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  • Update Rule in Temporal difference

    - by Betamoo
    The update rule TD(0) Q-Learning: Q(t-1) = (1-alpha) * Q(t-1) + (alpha) * (Reward(t-1) + gamma* Max( Q(t) ) ) Then take either the current best action (to optimize) or a random action (to explorer) Where MaxNextQ is the maximum Q that can be got in the next state... But in TD(1) I think update rule will be: Q(t-2) = (1-alpha) * Q(t-2) + (alpha) * (Reward(t-2) + gamma * Reward(t-1) + gamma * gamma * Max( Q(t) ) ) My question: The term gamma * Reward(t-1) means that I will always take my best action at t-1 .. which I think will prevent exploring.. Can someone give me a hint? Thanks

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  • Using CallExternalMethodActivity/HandleExternalEventActivity in StateMachine

    - by AngrySpade
    I'm attempting to make a StateMachine execute some database action between states. So I have a "starting" state that uses CallExternalMethodActivity to call a "BeginExecuteNonQuery" function on an class decorated with ExternalDataExchangeAttribute. After that it uses a SetStateActivity to change to an "ending" state. The "ending" state uses a HandleExternalEventActivity to listen to a "EndExecuteNonQuery" event. I can step through the local service, into the "BeginExecuteNonQuery" function. The problem is that the "EndExecuteNonQuery" is null. public class FailoverWorkflowController : IFailoverWorkflowController { private readonly WorkflowRuntime workflowRuntime; private readonly FailoverWorkflowControlService failoverWorkflowControlService; private readonly DatabaseControlService databaseControlService; public FailoverWorkflowController() { workflowRuntime = new WorkflowRuntime(); workflowRuntime.WorkflowCompleted += workflowRuntime_WorkflowCompleted; workflowRuntime.WorkflowTerminated += workflowRuntime_WorkflowTerminated; ExternalDataExchangeService dataExchangeService = new ExternalDataExchangeService(); workflowRuntime.AddService(dataExchangeService); databaseControlService = new DatabaseControlService(); workflowRuntime.AddService(databaseControlService); workflowRuntime.StartRuntime(); } ... } ... public void BeginExecuteNonQuery(string command) { Guid workflowInstanceID = WorkflowEnvironment.WorkflowInstanceId; ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(delegate(object state) { try { int result = ExecuteNonQuery((string)state); EndExecuteNonQuery(null, new ExecuteNonQueryResultEventArgs(workflowInstanceID, result)); } catch (Exception exception) { EndExecuteNonQuery(null, new ExecuteNonQueryResultEventArgs(workflowInstanceID, exception)); } }, command); } What am I doing wrong with my implementation? -Stan

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  • Training sets for AdaBoost algorithm

    - by palau1
    How do you find the negative and positive training data sets of Haar features for the AdaBoost algorithm? So say you have a certain type of blob that you want to locate in an image and there are several of them in your entire array - how do you go about training it? I'd appreciate a nontechnical explanation as much as possible. I'm new to this. Thanks.

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  • Mahout Naive Bayes Classifier for Items

    - by Nimesh Parikh
    Team, I am working on a project where i need to classify Items into certain category. I have a single file as input; which contains target variable and space separated features. My training data will look like Category Name [Tab] DataString Plumbing [Tab] Pipe Tap Plastic Pipe PVC Pipe Cold Water Line Hot Water Line Tee outlet up Elbow turned up Elbow turned down Gate valve Globe valve Paint [Tab] Ivory Black Burnt Umber Caput Mortuum Violet Earth Red Yellow Ochre Titanium White Cadmium Yellow Light Cadmium Yellow Deep Cloths [Tab] Shirt T-Shirt Pent Jeans Tee Cargo Well, I have really big set of Category. I have couple of question here am i using correct data for Training? If no then what should i use? Once I train and Test my model, what is next step? How can i use output? Please help me with this Thanks, Nimesh

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  • hierarchical clustering on correlations in Python scipy/numpy?

    - by user248237
    How can I run hierarchical clustering on a correlation matrix in scipy/numpy? I have a matrix of 100 rows by 9 columns, and I'd like to hierarchically clustering by correlations of each entry across the 9 conditions. I'd like to use 1-pearson correlation as the distances for clustering. Assuming I have a numpy array "X" that contains the 100 x 9 matrix, how can I do this? I tried using hcluster, based on this example: Y=pdist(X, 'seuclidean') Z=linkage(Y, 'single') dendrogram(Z, color_threshold=0) however, pdist is not what I want since that's euclidean distance. Any ideas? thanks.

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  • Explaining training method for AdaBoost algorithm

    - by konzti8
    Hi, I'm trying to understand the Haar feature method used for the training step in the AdaBoost algorithm. I don't understand the math that well so I'd appreciate more of a conceptual answer (as much as possible, anyway). Basically, what does it do? How do you choose positive and negative sets for what you want to select? Can it be generalized? What I mean by that is, can you choose it to find any kind of feature that you want no matter what the background is? So, for example, if I want to find some kind of circular blob - can I do that? I've also read that it is used on small patches for the images around the possible feature - does that mean you have to manually select that image patch or can it be automated to process the entire image? Is there matlab code for the training step? Thanks for any help...

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  • Disk2vhd Hyper-V server question

    - by user297378
    Hello all I have a backed up about 30 servers using disk2vhd and now I have built my first of many hyper-v severs I did not realize this is all command line I did download CoreConfigurator and that does have some functionality I have been looking for. My question is how do I get the VHD files to run a Vitual Machines? its all command line I tried via vbs to mount the VHD's and I have not been able to any help on this would be great! Thanks!

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  • A simple explanation of Naive Bayes Classification

    - by Jaggerjack
    I am finding it hard to understand the process of Naive Bayes, and I was wondering if someone could explained it with a simple step by step process in English. I understand it takes comparisons by times occurred as a probability, but I have no idea how the training data is related to the actual dataset. Please give me an explanation of what role the training set plays. I am giving a very simple example for fruits here, like banana for example training set--- round-red round-orange oblong-yellow round-red dataset---- round-red round-orange round-red round-orange oblong-yellow round-red round-orange oblong-yellow oblong-yellow round-red

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  • searching for a programming platform with hot code swap

    - by Andreas
    I'm currently brainstorming over the idea how to upgrade a program while it is running. (Not while debugging, a "production" system.) But one thing that is required for it, is to actually submit the changed source code or compiled byte code into the running process. Pseudo Code var method = typeof(MyClass).GetMethod("Method1"); var content = //get it from a database (bytecode or source code) SELECT content FROM methods WHERE id=? AND version=? method.SetContent(content); At first, I want to achieve the system to work without the complexity of object-orientation. That leads to the following requirements: change source code or byte code of function drop functions add new functions change the signature of a function With .NET (and others) I could inject a class via an IoC and could thus change the source code. But the loading would be cumbersome, because everything has to be in an Assembly or created via Emit. Maybe with Java this would be easier? The whole ClassLoader is replacable, I think. With JavaScript I could achieve many of the goals. Simply eval a new function (MyMethod_V25) and assign it to MyClass.prototype.MyMethod. I think one can also drop functions somehow with "del" Which general-purpose platform can handle such things?

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  • How to figure out optimal C / Gamma parameters in libsvm?

    - by Cuga
    I'm using libsvm for multi-class classification of datasets with a large number of features/attributes (around 5,800 per each item). I'd like to choose better parameters for C and Gamma than the defaults I am currently using. I've already tried running easy.py, but for the datasets I'm using, the estimated time is near forever (ran easy.py at 20, 50, 100, and 200 data samples and got a super-linear regression which projected my necessary runtime to take years). Is there a way to more quickly arrive at better C and Gamma values than the defaults? I'm using the Java libraries, if that makes any difference.

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  • Alright, I'm still stuck on this homework problem. C++

    - by Josh
    Okay, the past few days I have been trying to get some input on my programs. Well I decided to scrap them for the most part and try again. So once again, I'm in need of help. For the first program I'm trying to fix, it needs to show the sum of SEVEN numbers. Well, I'm trying to change is so that I don't need the mem[##] = ####. I just want the user to be able to input the numbers and the program run from there and go through my switch loop. And have some kind of display..saying like the sum is?.. Here's my code so far. #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <ios> using namespace std; int main() { const int READ = 10; const int WRITE = 11; const int LOAD = 20; const int STORE = 21; const int ADD = 30; const int SUBTRACT = 31; const int DIVIDE = 32; const int MULTIPLY = 33; const int BRANCH = 40; const int BRANCHNEG = 41; const int BRANCHZERO = 42; const int HALT = 43; int mem[100] = {0}; //Making it 100, since simpletron contains a 100 word mem. int operation; //taking the rest of these variables straight out of the book seeing as how they were italisized. int operand; int accum = 0; // the special register is starting at 0 int counter; for ( counter=0; counter < 100; counter++) mem[counter] = 0; // This is for part a, it will take in positive variables in //a sent-controlled loop and compute + print their sum. Variables from example in text. mem[0] = 1009; mem[1] = 1109; mem[2] = 2010; mem[3] = 2111; mem[4] = 2011; mem[5] = 3100; mem[6] = 2113; mem[7] = 1113; mem[8] = 4300; counter = 0; //Makes the variable counter start at 0. while(true) { operand = mem[ counter ]%100; // Finds the op codes from the limit on the mem (100) operation = mem[ counter ]/100; //using a switch loop to set up the loops for the cases switch ( operation ){ case READ: //reads a variable into a word from loc. Enter in -1 to exit cout <<"\n Input a positive variable: "; cin >> mem[ operand ]; counter++; break; case WRITE: // takes a word from location cout << "\n\nThe content at location " << operand << " is " << mem[operand]; counter++; break; case LOAD:// loads accum = mem[ operand ];counter++; break; case STORE: //stores mem[ operand ] = accum;counter++; break; case ADD: //adds accum += mem[operand];counter++; break; case SUBTRACT: // subtracts accum-= mem[ operand ];counter++; break; case DIVIDE: //divides accum /=(mem[ operand ]);counter++; break; case MULTIPLY: // multiplies accum*= mem [ operand ];counter++; break; case BRANCH: // Branches to location counter = operand; break; case BRANCHNEG: //branches if acc. is < 0 if (accum < 0) counter = operand; else counter++; break; case BRANCHZERO: //branches if acc = 0 if (accum == 0) counter = operand; else counter++; break; case HALT: // Program ends break; } } return 0; } part B int main() { const int READ = 10; const int WRITE = 11; const int LOAD = 20; const int STORE = 21; const int ADD = 30; const int SUBTRACT = 31; const int DIVIDE = 32; const int MULTIPLY = 33; const int BRANCH = 40; const int BRANCHNEG = 41; const int BRANCHZERO = 41; const int HALT = 43; int mem[100] = {0}; int operation; int operand; int accum = 0; int pos = 0; int j; mem[22] = 7; // loop 7 times mem[25] = 1; // increment by 1 mem[00] = 4306; mem[01] = 2303; mem[02] = 3402; mem[03] = 6410; mem[04] = 3412; mem[05] = 2111; mem[06] = 2002; mem[07] = 2312; mem[08] = 4210; mem[09] = 2109; mem[10] = 4001; mem[11] = 2015; mem[12] = 3212; mem[13] = 2116; mem[14] = 1101; mem[15] = 1116; mem[16] = 4300; j = 0; while ( true ) { operand = memory[ j ]%100; // Finds the op codes from the limit on the memory (100) operation = memory[ j ]/100; //using a switch loop to set up the loops for the cases switch ( operation ){ case 1: //reads a variable into a word from loc. Enter in -1 to exit cout <<"\n enter #: "; cin >> memory[ operand ]; break; case 2: // takes a word from location cout << "\n\nThe content at location " << operand << "is " << memory[operand]; break; case 3:// loads accum = memory[ operand ]; break; case 4: //stores memory[ operand ] = accum; break; case 5: //adds accum += mem[operand];; break; case 6: // subtracts accum-= memory[ operand ]; break; case 7: //divides accum /=(memory[ operand ]); break; case 8: // multiplies accum*= memory [ operand ]; break; case 9: // Branches to location j = operand; break; case 10: //branches if acc. is < 0 break; case 11: //branches if acc = 0 if (accum == 0) j = operand; break; case 12: // Program ends exit(0); break; } j++; } return 0; }

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  • Prolog: Not executing code as expected.

    - by Louis
    Basically I am attempting to have an AI agent navigate a world based on given percepts. My issue is handling how the agent moves. Basically, I have created find_action/4 such that we pass in the percepts, action, current cell, and the direction the agent is facing. As it stands the entire code looks like: http://wesnoth.pastebin.com/kdNvzZ6Y My issue is mainly with lines 102 to 106. Basically, in it's current form the code does not work and the find_action is skipped even when the agent is in fact facing right (I have verified this). This broken code is as follows: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, right) :- retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . However, after some experimentation I have concluded that the following works: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, _) :- facing(right), retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . I am not entire sure why this is. I've attempted to create several identical find_action's as well, each checking a different direction using the facing(_) format, however swipl does not like this and throws an error. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Looking for a virtual network adapter (virtual interface controller)

    - by Dawn
    I need a software that simulates a network adapter. I need the virtual adapters will be able to communicate with each other. For example, if I i have 2 virtual adapter (on the same computer): interface1-1.1.1.1 and interface2-1.1.1.2. I want the packets that will be send through interface1 will be received in interface2. I have as an option to install VMWare server, but i prefer something more specific. anyone have ideas?

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  • Classification: Dealing with Abstain/Rejected Class

    - by abner.ayala
    I am asking for your input and/help on a classification problem. If anyone have any references that I can read to help me solve my problem even better. I have a classification problem of four discrete and very well separated classes. However my input is continuous and has a high frequency (50Hz), since its a real-time problem. The circles represent the clusters of the classes, the blue line the decision boundary and Class 5 equals the (neutral/resting do nothing class). This class is the rejected class. However the problem is that when I move from one class to the other I activate a lot of false positives in the transition movements, since the movement is clearly non-linear. For example, every time I move from class 5 (neutral class) to 1 I first see a lot of 3's before getting to the 1 class. Ideally, I will want my decision boundary to look like the one in the picture below where the rejected class is Class =5. Has a higher decision boundary than the others classes to avoid misclassification during transition. I am currently implementing my algorithm in Matlab using naive bayes, kNN, and SVMs optimized algorithms using Matlab. Question: What is the best/common way to handle abstain/rejected classes classes? Should I use (fuzzy logic, loss function, should I include resting cluster in the training)?

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  • Rails: How to test state_machine?

    - by petRUShka
    Please, help me. I'm confused. I know how to write state-driven behavior of model, but I don't know what should I write in specs... My model.rb file look class Ratification < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user attr_protected :status_events state_machine :status, :initial => :boss do state :boss state :owner state :declarant state :done event :approve do transition :boss => :owner, :owner => :done end event :divert do transition [:boss, :owner] => :declarant end event :repeat do transition :declarant => :boss end end end I use state_machine gem. Please, show me the course.

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  • Windows Mobile Development on MacBook Pro?

    - by Ted Nichols
    I am a frequent Windows Mobile application developer in need of a new development laptop. I am considering a MacBook or Macbook Pro running either Fusion from VMWare or Parallels Desktop. This will give me the option to port my applications to the iPhone depending on what MS does with WM 6.5 and 7. Has anybody tried doing Windows Mobile development using Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center (or ActiveSync) and VS2008 on the MacBook Pro using one of these virtual machines? Does the device emulator work properly? What about debugging a Windows Mobile device over a USB cable? In general, do most USB drivers (non HID) designed for Windows work under these virtual machines? Thanks.

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  • how much time does grid.py take to run ?

    - by trinity
    Hello all , I am using libsvm for binary classification.. I wanted to try grid.py , as it is said to improve results.. I ran this script for five files in separate terminals , and the script has been running for more than 12 hours.. this is the state of my 5 terminals now : [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sarts_nonarts_feat.txt>grid_arts.txt Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sgames_nongames_feat.txt>grid_games.txt Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sref_nonref_feat.txt>grid_ref.txt Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt>grid_biz.txt Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py snews_nonnews_feat.txt>grid_news.txt Wrong input format at line 494 Traceback (most recent call last): File "grid.py", line 223, in run if rate is None: raise "get no rate" TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances, not str I had redirected the outputs to files , but those files for now contain nothing.. And , the following files were created : sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.out sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.png sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.out sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.png sgames_nongames_feat.txt.out sgames_nongames_feat.txt.png sref_nonref_feat.txt.out sref_nonref_feat.txt.png snews_nonnews_feat.txt.out (-- is empty ) There's just one line of information in .out files.. the ".png" files are some GNU PLOTS . But i dont understand what the above GNUplots / warnings convey .. Should i re-run them ? Can anyone please tell me on how much time this script might take if each input file contains about 144000 lines.. Thanks and regards

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  • How does one use dynamic recompilation?

    - by acidzombie24
    It came to my attention some emulators and virtual machines use dynamic recompilation. How do they do that? In C i know how to call a function in ram using typecasting (although i never tried) but how does one read opcodes and generate code for it? Does the person need to have premade assembly chunks and copy/batch them together? is the assembly written in C? If so how do you find the length of the code? How do you account for system interrupts?

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  • Cocoa app not launching on build & go but launching manually

    - by Matt S.
    I have quite the interesting problem. Yesterday my program worked perfectly, but now today I'm getting exc_bad_access when I hit build and go, but if I launch the app from the build folder it launches perfectly and there seems to be nothing wrong. The last bunch of lines from the debugger are: #0 0xffff07c2 in __memcpy #1 0x969f7961 in CFStringGetBytes #2 0x96a491b9 in CFStringCreateMutableCopy #3 0x991270cc in -[NSCFString mutableCopyWithZone:] #4 0x96a5572a in -[NSObject(NSObject) mutableCopy] #5 0x9913e6c7 in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:options:range:] #6 0x9913e62f in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:] #7 0x99181ad0 in -[NSScanner(NSDecimalNumberScanning) scanDecimal:] #8 0x991ce038 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:locale:] #9 0x991cde75 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:] #10 0x991ce44a in +[NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:] Why did my app work perfectly yesterday but not today?

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  • Tag/Keyword based recommendation

    - by Hellnar
    Hello I am wondering what algorithm would be clever to use for a tag driven e-commerce enviroment: Each item has several tags. IE: Item name: "Metallica - Black Album CD", Tags: "metallica", "black-album", "rock", "music" Each user has several tags and friends(other users) bound to them. IE: Username: "testguy", Interests: "python", "rock", "metal", "computer-science" Friends: "testguy2", "testguy3" I need to generate recommendations to such users by checking their interest tags and generating recommendations in a sophisticated way. Ideas: A Hybrid recommendation algorithm can be used as each user has friends.(mixture of collaborative + context based recommendations). Maybe using user tags, similar users (peers) can be found to generate recommendations. Maybe directly matching tags between users and items via tags. Any suggestion is welcome. Any python based library is also welcome as I will be doing this experimental engine on python language.

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  • Are there programs that iteratively write new programs?

    - by chris
    For about a year I have been thinking about writing a program that writes programs. This would primarily be a playful exercise that might teach me some new concepts. My inspiration came from negentropy and the ability for order to emerge from chaos and new chaos to arise out of order in infinite succession. To be more specific, the program would start by writing a short random string. If the string compiles the programs will log it for later comparison. If the string does not compile the program will try to rewrite it until it does compile. As more strings (mini 'useless' programs) are logged they can be parsed for similarities and used to generate a grammar. This grammar can then be drawn on to write more strings that have a higher probability of compilation than purely random strings. This is obviously more than a little silly, but I thought it would be fun to try and grow a program like this. And as a byproduct I get a bunch of unique programs that I can visualize and call art. I'll probably write this in Ruby due to its simple syntax and dynamic compilation and then I will visualize in processing using ruby-processing. What I would like to know is: Is there a name for this type of programming? What currently exists in this field? Who are the primary contributors? BONUS! - In what ways can I procedurally assign value to output programs beyond compiles(y/n)? I may want to extend the functionality of this program to generate a program based on parameters, but I want the program to define those parameters through running the programs that compile and assigning meaning to the programs output. This question is probably more involved than reasonable for a bonus, but if you can think of a simple way to get something like this done in less than 23 lines or one hyperlink, please toss it into your response. I know that this is not quite meta-programming and from the little I know of AI and generative algorithms they are usually more goal oriented than what I am thinking. What would be optimal is a program that continually rewrites and improves itself so I don't have to ^_^

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  • Candidate Elimination Question---Please help!

    - by leon
    Hi , I am doing a question on Candidate Elimination Algorithm. I am a little confused with the general boundary G. Here is an example, I got G and S to the fourth case, but I am not sure with the last case. Sunny,Warm,Normal,Strong,Warm,Same,EnjoySport=yes Sunny,Warm,High,Strong,Warm,Same,EnjoySport=yes Rainy,Cold,High,Strong,Warm,Change,EnjoySport=no Sunny,Warm,High,Strong,Cool,Change,EnjoySport=yes Sunny,Warm,Normal,Weak,Warm,Same,EnjoySport=no What I have here is : S 0 :{0,0,0,0,0,0} S 1 :{Sunny,Warm,Normal,Strong,Warm,Same} S 2 , S 3 : {Sunny,Warm,?,Strong,Warm,Same} S 4 :{Sunny,Warm,?,Strong,?,?} G 4 :{Sunny,?,?,?,?,?,?,Warm,?,?,?,?} G 3 :{Sunny,?,?,?,?,?,?,Warm,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,Same} G 0 , G 1 , G 2 : {?,?,?,?,?,?} What would be the result of G5? Is it G5 empty? {}? or {???Strong??) ? Thanks

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