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• Do I have to deliver my utility and helper code to clients?

  - by deviDave

  Over the years I've created a bunch of Java utility and helper libraries which I just attach to new projects. Then, when I deliver code to my clients, I send all the code except for the libraries themselves (not JARs but source code files). A client complained that he could not compile the project as some libraries were missing. I tried explaining him about my own libraries, but he was not satisfied. How do you handle such situations? I am still apporting changes to these libraries often and I cannot compile JARs each time I start working on some new project. How to overcome this issue - not to share private libraries (personal intellectual property) and have happy clients?

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• Why is my dual-boot Ubuntu partition showing up as a peripheral "root.disk"?

  - by Don

  I recently installed Ubuntu 12.04, which I had been booting from a usb key, as a dual-boot on my machine running Windows 7. From what I had read online while researching, I was prepared to have to shrink the Windows partition and all that. But I never had to - it really was just a few clicks here and there and it was installed. I'm still pretty confused about it, but whatever, it worked, and the two peacefully coexist on my machine, and I have broken things to fix before I worry about fixing unbroken things. So yesterday I got it in my head to look at my partitions (I was considering making an all new partition to install the Windows 8 Release Preview). What I saw confused me. Here's a screenshot of the disk utility. At this moment, there is nothing connected to my computer, and nothing in any of the optical drives/ports/card readers/etc. Can you help me figure out what's going on here? Don's Machine is, I believe, my Windows partition - that's the name I assigned my machine from Windows Explorer. PQSERVICE is from what I can find online also Windows, but having to do with backup. And SYSTEM REQUIRED, if I browse it in Ubuntu, is definitely something to do with booting, and I believe it is also Windows'. According to the sizes shown, those three together should use up my 500 GB HD. Then further down, as a "peripheral device", it lists that 31 GB disk. This is obviously my Ubuntu (Model:Linux Loop:root.disk), but why is it showing up as a peripheral? So, to sum up those questions and to add some more random ones I had: Why is Ubuntu showing up as a peripheral device? If the Windows sections take up all 500 GB, where does Ubuntu live? If I renamed the disk partitions, would my life become a nightmare (seriously - can I safely rename them)? Why didn't I have to resize the Windows partition in the first place? Would giving Ubuntu more space improve its performance (it hangs alot)? Is it possible to have a partition for each OS (Windows 7 & 8, Ubuntu), a partition for files, and a separate partition for backups? Is this towards the good or bad idea end of the spectrum? @Elfy, would that explain why it keeps hanging? I guess I'll backup my files, rip it out, and reinstall it correctly later on today.

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• What utility is like Ten Clips, providing an enumerated clipboard?

  - by Aaron Newton

  A very useful (Windows) utility I use is TenClips - http://www.paludour.net/TenClips.html It allows you to create enumerated clipboards/emacs-like buffers easily using ctrl + f1, ctrl + f2, ctrl + f3, etc., copy to the clipboard in the first buffer, switch to the second buffer, copy without loosing our first buffer, switch back to the first buffer and paste, switch to the second buffer and paste and so forth. Does something like this exist for Ubuntu? The closest post I could find was Looking for an application that saves clipboard history which recommended Parcellite (http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/?page_id=2) - which keeps the history - but this is not quite what I'm after. If not I might make this a pet project :D

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• How many disk should I use to meed the capacity and IOPS need?

  - by facebook-100005613813158

  An application needs 1.6 TB of storage capacity and performs 1000 IOPS. How many disks are required to meet the application requirement and offer acceptable response time? The disk specifications are as follows: - Drive capacity = 100 GB - 15K RPM - Each disk can perform 50 IOPS 4 candidate , 10,12,16,20, which one is the most likely answer? in my opinion,16 disks can only meet the capacity need ,but cannot meet the IOPS need, so ,the right answer should be 20 disks?right?

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• How can i turn a virtualbox disk partion to be my main boot system? (read description)

  - by user75975

  I recently had windows xp installed on my pc and chose to try ubuntu but i did a full install with ubuntu. I luckily chose to create a backup windows iso before the install and now want to reinstall windows but i couldnt find a sufficient program to mount the iso to my cd disk. My question is how can i burn the disk using VirtualBox or even how can i transform a virtual box partion to my main OS system?? thx in advance

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• To clone or to automate a system installation?

  - by Shtééf

  Let's say you're setting up a cluster of servers performing the same task. Or say you're just setting up a bunch of different servers, but you expect to use a base configuration on all of your servers. Would it be better practice to create a base image and clone it, or to automate the installation and configuration? I occasionally end up in this argument with my boss, in situations where we're time-pressed. When he sees me struggle with perfecting the automation, his suggestion is often to clone the entire disk to the other machines. But my instinct has always been to avoid cloning. This is mostly from an Ubuntu perspective, but the question is fairly general. My reasons for avoiding cloning are: On a typical install, even if it's fresh, there are already several unique identifiers installed: filesystem UUIDs, SSH host keys, among others. These would have to be regenerated. Network needs to be reconfigured for each clone. This would need to be done off-line, of course, or the settings will conflict with other machines on the network. On the other hand, some of the cloning advantages are quite clear as well: (Initially?) less effort required than automating configuration. Tools exist to quickly address (some) of the above disadvantages. (I can see right through my own bias there.)

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• Variable size encrypted container

  - by Cray

  Is there an application similar to TrueCrypt, but the one that can make variable size containers opposed to fixed-size or only-growing-to-certain-amount containers which can be made by TrueCrypt? I want this container to be able to be mounted to a drive/folder, and the size of the outer container not be much different from the total size of all the files that I put into the mounted folder, while still providing strong encryption. If to put it in other words, I want a program like truecrypt, which not only automatically grows the container if I put in new files, but also decreases it's size if some files are deleted. I know there are some issues of course, and it would not work 100% as truecrypt, because it basically works on the sector level of the disk, giving all the filesystem-control to the OS, and so when I remove a file, it might as well be left there, or there might be some fragmentation issues that would stop just truncating the volume from working, but perhaps a program can be built in some other way? Instead of providing sector-level interface, it would provide filesystem-level interface? A filesystem inside a file which would support shrinking when files are deleted?

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• Ubuntu raid 1 write errors

  - by Micah

  I have an Ubuntu server set up with two SATA drives in a RAID 1 configuration with MDADM. The machine is used to record raw video, which involves a lot of writing to the disk. Sometimes during video recording the computer will crash, will the following errors in kern.log: Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629864] ata2.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x400100 action 0x6 Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629870] ata2.00: BMDMA stat 0x26 Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629875] ata2.00: SError: { UnrecovData Handshk } Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629880] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE DMA EXT Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629889] ata2.00: cmd 35/00:00:28:6d:f6/00:04:06:00:00/e0 tag 0 dma 524288 out Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629891] res 51/84:b1:77:6e:f6/84:02:06:00:00/e0 Emask 0x30 (host bus error) Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629896] ata2.00: status: { DRDY ERR } Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629899] ata2.00: error: { ICRC ABRT } Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.629910] ata2.00: hard resetting link Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414501.973009] ata2.01: hard resetting link Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414502.482642] ata2.00: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300) Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414502.482658] ata2.01: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300) Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414502.546160] ata2.00: configured for UDMA/133 Mar 15 10:39:41 video kernel: [414502.546203] ata2: EH complete Is this the result of faulty drives? Is software RAID just not performant enough for data rates ~15 MB/s, even with a quad-core i7? Thanks for your help. Edit: cat /proc/mdstat returns this: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 976760768 blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none>

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• Very slow write performance on Debian 6.0 (AMD64) with DMCRYPT/LVM/RAID1

  - by jdelic

  I'm seeing very strange performance characteristics on one of my servers. This server is running a simple two-disk software-RAID1 setup with LVM spanning /dev/md0. One of the logical volumes /dev/vg0/secure is encrypted using dmcrypt with LUKS and mounted with the sync and noatimes flag. Writing to that volume is incredibly slow at 1.8 MB/s and the CPU usage stays near 0%. There are 8 crpyto/1-8 processes running (it's a Intel Quadcore CPU). I hope that someone on serverfault has seen this before :-(. uname -a 2.6.32-5-xen-amd64 #1 SMP Tue Mar 8 00:01:30 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux Interestingly, when I read from the device I get good performance numbers: reading without encryption: $ dd if=/dev/vg0/secure of=/dev/null bs=64k count=100000 100000+0 records in 100000+0 records out 6553600000 bytes (6.6 GB) copied, 68.8951 s, 95.1 MB/s reading with encryption: $ dd if=/dev/mapper/secure of=/dev/null bs=64k count=100000 100000+0 records in 100000+0 records out 6553600000 bytes (6.6 GB) copied, 69.7116 s, 94.0 MB/s However, when I try to write to the device: $ dd if=/dev/zero of=./test bs=64k 8809+0 records in 8809+0 records out 577306624 bytes (577 MB) copied, 321.861 s, 1.8 MB/s Also, when I read I see CPU usage, when I write, the CPU stays at almost 0% usage. Here is output of cryptsetup luksDump: LUKS header information for /dev/vg0/secure Version: 1 Cipher name: aes Cipher mode: cbc-essiv:sha256 Hash spec: sha1 Payload offset: 2056 MK bits: 256 MK digest: dd 62 b9 a5 bf 6c ec 23 36 22 92 4c 39 f8 d6 5d c1 3a b7 37 MK salt: cc 2e b3 d9 fb e3 86 a1 bb ab eb 9d 65 df b3 dd d9 6b f4 49 de 8f 85 7d 3b 1c 90 83 5d b2 87 e2 MK iterations: 44500 UUID: a7c9af61-d9f0-4d3f-b422-dddf16250c33 Key Slot 0: ENABLED Iterations: 178282 Salt: 60 24 cb be 5c 51 9f b4 85 64 3d f8 07 22 54 d4 1a 5f 4c bc 4b 82 76 48 d8 a2 d2 6a ee 13 d7 5d Key material offset: 8 AF stripes: 4000 Key Slot 1: DISABLED Key Slot 2: DISABLED Key Slot 3: DISABLED Key Slot 4: DISABLED Key Slot 5: DISABLED Key Slot 6: DISABLED Key Slot 7: DISABLED

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• Raid-5 Performance per spindle scaling

  - by Bill N.

  So I am stuck in a corner, I have a storage project that is limited to 24 spindles, and requires heavy random Write (the corresponding read side is purely sequential). Needs every bit of space on my Drives, ~13TB total in a n-1 raid-5, and has to go fast, over 2GB/s sort of fast. The obvious answer is to use a Stripe/Concat (Raid-0/1), or better yet a raid-10 in place of the raid-5, but that is disallowed for reasons beyond my control. So I am here asking for help in getting a sub optimal configuration to be as good as it can be. The array built on direct attached SAS-2 10K rpm drives, backed by a ARECA 18xx series controller with 4GB of cache. 64k array stripes and an 4K stripe aligned XFS File system, with 24 Allocation groups (to avoid some of the penalty for being raid 5). The heart of my question is this: In the same setup with 6 spindles/AG's I see a near disk limited performance on the write, ~100MB/s per spindle, at 12 spindles I see that drop to ~80MB/s and at 24 ~60MB/s. I would expect that with a distributed parity and matched AG's, the performance should scale with the # of spindles, or be worse at small spindle counts, but this array is doing the opposite. What am I missing ? Should Raid-5 performance scale with # of spindles ? Many thanks for your answers and any ideas, input, or guidance. --Bill Edit: Improving RAID performance The other relevant thread I was able to find, discusses some of the same issues in the answers, though it still leaves me with out an answer on the performance scaling.

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• Mod disk_cache permanent caching images and disabling reacurring header updates

  - by user135532

  I am trying to get mod disk_cache to permantly cache images retrieved from an image server on the webserver using ProxyPass. While the image is being retrieved correctly from the server and is served from the cache on further requests, then I am still having the webserver call the image server and causing the cached header to be updated. Because of load concerns then I need to never call the image server on a specific url again after it has been cached once, or extend the refresh time for as long as possible. The webserver is IHS 7.0 The mod's are mod_disk_cache.so, mod_cache.so, mod_proxy.so Version 2.2.8.0 Following is from my httpd.conf: ProxyPass /webserver/media/images/ http://imageserver.com/ws/media/images/ # Caching pictures <IfModule mod_cache.c> <IfModule mod_disk_cache.c> CacheDefaultExpire 2628000 #CacheDisable CacheEnable disk /webserver/media/images/ CacheIgnoreCacheControl On CacheIgnoreHeaders Cookie Referer User-Agent X-Forwarded-For X-Forwarded-Host X-Forwarded-Server Accept-Language Accept Host CacheIgnoreNoLastMod On CacheIgnoreQueryString Off #CacheIgnoreURLSessionIdentifiers CacheLastModifiedFactor 10000000.1 #CacheLock on #CacheLockMaxAge 5 #CacheLockPath CacheMaxExpire 1576800 CacheStoreNoStore On CacheStorePrivate On CacheDirLength 2 CacheDirLevels 3 CacheMaxFileSize 1000000 CacheMinFileSize 1 CacheRoot c:/cacheroot2 </IfModule> </IfModule>

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• Why does hiberfil.sys come back from the dead on Windows 7?

  - by Corey White

  I have Windows 7 running on a small (40GB) partition, with 4GB ram. This means that the hiberfil.sys file created by Hibernate takes up a significant portion of the available diskspace. I would like to remove it. I am aware that I can disable Hibernate and remove hiberfil.sys by entering powercfg -h off in an elevated command prompt. This works -- the file is immediately removed, and after doing so, the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Power\HibernateEnabled key is (correctly) set to 0. However, the next time I reboot the PC, hiberfil.sys returns from the dead, Hibernate is reenabled, and that registry key has returned to 1. I'm pretty much at my wits' end with this. Almost everything I can find online related to removing the hiberfil.sys file simply suggests using powercfg to turn off hibernation, and that appears to work for just about everyone. But it just keeps coming back for me! (Like a vampire, sucking up my disk space.) I did find one other thread from someone who seems to have had the same issue, but none of the suggestions there worked for the original poster (or for me). Still, I have tried everything listed there, including: Disabling hybrid sleep Disabling Hibernate through the command prompt, through the Power Options GUI, and through both (in both orders) Manually changing the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Power\HibernateEnabled key Pretty much everything else I can think of! I do want to reiterate that I have no problem removing the file -- that works great. It just comes back after every reboot. I'm about ready to throw in the towel and just run a script on login to disable Hibernate each time, even though that seems like a crazily hacky "solution" . . . but I was hoping someone here could suggest something else, first. Thanks!

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• Slow filesystem access

  - by danneh3826

  I'm trying to diagnose a slow filesystem issue on a server I look after. It's been ongoing for quite some time, and I've run out of ideas as to what I can try. Here's the thick of it. The server itself is a Dell Poweredge T310. It has 4 SAS hard drives in it, configured at RAID5, and is running Citrix XenServer 5.6. The VM is a (relatively) old Debian 5.0.6 installation. It's given 4 cores, and 4Gb's of RAM. It has 3 volumes. A 10Gb volume (ext3) for the system, 980Gb volume (xfs) for data (~94% full), and another 200Gb volume (xfs) for data (~13% full). Now here's the weird thing. Read/write access to the 980Gb volume is really slow. I might get 5Mb/s out of it if I'm lucky. At first I figured it was actually disk access in the system, or at a hypervisor level, but ruled that out entirely as other VMs on the same host are running perfectly fine (a good couple hundred Mb/s disk r/w access). So then I started to target this particular VM. I started thinking it was XFS, but to prove it I wasn't going to attempt to change the filesystem on the 980Gb drive, with years and years of billions of files on there. So I provisioned the 200Gb drive, and did the same read/write test (basically dd), and got a good couple hundred Mb/s r/w access to it. So that ruled out the VM, the hardware, and the filesystem type. There's also a lot of these in /var/log/kern.log; (sorry, this is quite long) Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564689] httpd: page allocation failure. order:5, mode:0x4020 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564693] Pid: 7318, comm: httpd Not tainted 2.6.32-4-686-bigmem #1 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564696] Call Trace: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564705] [<c1092a4d>] ? __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x476/0x4e0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564711] [<c1092ac3>] ? __get_free_pages+0xc/0x17 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564716] [<c10b632e>] ? __kmalloc+0x30/0x128 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564722] [<c11dd774>] ? pskb_expand_head+0x4f/0x157 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564727] [<c11ddbbf>] ? __pskb_pull_tail+0x41/0x1fb Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564732] [<c11e4882>] ? dev_queue_xmit+0xe4/0x38e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564738] [<c1205902>] ? ip_finish_output+0x0/0x5c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564742] [<c12058c7>] ? ip_finish_output2+0x187/0x1c2 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564747] [<c1204dc8>] ? ip_local_out+0x15/0x17 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564751] [<c12055a9>] ? ip_queue_xmit+0x31e/0x379 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564758] [<c1279a90>] ? _spin_lock_bh+0x8/0x1e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564767] [<eda15a8d>] ? __nf_ct_refresh_acct+0x66/0xa4 [nf_conntrack] Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564773] [<c103bf42>] ? _local_bh_enable_ip+0x16/0x6e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564779] [<c1214593>] ? tcp_transmit_skb+0x595/0x5cc Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564785] [<c1005c4f>] ? xen_restore_fl_direct_end+0x0/0x1 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564791] [<c12165ea>] ? tcp_write_xmit+0x7a3/0x874 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564796] [<c121203a>] ? tcp_ack+0x1611/0x1802 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564801] [<c10055ec>] ? xen_force_evtchn_callback+0xc/0x10 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564806] [<c121392f>] ? tcp_established_options+0x1d/0x8b Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564811] [<c1213be4>] ? tcp_current_mss+0x38/0x53 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564816] [<c1216701>] ? __tcp_push_pending_frames+0x1e/0x50 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564821] [<c1212246>] ? tcp_data_snd_check+0x1b/0xd2 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564825] [<c1212de3>] ? tcp_rcv_established+0x5d0/0x626 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564831] [<c121902c>] ? tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x15f/0x2cf Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564835] [<c1219561>] ? tcp_v4_rcv+0x3c5/0x5c0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564841] [<c120197e>] ? ip_local_deliver_finish+0x10c/0x18c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564846] [<c12015a4>] ? ip_rcv_finish+0x2c4/0x2d8 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564852] [<c11e3b71>] ? netif_receive_skb+0x3bb/0x3d6 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564864] [<ed823efc>] ? xennet_poll+0x9b8/0xafc [xen_netfront] Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564869] [<c11e40ee>] ? net_rx_action+0x96/0x194 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564874] [<c103bd4c>] ? __do_softirq+0xaa/0x151 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564878] [<c103be24>] ? do_softirq+0x31/0x3c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564883] [<c103befa>] ? irq_exit+0x26/0x58 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564890] [<c118ff9f>] ? xen_evtchn_do_upcall+0x12c/0x13e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564896] [<c1008c3f>] ? xen_do_upcall+0x7/0xc Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564899] Mem-Info: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564902] DMA per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564905] CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564908] CPU 1: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564911] CPU 2: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564914] CPU 3: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564916] Normal per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564919] CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 175 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564922] CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 165 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564925] CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 30 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564928] CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 140 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564931] HighMem per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564933] CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 159 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564936] CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 22 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564939] CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 24 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564942] CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 13 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564947] active_anon:485974 inactive_anon:121138 isolated_anon:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564948] active_file:75215 inactive_file:79510 isolated_file:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564949] unevictable:0 dirty:516 writeback:15 unstable:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564950] free:230770 slab_reclaimable:36661 slab_unreclaimable:21249 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564952] mapped:20016 shmem:29450 pagetables:5600 bounce:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564958] DMA free:2884kB min:72kB low:88kB high:108kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:5692kB inactive_file:724kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:15872kB mlocked:0kB dirty:8kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:5112kB slab_unreclaimable:156kB kernel_stack:56kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564964] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 698 4143 4143 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564977] Normal free:143468kB min:3344kB low:4180kB high:5016kB active_anon:56kB inactive_anon:2068kB active_file:131812kB inactive_file:131728kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:715256kB mlocked:0kB dirty:156kB writeback:0kB mapped:308kB shmem:4kB slab_reclaimable:141532kB slab_unreclaimable:84840kB kernel_stack:1928kB pagetables:22400kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564983] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 27559 27559 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564995] HighMem free:776728kB min:512kB low:4636kB high:8760kB active_anon:1943840kB inactive_anon:482484kB active_file:163356kB inactive_file:185588kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:3527556kB mlocked:0kB dirty:1900kB writeback:60kB mapped:79756kB shmem:117796kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565001] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565011] DMA: 385*4kB 16*8kB 3*16kB 9*32kB 6*64kB 2*128kB 1*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 2900kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565032] Normal: 21505*4kB 6508*8kB 273*16kB 24*32kB 3*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 143412kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565054] HighMem: 949*4kB 8859*8kB 7063*16kB 6186*32kB 4631*64kB 727*128kB 6*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 776604kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565076] 198980 total pagecache pages Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565079] 14850 pages in swap cache Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565082] Swap cache stats: add 2556273, delete 2541423, find 82961339/83153719 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565085] Free swap = 250592kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565087] Total swap = 385520kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575454] 1073152 pages RAM Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575458] 888834 pages HighMem Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575461] 11344 pages reserved Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575463] 1090481 pages shared Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575465] 737188 pages non-shared Now, I've no idea what this means. There's plenty of free memory; total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 4247232 3455904 791328 0 5348 736412 -/+ buffers/cache: 2714144 1533088 Swap: 385520 131004 254516 Though now I see the swap is relatively low in size, but would that matter? I've been starting to think about fragmentation, or inode usage on that large partition, but a recent fsck on it showed is as only like 0.5% fragmented. Which leaves me with inode usage, but how much of an effect really would a large inode table or filesystem TOC have? I've love to hear people's opinions on this. It's driving me potty! df -h output; Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 9.5G 6.6G 2.4G 74% / tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 10M 520K 9.5M 6% /dev tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev/shm /dev/xvdb 980G 921G 59G 94% /data

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• Missing drive space in Server 2003

  - by Tim Brigham

  I have two drives used for SQL backups which for the last week have been acting strange - the free space indicated by windows is far off from what windirstat, etc indicates. There should only be about 60 GB of drive space used and there is about 160. This would match the utilization if the two last backup files were still residing on disk. SQL server is 2000, OS Server 2003 x64. Running on a VMware 5.0 cluster. OSSEC and McAfee for this system shows clean. My current plan is to temporarily attach one of these drives this drive to another VM for analysis. Is there anything more I should be looking at? There were a lot of pages on the net when I was looking for documentation on this issue but I haven't found this case described. EDIT: Unfortunately even a full reboot did not clear this behavior. I also used process explorer to look for open file handles. No dice.

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• Linux RAID: Replacing Failed Drive...permanantly

  - by user137519

  Okay, odd question here. I have a server with RAID 5. A drive failed, in a really physically in a really odd way. On the machine it boots and is seen by the BIOS but...no partition can be seen on the drive consistantly (in and out). 2 out of 3 drives working...I made new spare disk and added it, RAID 5 rebuilt clean. All appears well but...when I reboot it keeps trying to use the 2nd drive which doesn't give any partition data, so of course the RAID 5 gets 2 out of 3...again. The status of my drive is as follows: /dev/sda2:Good /dev/sdb2 (drive has physical problem so no partition data) bad, /dev/sdc2:good /dev/sdd2:good. Every time I reboot the mdadm system seems to keep trying to use /dev/sdb which has physical failure (although spins and is detected). /dev/sdd is the new drive I created. I added /dev/sdd to the raid and it rebuilds the raid but this action isn't memorized upon reboot so it keeps listing /dev/sda and /dev/sdc but doesn't use the perfectly good /dev/sdd until I re-add manually. I've tried removing the dead drive with the mdadm tool, but as it cannot see /dev/sdb paritions it will not fail or remove it (says partition doesn't exist). the /etc/mdadm.conf was automatically made on the original OS install which only lists: DEVICE partitions MAILADDR root ARRAY /dev/md2 super-minor=2 ARRAY /dev/md0 super-minor=0 ARRAY /dev/md1 super-minor=1 Basically just the raids to use on boot. I need to remove this semi-dead drive (/dev/sdb) but I'd prefer to know why this is happening before I do. any ideas or suggestions. I supposed I could attempt to clone/replace /dev/sdb (the partitions on drive show up, then disappear shortly after) but given the partition "chester cat" behaviour this seems risky to me and as I have a working "spare" it seems unnecessary. Thanks in advance for your insight.

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• Best solution top keep data secure

  - by mrwooster

  What is the simplest and most elegant way of storing a small amount of data in a reasonably secure way? I am not looking for ridiculous levels of advanced encryption (AES-256 is more than enough) and I am only looking to encrypt a small number of files. The files I wish to encrypt are mostly comprised of password lists and SSH keys for servers. Unfortunately it is impossible to keep track of ever changing passwords for my servers (and SSH keys) and so need to keep a list of the passwords. Obviously this list needs to be secure, and also portable (I work from multiple locations). At the moment, I use a 10MB encrypted disk image on my mac (std .dmg AES-256) and just mount it whenever I need access to the data. To my knowledge this is very secure and I am very happy using it. However, the data is not very portable. I would like to be able to access my data from other machines (especially ones running linux), and I am aware that there are quite a few issues trying to mount an encrypted .dmg on linux. An alternative I have considered is to create a tar archive containing the files and use gpg --symmetric to encrypt it, but this is not a very elegant solution as it requires gpg to be installed on every system. So, what over solutions exist, and which ones would you consider to be the most elegant? Ty

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• FDE / SSD - partition and leave some unencrypted?

  - by Web Design Hero

  Just bought a used beast of a desktop pc. The system drive is setup as a Raid 0 SSD (Intel 510 SSD Drives) with 128 each. I will probably not have to many programs beyond office and maybe Adobe CS if I spring for it, I will be keeping big data on a regular hdd. My question is about setting up TrueCrypt with my configuration. I have not previously done full disk encryption, but I feel that its probably a good idea. I have done some speed tests using file containers on the hdd and the sdd with truecrypt. While there is a huge hit with the SSDs and Truecrypt, it still outperforms the hdd on its own by a good margin, so I think i will be okay for my needs with truecrypt. I have seen in a few places that they recommend partitioning the drive and leavign some of the SSD not inside truecrypt, does this really make a difference? If so, how much should I leave? Will there be any issue in the Raid0 configuration? I am not really concerned about all the wear leveling issue, rather loose data and be secure, but since I don't need all that space neccesarily, I would like to optimize my setup for security and speed.

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• How to access files on a USB-connected NTFS disk removed from a Win7 notebook?

  - by yosh m

  My daughter seems to have fried her motherboard in her Lenovo Notebook. The disk seems to be fine. I removed the disk and used a universal disk-to-USB kit to attach it to another computer. The disk is recognized fine and I can peruse it in Windows Explorer. The problem is that the files she would like to recover from it are located in places that Windows refuses to let me access. When I try, for example, to enter the directory "Documents and Settings" it gives me an "Access is denied" error. Same thing when I try to go into the various User directories and other locations. I thought to try creating a Ghost image & retrieve the files from that, but Ghost seems to croak when I try to run it - apparently it doesn't like accessing the disk via a USB connection (even though I've told it to install the drivers for USB). Any other ideas about how to get to the files I need, either through Windows or perhaps some other OS that I could boot from a CD that can read an NTFS disk? Thanks, Yosh

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• ??AMDU?????MOUNT?DISKGROUP???????

  - by Liu Maclean(???)

  AMDU?ORACLE??ASM??????????,????ASM Metadata Dump Utility(AMDU) AMDU??????????: 1. ?ASM DISK?????????????????2. ?ASM?????????????OS????,Diskgroup??mount??3. ????????,???C?????16????? ?????????AMDU??ASM DISKGROUP??????; ASM???????????????, ?????????????,?????????ASM????? ??DISKGROUP??MOUNT????????????????????????? AMDU???????, ????????ASM DISKGROUP ??MOUNT???????,???RDBMS?????ASM??????? ?? AMDU???11g??????,?????10g?ASM ???? ???????????, ORACLE DATABASE?SPFILE?CONTROLFILE?DATAFILE????ASM DISKGROUP?,?????ASM ORA-600??????MOUNT?DISKGROUP, ???????AMDU??????ASM DISK?????? ?? 1 ??? ??SPFILE?CONTROLFILE?DATAFILE ????: ???????SPFILE ,????SPFILE??PFILE???,?????????????control_files??? SQL> show parameter control_files NAME TYPE VALUE———————————— ———– ——————————control_files string +DATA/prodb/controlfile/current.260.794687955, +FRA/prodb/controlfile/current.256.794687955 ??control_files ?????ASM???????????,+DATA/prodb/controlfile/current.260.794687955 ?? 260????????+DATA ??DISKGROUP??FILE NUMBER ???????ASM DISK?DISCOVERY PATH??,??????ASM?SPFILE??asm_diskstring ???? [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ unzip amdu_X86-64.zipArchive: amdu_X86-64.zipinflating: libskgxp11.soinflating: amduinflating: libnnz11.soinflating: libclntsh.so.11.1 [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=./ [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ ./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract data.260amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/AMDU-00204: Disk N0006 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0006: ‘/dev/asm-disk10'AMDU-00204: Disk N0003 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0003: ‘/dev/asm-disk5'AMDU-00204: Disk N0002 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0002: ‘/dev/asm-disk6' [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ cd amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17]$ lsDATA_260.f report.txt[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17]$ ls -ltotal 9548-rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 9748480 Oct 10 20:19 DATA_260.f-rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 9441 Oct 10 20:19 report.txt ???????DATA_260.f ??????,?????????startup mount RDBMS??: SQL> alter system set control_files=’/opt/oracle.SupportTools/amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/DATA_260.f’ scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force mount;ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1870647296 bytesFixed Size 2229424 bytesVariable Size 452987728 bytesDatabase Buffers 1409286144 bytesRedo Buffers 6144000 bytesDatabase mounted. SQL> select name from v$datafile; NAME——————————————————————————–+DATA/prodb/datafile/system.256.794687873+DATA/prodb/datafile/sysaux.257.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/undotbs1.258.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/users.259.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/example.265.794687995+DATA/prodb/datafile/mactbs.267.794688457 6 rows selected. startup mount???,???v$datafile????????,????????DISKGROUP??FILE NUMBER ???./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract ???? ??????????? [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ ./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract data.256amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/AMDU-00204: Disk N0006 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0006: ‘/dev/asm-disk10'AMDU-00204: Disk N0003 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0003: ‘/dev/asm-disk5'AMDU-00204: Disk N0002 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0002: ‘/dev/asm-disk6' [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ cd amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21]$ lsDATA_256.f report.txt[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21]$ dbv file=DATA_256.f DBVERIFY: Release 11.2.0.3.0 – Production on Sat Oct 10 20:23:12 2009 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. DBVERIFY – Verification starting : FILE = /opt/oracle.SupportTools/amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/DATA_256.f DBVERIFY – Verification complete Total Pages Examined : 90880Total Pages Processed (Data) : 59817Total Pages Failing (Data) : 0Total Pages Processed (Index): 12609Total Pages Failing (Index): 0Total Pages Processed (Other): 3637Total Pages Processed (Seg) : 1Total Pages Failing (Seg) : 0Total Pages Empty : 14817Total Pages Marked Corrupt : 0Total Pages Influx : 0Total Pages Encrypted : 0Highest block SCN : 1125305 (0.1125305)

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• Bad motherboard / controller / HDs?

  - by quidpro

  On a leased server, I am running into some timing issues with an application that requires precise timing. Server is a Dual Xeon E5410 running on a Supermicro X7DVL-3 motherboard under CentOs 5.5 x64. The application I am running is timer sensitive and keeps sensing drift whether under load or at idle, but especially under load. I did some investigating with atop and dd and found some mind-blowing numbers. Mind you, I am no Linux guru but something sure seems out of whack. I ran: dd bs=4096 if=/dev/zero of=/bigtestfile to generate disk activity. Regardless whether I wrote it to sda or sdb my DSK value in atop would go over 100%, at one time peaking at 1700%. Again it does not matter if I am writing to sda or sdb. DSK | sdb | busy 675% | read 0 | write 110 | avio 78 ms | Here are the smartctl outputs: # smartctl -A /dev/sda smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 165 165 021 Pre-fail Always - 2750 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 040 Old_age Always - 21 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000a 200 200 051 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 065 065 000 Old_age Always - 25831 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0012 100 253 051 Old_age Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0012 100 253 051 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 21 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 116 093 000 Old_age Always - 27 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 051 Old_age Offline - 0 # smartctl -A /dev/sdb smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 180 180 021 Pre-fail Always - 3958 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 22 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 068 068 000 Old_age Always - 24087 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 21 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 122 096 000 Old_age Always - 25 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0009 200 200 051 Pre-fail Offline - 0 Any idea what's wrong here? Bad motherboard? It would seem rare that both drives are going bad (smartctl says they PASS_, so it leaves the mobo as the culprit in my eyes.

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• Issues with Server 2012 using DFSR running on Hyper-V 2012

  - by Bryan

  We have a number of Server 2012 systems, all of which run virtualised on Hyper-V 2012 server. We are having problems with two such virtual instances, both of which are used as file servers, whereby they occasionally stop responding to requests to serve files to clients. After logging on to the server, attempts to shut it down gracefully fail (no error, it just fails to acknowledge a shutdown request). Recovery is a case of power cycling the server(s) from the Hyper-V console. These two servers don't server a large number of users (one serves no more than 6 users, and the other serves around 20 users), they are in the same domain, but on different physical hardware (and at different sites). They don't lock up at the same time. They both use DFSR to replicate a fairly large amount of data between themselves (200GB) over ADSL connections, this is working fine, and we have been using DFSR to do this on the previous two generations of server OS we have used (Server 2008 R2 and Server 2003 - both of which were physical installs however). Today, when one of the servers crashed, I noticed an entry in the event log, which looked similar to the following: Log Name: Application Source: ESENT Date: 27/11/2012 10:25:55 Event ID: 533 Task Category: General Level: Warning Keywords: Classic User: N/A Computer: HAL-FS-01.example.com Description: DFSRs (1500) \\.\E:\System Volume Information\DFSR\database_C8CC_101_CC00_EC0E\ dfsr.db: A request to write to the file "\\.\E:\System Volume Information\ DFSR\database_C8CC_101_CC00_EC0E\fsr.log" at offset 4423680 (0x0000000000438000) for 4096 (0x00001000) bytes has not completed for 36 second(s). This problem is likely due to faulty hardware. Please contact your hardware vendor for further assistance diagnosing the problem. When the server started up again, I went to find the event log entry to investigate further and found that the event log entry was no longer there (I assume it was in memory but failed to write to disk before the server was powered off, for the reason mentioned in the message). I found the above message by searching back further in the event log. Both of these virtual servers have their E: volumes fully allocated as opposed to dynamically expanding, and there are no other issues on any of the other virtual servers (which include server 2012, server 2008 R2 and Ubuntu 12.04 x64). There are no signs of IO, memory or CPU starvation on the host systems. I've used performance counters on the affected virtual servers to monitor memory usage (including non paged pool usage), as well as CPU and network utilisation, and none of these show any signs of trouble when the issue arises. I would have thought our configuration isn't that uncommon, so I'm wondering if anyone else has seen this, and managed to resolve the problem?

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• Converting an EC2 AMI to vmdk image

  - by Reed G. Law

  I've come quite close to getting Amazon Linux to boot inside VirtualBox, thanks to this answer and these websites. A quick overview of the steps I've taken: Launch EC2 instance with Amazon Linux 2011.09 64-bit AMI dd the contents of the EBS volume over ssh to a local image file. Mount the image file as a loopback device and then to a local mount point. Create a new empty disk image file, partition with an offset for a bootloader, and create an ext4 filesystem. Mount the new image's partition and copy everything from the EC2 image. Install grub (using Ubuntu's grub-legacy-ec2 package, not grub2). Convert the image file to vmdk using qemu-img. Create a new VirtualBox VM with the vmdk. Now the VM boots, grub loads, and the kernel is found. But it fails when it tries to mount the root device: dracut Warning: No root device "block:/dev/xvda1" found dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line. dracut Warning: Signal caught! dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line. Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! Pid: 1, comm: init Not tainted 2.6.35.14-107.1.39.amzn1.x86_64 #1 I have tried changing /boot/grub/menu.lst to find the root device by label and UUID, but nothing works. I'm guessing the xen kernel is not compatible with VirtualBox. The reasoning behind all this effort is to make a Vagrant box that is as close to possible as the production enviroment, so deploys can be tested locally. I know it's cheap to do test runs on EC2, but poor connectivity often ruins the experience. Plus it would be really nice to have a virtual machine with the production environment so that co-workers don't have to install everything under the sun just to get up and running with app development. If I were to try running a different kernel, what kernel could I get to be as close as possible to Amazon Linux 2011.09?

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• Use Drive Mirroring for Instant Backup in Windows 7

  - by Trevor Bekolay

  Even with the best backup solution, a hard drive crash means you’ll lose a few hours of work. By enabling drive mirroring in Windows 7, you’ll always have an up-to-date copy of your data. Windows 7’s mirroring – which is only available in Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions – is a software implementation of RAID 1, which means that two or more disks are holding the exact same data. The files are constantly kept in sync, so that if one of the disks fails, you won’t lose any data. Note that mirroring is not technically a backup solution, because if you accidentally delete a file, it’s gone from both hard disks (though you may be able to recover the file). As an additional caveat, having mirrored disks requires changing them to “dynamic disks,” which can only be read within modern versions of Windows (you may have problems working with a dynamic disk in other operating systems or in older versions of Windows). See this Wikipedia page for more information. You will need at least one empty disk to set up disk mirroring. We’ll show you how to mirror an existing disk (of equal or lesser size) without losing any data on the mirrored drive, and how to set up two empty disks as mirrored copies from the get-go. Mirroring an Existing Drive Click on the start button and type partitions in the search box. Click on the Create and format hard disk partitions entry that shows up. Alternatively, if you’ve disabled the search box, press Win+R to open the Run window and type in: diskmgmt.msc The Disk Management window will appear. We’ve got a small disk, labeled OldData, that we want to mirror in a second disk of the same size. Note: The disk that you will use to mirror the existing disk must be unallocated. If it is not, then right-click on it and select Delete Volume… to mark it as unallocated. This will destroy any data on that drive. Right-click on the existing disk that you want to mirror. Select Add Mirror…. Select the disk that you want to use to mirror the existing disk’s data and press Add Mirror. You will be warned that this process will change the existing disk from basic to dynamic. Note that this process will not delete any data on the disk! The new disk will be marked as a mirror, and it will starting copying data from the existing drive to the new one. Eventually the drives will be synced up (it can take a while), and any data added to the E: drive will exist on both physical hard drives. Setting Up Two New Drives as Mirrored If you have two new equal-sized drives, you can format them to be mirrored copies of each other from the get-go. Open the Disk Management window as described above. Make sure that the drives are unallocated. If they’re not, and you don’t need the data on either of them, right-click and select Delete volume…. Right-click on one of the unallocated drives and select New Mirrored Volume…. A wizard will pop up. Click Next. Click on the drives you want to hold the mirrored data and click Add. Note that you can add any number of drives. Click Next. Assign it a drive letter that makes sense, and then click Next. You’re limited to using the NTFS file system for mirrored drives, so enter a volume label, enable compression if you want, and then click Next. Click Finish to start formatting the drives. You will be warned that the new drives will be converted to dynamic disks. And that’s it! You now have two mirrored drives. Any files added to E: will reside on both physical disks, in case something happens to one of them. Conclusion While the switch from basic to dynamic disks can be a problem for people who dual-boot into another operating system, setting up drive mirroring is an easy way to make sure that your data can be recovered in case of a hard drive crash. Of course, even with drive mirroring, we advocate regular backups to external drives or online backup services. Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Rebit Backup Software [Review]Disabling Instant Search in Outlook 2007Restore Files from Backups on Windows Home ServerSecond Copy 7 [Review]Backup Windows Home Server Folders to an External Hard Drive TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips CloudBerry Online Backup 1.5 for Windows Home Server Snagit 10 VMware Workstation 7 Acronis Online Backup Windows Firewall with Advanced Security – How To Guides Sculptris 1.0, 3D Drawing app AceStock, a Tiny Desktop Quote Monitor Gmail Button Addon (Firefox) Hyperwords addon (Firefox) Backup Outlook 2010

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• Disk Search / Sort Algorithm

  - by AlgoMan

  Given a Range of numbers say 1 to 10,000, Input is in random order. Constraint: At any point only 1000 numbers can be loaded to memory. Assumption: Assuming unique numbers. I propose the following efficient , "When-Required-sort Algorithm". We write the numbers into files which are designated to hold particular range of numbers. For example, File1 will have 0 - 999 , File2 will have 1000 - 1999 and so on in random order. If a particular number which is say "2535" is being searched for then we know that the number is in the file3 (Binary search over range to find the file). Then file3 is loaded to memory and sorted using say Quick sort (which is optimized to add insertion sort when the array size is small ) and then we search the number in this sorted array using Binary search. And when search is done we write back the sorted file. So in long run all the numbers will be sorted. Please comment on this proposal.

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• How do you find the disk size of a Postgres / PostgreSQL table and its indexes

  - by mmrobins

  I'm coming to Postgres from Oracle and looking for a way to find the table and index size in terms of bytes/MB/GB/etc, or even better the size for all tables. In Oracle I had a nasty long query that looked at user_lobs and user_segments to give back an answer. I assume in Postgres there's something I can use in the information_schema tables, but I'm not seeing where. Thanks in advance.

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