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• SSH Login to an EC2 instance failing with previously working keys...

  - by Matthew Savage

  We recently had an issues where I had rebooted our EC2 instance (Ubuntu x86_64, version 9.10 server) and due to an EC2 issue the instance needed to be stopped and was down for a few days. Now I have been able to bring the instance back online I cannot connect to SSH using the keypair which previously worked. Unfortunately SSH is the only way to get into this server, and while I have another system running in its place there are a number of things I would like to try and retrieve from the machine. Running SSH in verbose mode yields the following: [Broc-MBP.local]: Broc:~/.ssh ? ssh -i ~/.ssh/EC2Keypair.pem -l ubuntu ec2-xxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com -vvv OpenSSH_5.2p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8l 5 Nov 2009 debug1: Reading configuration data /Users/Broc/.ssh/config debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0 debug1: Connecting to ec2-xxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com [184.73.109.130] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug3: Not a RSA1 key file /Users/Broc/.ssh/EC2Keypair.pem. debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN' debug3: key_read: missing keytype debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END' debug3: key_read: missing keytype debug1: identity file /Users/Broc/.ssh/EC2Keypair.pem type -1 debug3: Not a RSA1 key file /Users/Broc/.ssh/id_rsa. debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN' debug3: key_read: missing keytype debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug3: key_read: missing whitespace debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END' debug3: key_read: missing keytype debug1: identity file /Users/Broc/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-6ubuntu2 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-6ubuntu2 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.2 debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected],zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected],zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour128,arcfour256,arcfour,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,[email protected],aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour128,arcfour256,arcfour,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,[email protected],aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5 debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5 debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug2: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 123/256 debug2: bits set: 500/1024 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: filename /Users/Broc/.ssh/known_hosts debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: match line 106 debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: filename /Users/Broc/.ssh/known_hosts debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: match line 106 debug1: Host 'ec2-xxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/Broc/.ssh/known_hosts:106 debug2: bits set: 521/1024 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug2: kex_derive_keys debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug2: key: /Users/Broc/.ssh/id_rsa (0x100125f70) debug2: key: /Users/Broc/.ssh/EC2Keypair.pem (0x0) debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey debug3: preferred publickey,keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: /Users/Broc/.ssh/id_rsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/Broc/.ssh/EC2Keypair.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug3: sign_and_send_pubkey debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). [Broc-MBP.local]: Broc:~/.ssh ? So, right now I'm really at a loss and not sure what to do. While I've already got another system taking the place of this one I'd really like to have access back :|

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• "Add correct host key in known_hosts" / multiple ssh host keys per hostname?

  - by Samuel Edwin Ward

  Trying to ssh into a computer I control, I'm getting the familiar message: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY! Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)! It is also possible that a host key has just been changed. The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is [...]. Please contact your system administrator. Add correct host key in /home/sward/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending RSA key in /home/sward/.ssh/known_hosts:86 RSA host key for [...] has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed. I did indeed change the key. And I read a few dozen postings saying that the way to resolve this problem is by deleting the old key from the known_hosts file. But what I would like is to have ssh accept both the old key and the new key. The language in the error message ("Add correct host key") suggests that there should be some way to add the correct host key without removing the old one. I have not been able to figure out how to add the new host key without removing the old one. Is this possible, or is the error message just extremely misleading?

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• How To Map Fn+Key (Multiple Keys) To Other Key in Windows?

  - by Mohamed Meligy

  I've got a ThinkPad W530 laptop, which replaces the Application Key (also known as Menu Key or Mouse Right Click key, usually between Right Alt and Right Ctrl) with the Print Screen key. So, I need to replace Prt/Scr with Application key. That's easy, all key mapping software like SharpKeys or whatever can do that. There are even a few threads in SuperUser about dozen of those. But then, the different part to this question from the others (which is why it's not a duplicate, I think) is that I also don't want to completely lose the Prt/Scr key. I'm thinking about replacing it with either: Fn + Prt/Scr Fn + F2 These seemed to have no special meaning, so, I'm not overriding anything, just adding functionality to either of them (one of them, not both), to be the new Prt/Scr key. I couldn't find any key mapping software that can detect or let me select more than one key to map, even when the other key is something like Fn key (although they all can map Fn key itself, without combination). I know it may make sense why this restriction exists, but it'll be really useful if I can override it though. Do you know any program that can do that? Thanks a lot.

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• How to remap a MacBook keyboard to windows keys in bootcamp?

  - by Ken Pespisa

  I just discovered bootcamp and I'm psyched that I can run Windows 7 RC on the MacBook Pro without using a virtual machine. However the virtual machines run a bit better because they support remapping the MacBook's keyboard. Currently I can't find an equivalent of the delete key (it is Fn + Delete when running Windows via Fusion or Parallels, but it doesn't work on a bootcamp install of Windows) Has anyone come up with a clever workaround?

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• How do I insert the images of keys in Stackoverflow / Superuser?

  - by drewk

  Some to the questions / answers here have cool images of a key to press, like Esc but it looks like a key. How do I do that? I cannot see it documented in the editing FAQ or in http://superuser.com/editing-help or in Markdown documentation...

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• Mac shortcut keys: How to add a generic "About [app]" to keyboard shortcuts?

  - by Cawas

  I want to add a shortcut to "About" for every software, just like most of them have CMD+, for entering preferences. But this could as well be a question used for many other things, since I want to do it through either Automator, Script or just System Preferences, if possible. Any hints on how to do this? Please, no third part solutions.

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• In Ubuntu, how can I swap the mappings of two keys on my keyboard?

  - by Matthew

  I recently bought a new laptop, and I really don't like the positioning of the Delete key on its keyboard. Is there any way I can swap the Delete key with the Context Menu key, or just map both to Delete?

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• How do I swap the Windows and Control keys in Windows 7?

  - by Ellioote Rusty Harold

  I'm used to a Mac keyboard and that means my finger expect to find the shortcut key to the left of the spacebar. How can I turn the Windows key (command key on a Mac keyboard) into the Control key and vice versa?

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• How to make Microsoft Keyboard special keys run osascript commands on OSX?

  - by t-a-w

  I'm trying to make (1) special key open new terminal window. I bound it to file /Users/taw/bin/new_term, which contains: #!/bin/sh exec osascript -e 'tell application "Terminal" to do script "cd ."' This does the trick, except it also opens a Terminal window with this (even though Terminal.app is configured to always close windows when processes finish): Last login: Thu Mar 11 19:41:29 on ttys000 /Users/taw/bin/new_term ; exit; ~$ /Users/taw/bin/new_term ; exit; tab 1 logout [Process completed] How do I make it all work correctly? (possibly using a way different that what I've been attempting so far)

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• Is there a way to enable Windows CUA keys in Ubuntu?

  - by Alexey Romanov

  My years of habit in Windows have imprinted on me that Ctrl+X == Cut, Ctrl+C == Copy, and Ctrl+V == Paste everywhere (including Vim and Emacs). Now I've started using Ubuntu at work, and this has been the single biggest stumbling block so far. Can I somehow enable these shortcuts for all Ubuntu programs?

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• how can I git-revise configs in my /etc/ dir? (sudo has different keys..)

  - by Dean Rather

  I'd like to keep some of the folders in my /etc/ dir git-revised, cause I'm quite new to server administration and am constantly messing around in my /etc/nginx/ and /etc/bind/ directories. I've heard of people git-revising their either /etc/ directories, but that seems a bit like overkill, as at this point I'm only messing in those 2 subdirectories. The problem I'm having is that if I sudo my git operations, I don't have the right pubkeys to push to my remote repo (bitbucket). But if I don't sudo, I need to mess around with all the permissions (again, not very pro at this). Does anyone know best practices for managing their configs? or how I should solve this problem? Thanks, Dean. PS. It's Ubuntu 12.04, Git, nginx, bind9, amazon aws, bitbucket...

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• Exchange 2010 Hub Transport Role Fails - Registry Keys Missing?

  - by DKNUCKLES

  I've inherited an attempted Exchange 2010 implementation from a colleague that apparently failed. I've almost managed to bring it back from the dead, but the Hub Transport role fails to install with the following error [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0119] [2] Beginning processing Set-LocalPermissions -Feature:'Bridgehead' [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0166] [2] [ERROR] Unexpected Error [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0166] [2] [ERROR] The registry key "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ExchangeServer\v14\Transport" does not exist under "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE". [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0182] [2] Ending processing Set-LocalPermissions [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0182] [1] The following 1 error(s) occurred during task execution: [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0182] [1] 0. ErrorRecord: The registry key "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ExchangeServer\v14\Transport" does not exist under "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE". [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0182] [1] 0. ErrorRecord: System.ArgumentException: The registry key "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ExchangeServer\v14\Transport" does not exist under "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE". at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.GetTargetRegistryKey(XmlNode targetNode) at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.ChangePermissions[TTarget,TSecurity,TAccessRule,TRights](XmlNode targetNode, Dictionary`2 rightsDictionary, GetTarget`1 getTarget, GetOrginalPermissionsOnTarget`2 getOrginalPermissionsOnTarget, SetPermissionsOnTarget`2 setPermissionsOnTarget, CreateAccessRule`2 createAccessRule, AddAccessRule`2 addAccessRule, RemoveAccessRuleAll`1 removeAccessRuleAll) at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.SetPermissionsOnCurrentLevel[TTarget,TSecurity,TAccessRule,TRights](XmlNode permissionSetNode, String targetType, Dictionary`2 rightsDictionary, GetTarget`1 getTarget, GetOrginalPermissionsOnTarget`2 getOrginalPermissionsOnTarget, SetPermissionsOnTarget`2 setPermissionsOnTarget, CreateAccessRule`2 createAccessRule, AddAccessRule`2 addAccessRule, RemoveAccessRuleAll`1 removeAccessRuleAll) at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.SetPermissionsOnCurrentLevel(XmlNode permissionSetNode) at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.SetFeaturePermissions(String feature) at Microsoft.Exchange.Management.Deployment.SetLocalPermissions.InternalProcessRecord() [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0197] [1] [ERROR] The following error was generated when "$error.Clear(); Set-LocalPermissions -Feature:"Bridgehead" " was run: "The registry key "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ExchangeServer\v14\Transport" does not exist under "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE".". [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0197] [1] [ERROR] The registry key "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ExchangeServer\v14\Transport" does not exist under "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE". [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0197] [1] [ERROR-REFERENCE] Id=BridgeheadLocalPermissionsComponent___2e2dbc2a97cb4429bc2074edc50bedbd Component=EXCHANGE14:\Current\Release\Shared\Datacenter\Setup [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0197] [1] Setup is stopping now because of one or more critical errors. [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0197] [1] Finished executing component tasks. [10/06/2012 02:30:44.0244] [1] Ending processing Install-BridgeheadRole I've been unable to find any documentation on how to resolve this issue. Any help would be appreciated.

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• why dont my "FN + Volume up/down" keys work?

  - by anthony

  i have a toshiba laptop with windows vista, i turned on my computer once and it had a little red x on the volume speaker, i reinstalled the drive(im not sure if i did that right though) and now sounds works. but i cant lower the sound with "FN and Up/Down arrows", or mute. is there a way to fix this somehow? thanks.

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• How to make Microsoft Keyboard special keys run osascript commands on OS X?

  - by t-a-w

  I'm trying to make (1) special key open new terminal window. I bound it to file /Users/taw/bin/new_term, which contains: #!/bin/sh exec osascript -e 'tell application "Terminal" to do script "cd ."' This does the trick, except it also opens a Terminal window with this (even though Terminal.app is configured to always close windows when processes finish): Last login: Thu Mar 11 19:41:29 on ttys000 /Users/taw/bin/new_term ; exit; ~$ /Users/taw/bin/new_term ; exit; tab 1 logout [Process completed] How do I make it all work correctly? (possibly using a way different that what I've been attempting so far)

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• My windows keyboard is being "clever" with the quote keys - how can I stop it?

  - by Marcin

  I'm using windows 7 on a laptop. On the laptop keyboard, for some reason, the quote key (which has both double and single quote on it) is doing some "clever" annoying things: When I press single-quote (or double-quote), windows doesn't send any characters until I press it twice (resulting in '' or "") When I press it before a vowel, I get some kind of accented character. As I usually only write English, this is annoying. The backtick/tilde key is subject to similar behaviour. I have not attempted to set up my computer to process anything other than English. My keyboard appears to be (in so far as these things are standard on laptops) a standard US qwerty keyboard. How can I stop this happening?

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• How can I see a visual overlay of shortcut keys I've pressed?

  - by lyricsboy

  I've seen several screencasts (recorded on Mac OS X) which show a nice little "toast" indicating which shortcut key is being pressed by the screencaster, typically in the middle of the screen. Is this a feature of the screencasting software? Is there an app that does this that stands alone? I regularly do presentations for programming classes, and I want a way to show my audience what shortcuts I'm activating.

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• How can I get vimperator to scroll more than one line using the j and k keys?

  - by David Mohundro

  I've tried using the following: :map j 3j When I do this and reload the .vimperatorrc file, it actually starts zooming in the page I'm on. The funny thing is, if I type 3j on a page without any mapping, it works. I'm using Vimperator 2.3.1 with Firefox 3.6.3. Am I missing something? Thanks!

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• When using ssh with priv/pub keys, how to connect to the destination using a user different from the origin machine?

  - by lpacheco

  I need to connect to hostB using user2 from hostA where I´m connected using user1. I've run ssh-keygen -t rsa on hostA and copied the public key generated in ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys of user2 in hostB. Then I tried to connect from hostA to hostB using the command: $user1@hostA> ssh user2@hostB I still get a request for password: user2@hostB's password: If I try to connect using the same user on both hosts, it works correctly: $user1@hostA> ssh user1@hostB Enter passphrase for key '/home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa': What am I missing?

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• Is there an Installer Analyser tool that can list what Registry Keys will be created?

  - by EvoGamer

  I can think of 3 ways to achieve my goal: Create a clean VPC, install a given piece of software, and compare the before and after states. Somehow reverse-engineer the installer. Somehow redirect the output of the installer in question so that all registry calls and copy/move file commands are recorded, but not executed. The first option can be done manually, or potentially automated, but I feel it's rather OTT for my needs. The second could cause all sorts of licencing issues, not to mention it may not always return a correct result. Also, without delving into hex editing, I can't think of a way that it would be possible to do manually (some installers - eg Anti-Virus software - may react unfavourably on automated attempts to investigate the installer). The third option shows the most promise, although if the first could be stripped down into a lightweight throwaway environment, it would work pretty much the same way. However, I'm not sure how to do it. So my question is: What tools are available (if any) and/or how could I find out this information manually? I'm not looking to reverse-engineer anything (if I can help it), but I just want to know exactly what changes are being made to my PC by a given piece of software.

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• Is there a way to undo deletion of registry keys while the machine is still running?

  - by Oliver Giesen

  [ also posted from a programmer's POV at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3299230 ] I messed up big time and deleted a large portion of my registry during a programming experiment: As a result most of the contents of HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\ are gone. I haven't logged off or shutdown since this happened. The applications that were already running seem to be coping fine so far but I suspect that after the next reboot there won't be much happiness left... Also, System Restore tells me there are no restore points even though I'm pretty sure there should have been. Could this be another symptom of the purged registry? I wouldn't have expected this information to be stored under HKCU, though... Does anybody know of a technique or utility that can possibly restore some or all of the deleted entries? I'm on Windows 7 Enterprise 32bit. I'm not really holding my breath but you can always hope, can't you?

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• How to ban alt+tab hot keys in Windows system?

  - by Jinx

  How to ban the hot key? Thank you.

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• Doctrine MYSQL 150+ tables: generating models works, but not vice-versa?

  - by ropstah

  I can generate my models and schema.yml file based on an existing database. But when I try to do it the other way around using Doctrine::createTablesFromModels() i get an error: Syntax error or access violation: 1064 So either of these works: Doctrine::generateYamlFromDb(APPPATH . 'models/yaml'); Doctrine::generateYamlFromModels(APPPATH . 'models/yaml', APPPATH . 'models'); Doctrine::generateModelsFromYaml(APPPATH . 'models/yaml', APPPATH . 'models', array('generateTableClasses' => true)); Doctrine::generateModelsFromDb(APPATH . 'models', array('default'), array('generateTableClasses' => true)); But this fails (it drops/creates the database and around 50 tables): Doctrine::dropDatabases(); Doctrine::createDatabases(); Doctrine::createTablesFromModels(); The partially outputted SQL query shows that the error is around the Notification object which looks like this: Any leads would be highly appreciated! <?php // Connection Component Binding Doctrine_Manager::getInstance()->bindComponent('Notification', 'default'); /** * BaseNotification * * This class has been auto-generated by the Doctrine ORM Framework * * @property integer $n_auto_key * @property integer $type * @property string $title * @property string $message * @property timestamp $entry_date * @property timestamp $update_date * @property integer $u_auto_key * @property integer $c_auto_key * @property integer $ub_auto_key * @property integer $o_auto_key * @property integer $notified * @property integer $read * @property integer $urgence * * @package ##PACKAGE## * @subpackage ##SUBPACKAGE## * @author ##NAME## <##EMAIL##> * @version SVN: $Id: Builder.php 6820 2009-11-30 17:27:49Z jwage $ */ abstract class BaseNotification extends Doctrine_Record { public function setTableDefinition() { $this->setTableName('Notification'); $this->hasColumn('n_auto_key', 'integer', 4, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => true, 'autoincrement' => true, 'length' => '4', )); $this->hasColumn('type', 'integer', 1, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '1', )); $this->hasColumn('title', 'string', 50, array( 'type' => 'string', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '50', )); $this->hasColumn('message', 'string', null, array( 'type' => 'string', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '', )); $this->hasColumn('entry_date', 'timestamp', 25, array( 'type' => 'timestamp', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '25', )); $this->hasColumn('update_date', 'timestamp', 25, array( 'type' => 'timestamp', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => false, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '25', )); $this->hasColumn('u_auto_key', 'integer', 4, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '4', )); $this->hasColumn('c_auto_key', 'integer', 4, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => false, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '4', )); $this->hasColumn('ub_auto_key', 'integer', 4, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => false, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '4', )); $this->hasColumn('o_auto_key', 'integer', 4, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'notnull' => false, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '4', )); $this->hasColumn('notified', 'integer', 1, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'default' => '0', 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '1', )); $this->hasColumn('read', 'integer', 1, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'default' => '0', 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '1', )); $this->hasColumn('urgence', 'integer', 1, array( 'type' => 'integer', 'fixed' => 0, 'unsigned' => false, 'primary' => false, 'default' => '0', 'notnull' => true, 'autoincrement' => false, 'length' => '1', )); } public function setUp() { parent::setUp(); } }

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• SQL SERVER – History of SQL Server Database Encryption

  - by pinaldave

  I recently met Michael Coles and Rodeney Landrum the author of one of the kind book Expert SQL Server 2008 Encryption at SQLPASS in Seattle. During the conversation we ended up how Microsoft is evolving encryption technology. The same discussion lead to talking about history of encryption tools in SQL Server. Michale pointed me to page 18 of his book of encryption. He explicitly give me permission to re-produce relevant part of history from his book. Encryption in SQL Server 2000 Built-in cryptographic encryption functionality was nonexistent in SQL Server 2000 and prior versions. In order to get server-side encryption in SQL Server you had to resort to purchasing or creating your own SQL Server XPs. Creating your own cryptographic XPs could be a daunting task owing to the fact that XPs had to be compiled as native DLLs (using a language like C or C++) and the XP application programming interface (API) was poorly documented. In addition there were always concerns around creating wellbehaved XPs that “played nicely” with the SQL Server process. Encryption in SQL Server 2005 Prior to the release of SQL Server 2005 there was a flurry of regulatory activity in response to accounting scandals and attacks on repositories of confidential consumer data. Much of this regulation centered onthe need for protecting and controlling access to sensitive financial and consumer information. With the release of SQL Server 2005 Microsoft responded to the increasing demand for built-in encryption byproviding the necessary tools to encrypt data at the column level. This functionality prominently featured the following: Support for column-level encryption of data using symmetric keys or passphrases. Built-in access to a variety of symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms, including AES, DES, Triple DES, RC2, RC4, and RSA. Capability to create and manage symmetric keys. Key creation and management. Ability to generate asymmetric keys and self-signed certificates, or to install external asymmetric keys and certificates. Implementation of hierarchical model for encryption key management, similar to the ANSI X9.17 standard model. SQL functions to generate one-way hash codes and digital signatures, including SHA-1 and MD5 hashes. Additional SQL functions to encrypt and decrypt data. Extensions to the SQL language to support creation, use, and administration of encryption keys and certificates. SQL CLR extensions that provide access to .NET-based encryption functionality. Encryption in SQL Server 2008 Encryption demands have increased over the past few years. For instance, there has been a demand for the ability to store encryption keys “off-the-box,” physically separate from the database and the data it contains. Also there is a recognized requirement for legacy databases and applications to take advantage of encryption without changing the existing code base. To address these needs SQL Server 2008 adds the following features to its encryption arsenal: Transparent Data Encryption (TDE): Allows you to encrypt an entire database, including log files and the tempdb database, in such a way that it is transparent to client applications. Extensible Key Management (EKM): Allows you to store and manage your encryption keys on an external device known as a hardware security module (HSM). Cryptographic random number generation functionality. Additional cryptography-related catalog views and dynamic management views. SQL language extensions to support the new encryption functionality. The encryption book covers all the tools in its various chapter in one simple story. If you are interested how encryption evolved and reached to the stage where it is today, this book is must for everyone. You can read my earlier review of the book over here. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLAuthority Book Review, SQLAuthority News, T SQL, Technology Tagged: Encryption, SQL Server Encryption, SQLPASS

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• SQL SERVER – Shrinking NDF and MDF Files – Readers’ Opinion

  - by pinaldave

  Previously, I had written a blog post about SQL SERVER – Shrinking NDF and MDF Files – A Safe Operation. After that, I have written the following blog post that talks about the advantage and disadvantage of Shrinking and why one should not be Shrinking a file SQL SERVER – SHRINKFILE and TRUNCATE Log File in SQL Server 2008. On this subject, SQL Server Expert Imran Mohammed left an excellent comment. I just feel that his comment is worth a big article itself. For everybody to read his wonderful explanation, I am posting this blog post here. Thanks Imran! Shrinking Database always creates performance degradation and increases fragmentation in the database. I suggest that you keep that in mind before you start reading the following comment. If you are going to say Shrinking Database is bad and evil, here I am saying it first and loud. Now, the comment of Imran is written while keeping in mind only the process showing how the Shrinking Database Operation works. Imran has already explained his understanding and requests further explanation. I have removed the Best Practices section from Imran’s comments, as there are a few corrections. Comments from Imran - Before I explain to you the concept of Shrink Database, let us understand the concept of Database Files. When we create a new database inside the SQL Server, it is typical that SQl Server creates two physical files in the Operating System: one with .MDF Extension, and another with .LDF Extension. .MDF is called as Primary Data File. .LDF is called as Transactional Log file. If you add one or more data files to a database, the physical file that will be created in the Operating System will have an extension of .NDF, which is called as Secondary Data File; whereas, when you add one or more log files to a database, the physical file that will be created in the Operating System will have the same extension as .LDF. The questions now are, “Why does a new data file have a different extension (.NDF)?”, “Why is it called as a secondary data file?” and, “Why is .MDF file called as a primary data file?” Answers: Note: The following explanation is based on my limited knowledge of SQL Server, so experts please do comment. A data file with a .MDF extension is called a Primary Data File, and the reason behind it is that it contains Database Catalogs. Catalogs mean Meta Data. Meta Data is “Data about Data”. An example for Meta Data includes system objects that store information about other objects, except the data stored by the users. sysobjects stores information about all objects in that database. sysindexes stores information about all indexes and rows of every table in that database. syscolumns stores information about all columns that each table has in that database. sysusers stores how many users that database has. Although Meta Data stores information about other objects, it is not the transactional data that a user enters; rather, it’s a system data about the data. Because Primary Data File (.MDF) contains important information about the database, it is treated as a special file. It is given the name Primary Data file because it contains the Database Catalogs. This file is present in the Primary File Group. You can always create additional objects (Tables, indexes etc.) in the Primary data file (This file is present in the Primary File group), by mentioning that you want to create this object under the Primary File Group. Any additional data file that you add to the database will have only transactional data but no Meta Data, so that’s why it is called as the Secondary Data File. It is given the extension name .NDF so that the user can easily identify whether a specific data file is a Primary Data File or a Secondary Data File(s). There are many advantages of storing data in different files that are under different file groups. You can put your read only in the tables in one file (file group) and read-write tables in another file (file group) and take a backup of only the file group that has read the write data, so that you can avoid taking the backup of a read-only data that cannot be altered. Creating additional files in different physical hard disks also improves I/O performance. A real-time scenario where we use Files could be this one: Let’s say you have created a database called MYDB in the D-Drive which has a 50 GB space. You also have 1 Database File (.MDF) and 1 Log File on D-Drive and suppose that all of that 50 GB space has been used up and you do not have any free space left but you still want to add an additional space to the database. One easy option would be to add one more physical hard disk to the server, add new data file to MYDB database and create this new data file in a new hard disk then move some of the objects from one file to another, and put the file group under which you added new file as default File group, so that any new object that is created gets into the new files, unless specified. Now that we got a basic idea of what data files are, what type of data they store and why they are named the way they are, let’s move on to the next topic, Shrinking. First of all, I disagree with the Microsoft terminology for naming this feature as “Shrinking”. Shrinking, in regular terms, means to reduce the size of a file by means of compressing it. BUT in SQL Server, Shrinking DOES NOT mean compressing. Shrinking in SQL Server means to remove an empty space from database files and release the empty space either to the Operating System or to SQL Server. Let’s examine this through an example. Let’s say you have a database “MYDB” with a size of 50 GB that has a free space of about 20 GB, which means 30GB in the database is filled with data and the 20 GB of space is free in the database because it is not currently utilized by the SQL Server (Database); it is reserved and not yet in use. If you choose to shrink the database and to release an empty space to Operating System, and MIND YOU, you can only shrink the database size to 30 GB (in our example). You cannot shrink the database to a size less than what is filled with data. So, if you have a database that is full and has no empty space in the data file and log file (you don’t have an extra disk space to set Auto growth option ON), YOU CANNOT issue the SHRINK Database/File command, because of two reasons: There is no empty space to be released because the Shrink command does not compress the database; it only removes the empty space from the database files and there is no empty space. Remember, the Shrink command is a logged operation. When we perform the Shrink operation, this information is logged in the log file. If there is no empty space in the log file, SQL Server cannot write to the log file and you cannot shrink a database. Now answering your questions: (1) Q: What are the USEDPAGES & ESTIMATEDPAGES that appear on the Results Pane after using the DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (NorthWind, 10) ? A: According to Books Online (For SQL Server 2000): UsedPages: the number of 8-KB pages currently used by the file. EstimatedPages: the number of 8-KB pages that SQL Server estimates the file could be shrunk down to. Important Note: Before asking any question, make sure you go through Books Online or search on the Google once. The reasons for doing so have many advantages: 1. If someone else already has had this question before, chances that it is already answered are more than 50 %. 2. This reduces your waiting time for the answer. (2) Q: What is the difference between Shrinking the Database using DBCC command like the one above & shrinking it from the Enterprise Manager Console by Right-Clicking the database, going to TASKS & then selecting SHRINK Option, on a SQL Server 2000 environment? A: As far as my knowledge goes, there is no difference, both will work the same way, one advantage of using this command from query analyzer is, your console won’t be freezed. You can do perform your regular activities using Enterprise Manager. (3) Q: What is this .NDF file that is discussed above? I have never heard of it. What is it used for? Is it used by end-users, DBAs or the SERVER/SYSTEM itself? A: .NDF File is a secondary data file. You never heard of it because when database is created, SQL Server creates database by default with only 1 data file (.MDF) and 1 log file (.LDF) or however your model database has been setup, because a model database is a template used every time you create a new database using the CREATE DATABASE Command. Unless you have added an extra data file, you will not see it. This file is used by the SQL Server to store data which are saved by the users. Hope this information helps. I would like to as the experts to please comment if what I understand is not what the Microsoft guys meant. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Readers Contribution, Readers Question, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Logical Domain Modeling Made Simple

  - by Knut Vatsendvik

  How can logical domain modeling be made simple and collaborative? Many non-technical end-users, managers and business domain experts find it difficult to understand the visual models offered by many UML tools. This creates trouble in capturing and verifying the information that goes into a logical domain model. The tools are also too advanced and complex for a non-technical user to learn and use. We have therefore, in our current project, ended up with using Confluence as tool for designing the logical domain model with the help of a few very useful plugins. Big thanks to Ole Nymoen and Per Spilling for their expertise in this field that made this posting possible. Confluence Plugins Here is a list of Confluence plugins used in this solution. Install these before trying out the macros used below. Plugin Description Copy Space Allows a space administrator to copy a space, including the pages within the space Metadata Supports adding metadata to Wiki pages Label Manages labeling of pages Linking Contains macros for linking to templates, the dashboard and other Table Enhances the table capability in Confluence Creating a Confluence Space First we need to create a new confluence space for the domain model. Click the link Create a Space located below the list of spaces on the Dashboard. Please contact your Confluence administrator is you do not have permissions to do this.   For illustrative purpose all attributes and entities in this posting are based on my imaginary project manager domain model. When a logical domain model is good enough for being implemented, do a copy of the Confluence Space (see Copy Space plugin). In this way you create a stable version of the logical domain model while further design can continue with the new copied space. Typical will the implementation phase result in a database design and/or a XSD schema design. Add Space Templates Go to the Home page of your Confluence Space. Navigate to the Browse drop-down menu and click on Advanced. Then click the Templates option in the left navigation panel. Click Add New Space Template to add the following three templates. Name: attribute {metadata-list} || Name | | || Type | | || Format | | || Description | | {metadata-list} {add-label:attribute} Name: primary-type {metadata-list} || Name | || || Type | || || Format | || || Description | || {metadata-list} {add-label:primary-type} Name: complex-type {metadata-list} || Name | || || Description |  || {metadata-list} h3. Attributes || Name || Type || Format || Description || | [name] | {metadata-from:name|Type} | {metadata-from:name|Format} | {metadata-from:name|Description} | {add-label:complex-type,entity} The metadata-list macro (see Metadata plugin) will save a list of metadata values to the page. The add-label macro (see Label plugin) will automatically label the page. Primary Types Page Our first page to add will act as container for our primary types. Switch to Wiki markup when adding the following content to the page. | (+) {add-page:template=primary-type|parent=@self}Add new primary type{add-page} | {metadata-report:Name,Type,Format,Description|sort=Name|root=@self|pages=@descendents} Once the page is created, click the Add new primary type (create-page macro) to start creating a new pages. Here is an example of input to the LocalDate page. Embrace the LocalDate with square brackets [] to make the page linkable. Again switch to Wiki markup before editing. {metadata-list} || Name | [LocalDate] || || Type | Date || || Format | YYYY-MM-DD || || Description | Date in local time zone. YYYY = year, MM = month and DD = day || {metadata-list} {add-label:primary-type} The metadata-report macro will show a tabular report of all child pages.   Attributes Page The next page will act as container for all of our attributes. | (+) {add-page:template=attribute|parent=@self|title=attribute}Add new attribute{add-page} | {metadata-report:Name,Type,Format,Description|sort=Name|pages=@descendants} Here is an example of input to the startDate page. {metadata-list} || Name | [startDate] || || Type | [LocalDate] || || Format | {metadata-from:LocalDate|Format} || || Description | The projects start date || {metadata-list} {add-label:attribute} Using the metadata-from macro we fetch the text from the previously created LocalDate page. Complex Types Page The last page in this example shows how attributes can be combined together to form more complex types.   h3. Intro Overview of complex types in the domain model. | (+) {add-page:template=complex-type|parent=@self}Add a new complex type{add-page}\\ | {metadata-report:Name,Description|sort=Name|root=@self|pages=@descendents} Here is an example of input to the ProjectType page. {metadata-list} || Name | [ProjectType] || || Description | Represents a project || {metadata-list} h3. Attributes || Name || Type || Format || Description || | [projectId] | {metadata-from:projectId|Type} | {metadata-from:projectId|Format} | {metadata-from:projectId|Description} | | [name] | {metadata-from:name|Type} | {metadata-from:name|Format} | {metadata-from:name|Description} | | [description] | {metadata-from:description|Type} | {metadata-from:description|Format} | {metadata-from:description|Description} | | [startDate] | {metadata-from:startDate|Type} | {metadata-from:startDate|Format} | {metadata-from:startDate|Description} | {add-label:complex-type,entity} Gives us this Conclusion Using a web-based corporate Wiki like Confluence to create a logical domain model increases the collaboration between people with different roles in the enterprise. It’s my believe that this helps the domain model to be more accurate, and better documented. In our real project we have more pages than illustrated here to complete the documentation. We do also still use UML tools to create different types of diagrams that Confluence do not support. As a last tip, an ImageMap plugin can make those diagrams clickable when used in pages. Enjoy!

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