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  • Minimal-change algorithm which maximises 'swapping'

    - by Kim Bastin
    This is a question on combinatorics from a non-mathematician, so please try to bear with me! Given an array of n distinct characters, I want to generate subsets of k characters in a minimal-change order, i.e. an order in which generation n+1 contains exactly one character that was not in generation n. That's not too hard in itself. However, I also want to maximise the number of cases in which the character that is swapped out in generation n+1 is the same character that was swapped in in generation n. To illustrate, for n=7, k=3: abc abd abe* abf* abg* afg aeg* adg* acg* acd ace* acf* aef adf* ade bde bdf bef bcf* bce bcd* bcg* bdg beg* bfg* cfg ceg* cdg* cde cdf* cef def deg dfg efg The asterisked strings indicate the case I want to maximise; e.g. the e that is new in generation 3, abe, replaces a d that was new in generation 2, abd. It doesn't seem possible to have this happen in every generation, but I want it to happen as often as possible. Typical array sizes that I use are 20-30 and subset sizes around 5-8. I'm using an odd language, Icon (or actually its derivative Unicon), so I don't expect anyone to post code that I can used directly. But I will be grateful for answers or hints in pseudo-code, and will do my best to translate C etc. Also, I have noticed that problems of this kind are often discussed in terms of arrays of integers, and I can certainly apply solutions posted in such terms to my own problem. Thanks Kim Bastin

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  • polynomial multiplication using fastfourier transform

    - by mawia
    i am going through the above topic from CLRS(CORMEN) (page 834) and I got stuck at this point. Can anybody please explain how the following expression, A(x)=A^{[0]}(x^2) +xA^{[1]}(x^2) follows from, n-1 ` S a_j x^j j=0 Where, A^{[0]} = a_0 + a_2x + a_4a^x ... a_{n-2}x^{\frac{n}{2-1}} A^{[1]} = a_1 + a_3x + a_5a^x ... a_{n-1}x^{\frac{n}{2-1}} WITH REGARDS THANKS

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  • array interleaving problem

    - by Matt
    I was looking for something over the web when I came across this question. Have no idea of how to solve it. Help me out please. Suppose we have an array a1,a2,... ,an, b1,b2,..., bn How to change this array to a1,b1,a2,b2, ..., an,bn in O(n) time and in O(1) space.

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  • good books on numerical computation with C

    - by yCalleecharan
    Hi, I've read the post "What is the best book on numerical methods?" and I wish to ask more or less the same question but in relation to C programming. Most of the time, C programming books on numerical methods are just another version of the author's previous Fortran book on the same subject. I've seen Applied numerical methods in C by Nakamura, Shoichiro and the C codes are not good programming practice. I've heard bad comments about Numerical Recipes by Press. Do you know good books on C that discusses numerical methods. It's seem better for me to ask about good books on C discussing numerical methods than rather asking books on numerical methods that discusses C. I've heard about Numerical Algorithms with C by Giesela Engeln-Müllges and A Numerical Library in C for Scientists and Engineers bu Lau but haven't read them. Good books will always have algorithms implemented in the programming language in a smart way. Thanks a lot...

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  • Anyone got a nifty credit expiry algorithm?

    - by garethkeenan
    Our website uses a credit system to allow users to purchase inexpensive digital goods (eg. photos). We use credits, rather than asking the user to pay for items individually, because the items are cheap and we are trying to keep our credit-card/PayPal overhead low. Because we aren't a bank, we have to expire credits after a certain amount of time. We expire deposit credits after a year, but other types of credits (bonuses, prizes, refunds) may have a different shelf-life. When a buyer buys an item, we spend the credit that is going to expire first. Our current system keeps track of every deposit by storing the original value and the remainder to be spent. We keep a list of all purchases as well, of course. I am currently moving to a system which is much more like a traditional double-entry accounting system. A deposit will create a ledger item, increasing the user's 'spending' account balance. Every purchase will also create a ledger item, decreasing the user's 'spending' account balance. The new system has running balances, while the old system does not, which greatly improves our ability to find problems and do reconciliations. We do not want to use the old system of keeping a 'remainder' value attached to each deposit record because it is inefficient to replay a user's activities to calculate what the remainder of each deposit is over time (for the user's statement). So, after all of this verbose introduction, my question is "Does anyone else out there have a similar system of expiring credits?" If you could describe how you calculate expired credits it would be a great help. If all expired credits had the exact same shelf life, we would be able to calculate the expired amount using: Total Deposits - Total Spending - Deposits Not Due To Expire = Amount to Expire However, because deposits can have different shelf lives, this formula does not work because more than one deposit can be partially spent at any given time.

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  • how is google Calculator implemented ?

    - by AlgoMan
    When you search in Google "100F to C" how does it know to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Similarly, conversion from different currencies and simple calculation. What is the data structure used. Or is it simple pattern matching the strings ?

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  • Simple Fundamental Algorithm Question, binary tree traversal

    - by Ben
    I'm trying to explain to non-computer science major student with many questions. (1)What traverses tree? Is it just logic or actual on off switch generates 1s and 0s traveling the circuit board? where is this tree and node exists CPU/Memory in between? (2)If it is 1s and 0s HOW the circuits understand the line for example p=p.getLeft(); I said search the google or wiki.

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  • Mergesort : Revision

    - by stan
    Does merge sort work by; taking a list of values splitting it in to two take the first element of each list, the lowest value one goes in to a new list(and i guess removed from the original). comare the next two numbers - do this until one list is empty, then place the rest of the other list at the end ofthe nw list? Also, what are the ramifications of doing this on a linked list? Thanks

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  • Finding distance to the closest point in a point cloud on an uniform grid

    - by erik
    I have a 3D grid of size AxBxC with equal distance, d, between the points in the grid. Given a number of points, what is the best way of finding the distance to the closest point for each grid point (Every grid point should contain the distance to the closest point in the point cloud) given the assumptions below? Assume that A, B and C are quite big in relation to d, giving a grid of maybe 500x500x500 and that there will be around 1 million points. Also assume that if the distance to the nearest point exceds a distance of D, we do not care about the nearest point distance, and it can safely be set to some large number (D is maybe 2 to 10 times d) Since there will be a great number of grid points and points to search from, a simple exhaustive: for each grid point: for each point: if distance between points < minDistance: minDistance = distance between points is not a good alternative. I was thinking of doing something along the lines of: create a container of size A*B*C where each element holds a container of points for each point: define indexX = round((point position x - grid min position x)/d) // same for y and z add the point to the correct index of the container for each grid point: search the container of that grid point and find the closest point if no points in container and D > 0.5d: search the 26 container indices nearest to the grid point for a closest point .. continue with next layer until a point is found or the distance to that layer is greater than D Basically: put the points in buckets and do a radial search outwards until a points is found for each grid point. Is this a good way of solving the problem, or are there better/faster ways? A solution which is good for parallelisation is preferred.

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  • longest string in texts

    - by davit-datuashvili
    Ihave following code in Java: import java.util.*; public class longest{ public static void main(String[] args){ int t=0;int m=0;int token1, token2; String words[]=new String[10]; String word[]=new String[10]; String common[]=new String[10]; String text="saqartvelo gabrwyindeba da gadzlierdeba aucileblad "; String text1="saqartvelo gamtliandeba da gadzlierdeba aucileblad"; StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(text); StringTokenizer st1=new StringTokenizer(text1); token1=st.countTokens(); token2=st1.countTokens(); while (st.hasMoreTokens()){ words[t]=st.nextToken(); t++; } while (st1.hasMoreTokens()){ word[m]=st1.nextToken(); m++; } for (int k=0;k<token1;k++){ for (int f=0;f<token2;f++){ if (words[f].compareTo(word[f])==0){ common[f]=words[f]; } } } while (i<common.length){ System.out.println(common[i]); i++; } } } I want that in common array put elements which i in both text or these words saqartvelo (georgia in english) da (and in english) gadzlierdeba (will be stronger) aucileblad (sure) and then between these words find string which has maximum length but it does not work more correctly it show me these words and also many null elements. How do I correct it?

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  • longest string in texts

    - by davit-datuashvili
    ok i have meet following problem too for example there is given two text find longest string that occur in both i think we should cretate string array where we should put common srings and then compare their length and which length will be largest print it is there fast method?

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  • OOP vs PP for algorithms

    - by Ilian
    Which paradigm is better for design and analysis of algorithms? Which is faster? Because I have a subject called Design and Analysis of Algorithms in university and have a time limit for programs. Is OOP slower than Procedure programming? Or the time difference is not big?

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  • What are the CS fundamentals behind package/dependency management?

    - by Frep D-Oronge
    Often I hear about situations where companies are developing extensable in house software (the dreaded enterprise 'framework') which is supposed to support multiple 'plugins' from diffirent teams. Usually this ends up being a half baked solution that does not really work due to compatibility prolems between addins, or between addins and the framework itself. Usually this means QA have to 'rubber stamp' a global set of versions accross all plugins, or more usually plugins are released and stuff breaks in nasty ways. This problem has been solved before however, for example the package management systems like apt for debian linux. I suspect that the reason it works is that it is built from the start on a known 'Computer Science-y' concept. My question is what is it?

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  • best way to pick a random subset from a collection?

    - by Tom
    I have a set of objects in a Vector from which I'd like to select a random subset (e.g. 100 items coming back; pick 5 randomly). In my first (very hasty) pass I did an extremely simple and perhaps overly clever solution: Vector itemsVector = getItems(); Collections.shuffle(itemsVector); itemsVector.setSize(5); While this has the advantage of being nice and simple, I suspect it's not going to scale very well, i.e. Collections.shuffle() must be O(n) at least. My less clever alternative is Vector itemsVector = getItems(); Random rand = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // would make this static to the class List subsetList = new ArrayList(5); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { // be sure to use Vector.remove() or you may get the same item twice subsetList.add(itemsVector.remove(rand.nextInt(itemsVector.size()))); } Any suggestions on better ways to draw out a random subset from a Collection?

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  • Traveling Salesman - Nearest Neighbor vs Genetic DEATHMATCH

    - by EvilTeach
    Over the last few days I have noted a few web sites that demonstrated TS solution using genetic algorithms. I am looking for your opinion which is better for this particular problem. Heuristics vs Genetic. By better, I mean will yield a shorter/lower cost path. Explain why you feel the way that you do. Examples, and off-site links are welcome.

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  • FIlling a Java Bean tree structure from a csv flat file

    - by Clem
    Hi, I'm currently trying to construct a list of bean classes in Java from a flat description file formatted in csv. Concretely : Here is the structure of the csv file : MES_ID;GRP_PARENT_ID;GRP_ID;ATTR_ID M1 ; ;G1 ;A1 M1 ; ;G1 ;A2 M1 ;G1 ;G2 ;A3 M1 ;G1 ;G2 ;A4 M1 ;G2 ;G3 ;A5 M1 ; ;G4 ;A6 M1 ; ;G4 ;A7 M1 ; ;G4 ;A8 M2 ; ;G1 ;A1 M2 ; ;G1 ;A2 M2 ; ;G2 ;A3 M2 ; ;G2 ;A4 It corresponds to the hierarchical data structure : M1 ---G1 ------A1 ------A2 ------G2 ---------A3 ---------A4 ---------G3 ------------A5 ------G4 ---------A7 ---------A8 M2 ---G1 ------A1 ------A2 ---G2 ------A3 ------A4 Remarks : A message M can have an infinite number of groups G and attributes A A group G can have an infinite number of attributes and an infinite number of under-groups each of them having under-groups too That beeing said, I'm trying to read this flat csv decription to store it in this structure of beans : Map<String, MBean> messages = new HashMap<String, Mbean>(); == public class MBean { private String mes_id; private Map<String, GBean> groups; } public class GBean { private String grp_id; private Map<String, ABean> attributes; private Map<String, GBean> underGroups; } public class ABean { private String attr_id; } Reading the csv file sequentially is ok and I've been investigating how to use recursion to store the description data, but couldn't find a way. Thanks in advance for any of your algorithmic ideas. I hope it will put you in the mood of thinking about this ... I've to admit that I'm out of ideas :s

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  • recursive function to get all the child categories

    - by user253530
    Here is what I'm trying to do: - i need a function that when passed as an argument an ID (for a category of things) will provide all the subcategories and the sub-sub categories and sub-sub-sub..etc. - i was thinking to use a recursive function since i don't know the number of subcategories their sub-subcategories and so on so here is what i've tried to do so far function categoryChild($id) { $s = "SELECT * FROM PLD_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = $id"; $r = mysql_query($s); if(mysql_num_rows($r) > 0) { while($row = mysql_fetch_array($r)) echo $row['ID'].",".categoryChild($row['ID']); } else { $row = mysql_fetch_array($r); return $row['ID']; } } If i use return instead of echo, i won't get the same result. I need some help in order to fix this or rewrite it from scratch

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  • How to implement an offline reader writer lock

    - by Peter Morris
    Some context for the question All objects in this question are persistent. All requests will be from a Silverlight client talking to an app server via a binary protocol (Hessian) and not WCF. Each user will have a session key (not an ASP.NET session) which will be a string, integer, or GUID (undecided so far). Some objects might take a long time to edit (30 or more minutes) so we have decided to use pessimistic offline locking. Pessimistic because having to reconcile conflicts would be far too annoying for users, offline because the client is not permanently connected to the server. Rather than storing session/object locking information in the object itself I have decided that any aggregate root that may have its instances locked should implement an interface ILockable public interface ILockable { Guid LockID { get; } } This LockID will be the identity of a "Lock" object which holds the information of which session is locking it. Now, if this were simple pessimistic locking I'd be able to achieve this very simply (using an incrementing version number on Lock to identify update conflicts), but what I actually need is ReaderWriter pessimistic offline locking. The reason is that some parts of the application will perform actions that read these complex structures. These include things like Reading a single structure to clone it. Reading multiple structures in order to create a binary file to "publish" the data to an external source. Read locks will be held for a very short period of time, typically less than a second, although in some circumstances they could be held for about 5 seconds at a guess. Write locks will mostly be held for a long time as they are mostly held by humans. There is a high probability of two users trying to edit the same aggregate at the same time, and a high probability of many users needing to temporarily read-lock at the same time too. I'm looking for suggestions as to how I might implement this. One additional point to make is that if I want to place a write lock and there are some read locks, I would like to "queue" the write lock so that no new read locks are placed. If the read locks are removed withing X seconds then the write lock is obtained, if not then the write lock backs off; no new read-locks would be placed while a write lock is queued. So far I have this idea The Lock object will have a version number (int) so I can detect multi-update conflicts, reload, try again. It will have a string[] for read locks A string to hold the session ID that has a write lock A string to hold the queued write lock Possibly a recursion counter to allow the same session to lock multiple times (for both read and write locks), but not sure about this yet. Rules: Can't place a read lock if there is a write lock or queued write lock. Can't place a write lock if there is a write lock or queued write lock. If there are no locks at all then a write lock may be placed. If there are read locks then a write lock will be queued instead of a full write lock placed. (If after X time the read locks are not gone the lock backs off, otherwise it is upgraded). Can't queue a write lock for a session that has a read lock. Can anyone see any problems? Suggest alternatives? Anything? I'd appreciate feedback before deciding on what approach to take.

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  • Stripe suppression algorithm needed

    - by maximus
    I have images with text. There are dark stripes in image that still exists in binary image too. That makes characters connected with that stripe - it can be vertical or horizontal (or at some angle) I need to remove them from image at first, and then to binarize. I've seen bandpass filter in ImageJ program that have some options like - suppress horizontal stripes, and it works good, but it also apply a bandpass filtering. So any idea please how to do it. I think it should be done in frequency domain.

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  • word frequency problem

    - by davit-datuashvili
    hi in programming pearls i have meet following problem question is this:print words in decreasing frequency or as i understand probllem is this suppose there is given string array let call it s words i have taken randomly it does not matter String s[]={"cat","cat","dog","fox","cat","fox","dog","cat","fox}; and we see that string cat occurs 4 times fox 3 times and dog 2 times so result will be such cat fox dog i have following code in java mport java.util.*; public class string { public static void main(String[] args){ String s[]={"fox","cat","cat","fox","dog","cat","fox","dog","cat"}; Arrays.sort(s); int counts; int count[]=new int[s.length]; for (int i=0;i } } or i have sorted array and create count array where i write number of each word in array problem is that somehow index of integer array element and string array element is not same how to do such that print words according tu maximum elements of integer array? please help me

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  • Efficiently check string for one of several hundred possible suffixes

    - by Ghostrider
    I need to write a C/C++ function that would quickly check if string ends with one of ~1000 predefined suffixes. Specifically the string is a hostname and I need to check if it belongs to one of several hundred predefined second-level domains. This function will be called a lot so it needs to be written as efficiently as possible. Bitwise hacks etc anything goes as long as it turns out fast. Set of suffixes is predetermined at compile-time and doesn't change. I am thinking of either implementing a variation of Rabin-Karp or write a tool that would generate a function with nested ifs and switches that would be custom tailored to specific set of suffixes. Since the application in question is 64-bit to speed up comparisons I could store suffixes of up to 8 bytes in length as const sorted array and do binary search within it. Are there any other reasonable options?

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  • Geometric Shape Recognition & Find Extreme Points in C#

    - by Apoorv Shah
    Hi, Can anyone tell me how to recognize geometric shape using C#? I have geometric shapes like triangle, hexagon, pentagon, diamond, square,parallelogram, rectangle, etc. I have drawn all these shapes using mspaint. i have one picture box, using opendialog i am selecting any of the geometric shapes, into picturebox. I want to identify the shape of the image & extreme points. As it is hand made image, i want to draw a proper image using extreme points. If anyone has some code or some references, then please send it to me... I need it very very urgently. Thanks, Riya

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  • Detecting Asymptotes in a Graph

    - by nasufara
    I am creating a graphing calculator in Java as a project for my programming class. There are two main components to this calculator: the graph itself, which draws the line(s), and the equation evaluator, which takes in an equation as a String and... well, evaluates it. To create the line, I create a Path2D.Double instance, and loop through the points on the line. To do this, I calculate as many points as the graph is wide (e.g. if the graph itself is 500px wide, I calculate 500 points), and then scale it to the window of the graph. Now, this works perfectly for most any line. However, it does not when dealing with asymptotes. If, when calculating points, the graph encounters a domain error (such as 1/0), the graph closes the shape in the Path2D.Double instance and starts a new line, so that the line looks mathematically correct. Example: However, because of the way it scales, sometimes it is rendered correctly, sometimes it isn't. When it isn't, the actual asymptotic line is shown, because within those 500 points, it skipped over x = 2.0 in the equation 1 / (x-2), and only did x = 1.98 and x = 2.04, which are perfectly valid in that equation. Example: In that case, I increased the window on the left and right one unit each. My question is: Is there a way to deal with asymptotes using this method of scaling so that the resulting line looks mathematically correct? I myself have thought of implementing a binary search-esque method, where, if it finds that it calculates one point, and then the next point is wildly far away from the last point, it searches in between those points for a domain error. I had trouble figuring out how to make it work in practice, however. Thank you for any help you may give!

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