', sortorder: "desc", repeatitems: false, viewrecords: true, imgpath: '/scripts/themes/basic/images', caption: 'My first grid' }); }); what im getting from the database: [["4","Jenna","Mccarthy"],["56","wer","weoiru"]] Now correct me if I am wrong, but the index: in my colModel refers to the column names in my database right? Could someone point to a reference that is straight forward or just start me off with this I would be most grateful.

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  • Looking for efficient scaling patterns for Silverlight application with distributed text-file data s

    - by Edward Tanguay
    I'm designing a Silverlight software solution for students and teachers to record flashcards, e.g. words and phrases that students find while reading and errors that teachers notice while teaching. Requirements are: each person publishes his own flashcards in a file on a web server, e.g. http://:www.mywebserver.com/flashcards.txt other people subscribe to that person's flashcards by using a Silverlight flashcard reader that I have developed and entering the URLs of flashcard files they want to subscribe to, URLs and imported flashcards being saved in IsolatedStorage the flashcards.txt file has the following simple format: title, then blocks of question/answers: Jim Smith's flashcards from English class 53-222, winter semester 2009 ==fla Das kann nicht sein. That can't be. ==fla Es sei denn, er kommt nicht. Unless he doesn't come. The user then makes public the URL to his flashcard file and other readers begin reading in his flashcards. In order to lower the bar for non-technical users to contribute, it will even be possible for them to save this text in a Google Document, which they publish and distribute the URL. The flashcard readers will then recognize it is a google document and perform the necessary screen scraping to get at the raw text. I have two technical questions about this approach: What is a best way to plan now for scalability issues: e.g. if your reader is subscribed to 10 flashcard files that are each 200K, it will have to download 2MB of text just to find out if any new flashcards are available. Or can I somehow accurately and consistently get at the last update date/time of text files on servers and published google docs? Each reader will have the ability to allow the person to test himself on imported flashcards and add meta information to them, e.g. categorize them, edit them, etc. This information will be stored in IsolatedStorage along with the important flashcards themselves. What is a good pattern to allow these readers to share and synchronize this meta data, e.g. so when you are looking at a flashcard you can see that 5 other people have made corrections to it. The best solution I can think of now is that the Silverlight readers will have to republish their data to a central database, but then there is the problem of uniquely identifying each flashcard, the best approach seems to be URL + position-in-file, or even better URL + original text of both question and answer fields, but both of these have their obvious drawbacks. The main requirement is that the bar for participation is kept as low as possible, i.e. type text in a google document, publish it, distribute the URL, and you're publishing within the flashcard community. So I want to come up with the most efficient technical solutions in order to compensate for the lack of database, lack of unique ids, etc. For those who have designed or developed similar non-traditional, distributed database projects like this, what advice, experience or best-practice tips you can share on the above two points?

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  • SqlBulkCopy From CSV to SQL Datatable

    - by Swapnil
    I'm using SQL Server 2005, VB.NET 2005. I want to be able to import a very large excel file into a SQL table called "XYZ" I've done this by doing the following: 1. Save the excel file as csv.(Using SaveAs XLCSV option) 2. Build a datatable "ABC" From CSV.(using ODBC Connection and Select * from '*'.csv command) 3. copy the datatable"ABC" into database table "xyz" (using sqlBulkCopy.WriteToServer()) It works fine without any error but when i checked my database i found that data type for some columns has been changed and hence it didn't copy some of the records.Any help would be appreciated

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  • Using Unity and interfaces, how do I create a concrete class that implements IDisposable

    - by Ryan ONeill
    I have an interface (IDbAccess) for a database access class so that I can unit test it using Unity. It all works fine in Unity and now I want to make the concrete database class implement IDisposable so that it closes the db connections. My problem is that Unity does not understand that my concrete class is disposable because the interface (IDbAccess) cannot implement another interface. So how can I write code like this (pseudo code) so that Unity is aware that it needs to dispose the class as soon as I am done? Using var MyDbAccessInstance = Unity.Resolve<IDbAccess> { } Thanks Ryan

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  • ASP.NET Web Page Not Available

    - by hahuang65
    It's pretty difficult to show code for ASP.NET here, so I will try my best to describe my problem. I have a FileUploadControl and a Button that calls a function when it's clicked. It seems that the Button function works when there is nothing chosen for my FileUploadControl. However, when there is something chosen in the FileUploadControl (I have selected a file to upload), there is a problem when I click the button. It completely does not matter what the function does (it could just be writing to a label, even when it has nothing to do with the FileUploadControl). The error I get is: This webpage is not available. The webpage at http://localhost:2134/UploadMedia/Default.aspx might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address. I have searched on Google, and people seem to have had problems with this, but different causes from me. They have said that their ASP.NET Development Server port is actually different from their port in the address bar. This is not the case for me. Also, another problem people have had is with Use Dynamic Ports. I have tried both true and false. I have also tried different ports, and I have always gotten the same error. This is really driving me crazy because it doesn't matter what the code in the buttonFunction is, it doesn't work as long as there is something in the FileUploadControl. If there is nothing, it seems to work fine. Here is the code for the ASP.NET Controls: <asp:FileUpload id="FileUploadControl" runat="server" /> <asp:Button runat="server" id="UploadButton" text="Upload" OnClick="uploadClicked" /> <br /><br /> <asp:Label runat="server" id="StatusLabel" text="Upload status: " /> And this is the code for the button function: protected void uploadClicked(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (FileUploadControl.HasFile) { string filename = Path.GetFileName(FileUploadControl.FileName); //Check if the entered username already exists in the database. String sqlDupStmt = "Select songPath from Songs where songPath ='" + Server.MapPath("~/Uploads/") + filename + "'"; SqlConnection sqlDupConn = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source = .\SQLEXPRESS; AttachDbFilename = |DataDirectory|\Database.mdf; Integrated Security = True; User Instance = True;"); SqlCommand sqlDupCmd = new SqlCommand(sqlDupStmt, sqlDupConn); sqlDupCmd.Connection.Open(); SqlDataReader sqlDupReader = sqlDupCmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.CloseConnection); if (sqlDupReader.Read()) { StatusLabel.Text = "Upload status: The file already exists."; sqlDupReader.Close(); } else { sqlDupReader.Close(); //See "How To Use DPAPI (Machine Store) from ASP.NET" for information about securely storing connection strings. String sqlStmt = "Insert into Songs values (@songpath);"; SqlConnection sqlConn = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source = .\SQLEXPRESS; AttachDbFilename = |DataDirectory|\Database.mdf; Integrated Security = True; User Instance = True; uid=sa; pwd=password;"); SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(sqlStmt, sqlConn); SqlParameter sqlParam = null; //Usage of Sql parameters also helps avoid SQL Injection attacks. sqlParam = cmd.Parameters.Add("@userName", SqlDbType.VarChar, 150); sqlParam.Value = Server.MapPath("~/Uploads/") + filename; //Attempt to add the song to the database. try { sqlConn.Open(); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); FileUploadControl.SaveAs(Server.MapPath("~/Uploads/") + filename); songList.Items.Add(filename); StatusLabel.Text = "Upload status: File uploaded!"; } catch (Exception ex) { StatusLabel.Text = "Upload status: The file could not be uploaded. The following error occured: " + ex.Message; } finally { sqlConn.Close(); } } } } But this buttonfunction provides the same results: protected void uploadClicked(object sender, EventArgs e) { StatusLabel.Text = "FooBar"; } Has anyone had this problem before, or might know what the cause is? Thanks!

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  • Check firebird databases present

    - by Ronaldo Junior
    Our software installer install firebird if it is not present on the system and, as we are pursuing Win certificate the uninstaller should remove it but, we want to make sure that even if it was the installer that put it there, if any new software is using it now with a new database, we would not remove it (Firebird). The question is: Is it possible to query the server and ask what are the databases running on it? This is it so that we can decide, automatically if we can remove the database or not. A few extra info: Our installer is Innosetup and it does a good job already - we just trying to make it smarter because of the "Developed by" or "Compatible with" windows logo.

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  • Large number array compression

    - by gatapia
    Hi All, I've got a javascript application that sends a large amount of numerical data down the wire. This data is then stored in a database. I am having size issues (too much bandwidth, database getting too big). I am now ready to sacrifice some performance for compression. I was thinking of implementing a base 62 number.toString(62) and parseInt(compressed, 62). This would certainly reduce the size of the data but before I go ahead and do this I thought I would put it to the folks here as I know there must be some outside the box solution I have not considered. The basic specs are: - Compress large number arrays into strings for JSONP transfer (So I think UTF is out) - Be relatively fast, look I'm not expecting same performance as I have now but I also don't want gzip compression either. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated. Thanks Guido Tapia

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  • Swipe gestures on Android ListView items

    - by Bartek
    I have a ListView populated by a ResourceCursorAdapter. I use the loaders mechanism to query a ContentProvider for list items. I detect swipe gestures on the list items to perform some actions on them. New items get added by a background service, so the list can change dynamically. Everything works fine, except when I start swiping and a database change occurs (as a result of the background service adding a new row). In such case the gesture is not detected properly. I noticed that ACTION_CANCEL is dispatched to the list item view and also that bindView is executed for all visible items. Inside the bindView method I only set some text - I don't change any listeners there. How can I make gestures work even when new items are being added by the background service? Perhaps there's a way to prevent the motion from being cancelled or I can pause database updates so they don't interrupt the gesture.

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  • How to arrange the items of gridview ?

    - by kranthi
    I have a settings page in my asp.net website,in which a user can select desired items and their order to be displayed in another page.I am displaying these items(which are obtained from database) in a gridview with checkboxes,up/down arrows next to them.Once the user makes his selection/rearranges the items and clicks on the 'Save' button,I am saving the data into another database table.When this particular user logsin again I want to check the items which were already chosen by him and arrange them in the order he specified, on page load.I am able to check the checkboxes of the already chosen items but do not understand how do I arrange the items in the user specified order? Please help. Thanks.

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  • How to select a MAX value from column in Query Builder in Kohana framework?

    - by Victor Czechov
    I need to INSERT a data to table, but before a query I must to know the MAX value from column position, than to INSERT a data WHERE my SELECTED before position+1. Is it possible with query builder? following my first comment I did query: $p = DB::select(array(DB::expr('MAX(`position`)', 'p')))->from('supercategories')->execute(); echo $p; the error: ErrorException [ Notice ]: Undefined offset: 1 MODPATH\database\classes\kohana\database.php [ 505 ] 500 */ 501 public function quote_column($column) 502 { 503 if (is_array($column)) 504 { 505 list($column, $alias) = $column; 506 } 507 508 if ($column instanceof Database_Query) 509 { 510 // Create a sub-query

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  • Is the design notion of layers contrived?

    - by Bruce
    Hi all I'm reading through Eric Evans' awesome work, Domain-Driven Design. However, I can't help feeling that the 'layers' model is contrived. To expand on that statement, it seems as if it tries to shoe-horn various concepts into a specific, neat model, that of layers talking to each other. It seems to me that the layers model is too simplified to actually capture the way that (good) software works. To expand further: Evans says: "Partition a complex program into layers. Develop a design within each layer that is cohesive and that depends only on the layers below. Follow standard architectural patterns to provide loose coupling to the layers above." Maybe I'm misunderstanding what 'depends' means, but as far as I can see, it can either mean a) Class X (in the UI for example) has a reference to a concrete class Y (in the main application) or b) Class X has a reference to a class Y-ish object providing class Y-ish services (ie a reference held as an interface). If it means (a), then this is clearly a bad thing, since it defeats re-using the UI as a front-end to some other application that provides Y-ish functionality. But if it means (b), then how is the UI any more dependent on the application, than the application is dependent on the UI? Both are decoupled from each other as much as they can be while still talking to each other. Evans' layer model of dependencies going one way seems too neat. First, isn't it more accurate to say that each area of the design provides a module that is pretty much an island to itself, and that ideally all communication is through interfaces, in a contract-driven/responsibility-driven paradigm? (ie, the 'dependency only on lower layers' is contrived). Likewise with the domain layer talking to the database - the domain layer is as decoupled (through DAO etc) from the database as the database is from the domain layer. Neither is dependent on the other, both can be swapped out. Second, the idea of a conceptual straight line (as in from one layer to the next) is artificial - isn't there more a network of intercommunicating but separate modules, including external services, utility services and so on, branching off at different angles? Thanks all - hoping that your responses can clarify my understanding on this..

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