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• A space-efficient guest filesystem for grow-as-needed virtual disks ?

  - by Steve Schnepp

  A common practice is to use non-preallocated virtual disks. Since they only grow as needed, it makes them perfect for fast backup, overallocation and creation speed. Since file systems are usually based on physical disks they have the tendency to use the whole area available1 in order to increase the speed2 or reliability3. I'm searching a filesystem that does the exact opposite : try to touch the minimum blocks need by an aggressive block reuse. I would happily trade some performance for space usage. There is already a similar question, but it is rather general. I have very specific goal : space-efficiency. 1. Like page caching uses all the free physical memory 2. Canonical example : online defragmentation 3. Canonical example : snapshotting

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• How can I create bootable DOS usb stick?

  - by Grzenio

  I need to use this utility to change one of the parameters of my new WD hard drive: http://support.wdc.com/product/download.asp?groupid=609&sid=113&lang=en It has truly unreadable instructions: Extract wdidle3.exe onto a bootable medium (floppy, CD-RW, network drive, etc.). Boot the system with the hard drive to be updated to the medium where the update file was extracted to. Run the file by typing wdidle3.exe at the command prompt and press enter. I understand that this bootable medium should be some version of DOS? How can I make my USB stick a bootable medium compatible with this utility (I don't have a diskette drive)? I have Windows 7 and Debian Linux installed.

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• hiberfil.sys and pagefile.sys... rebuilt on boot?

  - by spender

  I need to take an image of a drive. I'm working from a bootable CD, so I have the option to decruft before taking the image. The Windows installation on the drive has both hyberfil.sys and pagefile.sys which I would rather not include in the image. If I delete these from the drive, will Windows recreate these files if necessary? EDIT The Windows installation on the drive in question was shut-down cleanly.

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• Caching/preloading files on Linux into RAM

  - by Andrioid

  I have a rather old server that has 4GB of RAM and it is pretty much serving the same files all day, but it is doing so from the hard drive while 3GBs of RAM are "free". Anyone who has ever tried running a ram-drive can witness that It's awesome in terms of speed. The memory usage of this system is usually never higher than 1GB/4GB so I want to know if there is a way to use that extra memory for something good. Is it possible to tell the filesystem to always serve certain files out of RAM? Are there any other methods I can use to improve file reading capabilities by use of RAM? More specifically, I am not looking for a 'hack' here. I want file system calls to serve the files from RAM without needing to create a ram-drive and copy the files there manually. Or at least a script that does this for me. Possible applications here are: Web servers with static files that get read alot Application servers with large libraries Desktop computers with too much RAM Any ideas? Edit: Found this very informative: The Linux Page Cache and pdflush As Zan pointed out, the memory isn't actually free. What I mean is that it's not being used by applications and I want to control what should be cached in memory.

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• Linux: Is it safe or recommended to rearrange partitions through SSH?

  - by GetFree

  I've just rented a new server (CentOS 5.4) and I see it has only 3 partitions: /, /boot and the swaping partition. I'd like to create, at least, partitions for /tmp and /var. Would there be any problems if I try to create those new partitions through SSH?? Thanks.

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• Why can't I create a Windows backup on my secondary disk?

  - by Brian Sullivan

  I've installed Windows 7 Ultimate on an SSD that I've added to the XPS desktop that I bought from Dell. I would like to use the built-in backup functionality to create incremental backups and store them on the large drive that came with the machine. I formatted the large drive and turned it into a Basic disk. However, when I try to set the backup location to the large internal disk (E:\) in the "Set up backup" wizard, a get a message saying, "A system image cannot be saved on a drive that your computer boots from or that Windows is installed on." Windows is not installed on that disk. I even deleted the OEM partition that was on the disk, and removed it completely from the boot order in the BIOS. Any clue why Windows is griping at me about this?

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• Bad performance with Linux software RAID5 and LUKS encryption

  - by Philipp Wendler

  I have set up a Linux software RAID5 on three hard drives and want to encrypt it with cryptsetup/LUKS. My tests showed that the encryption leads to a massive performance decrease that I cannot explain. The RAID5 is able to write 187 MB/s [1] without encryption. With encryption on top of it, write speed is down to about 40 MB/s. The RAID has a chunk size of 512K and a write intent bitmap. I used -c aes-xts-plain -s 512 --align-payload=2048 as the parameters for cryptsetup luksFormat, so the payload should be aligned to 2048 blocks of 512 bytes (i.e., 1MB). cryptsetup luksDump shows a payload offset of 4096. So I think the alignment is correct and fits to the RAID chunk size. The CPU is not the bottleneck, as it has hardware support for AES (aesni_intel). If I write on another drive (an SSD with LVM) that is also encrypted, I do have a write speed of 150 MB/s. top shows that the CPU usage is indeed very low, only the RAID5 xor takes 14%. I also tried putting a filesystem (ext4) directly on the unencrypted RAID so see if the layering is problem. The filesystem decreases the performance a little bit as expected, but by far not that much (write speed varying, but 100 MB/s). Summary: Disks + RAID5: good Disks + RAID5 + ext4: good Disks + RAID5 + encryption: bad SSD + encryption + LVM + ext4: good The read performance is not affected by the encryption, it is 207 MB/s without and 205 MB/s with encryption (also showing that CPU power is not the problem). What can I do to improve the write performance of the encrypted RAID? [1] All speed measurements were done with several runs of dd if=/dev/zero of=DEV bs=100M count=100 (i.e., writing 10G in blocks of 100M). Edit: If this helps: I'm using Ubuntu 11.04 64bit with Linux 2.6.38. Edit2: The performance stays approximately the same if I pass a block size of 4KB, 1MB or 10MB to dd.

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• What is the best drive cleaner?

  - by allindal

  What is the best drive "cleaner" application, an application that deletes roaming, temp. and different useless caches. Something similar to CCleaner, but more powerful. I need it to delete more than the basic stuff. Like duplications of complex files or redundancies, (example... for every game there's the DirectX suite) without deleting program essential files, obviously. I know most of this has to do with my selection of these programs, but I haven't seen anything that lets me select types of files to delete, not just specific files.

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• Can someone implement LVM on an existing single-hard disk system ?

  - by jfmessier

  I am using SuSE Linux (10) and I am considering expanding the available disk, without resizing an existing partition (which is not easy to do on a VM). Instead, I want to create another virtual disk, and add it in a new LVM volume, which would include the existing disk, and this new one, in a seamless single mount point. We are using VMware vServer 4, under Lab Manager and Virtual Centre. Does SuSE support LVM in version 10 ? Thanks :-)

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• Can someone implement LVM on an existing single-hard disk system ?

  - by jfmessier

  I am using SuSE Linux (10) and I am considering expanding the available disk, without resizing an existing partition (which is not easy to do on a VM). Instead, I want to create another virtual disk, and add it in a new LVM volume, which would include the existing disk, and this new one, in a seamless single mount point. We are using VMware vServer 4, under Lab Manager and Virtual Centre. Does SuSE support LVM in version 10 ? Thanks :-)

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• Recommended drive encryption solution

  - by Chris Driver

  Hello, I will soon be purchasing a number of laptops running Windows 7 for our mobile staff. Due to the nature of our business I will need drive encryption. Windows BitLocker seems the obvious choice, but it looks like I need to purchase either Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate editions to get it. Can anyone offer suggestions on the best course of action: a) Use BitLocker, bite the bullet and pay to upgrade to Enterprise/Ultimate b) Pay for another 3rd party drive encryption product that is cheaper (suggestions appreciated) c) Use a free drive encryption product such as TrueCrypt Ideally I am also interested in 'real world' experience from people who are using drive encryption software and any pitfalls to look out for. Many thanks in advance... UPDATE Decided to go with TrueCrypt for the following reasons: a) The product has a good track record b) I am not managing a large quantity of laptops so integration with Active Directory, Management consoles etc is not a huge benefit c) Although eks did make a good point about Evil Maid (EM) attacks, our data is not that desirable to consider it a major factor d) The cost (free) is a big plus but not the primary motivator The next problem I face is imaging (Acronis/Ghost/..) encrypted drives will not work unless I perform sector-by-sector imaging. That means an 80Gb encrypted partition creates an 80Gb image file :(

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• Removing orphan vmware images

  - by Brad Bruce

  I am trying to remove some VMWare images that were created by a machine that is no longer available. We do not plan to use VMWare and would like to clear up the space. I get a message Cannot delete [filename]... for all of the files in these directories. Can anyone tell me how to delete them (short of reformatting)? Thanks

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• Is it possible to FORMAT an external hard disk that has been encrypted using Storagecrypt?

  - by Pandian John

  Basically the big problem is that about 680 GB of data from my Seagate 2 TB Ext HD is lost because I was experimenting with a software called storagecrypt. I used it a few months ago and today I tried it again but i didn't know that the old password is already set in the hard disk when I pressed the encrypt button. I forgot the password which is disappointing. Not to mention that software uses 128 bit AES encryption so there is no way iam going to recover that data. My question is that is it possible to Format my Hard disk which has been encrypted? What i mean is that is it possible to completely wipe the data just like it is newly bought so that I can use my External Hard disk?( I tried to format by right click-- Format. But the size of the disk is shown as 1 MB. Answers would be very much appreciated. Thanks.

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• Why doesn't Windows XP show "Total Size" and "Free Space" for USB flash disks?

  - by Mehper C. Palavuzlar

  When I double click on My Computer, I can immediately see the Total size and Free space for internal and external HDDs, and inserted CD/DVD media, but in the same columns I cannot see these values for any USB flash drives. They are just empty. To see, I have to right click on USB drive letter, and select Properties. Is there a trick to make Windows XP display USB drive's Total size and Free space in My Computer window?

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• How do you passthrough native SATA drives to a guest on ESXi?

  - by John

  I have ESXi 4.0 running on an Intel DX58S0 Mothboardboard with an Intel Core i7 930 processor. VT-d is also enabled. I have three drives in the system, drive 0 is used for ESXi. Drive 1 and 2 contain data from an older machine and show up under the "Storage Adapters" section in configuration. I would like to allow a guest machine to access the data on these drives (as nativly as possible). I have enabled passthrough of the motherboard's built in SATA controller (Intel/Marvell 88SE6121 ). This controller shows up in my guest OS, but the guest shows no drives aside from the normal virtual drive. I have tried a Linux guest and Windows7. I have also configured the host machine to try IDE/RAID/ACHI modes for the SATA controller. Any ideas how I can configure one of my guests to get at the raw data on these drives?

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• Find largest directories/files recursively

  - by Robert Munteanu

  I'm looking for a script/program which will display the top x largest directories/files and then descend into those folders and display the x largest directories/files for a configurable depth. 231MB bin - 220MB ls - 190MB dir - 15MB def - 3MB lpr - 10MB asd - 1MB link How can I do that?

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• How can I detect hard drive failures?

  - by Francis

  I am in charge of a large number of Windows servers. Recently, many have been reporting hard drive errors with event codes 11 and 55. CHKDSK indicates that the drives are fine most of the time. What other diagnostic tools could I use to more accurately detect hard drive failures? Could these Windows events be false positives? I have already evaluated S.M.A.R.T., and it seems to have significant sensitivity and specificity issues.

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• Can't find partition tab in disk utility osX ver. 10.6.8

  - by John W

  I just got a used Mac Book Pro. I created a new admin account and deleted the old one as well as one other user. This is an older late 2007 MBP... the osX upgrade to 10.6.8 was just performed. My Macintosh HD is showing up as Partition 2. I ran disk utility (not from install disk), but there was no partition tab. I have a 160GB drive with only 53GB of space left on it. Since I am the only user and have no files on the laptop yet, I don't understand why there is so little space left. Surely the OS can't use up over 100GB. I wanted to run disk utility to see if there were any recovery partitions or other partition left over from the previous owner that could be erased to make room for expanding the main partition. Unfortunately, there is no partition tab in disk utility. The documentation I have found on line states that this version of osX includes that utility. The osX disks I have are for an older version so I wasn't sure if they would be of any use in solving this problem. Also, I was afraid if using the disks, would I lose the little bit of data/apps that I have assembled. I would rather not do a fresh install and have to do all the updates again to achieve this. The previous owner had some apps that I don't want to lose as I would have to pay handsomely to get them back. Simply, if all the previous users data is backed up on here after deleting user is still taking up space on a recovery partition (that I can't see)... I need to locate it erase it and expand the primary partition to re-aquire disk space for my files. I am new to Mac, so please be as descriptive as possible. Thanks.

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• Dead-simple USB-based Windows partition cloner?

  - by OverTheRainbow

  Clonezilla is a fine open-source tool, but it requires going through several screens. Since I need to save/restore the same Windows partition, I was wondering if someone knew of a tool (open-source or not) that is easier to use and boots off a USB keydrive. Ideally, it'll save the two commands to save/restore a partition, so I just need to boot the host from the USB key, choose the command, and it'll take care of business. Are there solutions that look like this? Thank you. Edit: Here's one among other articles that shows how to tell CZ to run a script to avoid the multiple screens.

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• Can't start Windows 7 after cloning HDD

  - by Paul

  Brief description: cloned HDD1 - HDD2 HDD1 partition 1 boots HDD1 partition 2 boots HDD2 partition 1 boots HDD2 partition 2 doesn't boot Windows, but is bootable in general Now verbosely: In all the cases computer is the same. I have two Windows 7 installations on HDD1 - both are booting fine. I choose between them using standard Windows 7 boot loader menu. Technically there are 4 partitions: 100 MB Boot loader partition (active), Windows 7 copy 1 (25 GB), Windows 7 copy 2 (150 GB) and Working partition. All are primary. In past few days I tried to clone the whole HDD1 to HDD2 of the same size (but 2,5 inch form factor) as is using Minitool Partition wizard. Everything has been copied, all files are accessible, no faults in file system structure, even boot loader wasn't damaged and I hadn't to repair it. But I can boot only first installation of Windows 7 (it boots without issues). When I choose the second installation, I get immediately a completely black screen without any texts, cursors and other data. HDD isn't accessed after that. This black screen is sensitive to Ctrl-Alt-Delete which causes computer reboot. I did some experimenting: Installed Windows 7 to that partition - it booted fine. Then I renamed "Windows" to "Windows.old" and copied Windows directory from HDD1 as it was, using Far Manager, and got the same troubles - black screen. (Of course I performed renaming and copying from other copy of Windows). So, it seems that problems are inside this installation of Windows, somewhere in its files.

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• How to resize a ubuntu partition to make more room for windows

  - by Jeremy

  My laptop has Windows 7 and Ubuntu 13.10 installed alongside each other. My laptop has two 225GB hard drives. I give Ubuntu 133.65GB and I give Windows 87.76GB on the same hard drive (C). My problem now is that Windows is almost out of space but Ubuntu is only using a few GB of the 133.65GB that I gave it. I want to reduce Ubuntu's partition size and give that space to increase Windows partition size. Is that any program that can to do this?

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• DOS application to allow remote management of files over serial link

  - by tomlogic

  Harken back to the days of DOS. I have an embedded DOS handheld device, and I'm looking for a tool to manage the files stored on it. I picture an application I can launch on the device that opens COM1 up for commands to get a directory listing, send/receive files via x/y/zmodem, move/delete files, and create/move/delete directories. A Windows application can then download a recursive file listing and then manage those files (for example, synchronizing with a local directory). Keep in mind that this is DOS -- 8.3 filenames, 640K of RAM and a 19200bps serial link (yuk!). I'd prefer something with source in case we need to add additional features (for example, the ability to get a checksum of a file for change detection). Now that I've written this description, I realize I'm asking for something like LapLink or pcAnywhere. Norton no longer sells DOS versions of pcAnywhere and LapLink V for DOS seems pricy at $50. Are you aware of any similar apps from those good old days?

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• Need to reformat SQL Cluster Disk. How do I recover my SQL installation?

  - by I.T. Support

  We need to reformat the SQL cluster disk in our SQL cluster. The drive contains the shared installation files for SQL as well as databases. My concern is how SQL/The Cluster will react to after we wipe the disk resource. Questions: Is there a defined procedure for this? How should we backup and restore the disk? After the reformat, how do we get the clustered SQL server back online? Thanks

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• Encrypted partitions with redundancy on ubuntu server

  - by Flamewires

  Hey I have to make a file system with an encrypted partition with on ubuntu server. something like Unencrypted: / - 10 GB /home - 10GB /var - 5GB -------------- Encrypted: /opt - 50GB This I can figure out in the setup, just partition as normal, setup /tmp as a encrypted volume with dm-crypt. However im not sure how to mirror this entire drive, so that if either failed i could still boot. and how will that affect the encrypted partition. Any help would be appreciated.

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• Have I created the recovery disk from recovery partition correctly?

  - by Tim

  I was creating recovery disk from recovery partition on my Lenovo T400 with Windows 7. 6.5 GB of the recovery partition has been occupied. But in the process, I created three DVDs. I might remember wrong, but the first two DVDs were called by the wizard as disk 1, and the third one was called disk 2. The first one has been written 0.22 GB only. Following is the content of the DVD (right click the image and select view the image in a bigger size): The second one has been written 3.97 GB as follows: The third one has been written 2.44 GB as follows: I am allowed only one time to create recovery disk. So I cannot try again. So I was wondering if I missed something? How is the creation process supposed to be like? Thanks and regards!

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